Area studies

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Articles

Main article 1 Area studies 1

African studies 5 African studies 5 Egyptology 7

American studies 11 American studies 11 American Studies in Britain 14 African American studies 21 Appalachian studies 26 Asian American studies 28 Canadian studies 31 Native American studies 32 Latin American studies 34 Chicana/o Studies 38

Asian studies 42 Asian studies 42 Central Asian studies 43 Middle Eastern studies 44 Assyriology 45 Iranian studies 47 Islamic studies 53 Jewish studies 58 East Asian studies 68 Sinology 72 Japanese studies 75 Korean studies 76 Indology 78 Dravidian studies 83 Southeast Asian studies 84 Burma studies 85 Thai studies 86

European studies 88 European studies 88 Byzantine studies 89 Classics 93 Celtic studies 101 Dutch studies 107 German studies 115 Hungarian studies 120 Romance studies 121 Scandinavian studies 122 Slavic studies 123

Pacific studies 127 Pacific studies 127 Australian studies 128 New Zealand studies 129

Others 131 Deaf studies 131 References Article Sources and Contributors 133 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 136 Article Licenses License 137 1

Main article

Area studies

Area studies are interdisciplinary fields of research and scholarship pertaining to particular geographical, national/federal, or cultural regions. The term exists primarily as a general description for what are, in the practice of scholarship, many heterogeneous fields of research, encompassing both the social sciences and the humanities. Typical area studies programs involve history, political science, sociology, cultural studies, languages, geography, literature, and related disciplines. In contrast to cultural studies, area studies often include diaspora and emigration from the area studied.

History Interdisciplinary area studies became increasingly popular in the United States and in Western scholarship after World War II. Before the war, American universities had just a few faculty who taught or conducted research on the non-Western world. Foreign area studies were virtually nonexistent. After the war, liberals and conservatives alike were concerned about the U.S. ability to respond effectively to perceived external threats from the Soviet Union and China and the emerging Cold War, as well as to the fall-out from the decolonization of Africa and Asia. In this context, the Ford Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Carnegie Corporation of New York convened a series of meetings producing a broad consensus that to address this knowledge deficit, the U.S. must invest in international studies. Therefore, the foundations of the field are strongly rooted in America. Participants argued that a large brain trust of internationally-oriented political scientists and economists was an urgent national priority. There was a central tension, however, between those who felt strongly that, instead of applying Western models, social scientists should develop culturally and historically contextualized knowledge of various parts of the world by working closely with humanists, and those who thought social scientists should seek to develop overarching macrohistorial theories that could draw connections between patterns of change and development across different geographies. The former became area studies advocates, the latter proponents of modernization theory. The Ford Foundation would eventually become the dominant player in shaping the area studies program in the United States.[1] In 1950, the foundation established the prestigious Foreign Area Fellowship Program (FAFP), the first large-scale national competition in support of area studies training in the United States. From 1953 to 1966, it contributed $270 million to 34 universities for area and language studies. Also during this period, it poured millions of dollars into the committees run jointly by the Social Science Research Council and the American Council of Learned Societies for field development workshops, conferences, and publication programs.[2] Eventually, the SSRC-ACLS joint committees would take over the administration of FAFP. Other large and important programs followed Ford's—most notably, the National Defense Education Act of 1957, renamed the Higher Education Act in 1965, which allocated funding for some 125 university-based area studies units known as National Resource Center programs at U.S. universities, as well as for Foreign Language and Area Studies fellowships for graduate students. Area studies 2

Controversy within the field Since their inception, area studies have been subject to critiques—including by area specialists themselves. Many of them alleged that because area studies were connected to the Cold War agendas of the CIA, the FBI, and other intelligence and military agencies, participating in such programs was tantamount to serving as an agent of the state.[3] Some argue, that there is the notion that U.S concerns and research priorities will define the intellectual terrain of area studies.[4] Others insisted, however, that once they were established on university campuses, area studies began to encompass a much broader and deeper intellectual agenda than the one foreseen by government agencies, thus not American centric.[5] Arguably, one of the greatest threats to the area studies project was the rise of rational choice theory in political science and economics.[6] To paraphrase one of the most outspoken rational choice theory critics, Japan scholar Chalmers Johnson: Why do you need to know Japanese or anything about Japan's history and culture if the methods of rational choice will explain why Japanese politicians and bureaucrats do the things they do?[7] Following the demise of the Soviet Union, philanthropic foundations and scientific bureaucracies moved to attenuate their support for area studies, emphasizing instead interregional themes like "development and democracy." When the Social Science Research Council and the American Council of Learned Societies, which had long served as the national nexus for raising and administering funds for area studies, underwent their first major restructuring in thirty years, closing down their area committees, scholars interpreted this as a massive signal about the changing research environment.[8]

Area studies fields Fields are defined differently from university to university, and from department to department, but common area-studies fields include: • African studies • Egyptology • American studies (in the United States this has traditionally referred primarily to North America and especially the U.S.) • American Studies in Britain • African American studies • Appalachian studies • Asian American studies • Canadian studies • Native American studies • Latin American studies • Chicano studies • Asian studies • Central Asian studies • Middle Eastern studies (or Near Eastern studies) • Assyriology • Iranian studies • Islamic studies • Judaic studies • East Asian studies • Sinology • Japanology Area studies 3

• Korean studies • Okinawan studies • South Asian studies • Indian studies • Dravidology • Southeast Asian studies • Burma studies • Indonesian studies • Javanology • Khmer studies • Lao studies • Philippine studies • Thai studies • Vietnamese studies • European studies • Byzantine studies • Classical studies • Celtic studies (includes Irish, Scottish & Welsh studies) • Dutch studies • German studies • Hispanism • Romance studies • Scandinavian studies • Slavic studies • Russian studies • Pacific studies • Australian studies • New Zealand studies Other interdisciplinary research fields such as women's studies (also known as gender studies), and ethnic studies (including African American studies, Asian American studies, Latino/a studies, and Native American studies) are not part of area studies but are sometimes included in discussion along with it.

Area studies institutions Some entire institutions of higher education (tertiary education) are devoted solely to area studies such as School of Oriental and African Studies, part of the University of London, or the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies in Japan. At the University of Oxford, St Antony's College specialises in area studies, and hosts a number of research centres covering various regions of the world. Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, is the only institution with immense contribution towards popularising area studies in India. Area studies 4

References Notes [1] Ellen Condliffe Lagemann, The Politics of Knowledge: The Carnegie Corporation, Philanthropy, and Public Policy (University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 178. [2] David L. Szanton, "The Origin, Nature and Challenges of Area Studies in the United States," in The Politics of Knowledge: Area Studies and the Disciplines, ed. David L. Szanton (University of California Press, 2004), pp. 10-11. [3] See Bruce Cumings, "Boundary Displacement: Area Studies and International Studies during and after the Cold War," in Bulletin of

Concerned Asian Scholars 29 (1997). http:/ / www. mtholyoke. edu/ acad/ intrel/ cumings2. htm. Retrieved 2009-04-23. [4] See Patrick O'Meara, "Changing perspectives on international education", (Indiana University Press 2010), pp. 81.

[5] Moseley, W.G. 2009. “Area Studies in a Global Context.” Chronicle of Higher Education. Nov 29. http:/ / chronicle. com/ article/

Area-Studies-in-a-Global-Co/ 49284/ [6] See "Rational Choice Theory," by John Scott, in Understanding Contemporary Society: Theories of The Present, edited by G. Browning, A.

Halcli, and F. Webster (Sage Publications, 2000). http:/ / privatewww. essex. ac. uk/ ~scottj/ socscot7. htm. Retrieved 2009-04-23. [7] See Chalmers Johnson and E. B. Keehn, "A Disaster in the Making: Rational Choice and Asian Studies," The National Interest 36 (summer 1994), pp. 14-22. [8] See Cumings article, cited above. Further reading • Kuijper, Hans (2008)." Area Studies versus Disciplines: Towards an Interdisciplinary, Systemic Country

Approach (http:/ / www. asvj91. dsl. pipex. com/ Hans_KUIJPER/

AREA_STUDIES_Vs_DISCIPLINES_Hans_KUIJPER. pdf)". The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, Vol. 3, Issue 7, pp. 205-216. 5

African studies

African studies

Not to be confused with Africana studies in American identity politics. African studies is the study of Africa, especially the cultures and societies of Africa (as opposed to geology, geography, zoology, etc.). The field includes the study of:Culture of Africa, History of Africa (Colonisation of Africa, Decolonization of Africa), Anthropology of Africa (Ethnic groups in Africa, Demographics of Africa), Politics of Africa, Economy of Africa (Poverty in Africa), Languages of Africa and Religion in Africa (African traditional religion). A specialist in African studies is often referred to as an "Africanist". Typically, study of African studies focuses on sub-Saharan Africa, since North Africa is part of the Arab world.

Notable Africanists • François Bassolet (19XX-2001) • Albert Adu Boahen (1932–2006) • John F. Clark (196X-) • David William Cohen (1943-) • Basil Davidson (1914-2010) • Cheikh Anta Diop (1923–1986) • John Fage (1921–2002) • Patrick Manning (1941-) • Ali Mazrui (1933-) • Micere Githae Mugo • Carl Meinhof (1857–1944) • Nji Oumarou Nchare (1964-) • Roland Oliver (1923-) • Jean Price-Mars (1876–1969) • Walter Rodney (1942–1980) • Niara Sudarkasa (1938-) • Jean Suret-Canale (1921–2007) • Robert Sutherland Rattray (1881–1938) • Diedrich Westermann (1875–1956) • Andrzej Zajączkowski (1922–1994) African studies 6

African studies centers, associations, and major projects • University-based centers • African Studies Center, Michigan State University • Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden • Centre of West African Studies • School of Asian and African Studies, Beijing Foreign Studies University • The School of Oriental and African Studies • University of Florida Center for African Studies • National and transnational centers • Nordic Africa Institute • Associations • African Studies Association (North America) • AEGIS (Europe) • African Studies Association of Australasia and the Pacific [1] (Australasia and the Pacific) • Projects • Bamum Scripts and Archives Project • Timbuktu Manuscripts Project • Internet library sub-saharan Africa (ilissAfrica)

Degree Programs • United States of America • Syracuse University, Pan African Studies Masters Program • Ohio University, Masters in African Studies

Further reading • Gershenhorn, Jerry, “‘Not an Academic Affair’: African American Scholars and the Development of African Studies Programs in the United States, 1942–1960,” Journal of African American History, 94 (Winter 2009), 44–68.

External links • African e-Journals Project, Michigan State University [2] (Provides (1) a directory of more than 2,100 journals about Africa with their URLs, and where to find tables of contents, abstracts, and full text of articles online, and (2) a full-text archive of back issues of 11 African scholarly journals in the social sciences and humanities.) • African Studies Centres worldwide [3] (Excerpt of the website database of ilissAfrica)

References

[1] http:/ / www. afsaap. org. au/

[2] http:/ / africa. msu. edu/ AEJP/

[3] http:/ / www. ilissafrica. de/ en/ als/ iliss-advanced. html?query=& tt=& kw=african+ studies& sbj=& geo=& res=1030& search=1 Egyptology 7 Egyptology

Egyptology (from Egypt and Greek is (ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺎﺕ :λογία, -logia. Arabic- the study of ancient Egyptian history, language, literature, religion, and art from the 5th millennium BC until the end of its native religious practices in the AD 4th century. A practitioner of the discipline is an “Egyptologist”. In Europe, particularly on the Continent, Egyptology is primarily regarded as being a philological discipline, while in North America it is often regarded as a branch of archaeology.

History The Great Sphinx of Giza against Khafre's Pyramid at the Giza pyramid complex

The first Egyptologists

The first Egyptologists were the ancient Egyptians themselves. Thutmose IV restored the Sphinx and had the dream that inspired his restoration carved on the famous Dream Stele. Less than two centuries later, Prince Khaemweset, fourth son of Ramesses II, is famed for identifying and restoring historic buildings, tombs and temples including the pyramid.[1]

Graeco-Roman Period Some of the first historical accounts of Egypt were given by Herodotus, Strabo, Diodorus Siculus and the largely lost work of Manetho, an Egyptian priest, during the reign of Ptolemy I and Ptolemy II in the 3rd century BC. The Ptolemies were much interested in the work of the ancient Egyptians, and many of the Egyptian monuments, including the pyramids, were restored by them (although they built many new temples in the Egyptian style). The Romans too carried out restoration work in this most ancient of lands.

Development of the field

Muslim Egyptologists Progress was made by Muslim historians in Egypt and the first known attempts at deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs were made by Dhul-Nun al-Misri and Ibn Wahshiyya in the 9th century, who were able to at least partly understand what was written in the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, by relating them to the contemporary Coptic language used by Coptic priests in their time. Abdul Latif al-Baghdadi, a teacher at Cairo's Al-Azhar University in the 13th century, wrote detailed descriptions on ancient Egyptian monuments.[2] Similarly, the 15th-century Egyptian historian al-Maqrizi wrote detailed accounts of Egyptian antiquities. Egyptology 8

European explorers European exploration and travel writings of ancient Egypt commenced from the 13th century onward, with only occasional detours into a more scientific approach, notably by Claude Sicard, Benoît de Maillet, Frederic Louis Norden and Richard Pococke. In the early 17th century, John Greaves measured the pyramids, having inspected the broken Obelisk of Domitian in Rome, then destined for the Earl of Arundel's collection in London.[3] He went on to publish the illustrated Pyramidographia in 1646, while the Jesuit scientist-priest Athanasius Kircher was perhaps the first to hint at the phonetic importance of Egyptian hieroglyphs, demonstrating Coptic as a vestige of early Egyptian, for which he is considered a "founder" of Egyptology.[4] In the late 18th century, with Napoleon's scholars' recording of Egyptian flora, fauna and history (published as Description de l'Egypte), the study of many aspects of ancient Egypt became more scientifically oriented. The British captured Egypt from the French and gained the Rosetta Stone. Modern Egyptology is generally perceived as beginning about 1822.

Modern Egyptology

Jean François Champollion, Thomas Young and Ippolito Rosellini were some of the first Egyptologists of wide acclaim. The German Karl Richard Lepsius was an early participant in the investigations of Egypt; mapping, excavating, and recording several sites. Champollion announced his general decipherment of the system of Egyptian hieroglyphics for the first time, employing the Rosetta Stone as his primary aid. The Stone's decipherment was a very important development of Egyptology. With subsequently ever-increasing knowledge of Egyptian writing and language, the study of Ancient Egyptian civilization was able to proceed with greater academic rigour and with all the added impetus that comprehension of the written sources was able to engender. Egyptology became more professional via work of William Matthew Flinders Petrie, among others. Petrie

A section of the Papyrus of Ani showing cursive introduced techniques of field preservation, recording, and excavating. hieroglyphs Howard Carter's expedition brought much acclaim to the field of Egyptology. Many highly educated amateurs now also travelled to Egypt, however, including women such as Harriet Martineau and Florence Nightingale, who both left fascinatingly philosophical accounts of their travels, which revealed learned familiarity with all the latest European Egyptology.[5]

A tradition of collecting objets-orientalle (also Mediterranean (Roman and Greek) passed from Jean-Martin Charcot to Sigmund Freud.[6] [7] In the modern era, the Ministry of State for Antiquities[8] controls excavation permits for Egyptologists to conduct their work. The field can now use geophysical methods and other applications of modern sensing techniques to further Egyptology.

Studying Egyptology Some universities and colleges offer degrees in Egyptology. In the United States, these include the University of Chicago, Brown University, and Yale University. There are also many programs in the United Kingdom, including those at the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge, the University of Liverpool, and the University of London. German institutions have remained prominent in Egyptology and have produced many of the field's most well-respected experts.[9] Societies for Egyptology include: Egyptology 9

• The Society for the Study of Ancient Egypt[10] • The Society for the Study of Ancient Egyptian Antiquities, Canada[11] • Sussex Egyptology Society Online[12] • Egypt Exploration Society[13] According to the UCLA the standard text that scholars referenced for studies of Egyptology was for three decades or more, the Lexicon der Ägyptologie. The first volume published in 1975 (containing largely German-language articles, with a few in English and French).[14]

References

[1] © Greg Reeder (http:/ / www. egyptology. com/ niankhkhnum_khnumhotep/ index. html) retrieved GMT23:48.3.9.2010 [2] Dr. Okasha El Daly (2005), Egyptology: The Missing Millennium: Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings, UCL Press, ISBN 1-84472-063-2. (cf. Arabic Study of Ancient Egypt, Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation.) [3] Edward Chaney, "Roma Britannica and the Cultural Memory of Egypt: Lord Arundel and the Obelisk of Domitian", in Roma Britannica: Art Patronage and Cultural Exchange in Eighteenth-Century Rome, eds. D. Marshall, K. Wolfe and S. Russell, British School at Rome, 2011, pp. 147–70. [4] Woods, Thomas. How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization, p 4 & 109. (Washington, DC: Regenery, 2005); ISBN 0-89526-038-7. [5] Edward Chaney, 'Egypt in England and America: The Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty and Revolution', in: Sites of Exchange: European Crossroads and Faultlines, eds. M. Ascari and A. Corrado (Rodopi, Amsterdam and New York,2006), 39-74.

[6] Edited by Maurizio Ascari and Adriana Corrado-essay of Edward Chaney pages 39-40 (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/

books?id=nFUjWY7-nYwC& pg=PA5& lpg=PA5& dq=Edward+ Chaney,+ 'Egypt+ in+ England+ and+ America:+ The+ Cultural+

Memorials+ of+ Religion,+ Royalty+ and+ Revolution',+ in:+ Sites+ of+ Exchange:+ European+ Crossroads+ and+ Faultlines& source=bl&

ots=lEBshMrSEQ& sig=lHEIqiufKBOmW65lj1cfA1QNLI0& hl=en& ei=9NuJTuSeGoWJ0AXTzOgB& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result&

resnum=5& ved=0CDgQ6AEwBA#v=onepage& q& f=false) retrieved 17:02GMT 3.10.11

[7] FREUD MUSEUM LONDON (http:/ / www. freud. org. uk/ visit/ ) retrieved 17:06GMT 3.10.11

[8] The Ministry of State for Antiquities (http:/ / www. sca-egypt. org/ eng/ main. htm) retrieved 18:55GMT 3.10.11

[9] "Where to Study Egyptology" (http:/ / www. guardians. net/ egypt/ education/ egyptology_universities. htm). Guardian's Egypt. . Retrieved 13 November 2011.

