E3S Web of Conferences 44, 00191 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400191 EKO-DOK 2018
Architecture, that wins peaks – triumph or confusion
Anna Wojtas Harań1,* 1Departament of Architecture, Housing, Industrial, Interior, Rural Planning, Landscape, Visual Arts, Faculty of Architecture, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Abstract. The natural landscape provokes artists to revive it with architecture. Architects overcome technical limitations, physiographic, customary more or less picturesquely incorporating their works into the richness of natural forms. Many benefits come from this recklessness for the region. The hit trend is also appreciated for the triumph of technical thought. It puts into confusion at once because of the gradual takeover of the natural environment. The aim of the work is to search for solutions that would help preserve the beauty of the mountain environment and at the same time make the widest group of recipients available. Analyzing the above issues, the comparative method was used, presenting achievements in the field of high-altitude objects design in extreme physiographic conditions, implemented in the Alps region. The region has a developed ski and tourist infrastructure. It is an example of maintaining moderation and specific character, despite growing new needs and expectations from tourists and sportsmen. However, it is not free from the over-investment trap.
1 Preface Clean glaciers, lakes, quiet valleys, deep ravines, animals leaving the hiding place in search of food, human footprints only on hiking trails, peaceful villages. More than a century ago amateurs of such mountains are now looking for contact with nature in romantic huts in a remote area. Modernized shepherd's huts are popular among tourists as hotels. Some, from the times when shepherds were in them. Particular contact with nature can be found in isolated shelters. However, there are few places for lovers of the unspoilt mountain scenery. In order to effectively separate yourself from the world of urban civilization, you have to climb higher and higher, reaching the highest mountain parties. But even there, along with modern investments, there are many tourists who are not absolutely interested in unpolluted view of the mountains, followed by further investments. What astonishment comes to those who decide to reach the tops of Europe with the expectation of a unique contact with the nature of the mountains. They often find the remains of the glacier covered with a plastic tarpaulin. In the mass of the chattering crowd, arriving in cable cars and gondolas, professionally equipped mountaineers look amazing today .
* Corresponding author: [email protected]
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). E3S Web of Conferences 44, 00191 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400191 EKO-DOK 2018
The landscape of the Alps under the pressure of tourism and the absurdities of modern times is shown by photographer Lois Hechenblaikner in the publication Winter Wonderland. The writer Bernhard Kathan (adding the text to photographies) perceives alpine investments, such as: roads, artificial excavations, embankments, without which mass tourism could not exist, as deep wounds, given the nature of the mountains. He says that huge areas of the Alps are becoming industrial zones with largely artificial skiing routes, countless lifts and gloomy conglomerates of hotels. Sociologist Gerhard Schulze exposes the tendencies and behaviors observed in mountain areas, partly depicted in Hechenblaikner's photographs. To appear, to experience, to go wild, to pass, to achieve more, to have more – these are attitudes that in turn translate into instrumental thinking about the development of mountains – this thinking „eats its way into mountainsides” [1], „flattening slops when they obstruct progress or even creating new mountains if need be” [2]. Thanks to the growing possibilities, genius of engineers, the mountains can now offer everyone a set of emotional experiences. Attractions start in the valley and end on the glacier Mayrhofen is the informal capital of the extensive and densely built-up the Zillertal (Ziller river valley). In the town, apart from all the attractions of après-ski, there are more accomodations than in Salzburg. From there, the roads to high-altitude mountain valleys start. One of them leads to the most popular Austrian glacier - the Hintertux Glacier. The king of glaciers is open to skiers throughout the year. Interest in glaciers increases due to uncertainty and deficit of snow. The winter season in Austria begins on the Rettenbach Glacier. Similarly, on glaciers: Kaunertal, Pitztal, Sölden-Ötztal, Stubai, Dachstein, at altitudes close to 3000 m.a.s.l., downhill and cross- country trails are located, as well as other attractions. Railways, cableways, cog railways, gondolas, lifts connect valleys with glaciers into one "wonderland". The traction network is constantly replenished. In Austria, in 2016, the newest realizations were created: Giggijochbahn - gondola to the Rettenbach Glacier and 3s Eisgratbahn - chairlift to the Stubai Glacier. In Italy, in 2015, Skyway Monte Bianco was opened - the cable car to Punta Helbronner in the Mont Blanc Massif, to one of the highest places in Europe, and available to an ordinary mortal - not necessarily a walker or climber. Ski areas and mountain parks of tourism, leisure and play, communicated with the pioneer engineering solutions mentioned here, became the habitat. Accumulation of attractions in one place often makes contact with the nature of mountains, almost secondary. For example, the perfectly organized Ski Welt Wilder Kaiser, on the western edge of the Kitzbuhel Alps, is one of the largest ski areas in Austria and considered the best in the Alpine ski arena2. Mountain peaks and glaciers, steep walls are lined with impressive high-altitude roads, accessible for wheel traffic. A thick crowd fascinated by the sights gets to the tops, straining the car engines and brakes. Roads, often leading through protected areas, are a tourist business, a commercial success, and another symptom of changes that mountains are subjected to. To the Pasterze Glacier, at the foot of the eastern walls of Grossglockner, in the Eastern Alps, runs the Alpine road Grossglockner - Grossglockner Hochalpenstrasse [3]. 8 – 9 million visitors annually reach the place to watch this spectacle, closely related to the natural and cultural environment. Streamers and picturesque roads lead: to the Timmelsjoch Pass (on the border of the Ötztal and Stubai Alps), to the Arlberg Pass and to the Flexen Pass (in the Lechtal Alps), to the foot of Styria's highest mountain Hoeher Dachstein (Dachsteinstrasse) or to Gerlos Pass in the Nationalpark Hohe Tauerrn (Gerlos Alpenstraβe). All these intriguing solutions are accompanied by spectacular construction
2 There are: 284 km of ski slopes, 4 snowboard parks, 3 sledging routs, slalom tracks, illuminated ski slopes, over 80 restaurants and huts, over 90 lifts, 1700 cannons (covering 229 km of routes in 3 days with drinking water quality and energy-driven from renewable sources), the igloo village – Alpeniglu- Dorf i Hochbrixen at the altitude of 1676 m.a.s.l. (among others: ice bar, ice chapel, hotel, exhibition of ice sculpture).
2 E3S Web of Conferences 44, 00191 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400191 EKO-DOK 2018
The landscape of the Alps under the pressure of tourism and the absurdities of modern ob ects erected in e treme locations often in the highest parts where there is a one times is shown by photographer Lois Hechenblaikner in the publication Winter Wonderland. of eternal snow epending on the slope e posure the permanent ice cover is above the level The writer Bernhard Kathan (adding the text to photographies) perceives alpine investments, e g in the lps between m a s l and m a s l he rules of wind sun and snow such as: roads, artificial excavations, embankments, without which mass tourism could not govern these altitudes n an unfriendly environment the following issues must exist, as deep wounds, given the nature of the mountains. He says that huge areas of the Alps be considered are becoming industrial zones with largely artificial skiing routes, countless lifts and gloomy physiographic low temperature and lower o ygen content in the atmosphere powerful conglomerates of hotels. Sociologist Gerhard Schulze exposes the tendencies and behaviors wind force complicated topography soil instability observed in mountain areas, partly depicted in Hechenblaikner's photographs. To appear, assembly and transport e tremely arduous conditions for conducting construction wor s to experience, to go wild, to pass, to achieve more, to have more – these are attitudes that limitations in access to the construction site in turn translate into instrumental thinking about the development of mountains – this e ploitation energy supply and disposal of sewage and waste thinking „eats its way into mountainsides” [1], „flattening slops when they obstruct progress environmental protection application of ecological solutions or even creating new mountains if need be” [2]. aesthetics choice between traditional architecture and modern often shoc ing Thanks to the growing possibilities, genius of engineers, the mountains can now offer structures everyone a set of emotional experiences. Attractions start in the valley and end on the glacier ere are e amples of the latest significant reali ations of recent times Mayrhofen is the informal capital of the extensive and densely built-up the Zillertal (Ziller river valley). In the town, apart from all the attractions of après-ski, there are more accomodations than in Salzburg. From there, the roads to high-altitude mountain valleys 2 Alpine realizations start. One of them leads to the most