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The Effects of Water on Sympathetic Detonation and Dead Pressing of Dynamite and Emulsions

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Scholars' Mine Masters Theses Student Theses and Dissertations Fall 2012 The effects of water on sympathetic detonation and dead pressing of dynamite and emulsions Adam Michael Doerfler Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses Part of the Explosives Engineering Commons Department: Recommended Citation Doerfler, Adam Michael, "The effects of water on sympathetic detonation and dead pressing of dynamite and emulsions" (2012). Masters Theses. 6948. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/6948 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Effects of Water on Sympathetic Detonation and Dead Pressing of Dynamite and Emulsions by ADAM MICHAEL DOERFLER A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the MISSOURI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE IN EXPLOSIVE ENGINEERING 2012 Approved by Dr. Paul Worsey, Advisor Dr. Jason Baird Dr. Leslie Gertsch 2012 Adam Michael Doerfler All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Dynamite and emulsions are very effective explosives in blasting; however they do have some shortcomings. Dynamite is prone to sympathetic detonation whereas emulsions are prone to dead pressing. While this does not happen all the time, the conditions in which the explosives are used do have an effect on whether or not they will sympathetically detonate or dead press. Numerous researchers have investigated sympathetic detonation for a relationship between the distance between charges, hole separation distance, and size of explosive. This research aimed to look at how hole separation distance was affected when water was introduced into the boreholes for sympathetic detonation of dynamite. Also this research looked at the same setup for the dead pressing of emulsions. To investigate sympathetic detonation, dynamite acceptor charges were placed at various distances from the donor charge. These distances were used for dry and wet holes. The same setup was used to study dead pressing in emulsions. For sympathetic detonation, the author discovered that the hole separation distance nearly doubled when the boreholes were filled with water versus when the boreholes were dry. A similar relationship was found for the emulsion that was used. The range in which dead pressing occurred, nearly doubled in distance when the boreholes were filled with water versus when the boreholes were dry. This is important because the conditions in which an explosive is used should be a significant consideration when loading holes. For example, when the ground is saturated, a pattern may have to be redesigned to prevent either sympathetic detonation or dead pressing from occurring. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to thank Dr. Paul Worsey for his support and guidance over the past two years for without his help, this would not have been possible. I would also like to thank Dr. Jason Baird and Dr. Leslie Gertsch for their advice and support throughout the project. I would like to thank Orica Limited for their support in making this project possible through their donation of the emulsion used for this research. I would like to thank Dyno Nobel Incorporated for their donation of dynamite that was used for this research. I would also like to thank DeWayne Phelps, Jimmie Taylor, Sr., and the experimental mine staff for all of their help during the testing and all other phases of the project. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends for their support and encouragement during my time here at Missouri S&T. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............................................................................................. ix LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. xi NOMENCLATURE ......................................................................................................... xii SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................4 2.1. SYMPATHETIC DETONATION AND INITIATION BY IMPACT (Eichelberger and Sultanoff, 1958) .......................................................................4 2.2. SUPPRESSION OF SYMPATHETIC DETONATION (Fosters, Gunger and Craig, 1984)....................................................................................................7 2.3. EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES OF SYMPATHETIC DETONATIONS IN BLASTHOLES (Katsabanis, 1992) ...................................9 2.4. CONDITION FOR SYMPATHETIC INITIATION OF EXPLOSIVES IN SMALL DIAMETERS (Mohanty and Deshaies, 1992) .....................................10 2.5. DEAD-PRESSING PHENOMENON IN AN ANFO EXPLOSIVE (Nie, Deng and Persson, 1993) ....................................................................................13 2.6. IMPACT SENSITIVITY OF DETONATORS (Franklin and Worsey, 2004) ..14 2.7. INFLUENCE OF PRESSURE WAVE PROPAGATING IN COMPRESSED EMULSION EXPLOSIVES ON DETONATOR (Fumihiko, Hirosaki and Kato, 2005) .................................................................15 2.8. DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR UNDERSTANDING THE SYMPATHETIC DETONATION CHARACTERISTICS OF INSENSITIVE HIGH EXPLOSIVES (Raghavan, 2005) ..................................18 2.9. ALL ABOUT WATER HAMMER (Pelikan, 2009) .........................................20 vi 2.10. STUDY ON THE SHOCK SENSITIVITY OF AN EMULSION EXPLOSIVE BY THE SAND GAP TEST (Ishikawa, Abe and Kubota, 2006) ................................................................................................................21 2.11. INTRA-HOLE AND INTER-HOLE EFFECTS IN TYPICAL BLAST DESIGNS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS ON EXPLOSIVES ENERGY RELEASE AND DETONATOR DELAY TIME—A CRITICAL REVIEW (B. Mohanty, 2010) .........................................................................22 3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE ............................................................................24 3.1. PROCEDURE FOR SETUP ..............................................................................24 3.1.1. Geology of Site. .......................................................................................24 3.1.2. Design of Boreholes. ...............................................................................25 3.1.3. Drilling of the Holes. ...............................................................................26 3.1.4. Measurement of the Holes. ......................................................................28 3.1.5. Setup of Recording Equipment. ..............................................................28 3.1.6. Loading of Holes. ....................................................................................29 3.1.7. Verifying Setup. ......................................................................................33 3.1.8. Priming the Shot. .....................................................................................33 3.2. INSTRUMENTATION .....................................................................................34 3.2.1. High Speed Camera. ................................................................................34 3.2.2. Seismograph and Geophone. ...................................................................34 3.3. PRE-BLAST INSPECTION: MEASURING OF HOLES ................................37 3.4. POST-BLAST INSPECTION ...........................................................................38 3.4.1. Checking of Shock Tube. ........................................................................38 3.4.2. Checking of High Speed Video. ..............................................................39 3.4.3. Checking Of Seismograph Data. .............................................................39 3.4.4. Verifying Data. ........................................................................................41 3.5. TESTING OF CAPS ..........................................................................................41 vii 4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ..................................................................................43 4.1. SYMPATHETIC DETONATION.....................................................................43 4.1.1. Dry Holes. ...............................................................................................44 4.1.1.1. Blast one.....................................................................................44 4.1.1.2. Blast two. ...................................................................................45 4.1.1.3. Blast three. .................................................................................46 4.1.1.4. Summary of blasts......................................................................47 4.1.2. Wet Holes. ...............................................................................................48 4.1.2.1. Blast one.....................................................................................49
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