[10] The Society for the Study of Ancient Egypt (http:/ / www. ssae. org. uk) 20:53GMT.14.3.2008

[11] The Society for the Study of Ancient Egyptian Antiquities, Canada (http:/ / www. thessea. org/ ) 20:58GMT 3.8.2008

[12] Sussex Egyptology Society Online (http:/ / www. egyptology-uk. com/ ) retrieved GMT21:27.26.2.2006

[13] Egypt Exploration Society (http:/ / www. ees. ac. uk/ events/ index/ 31. html) retrieved 16:36GMT 3.10.11

[14] Angeles Project Development Information;Homepage (http:/ / www. uee. ucla. edu/ UCLos) retrieved 17:47GMT 3.10.11

Further reading • David, Rosalie. Religion and magic in ancient Egypt. Penguin Books, 2002. ISBN 0-14-026252-0 • Chaney, Edward. 'Egypt in England and America: The Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty and Revolution', in: Sites of Exchange: European Crossroads and Faultlines, eds. M. Ascari and A. Corrado (Rodopi, Amsterdam and New York,2006), 39-74. • Chaney, Edward. "Roma Britannica and the Cultural Memory of Egypt: Lord Arundel and the Obelisk of Domitian", in Roma Britannica: Art Patronage and Cultural Exchange in Eighteenth-Century Rome, eds. D. Marshall, K. Wolfe and S. Russell, British School at Rome, 2011, pp. 147–70. • Jacq, Christian. Magic and mystery in ancient Egypt. Souvenir Press, 1998. ISBN 0-285-63462-3 • Manley, Bill (ed.). The Seventy Great Mysteries of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05123-2 • Mertz, Barbara. Red Land, Black Land: Daily Life in Ancient Egypt. Dodd Mead, 1978. ISBN 0-396-07575-4 • Mertz, Barbara. Temples, Tombs and Hieroglyphs: A Popular History of Ancient Egypt. Bedrick, 1990. ISBN 0-87226-223-5 • Mysteries of Egypt. National Geographic Society, 1999. ISBN 0-7922-9752-0 Egyptology 10

External links

• EEF list version 59 (September 1, 2011) (http:/ / www. egyptologyforum. org/ EEFinst. html) retrieved 18:36 18/10/2011(list shows Egyptology societies and Institutes)

• © COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ANTIQUITYOFMAN.COM (http:/ / www. antiquityofman. com/

NorthAfricanArchaeology. html) retrieved 02:14,GMT 15.10.2006 (listed essays relevant to antiquity)

• List of web sites for museums whose primary focus is on Egyptology (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Reference/

Museums/ Science/ Archaeology/ Egyptology/ ) at the Open Directory Project

• Griffiths Institute OXFORD UNIVERSITY (http:/ / www. griffith. ox. ac. uk/ gri/ 7. html) (lists for further research : A key to the translation exercises in Sir Alan Gardiner's Egyptian Grammar,Electronic publications,Egyptological databases,Dictionaries and lexicography, Useful Web sites & Main libraries with Egyptological holdings)

• website of the American University in Cairo Press (http:/ / www. aucpress. com/

p-2843-egyptology-at-the-dawn-of-the-twenty-first-century. aspx) retrieved (in situ) 12:21 20/10/2011 (shows: Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists, Cairo, 2000 (Edited by Zahi Hawass & Lyla Pinch Brock) , , , , , , , , , 11

American studies

American studies

American studies or American civilization is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the study of the United States.[1] It traditionally incorporates the study of history, literature, and critical theory, but also includes fields as diverse as law, art, the media, film, religious studies, urban studies, women's studies, gender studies, anthropology, sociology, queer studies, African American studies, Chicano studies, Asian American studies,

American Indian studies, foreign A satellite view of the United States at night, showing the density of ground lights. policy and culture of the United States, among other fields.

American civilization may also mean the United States, and its culture and people.

Founding notions Vernon Louis Parrington is often cited as the founder of American studies for his three-volume Main Currents in American Thought, which combines the methodologies of literary criticism and historical research; it won the 1928 Pulitzer Prize. In the introduction to Main Currents in American Thought, Parrington described his field: I have undertaken to give some account of the genesis and development in American letters of certain germinal ideas that have come to be reckoned traditionally American—how they came into being here, how they were opposed, and what influence they have exerted in determining the form and scope of our characteristic ideals and institutions. In pursuing such a task, I have chosen to follow the broad path of our political, economic, and social development, rather than the narrower belletristic. The "broad path" that Parrington describes formed a scholastic course of study for Henry Nash Smith, who received a Ph.D. from Harvard's interdisciplinary program in "History and American Civilization" in 1940, setting an academic precedent for present-day American Studies programs. The first signature methodology of American studies was the "myth and symbol" approach, developed in such foundational texts as Henry Nash Smith's Virgin Land in 1950 and Leo Marx's The Machine in the Garden in 1964. Myth and symbol scholars claimed to find certain recurring themes throughout American texts that served to illuminate a unique American culture. Later scholars such as Annette Kolodny and Alan Trachtenberg re-imagined the myth and symbol approach in light of multicultural studies. Beginning in the 1960s and 70s, these earlier approaches were criticized for continuing to promote the idea of American exceptionalism—the notion that the US has had a special mission and virtue that makes it unique among nations. Several generations of American Studies scholars have critiqued this ethnocentric view, and have focused critically on issues of race, ethnicity, gender and sexuality, and both transnational and international concerns. American studies 12

Institutionally, in the last decade the American Studies Association has reflected the increasingly interdisciplinary nature of the field, creating particularly strong connections to other interdisciplines such as ethnic studies, gender studies, cultural studies and post- or de-colonial studies. Another major theme of the field in recent years has been internationalization—the recognition that much vital scholarship about the US and its relations to the wider global community has been and is being produced outside the United States.

American studies outside of the U.S. Following World War II and during the Cold War, the U.S. government promoted the study of the United States in several European countries, helping to endow chairs in universities and institutes in American history, politics and literature in the interests of cultural diplomacy. Many scholars and governments in Europe also recognized the need to study the U.S. The field has become especially prominent in Britain and Germany. The British Association for American Studies was founded in 1955, and is a constituent member of the European Association for American Studies. European centres for American studies include the Center for American Studies in Brussels, Belgium and most notably the John F. Kennedy-Institute for North American Studies in Berlin, Germany. Other centers for American Studies in Germany include the Bavarian America-Academy, the Heidelberg Center for American Studies (HCA) and the Center for North American Studies (Zentrum für Nordamerikaforschung or ZENAF) at Goethe University Frankfurt. The American Studies Leipzig program at the University of Leipzig offers both BA and MA degrees and is known for the graduate journal aspeers. Founded in 1992, the Center for American Studies at the University of Southern Denmark now offers a graduate program in American Studies. In the Netherlands the University of Groningen and the Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen offer a complete undergraduate and graduate program in American Studies. The University of Amsterdam and the University of Leiden only offer a graduate program in American Studies. Both the University of Sussex and the University of Nottingham in England offer both a number of postgraduate and undergraduate programs. In Sweden, the Swedish Institute for North American Studies at Uppsala University offers a minor in American studies. In Slovakia, the University of Presov and Pavol Jozef Safarik University offer a complete undergraduate and graduate program in American Studies combined with British Studies. Russia's main center for American studies is the Institute for US and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, founded in 1967. In the Middle East, the oldest American Studies program is the American Studies Center [2] at the University of Bahrain in Sakhir. Founded in 1998, the UOB ASC celebrated its 10th year anniversary in 2008.[3] Established as a university minor, the ASC currently offers over 20 different courses for students, heralds weekly movies in its ASC Theater, regularly hosts diverse speakers, and sponsors gatherings and excursions for ASC students. There is a new American Studies program at the University of Tehran, Iran. The new program, offered at the Faculty of World Studies [4], is a multidisciplinary MA program focusing on American culture, politics, history and ethnicity. In Oceania, the University of Canterbury in Christchurch New Zealand operates a full undergraduate and graduate American Studies [5] program, and in Australia, a postgraduate program in US Studies is run by the United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney. American studies 13

Associations and scholarly journals The American Studies Association [6] was founded in 1950. It publishes American Quarterly, which has been the primary outlet of American Studies scholarship since 1949. The second-largest American Studies journal, American Studies [7], is sponsored by the Mid-America American Studies Association and University of Kansas. Today there are 36 American Studies journals in 19 countries.[8]

Further reading • Locating American Studies: The Evolution of a Discipline, edited by Lucy Maddox, Johns Hopkins University Press 1998, ISBN 0-8018-6056-3 • The Futures of American Studies, edited by Donald E. Pease and Robyn Wiegman, Duke University Press 2002, ISBN 0-8223-2965-4 • American Studies in a Moment of Danger, George Lipsitz, University of Minnesota Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8166-3949-3

External links • AMERICANA – E-Journal of American Studies in Hungary [9] • Journal of Transnational American Studies [10] • The Futures Of American Studies Institute at Dartmouth College[11] • American Studies Crossroads Project [12] • British Association for American Studies [13] • Encyclopedia of American Studies [14] • The American Studies Association [6] • American Quarterly [15] at Project MUSE • Theory and Method Resources, T. V. Reed, Washington State University [16] • American Studies Journal [17] • American Studies Journal [18] • Mid-America American Studies Association [19]

References

[1] Winfried Fluck. Theories of American Culture, Theories of American Studies (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=1ym7FW6rNnoC& pg=PR9). ISBN 3823341731. . Retrieved 2011-06-21.

[2] http:/ / userspages. uob. edu. bh/ asc/

[3] http:/ / userspages. uob. edu. bh/ asc/ tenth%20anniversary. htm

[4] http:/ / fws. ut. ac. ir

[5] http:/ / www. hums. canterbury. ac. nz/ amst/

[6] http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080422201829/ www. theasa. net/

[7] http:/ / www2. ku. edu/ ~amerstud/

[8] http:/ / www. theasa. net/ journals/

[9] http:/ / americanaejournal. hu/

[10] http:/ / repositories. cdlib. org/ acgcc/ jtas/

[11] http:/ / www. dartmouth. edu/ ~futures

[12] http:/ / crossroads. georgetown. edu/

[13] http:/ / baas. ac. uk/

[14] http:/ / eas-ref. press. jhu. edu/

[15] http:/ / muse. jhu. edu/ journals/ american_quarterly/

[16] http:/ / www. wsu. edu/ ~amerstu/ tm/

[17] http:/ / asjournal. zusas. uni-halle. de/

[18] https:/ / journals. ku. edu/ index. php/ amerstud/

[19] http:/ / midamerica-asa. net/ American Studies in Britain 14 American Studies in Britain

American Studies as an academic discipline is taught at some British universities and incorporated in several school subjects, such as history, politics and literature.[1] While the United States of America is the focus of most study, American Studies can also include the study of all the Americas, including South America and Canada. The methods of study are interdisciplinary, and students and researchers come from many fields, including anthropology, cultural studies, history, literature, film studies, gender studies and economics. Because of Britain's long association with the Americas, there is also a history of comment and analysis of the geography, culture and peoples of America, from Sir Walter Raleigh and Charles Dickens to Rudyard Kipling and Alistair Cooke.[2] American Studies in Britain is closely related to the discipline in America, and many degree programmes also involve a period of study in the U.S. or Canada, ranging in time from a month to an academic year. However, an 'outsider's' view of a foreign culture, a variety of intellectual trends, such as the Birmingham school of cultural studies, and institutional arrangements often lead to a different approach to that pursued in the U.S.[3] The support of the U.S. Embassy and other official U.S. bodies and awards also shows that American Studies has also been used to promote closer ties and greater understanding between the two countries.[4]

History of American Studies in Britain Because of Britain involvement in North America, American Studies has a long history as an activity in British Higher Education. This history has given American Studies in Britain a different flavour to that pursued in the U.S. The earliest accounts of the British colonisation and exploration of North America may be considered as the first contributions to this field, which now incorporates the output of the work of many university departments, scholarly journals and independent scholars. Many libraries, museums and archives in the United Kingdom also support such work.[5]

The British Association for American Studies American Studies as an academic course of study is generally considered to have begun in the U.S. in the late 1930s, at a time when little research or study was undertaken in Britain. During World War II, the British government encouraged the study of America and the American government began to see the need to support American Studies abroad during the Cold War, in the belief that "the more people knew about the United States, the more they would come to admire its political and economic values, and its foreign policy".[6] In the early 1950s, the Rockefeller Foundation and the United States Education Commission (USEC) organised a series of Anglo-American conferences, which became known as the 'Fulbright Conferences' after the Fulbright Act of 1946. The British Association for American Studies (BAAS) was founded at the fourth conference in 1955; many of its members were influenced by the experiences of exchange programmes with the United States, such as the Commonwealth Fellowships, and contacts with Rhodes Scholars, and realised that much American culture and literature was unknown or misunderstood. The impetus to form the Association came from the Cultural Attaché at the U.S. Embassy in London, Dick Taylor, who wrote to the members of the eventual founding committee that he knew of "concrete interest" from an unnamed American foundation that wished to support the founding of an American Studies association. Taylor also proposed the founding of a centre for American Studies at Ditchley Park, with an American school and conference centre along the lines of the British School at Athens. The fledging Association was unable to support this venture and, concerned with their independence from the U.S. State Department, unsuccessfully sought funding from the Rockefeller Foundation. Taylor's successor at the Embassy, Myron Koenig, offered a $20,000 grant to survey British library resources and $100,000 to establish the society. Membership fees provided a small income, and although BAAS accepted the grant for the library survey, they were able to decline the larger sum in the interests of intellectual and political independence. In 1956, the society received funding from the Rockefeller Foundation. BAAS has continued to provide a focus for American Studies in Britain, organising a series American Studies in Britain 15

of conferences and administrating various awards and funds for research.[7]

Political Influence American Studies has always been influenced to some degree by contemporary politics. For example, the purported Special relationship between the two countries has contributed to a long tradition of scholarly exchange and support from U.S. organisations, such as the United States Department of State for the study of America in Britain. During World War II, The British Government also sought to "counter the Hollywood image of America as a land of violence and corruption by a vigorous campaign to develop American studies". As noted above, the development of the British university system and interest in the U.S. as a result of the Cold War and increasingly dominant U.S. popular culture lead to the development of several American Studies courses at institutions including the universities of Keele and East Anglia.[8] More recently, in 2004 the Guardian columnist, Polly Toynbee suggested in an article revealingly called "A degree in bullying and self-interest? No thanks" that the Iraq war and the so-called "War on Terror" had led to a positive resistance to American Studies.[9] Others, such as Shelley Fisher Fishkin argued that American Studies needs more transnational perspectives and that the U.S.'s engagement with the world demands more, not less, study.[10]

Expansion, Contraction and Consolidation University growth allowed the expansion of American Studies in Britain during the 1960s and 1970s. By the 1980s, the European Association for American Studies estimated that there were at least two thousand Americanists employed in Britain and the Continent. Most major British universities could boast a historian of the U.S. or a literature specialist. American Studies also began to extend its range, incorporating Film Studies and the newer fields of Cultural and Gender Studies. Americanists also became to seek the 'meaning of America' outside of the traditional areas of political institutions and dominant social class, but in marginalized groups. During the 1980s, as Pells comments, the canon became 'contemporary, ethnic, and feminist'. The decade also witnessed a tranche of retirements from the profession, which, because of financial constraints on universities, were not replaced. Several key figures, such as Marcus Cunliffe, left Britain for American university posts. By the early 1990s, some American Studies departments were closed. The end of the Cold War in the late 1980s marked a revival in interest in the remaining superpower, and student numbers rose, along with numbers of professors.[11] Most notable was the Rothermere Centre at Oxford (established 2001.) This revival was generally maintained until the controversial election of Bush in 2000, then 9/11, the subsequent "War on Terror" and the invasion of Iraq which put together encouraged a critical attitude to the United States in the public sphere which eventually had a negative effect on recruitment and caused a number of programmes to close (for instance at Reading) or amalgamate with English, History or other Departments (see above reference to Polly Toynbee.)

Key Figures and works

Historians and named chairs • 1922, Harmsworth Chair in American history, University of Oxford, intended for visiting American scholars. • 1930, Commonwealth Professorship in American history, University of London. • Harold Laski, historian and political scientist, published The American Democracy in 1948, which lamented Europe's 'absurd and willful ignorance of American institutions and culture'[12] • D. W. Brogan, The American Character, 1944. • Peter J. Parish[13] • Esmond Wright.[14] American Studies in Britain 16

Literary critics • Marcus Cunliffe, The Literature of the United States (1954). • Professor Dennis Welland (1919–2002). Following a 12-month Rockefeller scholarship to the University of Minnesota, he began one of the first American Studies courses at the University of Nottingham in 1953. He helped to found the British Association of American Studies and acted as its first treasurer, secretary and chair (1980–83). Welland was the founder editor of the Journal of American Studies (1976). His publications include Arthur Miller (1961), Twain in England (1978) and The Life and Times of Mark Twain (1991).[15] • Malcolm Bradbury, who suggested that America offered an escape from the 'constraining, class-oriented, provincial embrace' of Britain.[16] • Eric Knowle William Mottram (1924–1995) (Professor of English and American Literature, Kings College, London).[17]

Anthropologists • Geoffrey Gorer [18], The American People (1948).

Journalists and writers Thomas Paine, William Cobbett, Charles Dickens, Anthony Trollope, Rudyard Kipling, Alistair Cooke and Christopher Hitchens, have written about the political and cultural differences between Britain and America.

Publishers • Sheldon Meyer (1926–2006), Oxford University Press (New York). Meyer published influential American studies works such as C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow (on segregation in the South), Robert Toll, Blacking Up (a study of blackface minstrelsy), Nathan Huggin's study of the Harlem Renaissance, Edmund Wilson, Patriotic Gore (American Civil War literature), James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 1988 (Civil War). He c0-edited, with C. Vann Woodward, the 'Oxford History of the United States'. Meyer also commissioned works on American jazz.[19]

U.S. Institutional Support The Fulbright Program, which began in 1948, has been the backbone of many scholarly exchanges between Britain and the United States[20]

Schools and Movements As a heterodox discipline, American Studies incorporates many fields, from literature to international relations. Various schools, such as that of the Myth and Symbol approach have strongly influenced research. Although these approaches can be seen in [American Studies] in the U.S. and elsewhere, there have been distinctive British contributions.

Birmingham School The Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies was a research centre at the University of Birmingham. It was founded in 1964 by Richard Hoggart, its first director. Its object of study was the then new field of Cultural Studies and it soon became known as the Birmingham School. Although no clear method emerged, the influence of Marxism and other theories, such as post-structuralism informed a politically engaged, sophisticated analysis of contemporary society. Its members included Jorge Larrain, the Chilean sociologist and cultural historian, author of Identity and Modernity in Latin America. The School has influenced many Area Studies scholars, including American Studies specialists.[21] American Studies in Britain 17

Interdisciplinary Approaches Traditionally focused on history, politics and literature, American Studies are now informed by Film theory, Gender studies and Cultural anthropology as well as many other disciplines.

American Studies at GCSE and A-Level O-levels and A-levels (AS/A2) in American studies have not been offered since the introduction of GCSEs and the UK National Curriculum however, American Studies is a component of history and politics A-level curricula whilst, the civil rights movement is studied as a unit as part of GCSE History.[22]

American Studies Programmes at UK Universities and Higher Education Institutions A list of institutions can be found at the Eccles Centre for American Studies [23] website. Currently (2008) 37 institutions offer an American Studies degree.