popular Austrian glacier - the Hintertux Glacier. The king he new ervasutti shelter of glaciers is open to skiers throughout the year. he new ervasutti shelter fig is located in the ont lanc assif on a roc wall Interest in glaciers increases due to uncertainty and deficit of snow. The winter season above the Frébouga Glacier uilt at an altitude of m a s l it is a haven for hi ers in Austria begins on the Rettenbach Glacier. Similarly, on glaciers: Kaunertal, Pitztal, and a starting point for climbing the randes orasses he author of the pro ect is the talian Sölden-Ötztal, Stubai, Dachstein, at altitudes close to 3000 m.a.s.l., downhill and cross- company factory which speciali es in construction in e treme conditions and at the country trails are located, as well as other attractions. same time with a minimal impact on the environment he acronym in the name means living Railways, cableways, cog railways, gondolas, lifts connect valleys with glaciers into one ecological alpine pod he shelter was installed in ovember he outer shell as well "wonderland". The traction network is constantly replenished. In Austria, in 2016, the newest as interior furnishings consists of light prefabricated elements he modular structure realizations were created: Giggijochbahn - gondola to the Rettenbach Glacier and facilitates installation in a demanding location and creates a chance for possible future 3s Eisgratbahn - chairlift to the Stubai Glacier. In Italy, in 2015, Skyway Monte Bianco was e pansion or replacement of worn out parts he elements were delivered to the site opened - the cable car to Punta Helbronner in the Mont Blanc Massif, to one of the highest by helicopter and assembled in a short time days n contrast to the futuristic facade places in Europe, and available to an ordinary mortal - not necessarily a walker or climber. the interior is traditionally wood finished he structure is e uipped with the following Ski areas and mountain parks of tourism, leisure and play, communicated with the pioneer technologically advanced e uipment an integrated station for monitoring and reading engineering solutions mentioned here, became the habitat. Accumulation of attractions in one information on the prevailing conditions inside and outside the building photovoltaic panels place often makes contact with the nature of mountains, almost secondary. For example, in the outer shell providing electricity he signaling red color is important for orientation the perfectly organized Ski Welt Wilder Kaiser, on the western edge of the Kitzbuhel Alps, 2 hile the pattern used inspired by the stitch of mountain sweaters is designed to create is one of the largest ski areas in Austria and considered the best in the Alpine ski arena . a feeling of warmth and comfort rrangement of the rear part of the sleeping capsule Mountain peaks and glaciers, steep walls are lined with impressive high-altitude roads, resembles the compact interior of the rail wagon t is filled with bun beds and storage accessible for wheel traffic. A thick crowd fascinated by the sights gets to the tops, straining compartments he living area which has a itchen and a dining room is lit by a large the car engines and brakes. Roads, often leading through protected areas, are a tourist panoramic window overloo ing the valley he pro ect refers to architectural ideas business, a commercial success, and another symptom of changes that mountains of the rchigram architects group from the s oncepts of miniature capsules or mobile are subjected to. To the Pasterze Glacier, at the foot of the eastern walls of Grossglockner, residential platforms carried by cranes and incorporated in any space into a spatial structure in the Eastern Alps, runs the Alpine road Grossglockner - Grossglockner Hochalpenstrasse fit the contemporary then visions of the urban future elf sufficient capsules to survive [3]. 8 – 9 million visitors annually reach the place to watch this spectacle, closely related in unfriendly situations have become an inspiration for people aspiring to a non traditional to the natural and cultural environment. Streamers and picturesque roads lead: lifestyle to the Timmelsjoch Pass (on the border of the Ötztal and Stubai Alps), to the Arlberg Pass and to the Flexen Pass (in the Lechtal Alps), to the foot of Styria's highest mountain Hoeher Dachstein (Dachsteinstrasse) or to Gerlos Pass in the Nationalpark Hohe Tauerrn (Gerlos Alpenstraβe). All these intriguing solutions are accompanied by spectacular construction
2 There are: 284 km of ski slopes, 4 snowboard parks, 3 sledging routs, slalom tracks, illuminated ski slopes, over 80 restaurants and huts, over 90 lifts, 1700 cannons (covering 229 km of routes in 3 days with drinking water quality and energy-driven from renewable sources), the igloo village – Alpeniglu- Dorf i Hochbrixen at the altitude of 1676 m.a.s.l. (among others: ice bar, ice chapel, hotel, exhibition of ice sculpture).
