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Of California Prehistory r COYOTE PRESS OF CALIFORNIA PREHISTORY ETHNOGRAPHY AND FOLKLORE OF THE INDIANS OF NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Joan Berman L NUMBER 5 1986 ETHNOGRAPHY AND FOLKLORE OF THE INDIANS OF NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY by Joan Berman Series Editors: Gary S. Breschini and Trudy Haversat COYOTE PRESS P.O. Box 3377 Salinas, CA 93912 ISBN 1-55567-029-6 is- Copyright 1986 by Coyote Press CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. Introduction .............................................. 1 II. Major Works ............................................. 5 III. Current Directions ......................................... 9 IV. Sources for Further Study ................................... 11 V. The Bibliography: Author, Annotated .......................... 15 VI. The Bibliography: Chronological .............................. 73 VII. Subject Index ........................................... 103 iii 'Ci "Everyone, I think, is somewhat familiar with the fact that a somewhat peculiar way of living characterizes the Northwest California tribes." T. T. Waterman, 1925:528 I. Introduction This statement well characterizes the body of material which has emerged to describe the Indians of Northwestern California. This literature review has been prepared to provide convenient bibliographic access to the large body of published material on the Indians of Northwestern California. In many ways, the most interesting facet of this material is what it tells us of the authors and their backgrounds rather than of the Indians they observed and studied. This review turns out to be, secondarily and instructively, an introduction to the work of the departments of anthropology and linguistics at the University of California at Berkeley. The majority of the scholarly work has been published in two series (the University of California's Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology and Publications in Linguistics) and/or as Ph.D. dissertations at Berkeley. For the purposes of this bibliography, "Northwestern California" is defined as including the Tolowa, Yurok, Karuk,' Hupa,2 Chilula and Wiyot Indians. This definition follows the practice of Murdock's Ethnographic Bibliography of North America which groups these tribes together as "Oregon Seaboard," leaving Chimariko and the Southern Athapaskans in the "California" classification. Most of the early literature, following Kroeber, also utilizes this distinction. A further reason for adhering to this definition is the amount of literature on these groups is voluminous, out of proportion to their numbers, whereas the literature on the adjacent groups is quite limited and reasonably easily accessible through standard sources. The disproportionate amount of attention devoted to the Northwestern California Indians can be attributed in part to the interesting "language/culture" question: these contiguous peoples have distinct linguistic origins (Algonkian, Athapaskan and Hokan), yet share a very similar culture which differs from that of the rest of California and shows marked similarities to the culture of the North Coast and Pacific Northwest groups from whom they are separated by both many miles and different culture groups. The first step in preparation of this bibliography was a review of the standard bibliographies. 3 This was followed by a systematic review of each of the items so identified for bibliographical accuracy, for content, and for further references. With this process nearly complete, a series of computerized literature searches was performed. 4 In general, very little turned up in the computer literature searches which had not been previously identified. The few things that were new were by previously known authors, although on two occasions the 1 computer search identified more fully an item which had been otherwise garbled and thus not located. A few of the items listed in the bibliographies and indexes perused were incorrectly cited or either too general or too specific to be of use for this bibliography. Such items are corrected or omitted from this bibliography, and additional materials, located both systematically and serendipitously, have been included. One area which has been supplemented considerably is that of "non- professional" writing. In general, the standard bibliographies and indexes tend to be oriented towards professional or academic publications, but it is precisely in the areas of local history and folklore that the more popular or non-scholarly and/or locally written materials are likely to shed light on and otherwise illuminate questions raised (or not raised) by the academic publications. The net result is approximately 400 items. This includes masters theses and doctoral dissertations, but it excludes most unpublished manuscripts simply because they pose access problems for users (and for libraries). The bibliography is displayed in two complete sequences. The author sequence is the more traditional arrangement, allowing quick access to the entire body of an author's work: it is annotated. The annotations are intended to provide a brief description of the item if the title is not self-explanatory and, where appropriate, an indication of the relevance of the item to the larger body of the literature. The second sequence is chronologically arranged to make available another approach to the material which demonstrates something of the history of the disciplines involved: in many ways, this may actually be the most interesting aspect of the material. Finally, there is a subject index. Although a tribal index was intentionally not prepared, since in a certain sense all of the entries in this bibliography apply in some way to the entire area, two subjects, Ethnography and Linguistics, are subdivided by tribe. Major works dealing with each of the groups are highlighted in the next section. NOTES 1. "Karuk" is used instead of the often cited "Karok" in accordance with local usage. 2. "Hupa" is used for the people, "Hoopa" for the location. 3. The standard bibliographies used in the initial search are here listed. Each would, of course, need to be consulted further for specific topics. Murdock, George P., and Timothy O'Leary 1975 Ethnographic Bibliography of North America. New Haven, Conn.: Human Relations Area Files Press. The definitive ethnographic bibliography. 2 Clements, William M., and Frances M. Malpezzi 1984 Native American Folklore, 1879-1979: An Annotated Bibliography. Athens, Ohio: Swallow Press. Folklore is broadly defined in this extensive bibliography. Bright, William 1982 Bibliography of the Languages of Native California. Scarecrow Press. The specific languages were checked, but the families (i.e., Athapaskan, Algonkian and Hokan) were not. Wuertele, Elizabeth 1975 BibliographicalHistory of CaliforniaAnthropological Research 1850-1917. Berkeley: University of California Archaeological Research Facility. Narrative bibliographical review by decade of the professional literature provides an excellent introduction to this period of the literature. Heizer, Robert F., and Albert B. Elsasser 1977 A Bibliography of California Indians: Archaeology, Ethnography and Indian History. New York: Garland. Very extensive, although unannotated. The numerous subject categories simplify the finding of material on relatively specific topics, but the tribe index is incomplete and misleading. 4. The following databases were searched (1/1986) by computer, via Dialog: Psycinfo; ERIC; Social Scisearch; Dissertation Abstracts Online; America: History and Life; Sociological Abstracts; Language and Language Behavior Abstracts; MLA International Bibliography; GPO Monthly Catalog. 3 I 4 II. Major Works The single best general introduction to the literature on the Indians of California at present is the California volume (Heizer 1978) of the Smithsonian Institution's Handbook of the Indians of North America. This volume, published in 1978, was edited by Robert F. Heizer, whose impressive contributions to California Indian scholarship are very well covered by Simmons and Bickel (1981). The volume is a gold mine of information on both specific California tribes and such broad topics as religion, environment or treaties: the chapter on History of Research is particularly interesting. Each chapter was written by a scholar who has published in the area; some sections are more coherent than others, with different emphases placed in different chapters. The bibliography is very extensive, although there are some interesting omissions because only those articles which are explicitly referenced in the text are included. In addition, there is a heavy emphasis on unpublished sources which would be very difficult for a reader to obtain. A caveat is in order: Rupert Costo (1979) warns that the Handbook is simply serving to perpetuate the same attitudes developed and expounded during the first part of this century by Kroeber and his followers. This undercurrent of resentment towards Kroeber is also noted by Keeling (1982) in a review of Kroeber's Yurok Myths. The reader should simply be aware of these conflicting views of the first academic anthropologist to study the Indians of Northwestern California. Kroeber must, however, be read. His Handbook of the Indians of California (1925, actually written by 1917) is not by any matter of means superseded by the 1978 Handbook and is, in fact, essential reading, if only because it provided the basis for so much of the subsequent scholarship. Two noteworthy predecessors to Kroeber provide accounts of
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