American Studies Societies and Centres in the UK • British Association for American Studies [24] • Eccles Centre for American Studies [25] at the British Library • Cunliffe Centre for the Study of the American South [26] at University of Sussex • "Based in the American Studies Department at the University of Sussex, the Cunliffe Centre offers a concentration of scholars of the history of the South unparalleled anywhere outside the United States. The principal purpose of the Cunliffe Centre is to build upon this strength by enhancing research networks between scholars in the United Kingdom, Europe and the United States, and to provide channels for the transfer of knowledge in the field to the broader public." [27] • Centre for American Studies [28] at University of Leicester • "Voted in the "Top 2" by The Times, The Guardian and The Independent in 2008, the Centre for American Studies at Leicester is firmly established as one of the UK's most important providers of American Studies degrees." • Institute for the Study of the Americas [29] at the School of Advanced Study, University of London • "The Institute for the Study of the Americas promotes, coordinates and provides a focus for research and postgraduate teaching on the Americas – Canada, the US, Latin America and the Caribbean – in the University of London"[30] • School of American & Canadian Studies [31] at University of Nottingham • "The School of American and Canadian Studies – which includes the Institute of Film and Television Studies – is the only Five Star Research School in its subject area and is the largest undergraduate and postgraduate centre for American Studies in the country. It has a thriving programme at all levels, and a teaching and research culture of the highest quality." • American Studies Centre [32] at Liverpool John Moores University • Rothermere American Institute, University of Oxford [33] • "The Rothermere American Institute, which was opened on 25 May 2001 by former US President Bill Clinton, is an international centre of excellence dedicated to the interdisciplinary and comparative study of the United States. Bringing together scholars, intellectuals, policy-makers and public figures from around the world, the Rothermere American Institute will promote a greater public and academic understanding of the history, culture and politics of the United States. The newly built institute also hosts the finest library of Americana to be found outside the USA."[34] American Studies in Britain 18

• The Department of American Studies at King's College London [35] • "The Department of American Studies at King's College London offers versatile and diverse academic programmes for the study of the cultures, societies and arts of the United States and the Americas at both undergraduate and graduate levels. It is the only Department of its kind at the University of London and one of the leading centres in its field in the country. Established as an independent Department in 2000, American Studies in fact draws upon a long tradition of the teaching of American culture and literature at King's, a tradition that goes back to the early-sixties when the College appointed the very first full-time lecturer in American Literature in the country."[36] • The Institute for the Study of the Americas, School of Advanced Study, arranges a series of events and conferences [37] in London

Hard to Find Sources for American Studies in the UK Although many collections of materials can be located through the online or automated catalogues of archives and libraries, many resources are not listed in this fashion and may be difficult to locate.[38]

Microform Collections • Early American Imprints is held by several libraries, including the British Library, the National Library of Scotland, the University of Cambridge Library and the Vere Harmsworth Library in Oxford. Its contents are now listed through COPAC [39]. • A large body of BAAS material has been selected and microfilmed in the series British Records relating to America [40], sponsored by BAAS and published by Microform Ltd [41]

Manuscript Collections • The British Library's Department of Manuscripts holds many collections related to the early history of America and the American Revolution, as does the National Archives (UK) • Records of the British Association for American Studies at Birmingham University Information Services. A handlist [42] is available online.

Newspaper Collections Many American newspapers are available in the United Kingdom, either in their original format or in microform. American newspapers often contain reports of events in Britain and details of the state of trans-atlantic relations. A database can be found on the BAAS newspaper database [43]. A digital collection of Historical American Newspapers is held by the British Library, which complements the extensive paper and microform collections; important collections are also held by the National Library of Scotland. American Studies in Britain 19

Digital Collections United States Congressional Serial Set is part of Readex's Archive of Americana. It is held at the British Library and the University of Oxford. The University of Sussex holds the full set of the Archive of Americana.

References [1] The Eccles Centre for American Studies (2005). American Studies in the United Kingdom. British Library. ISBN 0-7123-4442-X. and H: "American Studies in Britain," American Quarterly (Summer,1966): 251-269. American history, for example, is listed as a component and

cited in several examples, of Key Stage 3 History: http:/ / www. nc. uk. net/ nc_resources/ html/ download/ cHi. pdf

[2] Palmer, Niall. "American Studies" (http:/ / www. llas. ac. uk/ resources/ goodpractice. aspx?resourceid=86). . Retrieved 2006-12-06. [3] Giles, P, "Virtual Americas: The Internationalization of American Studies and the Ideology of Exchange," American Quarterly 50:3 (1998): 523-547 [4] Lawson-Peebles, R, "Dean Acheson and the Potato Head Blues, or British Academic Attitudes to America and its Literature,", Gutman, H. As Others Read Us: International Perspectives on American Literature, University of Massachusetts Press, 2001, pp. 30-1. ISBN 0-87023-629-6 and Laville, H., "The Importance of Being (In) Earnest", in The US Government, Citizen Groups And the Cold War: The State-Private Network, Routledge, 2006.

[5] http:/ / www. asrp. info/ accessed 2006-12-06 [6] D. Reynolds, From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s, Oxford University Press, 2006, 3 and Ch. 10; R. Pells, Not Like Us: How Europeans have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II, New York: Basic Books, 1997, 94. [7] A. Fisher “Double Vision, Double Analysis”, in H. Laville and H. Wilford, ‘’The US Government, Citizen Groups and the Cold War. The State-Private Network,’’ London & New York: Routledge, 2006, 145-50. [8] Reynolds, D., From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s, Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 3 and Ch. 10.

[9] Toynbee, P, "A degree in bullying and self-interest? No thanks" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ comment/ story/ 0,3604,1290021,00. html), Guardian, 25 August 2004 (Accessed 2006-12-06) [10] Fisher Fishkin, S., "Crossroads of Cultures: The Transnational Turn in American Studies—Presidential Address to the American Studies Association, November 12, 2004," American Quarterly, 57:1 (2005): 17-57 [11] Pells, Not Like Us, 123-29. Guardian article [12] R. Pells, Not Like Us, 95.

[13] Peter J. Parish (http:/ / www. baas. ac. uk/ resources/ asib/ asibdets. asp?ordernum=8817& head=8816) Obituary in American Studies in Britain

[14] Esmond Wright (http:/ / www. baas. ac. uk/ resources/ asib/ asibdets. asp?ordernum=9019& head=9015) Obituary in American Studies in Britain [15] Obituary, Guardian, 26 September 2002. [16] Pells, Not Like Us, 117. [17] Poetry Wars, Salt Publishing, 2006, p. 223

[18] http:/ / www. sussex. ac. uk/ library/ speccoll/ collection_introductions/ gorer. html [19] Obituary, The Times, 17 November 2006 [20] Fisher,"Double Vision". [21] Wolff, Janet, "Symposia; Sociology and Border Disciplines: Cultural Studies and the Sociology of Culture", Contemporary Sociology28: 5 (1999)

[22] How well is American Studies doing in Britain today?, http:/ / www. americansc. org. uk/ Online/ question. htm Retrieved 2006 12 06

[23] http:/ / www. bl. uk/ collections/ americas/ amstudiesug. html

[24] http:/ / www. baas. ac. uk

[25] http:/ / www. bl. uk/ ecclescentre

[26] http:/ / www. sussex. ac. uk/ cunliffe

[27] Cunliffe Centre for the Study of the American South (http:/ / www. sussex. ac. uk/ cunliffe/ )

[28] http:/ / www. le. ac. uk/ americanstudies

[29] http:/ / americas. sas. ac. uk/

[30] The Institute for the Study of the Americas (http:/ / americas. sas. ac. uk/ )

[31] http:/ / www. nottingham. ac. uk/ american

[32] http:/ / www. americansc. org. uk

[33] http:/ / www. rai. ox. ac. uk/ index. html

[34] Rothermere American Institute, Oxford (http:/ / www. rai. ox. ac. uk/ index. html)

[35] http:/ / www. kcl. ac. uk/ depsta/ humanities/ amstu/

[36] http:/ / www. kcl. ac. uk/ depsta/ humanities/ amstu/

[37] http:/ / americas. sas. ac. uk/ events/ events. php American Studies in Britain 20

[38] A Guide to the manuscripts relating to America in Great Britain and Ireland, London: Published for the British Association for American Studies by Meckler BooksMansell Publishing, 1979. This volume lists many of the institutional holdings of American materials. Not all of these institutions have automated catalogues.

[39] http:/ / www. copac. ac. uk

[40] http:/ / www. baas. ac. uk/ resources/ archives/ archives. asp

[41] http:/ / www. microform. co. uk/ academic/ itemdetails. php?ref=G19155

[42] http:/ / www2. special-coll. bham. ac. uk/ catalogue_handlist_BrAsAmSt. htm

[43] http:/ / www. baas. ac. uk/ resources/ newspapers/ newspapers. asp

External links

• American Studies Today (http:/ / www. americansc. org. uk/ Online/ index. htm).

• American Studies in Britain (http:/ / www. baas. ac. uk/ index. php?option=com_content& view=article&

id=90:american-studies-in-britain-the-baas-newsletter& catid=14& Itemid=10) the Newsletter of the British Association for American Studies.

• American Studies Electronic Resources at the British Library (http:/ / www. bl. uk/ collections/ wider/ elecsuboff. html#American).

• Intute: Arts and Humanities (http:/ / www. intute. ac. uk/ artsandhumanities/ american/ ) American Studies resources.

• Resources for American Studies - the journal of the BAAS Library and Resources Sub-Committee (http:/ / www.

baas. ac. uk/ resources/ library/ lib. asp).

• Toynbee, P, "A degree in bullying and self-interest? No thanks" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ comment/ story/

0,3604,1290021,00. html), Guardian, 25 August 2004 (Accessed 2006-12-06).

Sources • L. Billington, "Pioneering American Studies: Ten Years of the Bulletin, 1956-1966", Journal of American

Studies, 42 (2008) 2, 167-185 (http:/ / journals. cambridge. org/ action/ displayIssue?jid=AMS& volumeId=42&

issueId=02& iid=2134252).

• "American History in Schools", BAAS Newsletter, 81, Winter, 1999 (http:/ / www. baas. ac. uk/ resources/ asib/

asibdets. asp?ordernum=8116& head=8116& range1=8116& range2=8118) • P. Thompson, Cassell's Dictionary of American History, Cassell, 2000. African American studies 21 African American studies

African American topics

Category · Portal

African American studies is a subset of Black studies or Africana studies. It is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to the study of the history, culture, and politics of African Americans. Taken broadly, the field studies not only the cultures of people of African descent in the United States, but the cultures of the entire African diaspora, from the British Isles to the Caribbean. The field includes scholars of African American literature, history, politics, religion and religious studies, sociology, and many other disciplines within the humanities and social sciences. Intensive academic efforts to reconstruct African American history began in the late 19th century (W. E. B. Du Bois, The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America, 1896). Among the pioneers in the first half of the twentieth century were Carter G. Woodson,[1] Herbert Aptheker, Melville Herskovits, and Lorenzo Dow Turner.[2] [3] Programs and departments of African American studies were first created in the 1960s and 1970s as a result of inter-ethnic student and faculty activism at many universities, sparked by a five month strike for black studies at San Francisco State. In February 1968, San Francisco State hired sociologist Nathan Hare to coordinate the first black studies program and write a proposal for the first Department of Black Studies; the department was created in September 1968 and gained official status at the end of the five-months strike in the spring of 1969. The creation of programs and departments in Black studies was a common demand of protests and sit-ins by minority students and their allies, who felt that their cultures and interests were underserved by the traditional academic structures. Black studies is a systematic way of studying black people in the world – such as their history, culture, sociology, and religion. It is a study of the black experience and the effect of society on them and their effect within society. This study can serve to eradicate many racial stereotypes. Black Studies implements: history, family structure, social and economic pressures, stereotypes, and gender relationships.

The Rise and Fall of African American Studies

The Rise: In the United States the 1960s is rightfully known as the “Turbulent Sixties”. During this time period the nation experienced great social unrest, as citizens challenged the social order in radical ways. Many movements took place in the United States during this time period, including: women’s rights movement, labor rights movement, and the civil rights movement. This time period is marked American citizen’s being “sick and tired of being sick and tired.” The students at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) were witnesses to the Southern Civil Rights Movement, and by 1964 they were thrust into activism[4] . On October 1, 1964 Jack Weinberg, a graduate student, was sitting at a table were the Congress of Racial Equality was distributing literature encouraging students to protest against institutional racism. Police asked Weinberg to produce his ID to confirm that he was a student, but he refused to do so and was therefore arrested. In support of Weinberg 3,000 students surrounded the police vehicle, and even used the car as a podium from where they spoke about their right to engage in political protest on campus[5] . This impromptu demonstration was the first of many protests, culminating in the institutionalization of African American Studies. African American studies 22

Two months later students at UC Berkeley organized sit-in at the Sproul Hall Administration building to protest an unfair rule which prohibited all political clubs from fundraising, excluding the democrat and republican clubs[6] . Police arrested 800 students. Students a “Freedom of Speech Movement” and Mario Savio became its poetic leader, stating that “freedom of speech was something that represents the very dignity of what a human is...[5] ” The Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), a well-connected and organized club, hosted a conference entitled “Black Power and its Challenges .[6] ” Black leaders who were directly tied to then ongoing civil rights movements spoke to a predominately white audience about their respective goals and challenges . These leaders included Stokely Carmichael Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee), and James Bevel (Southern Christian Leadership). Educational conferences like that of SDS forced the university to take some measures to correct the most obvious racial issue on campus—the sparse black student population[7] . In 1966 the school held its first official racial and ethnic survey, it which it was discovered that the “American Negro” represented 1.02% of the university population[8] . In 1968 the university instituted its Educational Opportunity Program (EOP) facilitated the increased minority student enrollment, and offered financial aid to minority students with high potential[7] . By 1970 there were 1,400 EOP students. As the minority student population increased tension between activists clubs and minorities rose, because minority wanted the reigns of the movement that affected them directly. One student asserted that it was “backward to educate white people about Black Power when many black people are still uneducated on the matter.[9] ” The members of the Afro-American Student Union (AASU) proposed an academic department called “Black Studies” in April of 1968[10] . We demand a program of “Black Studies,” a program that will be of and for black people. We demand to be educated realistically and that no form of education of education which attempts to lie to us, or otherwise miss-educate us will be accepted[11] . AASU members asserted that “The young people of America are the inheritors of what is undoubtedly one of the most challenging, and threatening set of social circumstances that has ever fallen upon a generation of young people in history…[12] ”. AASU used these claims to gain ground on their proposal to create a black studies department. Nathan Hare, a sociology professor at San Francisco State University, created what was known as the “A Conceptual Proposal for Black Studies” and AASU used Hare’s framework to create a criteria[13] . A Black Studies Program was implemented by UC Berkeley administration on January 13, 1969. Many Black Studies Programs and departments and programs around the nation were created thanks to the hard work of the students at UC Berkeley in America Inspired by the civil rights movement and student activism, in 1969 Black and White students led by the Student African American Society (SAS) at Syracuse University marched in front of the building at Newhouse and demanded a Black studies be taught at Syracuse[14] . It existed as an independent, underfunded non-degree offering program from 1971 until 1979.[15] It became a when it became the Department of African American Studies that could offer degrees.[16]

Decline/Challenge: One of the major setbacks with Black Studies/African American Studies Programs or departments is that there is a lack of financial resources available to student and faculty[17] . Many universities and colleges around the country provided Black Studies programs with small budgets and therefore it is difficult for the department to purchase materials and staff. Because the budget allocated to Black Studies is limited some faculty are jointly appointed therefore, which causes faculty to leave their home disciplines to teach a discipline of which they may not familiar. Budgetary issues make it difficult for Black Studies Programs and departments to function, and promote themselves. Racism perpetrated by many administrators hinders the institutionalization of Black Studies at major university[17] . As with the case of UC Berkeley most of the Black Studies programs across the country were instituted because of the urging and demanding of black students to create the program. In many instances black students also called for the increased enrollment of black students and offer financial assistance to these students[17] . Also seen in the case of UC Berkeley is the constant demand to have such a program, but place the power of control in the hands of black people. The idea was that black studies could not be “realistic” if it was not taught by someone who was not African American studies 23

accustomed to the black experience. On many campuses directors of black studies have little to no autonomy—they do not have the power to hire or grant tenure to faculty . On many campuses an overall lack of respect for the discipline has caused instability for the students and for the program. In the past thirty years there has been a steady decline of black scholars.[17]

Recent Trends: Emergence of Black Male Studies (BMS) African American studies scholars have often explored the unique experiences of Black boys/men. This line of research dates back to W.E.B. Dubois in his analysis of Black male training in his book Souls of Black Folk. Though African American Studies as its own discipline has been in decline, its perpetuation as a sub-discipline in various social science fields (e.g., education, sociology, cultural anthropology, urban studies) has risen. This rise has coincided with the emergence of men's studies (also referred to as masculine studies). Since the early 1980's increasing interest in Black males among scholars and policy makers has resulted in a marked rise in the sub-discipline Black Male Studies. Today, numerous books, research articles, conferences[18] , foundations[19] , research centers[20] [21] and institutes[22] , academic journals[23] , initiatives[24] [25] [26] [27] , and scholarly collectives[28] emphasize or focus entirely on the status of Black boys and men in society.

Universities and Colleges with African American Studies Departments • Indiana University • Ohio State University • Harvard University • Temple University • Syracuse University • University of Pennsylvania • University of Michigan • Oberlin College • Howard University • Western Illinois University • University of Wisconsin • Vassar College

Scholars in African American studies • Kwame Anthony Appiah • Molefi Kete Asante • M.K. Asante, Jr. • Houston A. Baker Jr. • Horace Campbell • Hazel Carby • Linda Carty • Bill Cole • Patricia Hill Collins • Allison Davis • Angela Y. Davis • W. E. B. Du Bois • Michael Eric Dyson • Gerald Early African American studies 24

• John Hope Franklin • E. Franklin Frazier • Henry Louis Gates, Jr. • Paul Gilroy • Nathan Hare • Melville Herskovits • bell hooks • Charles S. Johnson • Charles E. Jones • Jawanza Kunjufu • Glenn C. Loury • Manning Marable • Janis Mayes • Micere Mugo • Mark Anthony Neal • Adolph Reed • Cedric Robinson • Milton Sernett • Renate Simson • Robert B. Stepto • Akinyele Umoja • Cornel West • William Julius Wilson • Carter G. Woodson • Sylvia Wynter

Scholarly and Academic Journals • Afro-Americans in New York Life and History • Negro History Bulletin • Journal of Black Studies • African American Review • Negro Digest • Phylon • Journal of Negro History • The Callaloo Journal • Journal of African American History • Journal of Negro Education • Journal of Pan African Studies • Race & Class • Transition Magazine • Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society • Journal of African American Males in Education (JAAME) • The Griot: The Journal of African American Studies African American studies 25

References [1] see Pero Gaglo Dagbovie: The early Black history movement, Carter G. Woodson, and Lorenzo Johnston Greene, Univ. of Illinois Press, 2007

[2] Lorenzo Dow Turner, PhD’26: A linguist who identified the African influences in the Gullah dialect. (http:/ / magazine. uchicago. edu/ 1012/

features/ legacy. shtml), by Jason Kelly “Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect (1949) ... was considered not only the defining work of Gullah language and culture but also the beginning of a new field, African American studies. ‘Until then it was pretty much thought that all of the African knowledge and everything had been erased by slavery. Turner showed that was not true,’ [curator Alcione] Amos says. ‘He was a pioneer. He was the first one to make the connections between African Americans and their African past.’”

[3] A Language Explorer Who Heard Echoes of Africa (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2010/ 09/ 03/ arts/ design/ 03gullah. html), Holland Cotter, New York Times, September 2, 2010 “Turner published ‘Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect,’ a book that would help pave the way for the field of African-American studies in the 1960s.” [4] Philips, Mary (2010). "Origins of Black Studies at UC Berkeley.". Journal of Western Black Studies 34: 256. [5] "Free Speech Café Mural". Moffit Library (University of California, Berkeley). [6] "Origins of Black Studies at UC Berkeley". Journal of Western Black Studies (Print): 256. 2010. doi:Editorial. [7] "EOP Offers Aid". Daily Californian. October 19 1970. [8] "Racial, ethnic minorities 7.02 percent of Cal Students". California Monthly. July–August 1966. [9] Negro Group Afro-American Rally Will Oppose SDS. Daily Californian. October 26, 1966. [10] "Origins of Black Studies at UC Berkeley". Journal of Western Black Studies: 257. 2010. [11] Afro-American Studies Proposal. March 4, 1969. [12] "Afro-American Studies Proposal". Editorial. Daily Californian. March 4, 1969. [13] Barlow W. & Shapiro (1971). An End to Silence: The San Francisco State Student Movement in the 60s. New York: Pegasus.

[14] http:/ / www. thenewshouse. com/ flash/ revolutionary-minds

[15] http:/ / aas. syr. edu/ about/ history. html

[16] http:/ / aas. syr. edu/ about/ history. html [17] "Black Studies: Challenges and Critical Debates". Journal of Western Black Studies: 273–274. 2010.