3 E3S Web of Conferences 44, 00191 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400191 EKO-DOK 2018
Fig. 1. The new Gervasutti shelter (drawing by author).
e e cable a a o e ia co a o e ia co e or ro e o a alle o a l a o e o a o a roac o la c a a e ic glacier e a o e ia co rail a ru be ee a io our a eur Pontal d'Entrèves ig a a l a illo u o Fréty ig a a al i u e o a l u a ellbro er ig a a al i u e o a ro i a el a l e a io ou e ul i u c io al ace uc a ob er a io errace e ibi io bar re aura bo a ic gar e cellar ere e ro uc io o i e i eci ic c arac eri ic re ul i g ro eig a e era ure a e lace co ere ce roo re ail ace c il re la grou a ure a a a gla e ie oi o er e glacier e co le o ree a io i o u i or bu a a e accor i g o u io roge i e ig er o ce er a ariou eig e o al re e buil i g a aero a ic a e e i u oi al cur e o e roo ble ea le l i o e la ca e e ribbe ruc ure ri e o ar e ou ai ollo i g e cable car a Fro e e i e ce lo o e grou ro ec i g i el agai e i lue ce o i e a roo i u or e b all eel ru arc e ba e o our ar u or
Fig. 2. Pontal d'Entrèves (drawing by author).
a illo u o Fre co i o o o o i g arc e roo i e a e o o o i e lo e o e alle e a gle o i cli a io o e ruc ure re ul ro e cable car ro ile e be i g o e co er o e e ar ure la or re eal a gri o or e oe a e eel u or rib a a ie o e ac i er e gla ele a io o e lo er ore o e la o e eel ec io o er a a ora ic ie o alle
4 E3S Web of Conferences 44, 00191 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400191 EKO-DOK 2018
Fig. 1. The new Gervasutti shelter (drawing by author). Fig. 3. Pavillon du Mont Fréty (drawing by author).
e e cable a a o e ia co P nta el ronner rests on a ro y s t o t e sa e na e e ro enetrates nto t e a o e ia co e or ro e o a alle o a l a o e o a ar te t ral str t re e o n an ele ent o nter or de orat on o t e resta rant e o a roac o la c a a e ic glacier e a o e ia co rail a ru to t e s all area t e ld n as vert ally led s n ant lever terra es ord n be ee a io our a eur Pontal d'Entrèves ig a a l a illo u o to t e a t ors t e ro e t re reates a ars ro y env ron ent e or o t e ld n Fréty ig a a al i u e o a l u a ellbro er ig a a al i u e tates art rystals d s ersed n var o s d re t ons e an lar str t res are ade o a ro i a el a l e a io ou e ul i u c io al ace uc o ater als res stant to at os er a tors n avora le or t e a lat on o sno a ob er a io errace e ibi io bar re aura bo a ic gar e cellar ere and e on ts s r a es e ro nd loor s ade o re n or ed on rete e er art e ro uc io o i e i eci ic c arac eri ic re ul i g ro eig a e era ure and the outer façade is made of zinc titanium coated steel. r le la n rov des o t al a e lace co ere ce roo re ail ace c il re la grou a ure a a a gla e t er al ond t ons and at t e sa e t e a nat ral ns t nto s a e lass anels ere ie oi o er e glacier trans orted ards s n a lley syste n t e ar ont s o t e year e co le o ree a io i o u i or bu a a e accor i g o u io roge i e ig er o ce er a ariou eig e o al re e buil i g a aero a ic a e e i u oi al cur e o e roo ble ea le l i o e la ca e e ribbe ruc ure ri e o ar e ou ai ollo i g e cable car a Fro e e i e ce lo o e grou ro ec i g i el agai e i lue ce o i e a roo i u or e b all eel ru arc e ba e o our ar u or
Fig. 4. Punta Helbronner (drawing by author).