[18] "Black Male Development Symposium" (http:/ / blackmaledevelopment. com/ i/ ). Blackmaledevelopment.com. . Retrieved October 17, 2011.

[19] "The Schott Foundation – 50 State Black Boys Report" (http:/ / blackboysreport. org/ ). Blackboysreport.org. August 17, 2010. . Retrieved October 17, 2011.

[20] "OSU Office of Diversity and Inclusion | Homepage" (http:/ / oma. osu. edu/ current-students/ bell-resource-center/ ). Oma.osu.edu. . Retrieved October 17, 2011.

[21] "The Center for African American Male Research Success and Leadership" (http:/ / centerforafricanamericanmales. org/ blackmaleinitiative. htm). Centerforafricanamericanmales.org. . Retrieved October 17, 2011.

[22] "blackmaleinstitute.org" (http:/ / www. blackmaleinstitute. org/ ). blackmaleinstitute.org. . Retrieved October 17, 2011.

[23] "The Journal Of Black Masculinity" (http:/ / www. blackmasculinity. com/ ). Blackmasculinity.com. March 31, 2011. . Retrieved October 17, 2011.

[24] "Home" (http:/ / theblackmaleinitiative. org/ default. aspx). Theblackmaleinitiative.org. . Retrieved October 17, 2011.

[25] "Black Male Initiative – Current Initiatives – CUNY" (http:/ / www. cuny. edu/ academics/ initiatives/ bmi. html). Cuny.edu. . Retrieved October 17, 2011.

[26] "About us" (http:/ / morehousemaleinitiative. com/ ?page_id=4). The Morehouse Male Initiative. November 1, 2006. . Retrieved October 17, 2011.

[27] "African American Male Initiative, in Raleigh, North carolina" (http:/ / www. babiesonthegostudios. com/ aami/ index. html). Babiesonthegostudios.com. . Retrieved October 17, 2011.

[28] "Brothers of the Academy Institute" (http:/ / brothersoftheacademy. org/ ). Brothersoftheacademy.org. . Retrieved October 17, 2011. African American studies 26

Further reading • Fabio Rojas: From Black Power to Black Studies: How a Radical Social Movement Became an Academic Discipline, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-8018-8619-8

External links

• Afro-American Studies Newsletter/The Vision (MUM00511) (http:/ / purl. oclc. org/ umarchives/ MUM00511/ ) at the University of Mississippi, Archives and Special Collections.

Appalachian studies

Appalachian studies is the area studies field concerned with the Appalachian region of the United States.

Scholarship In 1966, West Virginia University librarian Robert F. Munn noted that “more nonsense has been written about the Southern Mountains than any comparable area in the United States.” He also observed that there was “distressingly little in the way of useful primary and secondary materials” available for historical research on Appalachia.” (Munn 1966) Over the four decades since Munn’s comments, a wealth of excellent Appalachian scholarship has been published. Appalachian Studies is interdisciplinary, as befits the study of a complex and diverse region and people. Appalachian Studies includes such disciplines as history, literature, music, religion, economics, education, environment, folklore and folk customs, labor issues, women's issues, ethnicity, health care, community organizing, economic development, coal mining, tourism, art, demography, migration, and urban & rural planning. Appalachian scholarship has addressed – and continues to address – various issues within all of these academic disciplines. Several academic journals are dedicated to Appalachian Studies, including Appalachian Journal, published by Appalachian State University, Journal of Appalachian Studies, published by the Appalachian Studies Association, Now & Then, published by East Tennessee State University, and Appalachian Heritage, published by Berea College. For a larger list of pertinent Appalachian Studies journals and magazines, refer to Marie Tedesco’s Selected Bibliography [1] on the Appalachian Studies Association website. Much of the scholarship and research about Appalachia is done by scholars who are members of the Appalachian Studies Association.

Academics A number of colleges and universities in and around Appalachia offer courses and degrees in Appalachian Studies [2]. These range from a Master of Arts in Appalachian Studies offered at Appalachian State University, to undergraduate minors at a dozen schools. Many schools also have Appalachian Studies collections and archives [3] in their libraries.

A brief Appalachian studies bibliography The following is a brief list of important books in the Appalachian Studies canon that would serve as a good introductory reading list. These titles were culled from a poll of members of the Steering Committee of the Appalachian Studies Association taken in the Spring of 2007. • Appalachia: A History. By John Alexander Williams. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 2002. Appalachian studies 27

• Appalachia on Our Mind: the Southern Mountains and Mountaineers in the American Consciousness, 1870-1920. By Henry D. Shapiro. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 1978. • Appalachia in the Making: the Mountain South in the Nineteenth Century. Ed. by Mary Beth Pudup, Dwight B. Billings, and Altina L. Waller. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 1995. • Appalachia: Social Context Past and Present. Fifth Edition. Ed. by Phillip J. Obermiller and Michael E. Maloney. Kendall Hunt Publishers. 2007. • Appalachians and Race: the Mountain South from Slavery to Segregation. Ed. by John C. Inscoe. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. 2000. • Back talk from Appalachia : Confronting Stereotypes. Ed. by Dwight B. Billings, Gurney Norman, and Katherine Ledford. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. 2001 • Fighting Back in Appalachia: Traditions of Resistance and Change. Ed. by Stephen L. Fisher. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 1993. • Encyclopedia of Appalachia. Ed. by Rudy Abramson & Jean Haskell. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. 2006 • A Handbook to Appalachia: an Introduction to the Region. Ed. by Grace Toney Edwards, JoAnn Aust Asbury, and Ricky Cox. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. 2006 • High Mountains Rising: Appalachia in Time and Place. Ed. by Richard A. Straw and H. Tyler Blethen. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 2004. • The United States of Appalachia: How Southern Mountaineers Brought Independence, Culture and Enlightenment to America. Jeff Biggers. Emeryville, CA: Shoemaker and Hoard. 2006. For more detailed bibliographies, refer to the Bibliography section [4] of the ASA website. For teachers who would like to incorporate Appalachian Studies content into their classroom, the ASA website includes a list of Appalachian Studies syllabi [5] for college and university teachers, as well as a list of resources for K-12 teachers.

References • Appalachian Studies Association, "Appalachian Libraries and Archives," [3] Appalachian Studies Association Website. 2007. Accessed May 4, 2007 • Appalachian Studies Association, "Appalachian Studies Syllabi," [5] Appalachian Studies Association Website. 2007. Accessed May 9, 2007 • Appalachian Studies Association, "Marie Tedesco's Selected Bibliography," [1] Appalachian Studies Association Website. 2007. Accessed April 22, 2007 • Appalachian Studies Association, "Programs in Appalachian Studies," [2] Appalachian Studies Association Website. 2007. Accessed May 22, 2007 • Munn, Robert. F. 1966. Research Materials on the Appalachian Region. Mountain Life & Work. (Summer): 13-15. Appalachian studies 28

Suggested reading • "Space, Place, and Appalachia" [6]

External links • University of Kentucky Appalachian Center [7]

References

[1] http:/ / www. appalachianstudies. org/ resources/ bibliographies/ tedesco/ index. php

[2] http:/ / www. appalachianstudies. org/ syllabi/ programs. php

[3] http:/ / www. appalachianstudies. org/ resources/ centers/

[4] http:/ / www. appalachianstudies. org/ resources/ bibliographies/ index. php

[5] http:/ / www. appalachianstudies. org/ syllabi/

[6] http:/ / southernspaces. org/ browse/ space-place-and-appalachia

[7] http:/ / www. appalachiancenter. org

Asian American studies

Asian American Studies is an academic discipline which studies the experience of people of Asian ancestry in America. Closely related to other Ethnic Studies disciplines such as African American Studies, Latino/a Studies, and Native American Studies, Asian American Studies critically examines the history, culture, politics, issues, and experiences of Asian Americans. Drawing from numerous disciplines such as sociology, history, literature, political science, and gender studies, Asian American Studies scholars consider a variety of perspectives and employ diverse analytical tools in their work. Unlike "Asian" Studies which focuses on the history, culture, religion, etc. of Asian people living in Asia, Asian American Studies is interested in the history, culture, experiences, of Asians living in America.

History Asian American Studies was born in the 1960s as a part of the third world movement on the West Coast that gave birth to African American Studies, Chicano/Latino Studies, and Native American Studies. While African American Studies, and to a lesser extent Chicano/Latino Studies, have spread quickly to hundreds of colleges and universities around the U.S., Asian American Studies (mostly due to smaller numbers of Asian Americans until the repeal of Asian exclusion acts) has not spread as quickly. More recently, however, student protests as well as community pressures, have led to the development of several Asian American Studies programs throughout the U.S., particularly in states and at schools with a large Asian American student body. Asian American studies 29

List of Asian American Scholars • Nerissa S. Balce, State U of New York (SUNY) at Stony Brook • Danilo Begonia, San Francisco State University • Sucheng Chan, UCSB • Catherine Ceniza Choy, UC Berkeley • Wei Ming Dariotis, San Francisco State University • Harvey Dong, UC Berkeley • Jane Dusselier, Iowa State University • Yen Le Espiritu, UCSD • Angie Fa, City College of San Francisco • Kip Fulbeck, UC Santa Barbara • Kim Chi Ti Pham, UC Davis • Dorothy Fujita-Rony, UC Irvine • Evelyn Nakano Glenn, UC Berkeley • Dan Gonzales, San Francisco State University • Darrell Y. Hamamoto, UC Davis • Bill Ong Hing, UC Davis/UC Davis School of Law (King Hall) • Yuji Ichioka, UCLA • Elaine H. Kim, UC Berkeley • Claire J. Kim, UC Irvine • Daniel Y. Kim, Brown • Susan Koshy, UIUC • Him Mark Lai, independent scholar • Robert G. Lee, Brown University • Karen Leong, Arizona State University • Wei Li, Arizona State University • Shirley J. Lim, State U of New York at Stony Brook • Huping Ling, Truman State University • John M. Liu, UC Irvine • Lisa Lowe, UCSD • Mary Lui, Yale • Glen Mimura, UC Irvine • Martin Manalansan IV, UIUC • Gary R. Mar, State University of New York at Stony Brook • Sunita S. Mukhi, State U of New York at Stony Brook • Lisa Nakamura, UIUC • Don Nakanishi, UCLA • Mimi Nguyen, UIUC • Viet Nguyen, USC • Gary Okihiro, Columbia University • Glenn Omatsu, CSU Northridge, UCLA • Michael Omi, UC Berkeley • Rhacel Parrenas, Brown University • Celine Parrenas Shimizu, UC Santa Barbara • Jeffrey Santa Ana, State U of New York at Stony Brook • Larry Shinagawa, University of Maryland College Park • Stanley Sue, UC Davis Asian American studies 30

• Ronald Takaki, UC Berkeley • Linda Trinh Vo, UC Irvine • Christine Bacareza Balance, UC Irvine • Eric C. Wat, CSU Fullerton, CSU Long Beach • Theresa Mah. University of Chicago • L. Ling-chi Wang, UC Berkeley • Sau-ling Cynthia Wong, UC Berkeley • Shawn Wong, University of Washington • Ji-Yeon Yuh, Northwestern University • Judy Yung, UC Santa Cruz • Sunaina Maira, UC Davis • Richard Kim, UC Davis • Henry Yu, University of British Columbia • Chris Lee, University of British Columbia • Glenn Deer, University of British Columbia • Allyson Tintiangco-Cubales, [[San Francisco State University]

Major Programs/Departments The contribution of Asian American Studies at SFSU created the College of Ethnic Studies, the only such "college" in any U.S. university. Major programs in California include UC Berkeley, UCLA, UC San Diego, UC Santa Barbara, UC Irvine, UC Davis, San Francisco State University (SFSU), California State University, Long Beach, California State University, Northridge, California State University, Fullerton, City College of San Francisco, University of Southern California and The Claremont Colleges. UCLA recently established a Department of Asian American Studies. Stanford University recently launched a program in Race and Culture that includes Asian American Studies. Outside of California, major programs include University of Washington, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University of Colorado, Cornell University, State University of New York at Binghamton, and Columbia University. Other rising programs include Arizona State University, New York University, Northwestern University, University of Pennsylvania and University of Minnesota. Currently, several universities, including University of North Carolina, University of Virginia, Syracuse University, and many others are in the process of developing Asian American Studies. Master of Arts in Asian American Studies programs are available at UCLA and SFSU. On the East Coast, the State University of New York at Stony Brook created an Asian & Asian American Studies Department after a 52 million dollar donation by Charles B. Wang (the founder of Computer Associates). The Charles B. Wang Center is designed as a vital space for multi-disciplinary and multicultural dialogues. The 120000-square-foot (11000 m2) building was officially presented to Stony Brook University by Charles B. Wang on October 22, 2002. It was the largest single private gift ever received by the State University of New York 64-campus system. The Wang Center is used for conferences, art exhibits, film festivals, lectures, seminars, and performances. It is open to all Stony Brook students, faculty, and staff as well as the surrounding community. Sunita S. Mukhi serves as the director of Asian and Asian American Programs for the Charles B. Wang Center. Nerissa Balce in Stony Brook's Asian & Asian American Studies Department and Jeffrey Santa Ana in the English Department were hired in 2008 to teach courses in Asian American Studies. Shirley Lim, Associate Professor of History, also teaches courses in Asian American Studies at Stony Brook. Queens College, City University of New York, located in the heavily Asian neighborhood of Flushing in New York City, is home to both the Asian American/Asian Research Institute and the Asian/American Center. Both serve as hubs for research into Asian American issues, particularly focusing on the Asian diaspora in the New York area. Asian American studies 31

External links • Association for Asian American Studies [1] • Asian-Nation: Asian American History, Demographics, and News [2] • Documentary Film Exploring Vietnamese American History [3]

References

[1] http:/ / www. aaastudies. org

[2] http:/ / www. asian-nation. org

[3] http:/ / www. avillagecalledversailles. com

Canadian studies

Canadian Studies is a Collegiate study of Canadian culture, Canadian languages, literature, Quebec, agriculture, history, and their government and politics. Most universities recommend that students take a double major (i.e. Political Science, International Relations) and French, if not included in the course. Some careers for students who take Canadian Studies include the foreign service and working at Canadian embassies or the US Embassy in Canada.

Further reading • Dirk Hoerder, From the Study of Canada to Canadian Studies : to know our many selves changing across time and space, Augsburg : Wißner, 2005, ISBN 3-89639-495-9

External links • Canadian Studies: A Guide to the Sources [1]

References

[1] http:/ / www. iccs-ciec. ca/ blackwell. html Native American studies 32 Native American studies

Native American Studies (also known as American Indian, Indigenous American, Aboriginal, Native, or First Nations studies) is an interdisciplinary academic field that examines the history, culture, politics, issues and contemporary experience of Native peoples in North America[1] , or, taking a hemispheric approach, the Americas. Increasingly, debate has focused on the differences rather than the similarities between other Ethnic studies disciplines such as African American studies, Asian American Studies, and Latino/a Studies. In particular, the political sovereignty of many indigenous nations marks substantive differences in historical experience from that of other racial and ethnic groups in the United States and Canada. Drawing from numerous disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, history, literature, political science, and gender studies, Native American Studies scholars consider a variety of perspectives and employ diverse analytical and methodological tools in their work.[1] Two key concepts shape Native American studies, according to Sioux scholar Elizabeth Cook-Lynn, indigenousness (as defined in culture, geography, and philosophy) and sovereignty (as legally and historically defined).[2] Practitioners advocate for decolonization of indigenous peoples, political autonomy, and the establishment of a discipline dedicated to alleviating contemporary problems facing indigenous peoples.[1]

History The Native historical experience in the Americas was marked by forcible and sometimes willing attempts at assimilation into mainstream European American culture (Americanization (of Native Americans)). Beginning with missionaries and leading up to federally controlled schools the aim was to educate American Indians so that they could go back to their communities and facilitate the assimilation process. As cited by David Beck in his article "American Indian Higher Education before 1974: From Colonization to Self-Determination," the schools were used as a tool for assimilation. Their main focus was not intellectual but to give training for industrial jobs or domestic jobs.[1] The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s-1960s contested mainstream methods of assimilationist indoctrination and the substance of what was being taught in K-12 schools and universities throughout the United States. American Indian students, coupled with sympathetic professors, assisted in creating new programs with new aims. Rather than being focused on Indians going back to their communities to educate along the lines of assimilation there was a move to educate for empowerment. Programs that did community outreach and focused on student retention in campuses have risen out of that movement. Furthermore, the programs in schools created a new interpretation for American Indian history, sociology, and politics.[1] During the First Convocation of American Indian Scholars in March 1970 at Princeton University, indigenous scholars drafted a plan to develop "Native American Studies as an Academic Disclipine," which would defend indigenous control of their lands and indigenous rights and would ultimately reform US Indian Policy.[3] This discipline would be informed by traditional indigenous knowledge, especially oral history,[4] and would "defend indigenous nationhood in America."[2] In direct opposition to Western anthropology, the knowledge base of Native American studies is endogenous, or emerging from within the indigenous communities. Developers of Native American studies widely dismissed the notion of scientific objectivity,[2] since Western cultural biases have historically informed anthropology and other disciplines. Native American studies 33

Bibliography

Academic Journals • American Indian Quarterly • American Indian Culture and Research Journal • Canadian Journal of Native Studies • Native Studies Review • European Review of Native American Studies • Wíčazo Ša Review

Notable Native American studies scholars • Taiaiake Alfred (Kanien’kehaka/Kahnawake Mohawk) • Paula Gunn Allen (Laguna Pueblo-Sioux) • Greg Cajete (Santa Clara Pueblo) • Dean Chavers (Lumbee) • Allison Hedge Coke (Huron-Muscogee Creek-Cherokee) • Elizabeth Cook-Lynn (Crow Creek Sioux) • Vine Deloria, Jr. (Standing Rock Sioux) • Philip Deloria (Standing Rock Sioux) • Raymond DeMallie • Jack D. Forbes (Powhatan-Renape-Lenape) • Daniel Heath Justice (Cherokee Nation) • Trudie Lamb-Richmond (Schaghticoke) • Stacy Leeds (Cherokee Nation) • Devon A. Mihesuah (Choctaw) • Lorin Morgan-Richards • Simon J. Ortiz (Acoma Pueblo) • Luana Ross (Flathead Nation) • Greg Sarris (Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria) • Andrea Smith • James Thomas Stevens (Mohawk) • Charlene Teters (Spokane Tribe) • Gerald Vizenor (White Earth Anishinaabe) • Robert A. Williams, Jr. (Lumbee) • Craig Womack (Muskogee Nation) • Alfred Young Man (Cree) Native American studies 34

Notes [1] Sara C. Heitshu, Thomas H. Marshall: Native American Studies: A Guide to Reference and Information Sources (Social Sciences), Libraries Unlimited, U.S., 2 Rev Ed 2009, ISBN 1563089718 [2] Cook-Lynn 11 [3] Cook-Lynn 9 [4] Cook-Lynn 10

References

• Cook-Lynn, Elizabeth. Who Stole Native American Studies?" (http:/ / links. jstor. org/

sici?sici=0749-6427(199721)12:1<9:WSNAS>2. 0. CO;2-N) Wíčazo Ša Review. Vol. 12, No. 1. Spring 1997. Pp. 9–28. • Brooks, Lisa, Michael Elliott, Arnold Krupat, Elvira Pulitano, Craig Womack. "Cosmopolitanism and

Nationalism in Native American Literature: A Panel Discussion." (http:/ / southernspaces. org/ 2011/ cosmopolitanism-and-nationalism-native-american-literature-panel-discussion) Southern Spaces, 21 June 2011.