Fro t e er stat on t s easy to rea y a t nnel and a syste o a es and l ts to t e o or no s elter s a rest n la e or o nta neers n t e o n on o any ere only n t e old ostel t trad t onal odest ar te t re ro yo an
Fig. 2. Pontal d'Entrèves (drawing by author). eel t e real at os ere o e n n t e a ra o t e est o nta n o E ro e e ld n s lo ated on a ro y led e at an alt t de o a s l a illo u o Fre co i o o o o i g arc e roo i e a e o o o i e lo e o e alle e a gle o i cli a io o e ruc ure re ul ro e cable car ro ile o r st o le on le n atter orn e be i g o e co er o e e ar ure la or re eal a gri o or e oe a e eel e est lo ated n E ro e resta rant ra l ay stat on as ell as a ne a e ave u or rib a a ie o e ac i er e gla ele a io o e lo er ore o e la s resort o en all year are lo ated on le n atter orn atter orn la er Parad se lt o e eel ec io o er a a ora ic ie o alle ere n a ord n to t e ro e t o t e Pea r te ten o e t e resta rant s atta ed to t e ro s e er n ro t e la er a dar ness o t e lo and
3 The largest summer area in the world with 21 kilometers of prepared ski routes.
5 E3S Web of Conferences 44, 00191 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400191 EKO-DOK 2018
colors imitatin stone floor inscri es the uildin into a laciated mountain landsca e. he desi ners as irations ere the o timal use of solar ener rotection a ainst ind and sno drifts and their o n ater treatment s stem. or reasons of econom the asement as made in massi e technolo and floors made of refa ricated ooden elements. t o la er façade consisting of an internal wooden and external metal integrated with solar panels as used. he s ace et een them is filled ith air hich is used to heat the uildin . he dou le façade protects the solar panels from overheating, increasing their efficiency. Excess energy is used to o erate the ca le car connected to the restaurant a mountain tunnel.
Fig. 5. Restaurant – complex on Klein Matterhorn (drawing by author).
he u er ca le a station as ell as the restaurant is located at an altitude of m.a.s.l. he reinforced concrete eometric desi n of the terminal fi . is ruthlessl stuc to the summit from the north. he construction of the rail a started in and re uired at ical solutions such as trans ortin concrete in s eciall insulated tan s mi ed ith arm ater and antifreeze. urrentl the construction of a ne ca le car the orld s hi hest s ca le a ith the uildin s of t o stations. he facade of the lo er station ill e lar el lazed to ensure direct contact ith the surroundin s. he u er station fi . is lanned at an altitude of m.a.s.l. ccordin to the ision of the desi ners it ill contrast ith the reinforced concrete fortress of the old ca le a li htness of the structure. he creation of steel and lass ill ro on the estern side of the summit. t ill remain in the st le of mountain cr stals. mountain of refined sha e ill e ri ed o en another tunnel and the ne in estment ill s ueeze its contro ersial mar .
Fig. 6. Old and new cableway stations - complex on Klein Matterhorn (drawing by author).
6 E3S Web of Conferences 44, 00191 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400191 EKO-DOK 2018 colors imitatin stone floor inscri es the uildin into a laciated mountain landsca e. he desi ners as irations ere the o timal use of solar ener rotection a ainst ind and a le car stations at Chässerugg . sno drifts and their o n ater treatment s stem. or reasons of econom the asement as On the top of Chässerugg mountain, at an altitude of 2260 m.a.s.l., in the Toggenburg made in massi e technolo and floors made of refa ricated ooden elements. t o la er region in wit erland, architects from the er og de e ron office designed the ca le car façade consisting of an internal wooden and external metal integrated with solar panels as stations with the resta rant fig. . he idea of the pro ect differs from the pop lar imitations used. he s ace et een them is filled ith air hich is used to heat the uildin . he dou le of h ts or the aforementioned spectac lar str ct res. he pro ect aims to refer to the lpine façade protects the solar panels from overheating, increasing their efficiency. Excess energy heritage, t avoid pastiche. e tried to create