External links

• Native American and Indigenous Studies Association (http:/ / www. naisa. org/ )

• Guide to Native American Studies Programs in the United States and Canada (http:/ / oncampus. richmond. edu/

faculty/ ASAIL/ guide/ guide. html)

• Native Studies Review (http:/ / publications. usask. ca/ nativestudiesreview/ )

Latin American studies

Latin American studies (LAS) is an academic discipline dealing with the study of Latin America and Latin Americans.

Definition Latin American studies critically examines the history, culture, politics, and experiences of Latin Americans in Latin America and often also elsewhere (such as Latinos/Hispanics in the United States). Latin American studies is interdisciplinary from numerous disciplines such as sociology, history, literature, political science, geography, gender studies, and economics, Latin Americanists consider a variety of perspectives and employ diverse analytical tools in their work. Though Latin America is a fluid (and sometimes contested) concept, with no fixed definition, Latin American studies is usually quite open and often includes or is closely associated with, for instance, Latino studies, Caribbean studies, and transatlantic studies. The Latin American Studies Association, for instance, has sections dealing with Europe and Latin America, Haiti, and Latino studies (among many others).[1]

History Latin America has been studied in one way or another ever since Columbus's "discovery" of 1492, and even before. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, scientist explorers such as Alexander von Humboldt published extensively about the region. Towards the end of the nineteenth century and at the turn of the twentieth, within the region itself writers such as José Martí and José Enrique Rodó encouraged a consciousness of regional identity. But "Latin Americanism" as a concept and an academic discipline emerges only later in the twentieth-century, and mostly in Europe and North America. Latin American studies 35

In the USA, Latin American Studies (like other area studies) was boosted by the passing of Title VI of the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) of 1958, which provided resources for Centers of Area and International Studies.[2] In the UK, the 1965 "Parry Report" provided similar impetus for the establishment of Institutes and Centres of Latin American Studies (see Bulmer-Thomas).

Associations • Brazilian Studies Association • Consortium of Latin American Studies Programs [3] • Latin American Studies Association (USA, founded 1966) • Mid-Atlantic Council of Latin American Studies (MACLAS) (USA, founded 1979) • SALALM [4], the Seminar on the Acquisition of Latin American Library Materials • Society for Irish Latin American Studies (Ireland, founded 2003) • Society for Latin American Studies [5] (UK, founded 1964)

Journals • Latin America Database [6] • Bulletin of Latin American Research • Colonial Latin American Review • Hispanic American Historical Review • Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies • Journal of Latin American Studies • Journal of Politics in Latin America (JPLA)[7] • Latin American Essays, MACLAS [8] • Latin American Research Review • NACLA Report on the Americas • Problems of Latin America

Programs • CELA, Mexico • Institute for the Study of the Americas, London • Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Pittsburgh • Latin American Studies at the University of New Mexico [9] • University of Florida Center for Latin American Studies • Duke University's Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies [10] • The University of Chicago Center for Latin American Studies [11] • Florida International University's Latin American and Caribbean Center [12] • Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Florida [13] • Georgetown University's Center for Latin American Studies [14] • George Washington University's Latin American and Hemispheric Studies [15] • Grand Valley State University [16] • Harvard University's David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies [17] • SUNY-Albany's Department of Latin American, Caribbean, & U.S. Latino Studies [18] • Tulane University's Roger Thayer Stone Center [19] • University of California, Berkeley's Center for Latin American Studies [20] • University of North Carolina's Institute of Latin American Studies [21] • University of Texas at Austin's Teresa Lozano Long Institute [22] Latin American studies 36

• Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies at the University of Connecticut [23] • University of Liverpool's Research Institute of Latin American Studies [24] • University of Helsinki, Latin American Studies [25]

Some Notable Latin Americanists See also Category:Latin Americanists • Richard Adams • Manuel Alcántara • Victor Bulmer-Thomas • Simon Collier • Antonio Cornejo Polar • Ariel Dorfman • James Dunkerley • Arturo Escobar • Richard Fagen • Albert Fishlow • Jean Franco • Néstor García Canclini • Federico Gil • Roberto González Echevarría • Lewis Hanke • Albert O. Hirschman • Daniel James • John J. Johnson • George Kubler • Neil Larsen • Miguel León-Portilla • John Lynch • Kevin Middlebrook • Sylvia Molloy • Alberto Moreiras • Richard McGee Morse • June Nash • Guillermo O'Donnell • Gustavo Pérez Firmat • James Petras • Mary Louise Pratt • Ángel Rama • Darcy Ribeiro • Nelly Richard • Riordan Roett • William Rowe • Beatriz Sarlo • Donald Shaw • Thomas Skidmore • Doris Sommer • Osvaldo Sunkel Latin American studies 37

• Michael Taussig • Alain Touraine • Victor L. Urquidi • Arturo Valenzuela • Willy van Ryckeghem • Charles Wagley • Henry Wells • Ayonna Gray • John Womack • Peter Winn

References

[1] http:/ / lasa. international. pitt. edu/ lasaSections. html

[2] http:/ / www. ed. gov/ about/ offices/ list/ ope/ iegps/ history. html

[3] http:/ / www. claspprograms. org/

[4] http:/ / library. lib. binghamton. edu/ salalm/

[5] http:/ / www. slas. org. uk/

[6] http:/ / ladb. unm. edu

[7] JPLA - open access homepage (http:/ / www. jpla. org)

[8] http:/ / maclas. org/ pages/ journal. php

[9] http:/ / laii. unm. edu

[10] http:/ / clacs. aas. duke. edu/ /

[11] http:/ / clas. uchicago. edu/ /

[12] http:/ / lacc. fiu. edu/

[13] http:/ / www. latam. ufl. edu/

[14] http:/ / clas. georgetown. edu/

[15] http:/ / www. gwu. edu/ ~elliott/ academics/ grad/ lahs/

[16] http:/ / gvsu. edu/ las/

[17] http:/ / drclas. fas. harvard. edu/

[18] http:/ / www. albany. edu/ lacs

[19] http:/ / www. tulane. edu/ ~clas

[20] http:/ / violet. berkeley. edu:7001/

[21] http:/ / ilas. unc. edu/

[22] http:/ / www. utexas. edu/ cola/ insts/ llilas

[23] http:/ / www. clacs. uconn. edu/

[24] http:/ / www. liv. ac. uk/ rilas

[25] http:/ / www. helsinki. fi/ latinamerica/ about. html

Further reading • Delpar, Helen. Looking South: The Evolution of Latin Americanist Scholarship in the United States, 1850-1975

(2008) online review (https:/ / www. h-net. org/ reviews/ showrev. php?id=33748) • Victor Bulmer-Thomas, ed. Thirty Years of Latin American Studies in the United Kingdom 1965-1995. London: Institute of Latin American Studies, 1997.

Links

• Latin American and Iberian Institute at the University of New Mexico (http:/ / laii. unm. edu)

• Handbook of Latin American Studies (http:/ / memory. loc. gov/ hlas/ )

• Latin American Studies (http:/ / lanic. utexas. edu/ subject/ lastudies. html) at the University of Texas's Latin

American Network Information Center (http:/ / lanic. utexas. edu/ )

• Latino Studies Resources (http:/ / www. latinamericanstudies. org/ )

• Mid-Atlantic Council of Latin American Studies (http:/ / maclas. org/ ) Chicana/o Studies 38 Chicana/o Studies

Chicano studies (also written as Chicano/a studies, Chicana/Chicano studies, or as "Chican@" studies) is an academic discipline that originated in the Chicano Movement of the late 1960s and 1970s. Chicano Studies concerns itself with the study of Chicana/os, Latina/os, and Mexican Americans[1] , drawing upon a variety of fields, including, but not limited to, history, sociology, the arts, and critical theory. The Plan de Santa Barbara is generally considered to be the manifesto of Chicano Studies. Drafted in 1969 at the University of California, Santa Barbara, the Plan emphasizes the need for education, and especially higher education, in Chicano community empowerment. For this reason, many Chicano Studies programs place great value on community involvement in addition to traditional forms of education and research. In many universities across the United States, Chicano Studies is linked with comparative ethnic studies and other Ethnic Studies fields: Black Studies, Asian American Studies, Native American Studies, etc. The emphasis of the aforementioned academic disciplines on community involvement and social justice generally distinguish them from area studies.

History It is simplistic to say that Mexican Americans and other Latinos have always studied themselves. Fray Angélico Chávez took a Hispano view of the history of New Mexico, George I. Sánchez analyzed sociological statistics pertaining to Mexican Americans, Américo Paredes compiled and rendered Mexican American folklore, Carey McWilliams documented the lives and struggles of Mexican Americans, Ernesto Galarza organized agricultural workers and migration; they were all pioneers in the field. But the study and teaching was not institutionalized until the late 1960s, although Julián Samora established the Mexican-American Studies Center at Notre Dame in the early 1960s. The major thrust for Chicano Studies came within the context of the African-American civil rights struggle. During this period, Mexican American educators demanded that colleges and universities address the pedagogical needs of Mexican American students who the schools were failing. Major themes were bilingual education and the building of positive self-images. In 1967, a student collective at the University of California, Berkeley (Cal) began publishing El Grito: A Journal of Contemporary Mexican American Thought. About three years later, students and faculty at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) began publishing Aztlán: A Chicano Journal of the Social Sciences and the Arts. These publications define the interdisciplinary nature of Chicano Studies. Chicano Studies programs and departments were born out of the struggle. The formation of the United Mexican American Students (UMAS) in California and the Mexican American Youth Organization (MAYO) were major catalysts. Exploratory programs were developed at California State College, Los Angeles (CSCLA) now California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA) in 1968 and at California State University, Fresno (Fresno State). At the height of the Chicano student movement that spawned the Chicano Blowouts, (a massive student boycott to protest unfair conditions in Los Angeles Unified School District schools). CSULA established the nation’s first Chicano Studies department in 1968. These formations were in response to the social circumstances of Mexican Americans throughout the country. Other programs followed, usually after intense battles between students and administration, at San Fernando Valley State College in 1969, today known as California State University, Northridge (CSUN), San Diego State University (SDSU) in 1970, University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) in 1971, and the University of Texas, El Paso (UTEP) in 1970 with Felipe de Ortego y Gasca as Founding Director. By the mid-1970s, Chicana feminists challenged the masculine domination of the field, making gender issues central to the concerns of the academic community. After intense struggle at the National Association for Chicano Studies the name of the association was changed to Chicana/o Studies, underscoring that Chicanas were equal partners in the area of Chicana/o Studies. Through the persistence of scholars such as Dr. Yolanda Broyles González, Chicana Chicana/o Studies 39

Studies is said to not be a variable or a discipline within Chicano Studies but it claims ownership of an entire new area of study. California State University, Northridge had 28 tenure track professors, two-thirds are Chicanas; the department offers 166 sections a semester. Dr. Mary Pardo has played a major role in this development. Chicanas have a controlling interest in the National Association for Chicana and Chicano Studies (NACCS). Traditionalist of both the common usage of Spanish and Calo (Spanish/English slang of Chicanos from which the term itself originated) have responded to the criticism of feminists by noting that the term Chicano already implies an inclusion of women. Thereby, any insistence on the need for a separation in the word, or a separate discipline altogether is divisive for "la comunidad" and also perpetuating of the stereotype that Mexican-American men are solely chauvinist and purely non-honoring of women. Many Chicanos are not in appreciation of the perpetuation of such gender specific stereotypes. While there may be some slight controversy over the splitting of the term in academia, the majority of people within the Chicano community itself are most accustomed to honoring the traditional and unified term of Chicano Studies. The need for Chicano and Chicana Studies have increased since 1969. In 1970 there were about 9 million Latinos of which 5.5 million were of Mexican extraction. Today that number is around 45 million about 32 million of who are of Mexican origin. Most babies born in Texas are Latino. The resurgence of Chicano student activism in the early 1990s begot a major Chicano Studies Department. UCLA's MEChA Chapter took a leadership role and protested an attempt by the UCLA Administration to eliminate the Chicano Studies Program. After a three year struggle, led by MEChA and the The United Community and Labor Alliance (a coalition of Mexican American activists and community leaders, labor union representatives, and immigration advocates in Los Angeles), a hunger strike in 1993, involving student activists, community supporters and a UCLA faculty member resulted in the establishment of a Center for Interdisciplinary Instruction in Chicana/o Studies at UCLA. The Center later named after United Farmworkers leader Cesar Chavez transitioned to a full fledged campus department in 2004. UCLA is also home to a separate UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center and Library. Michigan State University and the University of California, Santa Barbara have doctoral programs in Chicano Studies. The University of California, Riverside has a doctorate program in Ethnic Studies. There are also centers and institutes of Mexican American Studies. These units are distinguished for promoting research on Mexican origin peoples. The Mexican American Studies Center at the University of Houston distinguishes itself by heavy involvement with students and the community. In May 2010, the Governor of Arizona signed House Bill 2281 which bans all ethnically exclusive forms of state-funded teaching in the state. Chicano Studies will be disbanded in state-funded schools effective on January 1, 2011.[2]

Programs and departments This is an abbreviated list of programs throughout the United States which can be associated with Chicana/o Studies. • Chicano/Latino Studies Program [3], University of California, Berkeley • Department of Chicano Studies [4], California State University, Los Angeles CSULA • Department of Chicana and Chicano Studies [5], California State University, Northridge CSUN • Department of Chicana & Chicano studies and César E. Chávez Center for Interdisciplinary Education [6] and Chicano Studies Research Center [7], UCLA • Department of Chicano/Latino Studies [8], University of California, Irvine [9] • Department of Chicana and Chicano Studies [10] and Center for Chicano Studies [11], UCSB • Chicano Studies [12], California State University, Bakersfield • Department of Chicana and Chicano Studies [13], Arizona State University • Department of Chicano/Chicana Studies [14], California State University, Dominguez Hills • Chicana and Chicano Studies Program [15], California State University, Fullerton Chicana/o Studies 40

• Chicano Studies [16], Claremont McKenna College • Department of Chicana and Chicano Studies [17], Loyola Marymount University • Department of Chicana & Chicano Studies [18], San Diego State University • Chicano Studies [19], Scripps College • Chicana and Chicano Studies major [20], Stanford University • Chicana/o Studies Program [21], University of California, Davis • Department of Chicano Studies [22], University of Minnesota • Chicano Hispano Mexicano Studies [23], University of New Mexico • Center for Mexican-American Studies [24], University of Texas at Austin • Chicana/o Studies [25], University of Texas at El Paso • Chicano Studies [26], University of Washington • Chican@ and Latin@ Studies [27], University of Wisconsin–Madison • Chicano Studies Program [28], University of Wyoming • Chicano/Latino Studies, PhD Program [29], Michigan State University • of Chicana/Chicano and Hemispheric Studies [30], Western New Mexico University

References

[1] National Association for Chicana/Chicano Studies, http:/ / www. naccs. org/ naccs/ About_NACCS_EN. asp?SnID=1529216044

[2] Rodriguez, Tito (May 13, 2010). "Arizona Bans Chicano Studies in Public Schools" (http:/ / www. mexican-american. org/ history/ 2010/

arizona/ education/ chicano-studies-ban. html). Mexican-American.org. .

[3] http:/ / ethnicstudies. berkeley. edu/ programs/ cls. php/

[4] http:/ / www. calstatela. edu/ academic/ chs/

[5] http:/ / www. csun. edu/ ~hfchs006/

[6] http:/ / www. chavez. ucla. edu/

[7] http:/ / www. chicano. ucla. edu/

[8] http:/ / www. chicanolatinostudies. uci. edu/

[9] http:/ / www. uci. edu/

[10] http:/ / www. chicst. ucsb. edu/

[11] http:/ / research. ucsb. edu/ ccs/

[12] http:/ / www. csub. edu/ Chicanostudies/

[13] http:/ / www. asu. edu/ clas/ chicana/

[14] http:/ / www. csudh. edu/ Catalog/ 200405/ ChicanoChicanaStudies. htm

[15] http:/ / hss. fullerton. edu/ chicano/

[16] http:/ / programs. academic. claremontmckenna. edu/ chicano-studies/

[17] http:/ / bellarmine. lmu. edu/ chicano/

[18] http:/ / aztlan. sdsu. edu

[19] http:/ / www. scrippscollege. edu/ dept/ registrar/ catalog/ Courses04-06/ chicanostudies. html

[20] http:/ / chs. stanford. edu

[21] http:/ / chi. ucdavis. edu/

[22] http:/ / chicano. umn. edu/

[23] http:/ / www. unm. edu/ ~chicanos/

[24] http:/ / www. utexas. edu/ depts/ cmas/

[25] http:/ / academics. utep. edu/ Default. aspx?alias=academics. utep. edu/ chicano

[26] http:/ / www. washington. edu/ students/ crscat/ chist. html

[27] http:/ / www. chicla. wisc. edu/

[28] http:/ / uwadmnweb. uwyo. edu/ ChicanoStudies/

[29] https:/ / www. msu. edu/ ~cls/

[30] http:/ / www. wnmu. edu/ Department Chicana/o Studies 41

External links

• National Association for Chicana and Chicano studies (http:/ / www. naccs. org/ naccs/ Default_EN. asp)

• Tomás Rivera Policy Institute (http:/ / www. trpi. org/ ) 42

Asian studies

Asian studies

Asian studies, a term used usually in the United States for Oriental studies and is concerned with the Asian peoples, their cultures, languages, history and politics. Within the Asian sphere, Asian studies combines aspects of sociology, history, cultural anthropology and many other disciplines to study political, cultural and economic phenomena in Asian traditional and contemporary societies. Asian studies forms a field of post-graduate study in many universities. It is a branch of Area studies, and many Western universities combine Asian and African studies in a single faculty or institute, like SOAS in London. It is often combined with Islamic studies in a similar way. The history of the discipline in the West is covered under Oriental studies.

Branches • South Asian studies/Indology • Dravidian studies • Tamilology • Southeast Asian studies • East Asian studies • Sinology • Japanology • Korean studies • Okinawan studies • Middle Eastern studies • Iranian Studies • Central Asian studies • Turkology • Semitic studies • Assyriology • Hebraic studies • Islamic studies (often overlapping with Middle Eastern and Central Asian studies)

External links • Graduate Programs in Asian Philosophy and Religion [1]

References

[1] http:/ / www. h-net. org/ ~buddhism/ GradStudies. htm Central Asian studies 43 Central Asian studies

Central Asian studies is the discipline of studying the culture, history, and languages of Central Asia. The roots of Central Asian studies as a social science discipline goes to 19th century Anglo-Russian Great Game. During 19th century, Central Asia became a subject of systematical information collection and organization thanks to the numerous travels made by British and Russian agents, soldiers, scholars into the region. The British Royal Geographical Society and Russian Royal Geographical Society published dozens even hundreds of travel books on the region. Contemporary Central Asian studies have been developed by pioneers such as Denis Sinor, Alexandre Bennigsen, Edward Allworth and Yuri Bregel among others. Several American research universities have programs on Central Asia. The Department of Central Eurasian Studies at Indiana University has been the leading research and teaching program. Many scholars involved in Central Asia studies belong to the Central Eurasian Studies Society.

Travelogues of Central Asia One of the oldest sources for Central Asia are the memoirs of travelers who passed through Central Asia. Some of the earliest extant examples are were left by Arab geographers who passed through the region. In the 19th centuries numerous European and American published their travelogues of Central Asia. This includes American journalist Anna Louise Strong who passed through Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in the 1920s.