a lang age that s its oggen rg, witho t is used to o erate the ca le car connected to the restaurant a mountain tunnel. falling into the trap of pop lar alpine stereotypes explains architect hristine inswanger. n this way, the original o ect was created, inspired y the shape of a h ge arn, nevertheless more sophisticated. symmetrically spread roof, emphasi ing the o tline of the roc face, exposed ranched s pports, slanted chimney line, a distinctive strip of gla ed façade, terrace anchored above the precipice, blend in with the landscape, spared so far by modern constr ction achievements. n , the wooden str ct re a sor ed the old ca le car, created in . ocally o tained spr ce wood was sed for the constr ction. ocal craftsmen were hired. ll prefa ricated elements were ro ght y train, with the exception of the lift, which was transported y helicopter. omponents made of solid wood were p t Fig. 5. Restaurant – complex on Klein Matterhorn (drawing by author). on top d ring the s mmer and lay on a reinforced concrete fo ndation. ost of the Espel Stöfeli gondola lift Chäserrugg have a uniform architectural design, simple, based on native, he u er ca le a station as ell as the restaurant is located at an altitude of r ral constr ction techni es. Everywhere the same materials and limited amo nt of colors m.a.s.l. he reinforced concrete eometric desi n of the terminal fi . is ruthlessl and attention to detail were sed. Even installations have a non accidental color. his place stuc to the summit from the north. he construction of the rail a started in and is different from other to rist resorts. t was also created for those who are loo ing for peace, re uired at ical solutions such as trans ortin concrete in s eciall insulated tan s mi ed slowing down, t not s ipping h rried s iers and gro ps of short term to rists. ith arm ater and antifreeze. urrentl the construction of a ne ca le car the orld s hi hest s ca le a ith the uildin s of t o stations. he facade of the lo er station ill e lar el lazed to ensure direct contact ith the surroundin s. he u er station fi . is lanned at an altitude of m.a.s.l. ccordin to the ision of the desi ners it ill contrast ith the reinforced concrete fortress of the old ca le a li htness of the structure. he creation of steel and lass ill ro on the estern side of the summit. t ill remain in the st le of mountain cr stals. mountain of refined sha e ill e ri ed o en another tunnel and the ne in estment ill s ueeze its contro ersial mar .
Fig. 7. Cable car stations at Chässerug (drawing by author).
iewing platforms . hen the repertoire of c at re proposals is already exha sting, yo can always mo nt a viewing platform with shoc ing shapes and come into eing in a free space. latforms provide a special experience in discovering the landscape. hey allow yo to reach effective shots . he other ones are worth paying attention to themselves. he fingers fig. a loo o t platform was created on the mo ntain slope of ohe rippenstein m.a.s.l. in the achstein assif. penwor , steel, hand shaped str ct re towers m a ove the a yss. rom overhanging ranches of the platform, at a o t m from the vertical edge, and thro gh intentionally designed openings on the platform, the vast a yss is visi le and a view of the allstattersee la e and the al ammerg t region. ear y, on a wide flattening, the elter espirale platform fig. was mo nted in the shape of an al min m ship a spiral. his is another attraction, competitive to explore the calcareo s nat re of the roc y massif. Fig. 6. Old and new cableway stations - complex on Klein Matterhorn (drawing by author).
7 E3S Web of Conferences 44, 00191 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400191 EKO-DOK 2018
On the opposite side of the achstein assif, on the southern slopes of oher achstein 2 m.a.s.l. , above the roc rift, a hanging bridge stairs to nothingness and a glass platform hung in 20 fig. c . eing on openwor , seemingly ric ety, steel constructions, which wraps the crags, strengthens the impression of floating over 00 meters of space.
Fig. 8 . a) 5 fingers platform b) Welterbespirale platform c) "Stairs to nothingness" - bridge and glass platform (photos by author).
3 Summary The alpine landscape is fascinating with impeccability and unavailability. elight and adversity have made the mountains a challenge not only for wanderers, but also for architects. any of the most beautiful locations have transformed into architectural e periments. nitially, local buildings and later buildings using traditional patterns, associated with a sense of warmth and security, gave shelter to travelers . lready in 0s, concepts emerged using prefabricated lightweight structures and aluminum components, easy to transport and assemble, and at the same time resistant to weather conditions. periments were carried out with a minimum usable space and mobile interior furnishings e.g. building named refuge bivouac showed at the aris international e hibition in and ne t refuge tonneau designed in . Such solutions are still used and improved. t the same time, installation e uipment, technology and advanced construction are demonstrated. There is diversity in the choice of style cosmic metaphors, conventional motifs, minimalist right angles, e pressive bevels, stiff geometry, gentle curves, mobile capsules, timeless monoliths. The tendency to e pose the wor is visible, at the cost of even distortion of the topography of the area. Compilation of opposing conventions and values can transform into chaos encountered in commercial, suburban commercial or industrial districts. ntil now, the mountains have fascinated not only with noble nature, but also with a sophisticated, peculiar architecture. The natural conditions bloc ed e cessive and accidental development. On the bac ground, often fictitious author s narratives, about the efforts to enter the object into the context, the restaurant on Chässerugg, deserves
8 E3S Web of Conferences 44, 00191 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400191 EKO-DOK 2018
On the opposite side of the achstein assif, on the southern slopes of oher achstein attention heir designers a e an authentic atte t to estab ish re ations ith native 2 m.a.s.l. , above the roc rift, a hanging bridge stairs to nothingness and a glass architecture platform hung in 20 fig. c . eing on openwor , seemingly ric ety, steel constructions, he exa es of architecture in extre e conditions, resented here, a e which wraps the crags, strengthens the impression of floating over 00 meters of space. u the s ndro e of our ti e a otentia ne anthro ocene e och ts beginning as ado ted in the idd e of the th centur t is distinguished b a thic a er of concrete s an as of the bi ion tons of concrete that e oured out into the arth in the entire histor of an ind, e used to bui d houses, roads or bridges in the ast ears or ever s uare eter of the arth s surface, inc uding the ocean, there is a i ogra of concrete toda t can be conc uded that in the future architecture in extre e conditions i be re ated to the need to rebui d the natura environ ent tte ts to bui d artificia g aciers are a read being ade as an ada tation strateg to ards c i ate change
References 1. G. Schulze, Winter Wonderland, Superlatives and Arriving. Lois Hechenblaikner`s Photographic Tightrope Act (2012) 2. Op.cit. 3. J. Hörl, D. Schöndorfer , Die Großglockner Hochalpenstraß. Erbe und Auftrag (2015) 4. A. Frearson, [online] https://www.dezeen.com/2011/12/03/new-refuge-gervasutti-by- leapfactory/(2011) 5. Funivie Monte Bianco S.p.A., [online] http://www.montebianco.com 6. H. Julen, U.Lehmann, [online] http://www.peakarchitekten.com/en/ Glacier- Restaurant-Klein-Matterhorn-Zermatt/5 Fig. 8 . a) 5 fingers platform b) Welterbespirale platform c) "Stairs to nothingness" - bridge and 7. Matterhorn Zermatt Bergbahnen AG, [online] glass platform (photos by author). https://blog.matterhornparadise.ch/en/the-stations-for-the-3s-cableway_blog-68750 8. Herzog & de Meuron, [online] 3 Summary https://www.herzogdemeuron.com/index/projects/complete-works/351-375/374-2- cable-car-toggenburg.html The alpine landscape is fascinating with impeccability and unavailability. elight 9. A. Frearson, [online] https://www.dezeen.com/2015/06/30/herzog-de-meuron- and adversity have made the mountains a challenge not only for wanderers, but also mountain-top-restaurant-cable-car-station-wood-switzerland/ (2015) for architects. any of the most beautiful locations have transformed into architectural e periments. nitially, local buildings and later buildings using traditional patterns, associated 10. N .Schwaller, on ine htt s architonic co en stor noe ie sch a er with a sense of warmth and security, gave shelter to travelers . lready in 0s, concepts e co e to vertigo emerged using prefabricated lightweight structures and aluminum components, easy 11. B. Ritschel, T. Dauer, Hütten: Sehnsuchtsorte in den Alpen (2016) to transport and assemble, and at the same time resistant to weather conditions. periments 12. T. Ulanowski, Gazeta wyborcza 30.12.2017-1.01.2018, 21 (2018) were carried out with a minimum usable space and mobile interior furnishings e.g. building named refuge bivouac showed at the aris international e hibition in and ne t refuge tonneau designed in . Such solutions are still used and improved. t the same time, installation e uipment, technology and advanced construction are demonstrated. There is diversity in the choice of style cosmic metaphors, conventional motifs, minimalist right angles, e pressive bevels, stiff geometry, gentle curves, mobile capsules, timeless monoliths. The tendency to e pose the wor is visible, at the cost of even distortion of the topography of the area. Compilation of opposing conventions and values can transform into chaos encountered in commercial, suburban commercial or industrial districts. ntil now, the mountains have fascinated not only with noble nature, but also with a sophisticated, peculiar architecture. The natural conditions bloc ed e cessive and accidental development. On the bac ground, often fictitious author s narratives, about the efforts to enter the object into the context, the restaurant on Chässerugg, deserves
9