List of Central Asian studies journals • Central Asia Monitor, was in publication from 1992 to 2002. Its editor-in-chief was Valery Chalidze and the primary editor was David Nalle. • Central Asian Review, was published from 1953-1968 through the Central Asian Research Centre in association with St. Antony's College, Oxford University. The editor was Geoffrey Wheeler. In 1968 Wheeler left the Central Asian Research Center and the following year “Central Asian Review” was incorporated into the journal Mizan, published by the center from 1965-1971.[1] [2] • Central Asian Survey, began publication in 1982 out of the United Kingdom and continues to publish to this day. • Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society, began publication in 1914 as the Journal of the Central Asian Society. From 1931 to 1969 was published under the title of the Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society. In 1969 the title was changed to Asian Affairs and the focus of the contents shifted from Central Asia to South Asia and East Asia.

References

[1] "Mizan: incorporating Central Asian review" (http:/ / opc4-ascl. pica. nl/ DB=3/ SET=3/ TTL=1/ CMD?ACT=SRCH& IKT=1016&

SRT=RLV& TRM="Central+ Asian+ review"). OPC4. . Retrieved 2006-06-21. [2] Will Myer. Islam and Colonialism: Western Perspective on Soviet Asia. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002. p. 103-4. ISBN 0-7007-1765-X.

• Tengri on Mars (http:/ / www. eumed. net/ entelequia/ pdf/ b014. pdf)

• Central Asian Literature at Texas Tech University (http:/ / aton. ttu. edu) Middle Eastern studies 44 Middle Eastern studies

Middle Eastern studies (sometimes referred to as Near Eastern studies or Arab studies) is a name given to a number of academic programs associated with the study of the history, culture, politics, economies, and geography of the Middle East, an area that is generally interpreted to cover a range of nations extending from North Africa in the west to the Chinese frontier, including Turkey, Israel, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Syria, Saudi Arabia and multiple other nations. It is considered a form of area studies, taking an interdisciplinary approach to the study of a region. The subject was historically regarded as part of Oriental studies, which also included Asian studies and Egyptology and other specialisms in the ancient civilizations of the region; the growth of the field of study in the West is treated at that article. Many academic faculties still cover both areas. Although some academic programs combine Middle Eastern Studies with Islamic Studies, based on the preponderance of Muslims in the region, others maintain these areas of study as separate disciplines.

Contentious Issues In 1978 Edward Said, a Palestinian American professor of Comparative Literature at Columbia University, published his book Orientalism, in which he accused earlier scholars of a "subtle and persistent Eurocentric prejudice against Arabo-Islamic peoples and their culture", claiming the bias amounted to a justification for imperialism. While other academics such as Irwin challenged Said's conclusions, the book soon became a standard text of literary theory and cultural studies. American-Israeli historian Martin Kramer in his 2001 book Ivory Towers on Sand: The Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in America (download [1]) accused Middle Eastern studies programs of ignoring the mounting threat of Islamic terrorism. In a Wall Street Journal article published in 2001, Kramer claimed that Middle Eastern studies courses, as they stood, were "part of the problem, not its remedy". In a Foreign Affairs review of the book, F. Gregory Gause said his analysis was, in part, "serious and substantive" but "far too often his valid points are overshadowed by academic score-settling and major inconsistencies." In 2002, American writer Daniel Pipes established an organisation called Campus Watch to combat what he perceived to be serious problems within the discipline, including "analytical failures, the mixing of politics with scholarship, intolerance of alternative views, apologetics, and the abuse of power over students". He encouraged students to advise the organisation of problems at their campuses. In turn critics within the discipline such as John Esposito accused him of "McCarthyism".

Academic Centers • Centre for Arab & Islamic Studies (Middle East & Central Asia), The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia • Center for Contemporary Arab Studies at Georgetown University • Center for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Chicago • Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Lund University at Lund University • Center for Middle Eastern and North African Studies at the University of Michigan • Center for Modern Oriental Studies in Berlin, Germany • Institut français du Proche-Orient (IFPO), the French Institute for the Near East, in Damascus, Beirut and Amman • Institute for Middle East Studies at George Washington University • Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies at University of Exeter • Italian Institute for Africa and Orient - ISIAO [2] • London Middle East Institute at School of Oriental and African Studies Middle Eastern studies 45

• Middle East Center at the University of Pennsylvania • Middle East Center at the University of Washington • Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies at New York University • Middle East Institute at Columbia University • School of Oriental and African Studies at University of London • Middle Eastern Studies [3] at the University of Texas • UCLA Center for Near East Studies

External links • Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies [4] • Middle East Studies Association [5] • Middle East Institute [6]

References

[1] http:/ / www. washingtoninstitute. org/ pubPDFs/ IvoryTowers. pdf

[2] http:/ / www. isiao. it/ en/

[3] http:/ / www. utexas. edu/ cola/ depts/ mes/ center/ cmes. php

[4] http:/ / www. lancs. ac. uk/ jais

[5] http:/ / www. mesa. arizona. edu/

[6] http:/ / www. mideasti. org/

Assyriology

Assyriology (from Greek Ἀσσυρίᾱ, Assyriā; and -λογία, -logia) is the archaeological, historical, and linguistic study of ancient Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq) and the related cultures that used cuneiform writing. The field covers the Akkadian sister-cultures of Assyria and Babylonia, together with their cultural predecessor; Sumer. The large number of cuneiform clay tablets preserved by these cultures provide an enormous resource for the study of the period. The region's (and the world's) first cities such as Ur are archaeologically invaluable for studying the growth of urbanization. Scholars need a good knowledge of several languages: Akkadian and its major dialects and Sumerian, aided by such languages as Biblical Hebrew, Hittite, Elamite and Aramaic for comparative purposes, and the knowledge of writing systems that use several hundred core signs. There now exist many important grammatical studies and lexical aids. Although scholars can draw from a large corpus of literature, some tablets are broken, or in the case of literary texts where there may be many copies, the language and grammar are arcane. Moreover, scholars must be able to read and understand modern English, French, and German, as important references, dictionaries, and journals are published in those languages.

History

From classical antiquity to modern excavation For many centuries knowledge of Mesopotamia was largely confined to often dubious classical sources. From the Middle Ages onward, there were scattered reports of ancient Mesopotamian ruins. As early as the 12th century, the ruins of Nineveh were correctly identified by Benjamin of Tudela (also known as Benjamin Son of Jonah), a rabbi from Navarre, who visited the Jews of Mosul and their ruins during his travels throughout the Middle East.[1] The identification of the city of Babylon was made in 1616 by Pietro Della Valle. Not only did Pietro give "remarkable descriptions" of the site, but he also brought back to Europe inscribed bricks that he had found at Nineveh and Ur .[2] Assyriology 46

18th Century and birth Between 1761 and 1767, Carsten Niebuhr, a Danish mathematician, made copies of cuneiform inscriptions at Persepolis as well as sketches and drawing of Nineveh, and was shortly followed by André Michaux, a French botanist and explorer, who sold the French Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris an inscribed boundary stone found near Baghdad.[3] The first known archeological excavation in Mesopotamia was led by Abbé Beauchamp, papal vicar general at Baghdad, excavating the sculpture now generally known as the "Lion of Babylon."[4] Abbé Beauchamp's memoirs of his travels, published in 1790, sparked a sensation in the scholarly world, generating a number of archeological and academic expeditions to the Middle East. In 1811, Claudius James Rich, an Englishman and a resident for the East India Company in Baghdad, began examining and mapping the ruins of Babylon and Nineveh, and collecting numerous inscribed bricks, tablets, boundary stones, and cylinders, including the famous Nebuchadnezzar Cylinder [5] and Sennacherib Cylinder, a collection which formed the nucleus of the Mesopotamian antiquities collection at the British Museum.[6] Before his untimely death at the age of 34, he wrote two memoirs on the ruins of Babylon and the inscriptions found therein, two works which may be said to "mark the birth of Assyriology and the related cuneiform studies."[7]

Decipherment of cuneiform One of the largest obstacles scholars had to overcome during the early days of Assyriology was the decipherment of curious triangular markings on many of the artifacts and ruins found at Mesopotamian sites. These markings, which were termed "cuneiform" by Thomas Hyde in 1700, were long considered to be merely decorations and ornaments. It was not until late in the 18th century that they came to be considered some sort of writing, when in 1778 Carsten Niebuhr, the Danish Mathematician, published accurate copies of three trilingual inscriptions from the ruins at Persepolis.[8] Niebuhr showed that the inscriptions were written from left to right, and that each of the three inscriptions contained three different types of cuneiform writing, which he labeled Class I, Class II, and Class III. Class I was determined to be alphabetic and consisting of 44 characters, and was written in Old Persian. It was first deciphered by Georg Friedrich Grotefend and Henry Creswicke Rawlinson between 1802 and 1848.[9] The second inscription, Class II, proved more difficult to translate. In 1850, Edward Hincks published a paper showing that the Class II was not alphabetical, but was in fact both syllabic and ideographic, which led to its translation between 1850 and 1859. The language was at first called Babylonian and/or Assyrian, but has now come to be known as Akkadian.

Assyriologists Noted Assyriologists include:

• Alfonso Archi • William W. Hallo • Giovanni Pettinato • Taha Baqir • Paul Haupt • Sergio Angelo Picchioni • Robert D. Biggs • Wolfgang J. Heimpel • Theophilus Goldridge Pinches • Jeremy Black • Hermann Hilprecht • Francesco Pomponio • Rykle Borger • Edward Hincks • Arno Poebel • Jean Bottero • Thorkild Jacobsen • J. Nicholas Postgate • Giorgio Raffaele Castellino • Anne D. Kilmer • John Dyneley Prince • Antoine Cavigneaux • Leonard William King • Hormuzd Rassam • Dominique Charpin • Jacob Klein • Erica Reiner • Miguel Civil • Samuel Noah Kramer • Francesca Rochberg • Jerrold Cooper • Manfred Krebernik • Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet • Franco D'Agostino • Wilfred G. Lambert • Walther Sallaberger • Friedrich Delitzsch • Benno Landsberger • Archibald Henry Sayce • Igor Diakonov • Austen Henry Layard • Åke W. Sjöberg • Jean-Marie Durand • Mario Liverani • George Smith • D. Otto Edzard • Meredith G. Kline • Piotr Steinkeller Assyriology 47

• Robert K. Englund • Wolfram von Soden • Marten Stol • Adam Falkenstein • Pietro Mander • François Thureau-Dangin • J.J. Finkelstein • Stefan Maul • Marc van de Mieroop • Ignace Gelb • Alan Millard • Johannes J.A. van Dijk • Andrew George • William L. Moran • Klaas Veenhof • Albrecht Goetze • A. Leo Oppenheim • Claus Wilcke • Bulcsú László • Jules Oppert • Raymond Westbrook • Donald Wiseman • David I. Owen • James Kinnier Wilson • Mamoru Yoshikawa • Simo Parpola

References [1] The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character, by Samule Noah Kramer, University of Chicago Press, 1963, p 7 [2] The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character, by Samuel Noah Kramer, University of Chicago Press, 1963 p. 7 [3] The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character, by Samuel Noah Kramer, University of Chicago Press, 1963, p. 7 [4] The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character, by Samuel Noah Kramer, University of Chicago Press, 1963. p 8

[5] http:/ / www. britishmuseum. org/ explore/ highlights/ highlight_objects/ me/ c/ cylinder_of_nebuchadnezzar_ii. aspx [6] The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character, by Samuel Noah Kramer, University of Chicago Press, 1963 p. 8 [7] The Sumerians: Their History, Culture and Character, by Samuel Noah Kramer, University of Chicago Press, 1963, p.8 [8] The Sumerians: Their History, Culture and Character, by Samuel Noah Kramer, University of Chicago Press, 1963, p. 11 [9] The Sumerians: Their History, Culture and Character, by Samuel Noah Kramer, University of Chicago Press, 1963, p. 13–15

Iranian studies

Īrānšenāsī), is an interdisciplinary - ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ :Iranian studies (Persian field dealing with the study of history, literature, art and culture of the Iranian people. It is a part of the wider field of Oriental studies. Iranian studies is broader than and distinct from Persian studies, which is the study of the modern Persian language (known as "Farsi" or "Parsi" to the natives) and literature specifically. The discipline of Iranian Studies focuses on broad trends in culture, history, language and other aspects of only Persians, but not a variety of other contemporary and historical Iranic peoples, such as Baluchis, Kurds, Pashtuns, Ossetians, Scythians, Parthians, Sogdians, Bactrians, etc.

Iranian Studies in pre-modern Iran

Ferdowsi, a Persian poet and thinker, is known as the founder of Iranian Studies. In his masterpiece Shahnameh, he tried extensively to

address Persian culture, literature, art, history and anthropology. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh In the ninth century, the Persian historian Jarir e Tabari made a distinct contribution to Iranian Studies with his book entitled History of the Prophets and Kings, which covers historical events till 915 AD. Tarikh-e Mas'oudi, by the Persian historian and author Abolfazl Beyhaghi (995-1077), is one of the most creditable sources about the Ghaznavid Empire, and his fluent prose style has made the book considerable in Persian literature, too. The Persian historian Ata Malek Joveyni was the first of several brilliant representatives of Persian historiography who flourished during the period of Mongol domination in Iran (1220–1336). Joveyni's magnum opus, the Tarikh-i jehan-gusha, is one of the most important works of Persian historiography.[1] Iranian studies 48

Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi was one of the greatest historians of 15th-century Persia. The work for which he is best known is the Zafernameh (The Book of Victory). It is a history of the Mongolian conqueror Timur (Tamerlane; 1370–1405) and was probably based on the history of the same name by Nizam ad-Din Shami, a work written at Timur's request.[2]

Iranian Studies in modern Iran Tehran University established several Iranian studies chairs, as ancient Iranian linguistics and culture, Persian literature, history and archeology. Many prominent figures held these chairs during last century such as Badiozzaman Forouzanfar, Abdolhossein Zarrinkoub, Zabihollah Safa, Mojtaba Minovi and Ahmad Tafazzoli. Shiraz University also has chairs in Iranian studies and many notable figures have been conducting world class research on Iranology there (e.g. Alireza Shapour Shahbazi, the world class Achaemenid archaeologist). Once Shiraz University hosted the Asia institute directed by Arthur pope and hold many conferences and published books and articles on Iranian art and archeology. Early in 20th century a huge project was started by Persian linguist and historian Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda. His encyclopedic collection is the largest comprehensive Persian dictionary ever published, in 15 volumes (26000 pages).

Iranian Studies in Europe University of Goettingen is the pioneer of Iranian studies in the West. In 2003 the hundredth anniversary of Iranian studies Department was held at Göttingen University. Among European countries, Germany contributed most to Iranian studies and Persian studies.[3] and [4] European Iranologist Society has many international meetings in its periodical conferences in different universities and scientific centers all over the world. • Centre for Iranian Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London [http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~iranian/ Institute for Iranian Studies [5] at the University of St Andrews [6] • Iranian Studies at the Center for Near and Middle Eastern Studies in Marburg, Germany [7] • The Centre for Iranian Studies at the University of Durham • Oxford, UK [8] • British Institute for Persian Studies [9] • Institut Für Iranistik, Freier Universität Berlin [10] • Zakład Iranistyki (Department of Iranian Studies), Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland [11] • Zakład Iranistyki UW (Department of Iranian Studies) Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland [12]

Iranian Studies in North America Academic studies and instruction of Persian language were launched in the United States in 1958. Since then, Iranology departments have been founded in numerous American universities such as UCLA and Columbia University. Columbia University's Encyclopædia Iranica for example, which is the most reputable source of Iranian culture, involves prominent Iranists like Richard Nelson Frye and Ehsan Yarshater. The encyclopedia remains the only precise and reliable large scale reference work on the lands, life, culture and history of all Iranian peoples and their interaction with other societies. Other academic centers such as UT Austin operate Archnet, which is a database archiving documents pertaining to Iranian and Islamic architecture, in addition to offering PhD degrees in Persian language and culture. • Persian and Iranian Studies at the University of Arizona [13] • The American Institute of Iranian Studies (AIIrS) [14] • The Centre for Arab and Iranian Studies [15] Iranian studies 49

• Stanford University [16] • Archives of the Freer Gallery of Art [17] • University of Maryland [18] • Harvard University [19] • University of Texas at Austin [20] • Ohio State University [21] • ISG : Iranian Studies Group at Massachusetts Institute of Technology [22] • CIRA:Center for Iranian Research and Analysis at Quinnipiac University [23] • UCLA Iranian Studies [24] • UC Irvine, Center for Persian Studies and Culture [25] (ISIS) [26] • University of Chicago, Iranian Pre-Historic Project [27] • University of Virginia [28] • University of Washington [29] • Columbia University, Center for Iranian Studies [30] • Iranian Studies program, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada [31]

Journals • Abstracta Iranica [32] • Acta Iranica • Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan [33] • Ars Orientalis [34] • Farhang-i Kerman • Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies [35] • Indo-Iranica • Indo-Iranian Journal (Previous publisher page [36], current publisher [37]) • Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies [38] • Iran Analysis Quarterly [39] (ISG Journal) • Iranica Antiqua edited by Department of Near Eastern Studies of Gent University • Iran & the Caucasus • Iranian Studies • Iran-nameh: Armenian Journal of Oriental Studies • Iranshinakht • Iran Shenasi • Persian (Iranian) Studies Journal • Iranica Antiqua [40] • Iranistische Mitteilungen • Majallah-yi Zabanshinasi • Manuscripta Orientalia [41] (indludes articles on Persian manuscripts etc.) • Namah-i Farhangistan • Persica. Jaarboek van het Genootschap Nederland-Iran [42] • Rahavard • Studia Iranica [43] • Zabanshinasi Iranian studies 50

Yarshater lectureship The Yarshater lectureship is today the most prestigious honor in the field.

References • Pashto and Pashtuns in the light of Arianian Iranian Philology (by : Dr. M.A Zyar • Encyclopædia Iranica, Columbia University. • A step toward developing Iranology researches, Khosrow Naghed.[3] • Chelle i.e. Bokhara, Mehdi Jami (2005)[44]

[1] http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-9044037

[2] http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-9067147?hook=165034

[3] http:/ / www. naghed. net/ Naghd_ha/ Iranistik. htm

[4] http:/ / naghed. net/ Maghale_ha/ Saadi_Simin_Iranistik_BBC_1. htm

[5] http:/ / www. soas. ac. uk/ iranianstudies/

[6] http:/ / www. st-andrews. ac. uk

[7] http:/ / www. iranistik. org/

[8] http:/ / www. orinst. ox. ac. uk/ nme/ persian_info. shtml

[9] http:/ / www. bips. ac. uk/

[10] http:/ / www. geschkult. fu-berlin. de/ e/ iranistik/

[11] http:/ / www. filg. uj. edu. pl/ ifo/ iranistyka/

[12] http:/ / www. orient. uw. edu. pl/ web-iran/

[13] http:/ / nes. web. arizona. edu/ persian/ index. html

[14] http:/ / www. simorgh-aiis. org/

[15] http:/ / www. caisuk. com/

[16] http:/ / ica. stanford. edu/ ?q=iranianstudies

[17] http:/ / www. asia. si. edu/ visitor/ archivesColl. htm

[18] http:/ / www. languages. umd. edu/ persian/

[19] http:/ / www. fas. harvard. edu/ ~nelc/ iranian_persian. html

[20] http:/ / www. utexas. edu/ cola/ depts/ mes/

[21] http:/ / nelc. osu. edu/

[22] http:/ / www. isg-mit. org/

[23] http:/ / faculty. quinnipiac. edu/ libarts/ monshipouri/ cira/

[24] http:/ / www. humnet. ucla. edu/ humnet/ nelc/ GradReq_Iranian. htm

[25] http:/ / www. humanities. uci. edu/ persianstudies/

[26] http:/ / www. humanities. uci. edu/ iranian-studies/

[27] http:/ / oi. uchicago. edu/ research/ projects/ far/

[28] http:/ / www. virginia. edu/ amelc/ persian. html

[29] http:/ / depts. washington. edu/ neareast/ persia/ index. html

[30] http:/ / www. columbia. edu/

[31] http:/ / religion. concordia. ca/ iranianstudies/ home. htm

[32] http:/ / abstractairanica. revues. org/

[33] http:/ / www. dainst. org/ index_72_de. html

[34] http:/ / www. asia. si. edu/ visitor/ arsorientalis. htm

[35] http:/ / www. informaworld. com/ 1473-9666

[36] http:/ / springerlink. metapress. com/ content/ 1572-8536/

[37] http:/ / www. brill. nl/ iij

[38] http:/ / www. bips. ac. uk/ journal. html

[39] http:/ / isg-mit. org/ publications/ ?cat=quarterley

[40] http:/ / poj. peeters-leuven. be/ content. php?url=journal& journal_code=IA

[41] http:/ / www. thesa-store. com/ manuscripta/ mo_home. htm

[42] http:/ / poj. peeters-leuven. be/ content. php?url=journal& journal_code=PERS

[43] http:/ / www. ivry. cnrs. fr/ iran/ publications/ studiairanica. htm

[44] http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ persian/ arts/ story/ 2005/ 03/ 050322_mj-bukhara-magazine. shtml Iranian studies 51

List of Iranologists

(Note some of these authors have also written articles for the Encyclopædia Iranica) • Abbas Zaryab Khoi • Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob • Afsaneh Najmabadi • Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak • Ahmad Tafazzoli • Aleksander Chodźko • Ali Akbar Dehkhoda • Alireza Shapour Shahbazi • Angelo Michele Piemontese • August Kościesza-Żaba • Azartash Azarnoush • Bagher Najafi • Bert Fragner • Bahar Mokhtarian • Christoph Marcinkowski • Dariush Shayegan • David Neil MacKenzie • David Stronach • Dick Davis 1748 French Map by Le Rouge titled "L'Empire De Perse". • Ebrahim Poordavood • Edward Granville Browne • Ehsan Yarshater • Elton L. Daniel • Ernst Herzfeld • Fazlollah Pakzad Soraki • Gherardo Gnoli • Harold Walter Bailey • Henry Corbin • Iraj Afshar Yazdi • Jalal Matini • Jerry Clinton • Johnny Cheung • Josef Wiesehöfer • Kaveh Farrokh • Khosrow Naghed • Mary Boyce • Mehdi Mohaghegh • Mehrdad Bahar • Meysam Shokripour • Mohammad-Amin Riahi • Nasser Takmil Homayoun • Nicholas Sims-Williams Iranian studies 52

• Nora Elisabeth Mary Boyce • Parviz Varjavand • Pierre Briant • Ralph Groves • Reynold A. Nicholson • Richard Bulliet • Richard Foltz • Richard Nelson Frye • Roman Ghirshman • Sayyed Hassan Taqizadeh • Shahrokh Meskoob • Sir Henry Rawlinson • Touraj Daryaee • Vladimir Fedorovich Minorsky • Warwick Ball • William Chittick • Zabihollah Safa

External links

• Iranistics.com Records of Iranian Studies (http:/ / www. iranistics. com/ )

• Iranology Foundation (http:/ / www. iranologyfo. com/ )

• Societas Iranologica Europea (http:/ / www. societasiranologicaeu. org)

• Scandinavian Society for Iranian Studies (http:/ / www. iranianstudies. wordpress. com)

• Sasanika (http:/ / www. sasanika. com/ )

• Fravardyn (http:/ / www. farvardyn. com/ )

• Videvdad (http:/ / www. videvdad. com/ )

• Foundation for Iranian Studies (http:/ / www. fis-iran. org/ )

• The American Institute of Iranian Studies (http:/ / www. simorgh-aiis. org/ )

• Iranology in Canada (http:/ / www. persian-language. org/ Group/ Article. asp?ID=459& P=3)

• International Society for Iranian Studies (http:/ / www. iranian-studies. com/ )

• Bonyad e farhang e Iran (http:/ / www. farhangiran. com/ )

• Interview with Khosrow Naghed (http:/ / www. naghed. net/ Goftogu_ha/ Iranistik_Naghed_Kargozaraan. pdf) (in Persian/pdf)

• Iran and Persian language in the western world (http:/ / www. sharghnewspaper. com/ 821108/ litera. htm#s22653) (in Persian)

• From Sa'di to Simin: Iranology in the lands of germanic people (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ persian/ arts/ story/

2006/ 05/ 060504_mj-khn-iranistik. shtml) (BBC Persian)

• 70-year-old problem of understanding Persian culture in the west (http:/ / www. sharghnewspaper. com/ 841010/

html/ societ. htm#s349176) (in Persian)

(http:/ / www. ghiasabadi. com/ ) (in Persian & English) ﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯽﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ Persian Studies • • American Councils of International Studies:Tajikistan-Dushanbe

• (http:/ / www. americancouncils. org/ program/ 37/ POFP/ )

• (http:/ / flagship. americancouncils. org/ index. php?lang=Persian)

• Iranian and Persian Study at Harvard University (http:/ / www. fas. harvard. edu/ ~nelc/ iranian_persian. html#general) Islamic studies 53 Islamic studies

In a Muslim context, Islamic studies can be an umbrella term for all virtually all of academia, both originally researched and as defined by the Islamization of knowledge. It includes all the traditional forms of religious thought, such as kalam (Islamic theology) and fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), and also assimilates fields generally considered to be secular in the West, such as Islamic science and Islamic economics.

In a non-Muslim context, Islamic studies generally refers to the

historical study of Islam, Muslim culture, Muslim history and Islamic Qur'anic education for offenders at the Central philosophy. Academics from diverse disciplines participate and Jail Faisalabad in Faisalabad, Pakistan exchange ideas about predominantly Muslim societies, past and present. In spite of their non-religious approach, some non-Muslim scholars have written works which are widely read by Muslims. Before 1980, such non-Muslim scholars in this field were called "Islamicists" and the discipline was known as Oriental studies, now often Asian studies. Many universities offer academic degrees on the subject of Islamic studies.

History of the field The first attempt of Europe to understand Islam as at topic of modern scholarship (as opposed to a Christological heresy) was within the context of 19th-century Orientalism. Some orientalists praised the religious tolerance of Islamic countries in contrast with the Christian West, or the status of scholarship in Mandarin China. With the translation of the Avesta by Abraham Anquetil-Duperron and the discovery of the Indo-European languages by Sir William Jones complex connections between the early history of Eastern and Western cultures emerged. However, these developments occurred in the context of rivalry between France and Britain for control of India, and were associated with attempts to understand colonised cultures in order more effectively to control them. Liberal economists such as James Mill denigrated Eastern countries on the grounds that their civilizations were static and corrupt. Even Karl Marx characterised the "Asiatic mode of production" as unchanging.

Themes It greatly aids understanding of list of Islamic terms in Arabic especially as used in early Muslim philosophy, since these provide the ontology upon which all sects of Islam later built.

History Islamic history presents several instances in which foreign ideas have intruded within the world view of Muslim civilizations, ideas which have in more than one instance been secular in the sense defined above. The first set of historical circumstances in the career of islam concerned the Arab environment where islam was finally revealed. There were many "pagan" Arabian practices and traditions such as blood-feuds, absolute allegiance to the tribe and cults of idol worship which were banned in the universal perspective of Islam. (Chapter 4, Islamic Studies, by:Nasar S) The field of Islamic history includes the early development of the Islamic faith, as well as its continuation into the different rulers and denominations of the Islamic civilization, and confluence of its philosophy and history where these affected each other: • Historiography of early Islam Islamic studies 54

• Muslim historians • Sociology in medieval Islam • Timeline of Muslim history • Caliphate • Muslim conquests • Islamic Golden Age • Early Islamic philosophy • Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe • Islamic Civilization during the European Renaissance

Philosophy Islamic philosophy is a part of Islamic studies. It is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between faith, reason or philosophy, and the religious teachings of Islam. A Muslim engaged in this field is called a Muslim philosopher. It is divided in fields like: • Early Islamic philosophy • Avicennism • Averroism • Modern Islamic philosophy • Sufi philosophy • Transcendent theosophy • List of Muslim philosophers • Illuminationist philosophy • Islamic ethics • Islamic metaphysics • Sufi metaphysics

Theology is one of the "religious sciences" of Islam. In Arabic the word means "discussion", and refers to the (ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ) Kalam Islamic tradition of seeking theological principles through dialectic. A scholar of kalam is referred to as a mutakallim. • Islamic eschatology

Mysticism taṣawwuf) is a mystic tradition of Islam based on the pursuit of spiritual truth as it is gradually ;ﺗﺼﻮﻑ :Sufism (Arabic revealed to the heart and mind of the Sufi (one who practices Sufism). It might also be referred to as Islamic mysticism. While other branches of Islam generally focus on exoteric aspects of religion, Sufism is mainly focused on the direct perception of truth or God through mystic practices based on divine love. Sufism embodies a number of cultures, philosophies, central teachings and bodies of esoteric knowledge. Islamic studies 55

Law Islamic jurisprudence relates to everyday and social issues in the life of Muslims. It is divided in fields like: • the study of sharia law • Islamic economics • Islamic finance • Islamic commercial law • Islamic family law • Qur'an and Hadith studies Key distinctions include those between fiqh, hadith and ijtihad.

Sciences Islam and science is science in the context of traditional religious ideas of Islam, including its ethics and prohibitions. A Muslim engaged in this field is called a Muslim scientist This is not the same as science as conducted by any Muslim in a secular context. Certain liberal movements in Islam eschew the practice of Islamic science, arguing that science should be considered separate from religion as it is today in the West. As in Catholicism however, believers argue that the guiding role of religion in forming ethics of science cannot be ignored and must impose absolute constraints on inquiry. • Qur'an and science • Islamic creationism Science in medieval Islam examines the full range of scientific investigation in the Muslim world, whether performed within a religious or secular context. Significant progress in science was made in the Muslim world during the Middle Ages, especially during the Islamic Golden Age, which is considered a major period in the history of science. • Timeline of Islamic science and engineering • Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam • Astronomy in medieval Islam • Islamic astrology • Inventions in medieval Islam • Inventions in the modern Islamic world • Islamic sociology • Sociology in medieval Islam • Mathematics in medieval Islam • Medicine in medieval Islam • Ophthalmology in medieval Islam • Physics in medieval Islam • Psychology in medieval Islam Islamic studies 56

Art • Islamic calligraphy • Islamic pottery • Muslim music Islamic art, a part of the Islamic studies, has throughout history has been mainly abstract and decorative, portraying geometric, floral, Arabesque, and calligraphic designs. Unlike the strong tradition of portraying the human figure in Christian art, Islamic art does not include depictions of human beings. The lack of portraiture is due to the fact that early Islam forbade the painting of human beings, including the Prophet, as Muslims believe this tempts followers of the Prophet to idolatry. This prohibition against human beings or icons is called aniconism. Over the past two centuries, especially given increased contact with Western civilization, this prohibition has relaxed.

Literature • Arabic literature • Arabic epic literature • Islamic poetry • Arabic poetry • Persian literature This field includes the study of modern and classical Arabic and the literature written in those languages. It also often includes other modern, classic or ancient languages of the Middle East and other areas that are or have been part of, or influenced by, Islamic culture, such as Hebrew, Turkish, Persian, Armenian and Uzbek.

Architecture Islamic architecture is the entire range of architecture that has evolved within Muslim culture in the course of the history of Islam. Hence the term encompasses religious buildings as well as secular ones, historic as well as modern expressions and the production of all places that have come under the varying levels of Islamic influence. It is very common to mistake Persian Architecture for Islamic Architecture and thus advisable to read both articles.

Sociology and psychology • Psychology in medieval Islam • Sociology in medieval Islam • Sufi psychology

Comparative religion Islamic comparative religion is the study of religions in the view of Islam. This study may be undertaken from a conservative Muslim perspective, which often sees Judaism and Christianity as having been originally similar to Islam, and later developing away from the root monotheist religion. However, some liberal movements within Islam dispute the conservative view as being ahistorical; they claim that Islam is the end-result rather than the origin point of monotheist thought. • Islam and Christianity • Islam and Jainism • Islam and Judaism • Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800 - 1400) Islamic studies 57

Economics Islamic economics is economics in accordance with Islamic law. Because the Qur'an spoke against usury in the context of early Muslim society, it generally entails trying to remove or redefine interest rates from financial institutions. In doing so, Islamic economists hope to produce a more "Islamic society". However, liberal movements within Islam may deny the need for this field, since they generally see Islam as compatible with modern secular institutions and law. • Islamic banking • Islamic economics in the world

Journals • Die Welt des Islams (Brill) • Islamic Law and Society (Brill Publishers|Brill) • Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations (Routledge) • Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies Open access (Lancaster University) • Journal of Islamic Studies (Oxford University Press) • The Muslim World (Blackwell Publishing) • Studia Islamica (Maisonneuve & Larose) • Pax Islamica [1] (Mardjani Publishing House)

Notes

[1] http:/ / www. paxislamica. ru

External links

• Islamic University Jamia Arabia Ahsan-Ul-Uloom (http:/ / www. ahsanululoom. com/ )

• College of Da’wa and Usul-ud-Din at Umm Al Qura University (http:/ / www. uqu. edu. sa/ page/ en/ 224)

• Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies (http:/ / www. lancs. ac. uk/ jais)

• European Institute of Human Sciences and Islamic Sharia (http:/ / www. eihs. org. uk)

• Zwemer Center for Muslim Studies (http:/ / www. zwemercenter. com)

• Network for Islamic Studies (http:/ / www. arts. auckland. ac. nz/ islamic/ )

• Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies (http:/ / www. oxcis. ac. uk/ )

• MA degree in Islamic Studies through distance learning (http:/ / www. openstudy. org/ )

• Institute of Islamic Studies at McGill University (http:/ / www. mcgill. ca/ islamicstudies/ )

• Article from The University of Chicago Chronicle (http:/ / chronicle. uchicago. edu/ 050714/ islamicstudies. shtml)

• Study Islamic Business in Indonesia (http:/ / www. acicis. murdoch. edu. au/ hi/ uii. html)

• A history of Islamic culture (http:/ / www. muslimheritage. com/ )

• Islamic Civilization (http:/ / www. cyberistan. org/ )

• Institute of Ismaili Studies (http:/ / www. iis. ac. uk/ )

• Muslim Philosophy (http:/ / www. muslimphilosophy. com/ )

• Portal for Islamic studies according to Quran and Sunnah per Ahl as Sunnah wal Jamah - Salaf as Salih (http:/ /

abdurrahman. org/ sitemap. html)

• Reading Quran (http:/ / www. readquran. blogspot. com)

• Digital Islam (http:/ / www. digitalislam. eu/ ): A research project on the Middle East, Islam, and digital media.

• Pakistaniaat: A Journal of Pakistan Studies (http:/ / pakistaniaat. org/ )

• Islamology site for Islamic References (http:/ / www. islamology. com/ ) Jewish studies 58 Jewish studies

Jewish studies (or Judaic studies) is an academic discipline centered on the study of Jews and Judaism. Jewish studies is interdisciplinary and combines aspects of history (especially Jewish history), religious studies, archeology, sociology, languages (Jewish languages), political science, area studies, women's studies, and ethnic studies. Jewish studies as a distinct field is mainly present at colleges and universities in North America. Related fields include Holocaust research and Israel studies, and in Israel, Jewish Thought.

History The Jewish tradition generally places a high value on learning and study, especially of religious texts. Torah study (compromising study of the Torah and more broadly of the entire Hebrew Bible as well as Rabbinic literature such as the Talmud and Midrash) is considered a religious obligation. Since the Renaissance and the growth of higher education, many people, including people not of the Jewish faith, have chosen to study Jews and Judaism as a means of understanding the Jewish religion, heritage, and Jewish history. Religious instruction specifically for Jews, especially for those who wish to join the rabbinate, is taught at Jewish seminaries (and in Orthodox Judaism, yeshivas). Among the most prominent are the Conservative Jewish Theological Seminary and the Reform Hebrew Union College. For the majority of Jewish students attending regular academic colleges and universities there is a growing choice of Jewish studies courses and even degrees available at many institutions. The subject of antisemitism and the Holocaust, as well as the establishment of the modern State of Israel and the revival of the Hebrew language have all stimulated unusual interest in greater in-depth academic study, research, reading and lecturing about these core areas of knowledge related to current events. In the United States, the unique position that Jewish Americans have held within the nation's complex social structure has created substantial scholarship, especially with regards to topics such as interfaith marriage, political activism, and influence on popular culture. The political situation in the Middle East, especially the Arab-Israeli conflict and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, has raised the profile of Jews, Judaism, and Zionism on campuses, spurring many on to study this subject for non-degree as well as for credits in obtaining a Bachelor of Arts or Master of Arts degree. A growing number of mature students are even obtaining Ph.D.s in Jewish studies judging by the quantity of courses and programs available. Many hope to obtain employment in the field of Jewish education or in Jewish communal service agencies. Many Christians are searching for an understanding of the Jewish background for Jesus and Christianity and for the source of monotheism that sprang from Judaism. There are those who are seeking an understanding of the complex and volatile relationship between Islam and Judaism. Others are searching for spirituality and philosophy and therefore seek classes in Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism) and Jewish philosophy. There are also those who have a genuine concern and attachment to modern Israel as Christian Zionists and therefore seek to learn more about the subjects related to their beliefs. The following are only a few significant examples of places where Jewish studies are offered and flourish in an academic setting: Jewish studies 59

Albany, State University of New York The Judaic Studies (JST) department [1] at UAlbany [2] offers undergraduate courses at elementary and advanced levels in Jewish history and culture, as well as Hebrew. Both a major and a minor in Judaic Studies are offered, as well as a minor in Hebrew. [1] Courses range from basic introductory courses on particular topics in Judaic studies to more advanced seminars where students can explore questions and ideas in more depth. Many of the courses, both upper- and lower-level courses, are cross-listed with other departments, providing students with exposure to different disciplinary methods. There are also opportunities for students to earn independent study credit through which they can work on an idea or question particular to their own interests, while also gaining valuable research and writing experience. Practicum credit may also be earned by assisting a professor in a course, and Internship credit is available through community service. [3] Qualified students also have the option of enrolling in the Honors Program to be considered for a BA in Judaic Studies with Honors upon successful completion of an honors thesis. [4] Hebrew language classes are also available at the elementary, intermediate, and advanced levels, and for students who are advanced in their language studies, Practicum and Independent study credit may also be earned. [5] Students may also apply for department-sponsored scholarships to help further their educational goals. [6] The Center for Jewish Studies, which is affiliated with the Judaic Studies department, sponsor several talks each semester, which are open to both the local, as well as academic communities, and include lectures and discussions by Jewish Studies scholars and writers. [7] Many students also take advantage of the SUNY-wide Israel study program for a semester or a year, which is overseen by the Judaic Studies department and is open to everyone. [8]

American Jewish University The American Jewish University, formerly the separate institutions University of Judaism and Brandeis-Bardin Institute, is a Jewish, non-denominational and highly eclectic institution. Its largest component is its Whizin Center for Continuing Education in which 12,000 students are enrolled annually in non-credit granting courses. A prominent program of the Center is the university's annual speaker series, featuring luminaries like Bill Clinton, Tony Blair, Colin Powell, and other political and diplomatic leaders. AJU's academic division includes the College of Arts and Sciences, leading to a B.A. degree in majors such as Bioethics (pre-med), Business, Communication Arts & Advocacy, Jewish Studies, Political Science and Psychology. In addition, AJU offers graduate degrees through the Fingerhut School of Education, The David L. Lieber Graduate School, and the Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies, a Conservative Jewish rabbinical seminary. AJU is host to two "think tanks," the Center for Israel Studies (CIS) and the Sigi Ziering Institute: Exploring the Ethical and Religious Implications of the Holocaust. Through the Brandeis-Bardin Institute, the University has oversight over Camps Ramah, Alonim, and Gan Alonim.

Bar-Ilan University Bar-Ilan University in Ramat-Gan, Israel, has the world's largest school of Jewish Studies, which includes 14 teaching departments, 21 research institutes, some 300 faculty members and over 2,000 students [9]. The school publishes 11 journals [10] and the only internet journal in Jewish Studies - "Jewish Studies" [11]. Flagship projects of the Faculty of Jewish Studies include: the Responsa Project [12] which is the largest data base of classical Jewish sources throughout the ages; The "Mikraot Gdolot Haketer" which is the most accurate edition of the Mikraot Gdolot; The Ingeborg Rennert Center of Jerusalem Studies [13]; and the Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Project [14], the excavations of the site of biblical Gath of the Philistines. Jewish studies 60

University of California-Berkeley The University of California-Berkeley offers the Joint Doctoral Program in Jewish Studies (JDP) in collaboration with the Graduate Theological Union. Graduate Students in this interdisciplinary program pick one major and one minor period as well as a discipline. The JDP's strengths lie in its cutting-edge approaches to Hebrew and Yiddish literature, Rabbinics, cultural studies and critical theory. Professors and Graduate students with scholarly interest in Jewish Studies can be found across the Humanities.

Binghamton University Binghamton University (SUNY) offers a major and a minor in Judaic Studies (JUST). The department offers two concentrations: 1) Jewish history and culture and 2) Hebrew language and literature. There are a wide variety of courses offered. The faculty members are prolific scholars and interested in diverse areas of Jewish studies. Internship credits are available. [15]

Brandeis University The Lown School of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies, one of the most comprehensive centers for Judaic studies outside Israel, reflects Brandeis's special commitment to scholarship that illuminates issues of concern to the Jewish community, scholars in religion, and students of the ancient and modern Near East. It houses the department of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies, the Maurice and Marilyn Cohen Center for Modern Jewish Studies, the Steinhardt Social Research Institute, the Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry, the Jacob and Libby Goodman Institute for the Study of Zionism, the Bernard G. and Rhoda G. Sarnat Center for the Study of Anti-Jewishness, and the Benjamin S. Hornstein Program in Jewish Communal Service. The National Center for Jewish Film and the American Jewish Historical Society are associated with the Lown School. [16]

Brown University Brown University offers a Judaic Studies program that includes an undergraduate concentration and graduate MA and PhD degrees. This interdisciplinary department brings scholars with a specific focus on Jewish Studies together with those from other Brown departments including history, political science, anthropology, and sociology. Faculty areas of focus include the Hebrew Language, Jewish Thought, Modern Hebrew and Jewish Literature, Ancient Judaism, Modern Jewish History, Biblical Studies, Rabbinics and Early Judaism, and Latin American Jewish Literature. [17]

Birobidzhan Jewish National University The Birobidzhan Jewish National University works in cooperation with the local Jewish community of Birobidzhan. The university is unique in the Russian Far East. The basis of the training course is study of the Hebrew language, history and classic Jewish texts. [18] In recent years, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast has grown interested in its Jewish roots. Students study Hebrew and Yiddish at a Jewish school and Birobidzhan Jewish National University. In 1989, the Jewish center founded its Sunday school, where children studyYiddish, learn folk Jewish dance, and learn about the history of Israel. The Israeli government helps fund the program. [19] Jewish studies 61

Columbia University The Institute for Israel and Jewish Studies at Columbia University [20] remains one of the leading institutions in Jewish studies in the country and the world. Undergraduate enrollment in these courses has historically been robust and continues to grow. Columbia also offers a joint undergraduate degree with the Jewish Theological Seminary with which it is affiliated. Columbia is home to one of the most successful graduate programs in Jewish history and Yiddish studies outside of Israel, and its graduate program in Talmud and Judaism is world renowned.

Cornell University The Program of Jewish Studies was founded as an extension of the Department of Semitic Languages and Literatures, now the Department of Near Eastern Studies, in 1973 and attained status as an intercollegiate program in 1976. The program has grown out of the conviction that Judaic civilization merits its own comprehensive and thorough treatment and that proper understanding of any culture is inconceivable without adequate knowledge of the language, literature, and history of the people that created it. Accordingly, the offerings in the areas of Jewish languages and literatures have been considerably expanded, and courses in ancient, medieval, and especially modern Jewish history and culture have been added to the program. It is a broadly based, interdisciplinary program, bringing together faculty from various Cornell departments and colleges. The scope of the Jewish Studies curriculum covers Jewish civilization from its ancient Near Eastern origins through its contemporary history and culture in Israel and the diaspora communities around the world. It is a secular, academic program, the interests of which are diverse and cross-cultural. The program recognizes its special relationship to teaching and research in classical Judaica and Hebraica pursued by the members of the Department of Near Eastern Studies. It presently enables students to obtain basic instruction and specialization in the fields of Semitic languages; the Hebrew Bible; medieval and modern Hebrew literature; ancient, medieval, and modern Jewish history; and Holocaust studies. In some of these fields students may take courses on both graduate and undergraduate levels. Faculty throughout the university provide breadth to the program by offering courses in related areas of study. [21]

Fairfield University The Carl and Dorothy Bennett Center for Judaic Studies at Fairfield University was founded in 1994 with an initial endowment of $1.5 million from Carl and Dorothy Bennett of Greenwich, Connecticut. The Bennett Center's goal is to provide Fairfield University students exposure to and contact with Jewish ideas, culture, and thinking. For example, the Bennett Center has brought several world-renowned lecturers to the University, including Nobel Prize-winner Elie Wiesel, Former Ambassador Dennis Ross, and New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman.[22] Fairfield University also began offering an academic minor in Judaic Studies within the Religion Department beginning in 1996. The major objective of the Program in Judaic Studies is to provide a variety of courses that will deepen students' knowledge and understanding of Jewish faith, history, and culture. It seeks to integrate Judaic Studies into the curriculum of the Fairfield College of Arts and Sciences and to offer programs and special events of interest to the University community and to audiences drawn from the Fairfield County, Connecticut community.[23] Since their inception, Dr. Ellen Umansky has served as both the Carl and Dorothy Bennett Professor of Judaic Studies and the Director of the Carl and Dorothy Bennett Center.[24]

The George Washington University Through the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, the Judaic Studies Program at The George Washington University offers students the ability to study in the proximity to some of the most influential Jewish and Jewish-related institutions in the United States. [25] Because of its location on the Foggy Bottom campus in downtown Washington, D.C., internships with organizations such as the American Jewish Committee, American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), the Embassy of Israel in Washington, the Sixth & I Historic Synagogue, Jewish studies 62

and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum are not only easily accessible but also very common. With study abroad connections at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Tel Aviv University, Ben Gurion University, and the University of Haifa there is also a strong emphasis in the program on learning Hebrew. Professors such as Max Ticktin, Eric H. Cline, Amitai Etzioni, Yaron Peleg, Lauren Strauss, Sergio Waisman, and Mark Saperstein are readily accessible to students and are considered some of the best experts in their field. For example, Dr. Eric H. Cline has appeared in many television documentaries for the National Geographic Channel, the Discovery Channel, the BBC, and the History Channel. Traveling professors such as Jacob Lassner have also taught courses at the program. Due to its nearly perfect location in downtown Washington,D.C. students also have access to the Library of Congress. The George Washington University's Gelman Library also hosts the I. Edward Kiev Collection - one of the largest Jewish academic archives on the East Coast. [26]

Harvard University Harvard University was the first major American university to establish a department of Judaic Studies and appointed Dr. Harry Austryn Wolfson as the first head of department: The Center for Jewish Studies at Harvard University is the focal point for the study and teaching of Judaica through publications, fellowships, lectures, and symposia on topics of interest to scholars and to the general public. The Center sponsors visiting scholars and post-doctoral research fellows and coordinates undergraduate and graduate studies on an interdisciplinary basis...Harvard was the first university in America to establish a Chair in Jewish Studies, the Nathan Littauer Professorship of Hebrew Literature and Philosophy (1925). Since then, Harvard's commitment to Jewish Studies has continued unabated, and its efforts to solidify and broaden the presence of this field in the curriculum ultimately resulted in the creation of Harvard's Center for Jewish Studies in 1978. The hope of the Harvard alumni, faculty and administration involved in this project was that the new Center would not only satisfy an unmistakable need for further growth within the University itself but would also benefit the study and teaching of Judaica throughout the country. [27]

Hebrew University of Jerusalem The Institute of Jewish Studies of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem was established in 1924, a few months before the official opening of the university [28]. Widely considered to be the world's premier center of Jewish studies, the Institute currently includes 8 teaching departments and 18 research institutes, oversees the publication of a wide variety of journals and periodicals and has student body of over 1200 students pursuing undergraduate, graduate and doctoral degrees in Jewish studies. In addition, the university has several institutes dedicated to specific subjects of Jewish studies, such as the Institute of Contemporary Jewry [29], the Institute for Research in Jewish Law [30], the Institute of Archaeology [31], the Center for Jewish Art [32], the Jewish Music Research Center [33], the Center for Jewish Education [34], and the Department of Jewish Thought [35]. The Jewish National and University Library, which serves as the library of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, houses the world's largest collection of Hebraica and Judaica. The university also benefits from Jerusalem's unparalleled concentration of resources, which include: some 50 museums, most of which are dedicated to, or contain significant exhibits pertinent to, Jewish studies; dozens of independent research institutes and libraries dedicated to Jewish studies; over 100 rabbinical colleges representing all streams of Judaism; and the city of Jerusalem itself, the ancient and modern center of Jewish life, thought and study. Jewish studies 63

Jewish Theological Seminary of America The Jewish Theological Seminary of America continues to be a major center for academic scholarship in Jewish studies. Its graduate school describes itself as offering "the most extensive academic program in advanced Judaic Studies in North America."[36] The school grants MA, DHL, and PhD degrees in the areas of: Ancient Judaism; Bible and Ancient Semitic Languages; Interdepartmental Studies; Jewish Art and Visual Culture; Jewish History; Jewish Literature; Jewish Philosophy; Jewish Studies and Public Administration; Jewish Studies and Social Work; *Jewish Women’s Studies; Liturgy; Medieval Jewish Studies; Midrash; Modern Jewish Studies; and Talmud and Rabbinics. In addition to its Graduate School, JTS also runs the Albert A. List College of Jewish Studies (which is affiliated with Columbia University and offers joint/double bachelors degree programs with both Columbia and Barnard College); the William Davidson Graduate School of Jewish Education; the H. L. Miller Cantorial School and College of Jewish Music; and the Rabbinical School.

Michigan, University of The Jean and Samuel Frankel Center for Judaic Studies at the University of Michigan was originally formed as an independent program under the leadership of Jehuda Reinharz in 1976 and expanded into its current model in 1988. A strong faculty with a variety of expertise has allowed the interdisciplinary program to grow significantly in recent years. Areas of special interest include numerous faculty with strengths in Rabbinics, Yiddish literature and modern Jewish history. The current director, Dr. Deborah Dash Moore, is the author of GI Jews, chronicling the role of Jews in the United States military and co-editor of the two-volume Jewish Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia. Other leading faculty members include Zvi Gitelman, Todd Endelman, Anita Norich, Madeline Kochen, Mikhail Krutikov, Elliot Ginsburg, Scott Spector and Julian Levinson. Recent arrivals include Ryan Szpiech (Spanish, Sephardic Culture, Medieval Iberia) and Rachel Neis (Rabbinics, Late Antique Judaism). [37] In Fall 2005, the Frankel Center announced the establishment of a new Frankel Institute for Advanced Judaic Studies. The Institute hosts a dozen scholars annually for intensive research. The 2008-09 Frankel Institute theme is titled "Studying Jews" and visiting scholars include Hana Wirth-Nesher, Aharon Oppenhiemer, Regina Morantz-Sanchez, Howard Lupovitch, Chaya Halberstam, and Gabriele Boccaccini. [38]

Michigan Jewish Institute MJI provides academic baccalaureate and other degree granting programs that combine an arts and sciences foundation with concentrations in Education, Leadership and General Judaic Studies for career development in applied Judaic disciplines. The Institute is part of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement. [39]

New York University The Skirball Department of Hebrew and Judaic Studies offers one of the most comprehensive Jewish Studies programs in North America, encompassing Hebrew language and literature as well as all facets of Jewish history and culture, from the ancient through the medieval to the modern. Courses are taught by faculty whose specialties include ancient Judaism, medieval Jewish history, modern Jewish history, Biblical studies, Middle Eastern studies, Postbiblical and Talmudic literature, Jewish mysticism, Jewish philosophy, and related fields [40]. Jewish studies 64

Northwestern University Northwestern University is home to the Crown Family Center for Jewish Studies, which offers both a minor and major in Jewish studies. The center consists of faculty across various departments, and offers courses in Hebrew, Yiddish, Jewish history, rabbinics, Jewish literature, political science and more. Notable faculty include Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern, Irwin Weil, Jacob Lassner, Beverly Mortensen and Elie Rekhess. [41]

Oklahoma, University of The University of Oklahoma offers a Bachelor of Arts degree in Judaic Studies and minors in Judaic Studies[42] and Hebrew. The University is home to the Schusterman Program in Judaic and Israel Studies[43] which began in 1993 with the establishment of a Chairmanship by the Schusterman Family Foundation as a memorial to Sam Schusterman and Harold Josey.[44] The program expanded to include a major in 2009.[45] Classes include Hebrew, Jewish Literature, Jewish Mysticism, Israel, the Shoah, and Jewish History. Students can find other Jewish learning opportunities at the OU Hillel, and at monthly brown-bag lectures sponsored by the department.[46] Notable faculty include: Dr. Norman Stillman, Judaic Studies Program Director and holder of the Schusterman/Josey Chair in Judaic History and Dr. Ori Kritz, Associate Professor of Hebrew, who leads the Hebrew language portion of the program.[47] [48]

Oxford University A nine-month course offers a chance to study Judaism at many different stages in its history - from its roots as the religion of the Israelites to the 20th century - as well as the opportunity to develop skills in a language important to the knowledge, understanding, practice and interpretation of the Jewish faith (or learn a language from scratch). [49]

Pennsylvania, University of The Center for Advanced Judaic Studies at the University of Pennsylvania is the only institution in the world devoted exclusively to post-doctoral research on Jewish civilization in all its historical and cultural manifestations. Located in its award-winning building on Philadelphia's Independence Mall, the Center was created in the fall of 1993 by the merger of the Annenberg Research Institute and the University of Pennsylvania. [50].

Princeton University Since its establishment in 1996, the Program in Judaic Studies at Princeton University has offered a variety of courses, lectures, conferences, film series, and exhibitions taking advantage of Princeton’s rich resources in Judaic studies in a range of disciplines and departments. [51]

San Diego State University The Jewish Studies Program [52] at San Diego State University (SDSU), located in San Diego, California, is an interdisciplinary program serving the students of SDSU as well as the greater San Diego community. SDSU offers a Major in Modern Jewish Studies and a Minor in Jewish Studies and are teaching a broad range of topics related to Jewish history, religion and culture from the biblical through the modern period.[53] In addition, SDSU faculty are actively engaged in teaching to the broader San Diego community. SDSU also offers a minor in Hebrew language within SDSU's Department of Linguistics, Asian/Middle Eastern Languages program [54] In addition, SDSU hosts the Archives of the Jewish Historical Society of San Diego[55] as well as The Lipinsky Institute for Judaic Studies. SDSU is ranked #28 in the country in public universities for Jewish students.[56] SDSU has the largest Jewish student population in San Diego, and the fourth (4th) largest in California.[53] Jewish studies 65

Touro College Touro College has facilities that allow students to achieve their studies in academic and professional degrees. The College takes its name from Judah Touro and Isaac Touro, Jewish community leaders of colonial America, who represent the ideals upon which the College bases its mission.[57]

University College London University College London (UCL) houses the largest department of Hebrew and Jewish Studies in Europe. The department is the only one in the UK to offer a full degree course and research supervision in Jewish Studies at the BA Honours, MA, MPhil and PhD levels in every subject of Hebrew and Jewish Studies—philology, history, and literature—covering virtually the entire chronological and geographical span of the Hebrew and Jewish civilisation from antiquity through the Middle Ages to the modern period. As the first university in England to open its doors to Women, Roman Catholics and Dissenters, UCL was also the first to admit Jewish students. This traditional link of the College with the Anglo-Jewish community is very much alive today. Sir Isaac Lyon Goldsmid (1778–1859), one of the leading figures in the struggle for Jewish emancipation in England, was among the principal founders of University College and the chief promotor of its Hebrew department. At his instigation, Hyman Hurwitz was appointed as the first Professor of Hebrew in 1828. In 1967 the department was renamed the Department of Hebrew and Jewish Studies and extended to include, in addition to the established courses in Hebrew language and literature, a much wider range of courses with an emphasis on Jewish history. The department acts as host to both the Jewish Historical Society of England (JHSE)[58] and the Institute of Jewish Studies (IJS),[59] which organises annual public lecture series and international conferences on all aspects of Jewish civilisation.[60]

Virginia, University of Jewish Studies at the University of Virginia allows students to focus on the history, languages, and literature of the Jewish people; the beliefs and practices of Judaism; and the enduring contributions of Jewish wisdom to human civilization. Courses in Biblical and Modern Hebrew, Yiddish, Bible, Rabbinic literature, Jewish ancient and modern history, Jewish literature and culture, Holocaust studies, Jewish theology, and Jewish communities and cultures worldwide. Study abroad in Israel or in other centers of Jewry beyond North America. [61]

Yeshiva University Yeshiva University has one of the largest departments of Jewish studies outside Israel and is the home of the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, the leading modern-orthodox rabbinical college in the United States. Its Jewish studies library contains over 300,000 volumes. It also houses the Bernard Revel Graduate School of Jewish Studies. Prominent Jewish Studies faculty members include Richard C Steiner, Barry Eichler, Debra Kaplan, Haym Soloveitchik, Ephraim Kanarfogel, David Berger, Mordechai Z. Cohen, Shalom Carmy, Steven Fine, Adam Zachary Newton, and Jeffrey S. Gurock. Jewish studies 66

References

[1] http:/ / www. albany. edu/ judaic_studies/

[2] http:/ / albany. edu

[3] http:/ / www. albany. edu/ undergraduate_bulletin/ a_jst. html

[4] http:/ / www. albany. edu/ judaic_studies/ js_honors. shtml

[5] http:/ / www. albany. edu/ undergraduate_bulletin/ a_heb. html

[6] http:/ / www. albany. edu/ judaic_studies/ js_study_awards. shtml

[7] http:/ / www. albany. edu/ jewishstudies/

[8] http:/ / www. albany. edu/ judaic_studies/ js_study_abroad. shtml

[9] http:/ / www. biu. ac. il/ JS/ centersE. htm

[10] http:/ / www. biu. ac. il/ JS/ journalsE. htm

[11] http:/ / www. biu. ac. il/ JS/ JSIJ

[12] http:/ / www. biu. ac. il/ JH/ Responsa

[13] http:/ / www. biu. ac. il/ js/ rennert

[14] http:/ / www. dig-gath. org

[15] http:/ / just. binghamton. edu/

[16] http:/ / www. brandeis. edu/ departments/

[17] http:/ / www. brown. edu/ Departments/ Judaic_Studies/ about/

[18] http:/ / www. eao. ru/ eng/ ?p=365

[19] http:/ / vn. vladnews. ru/ Arch/ 2000/ ISS207/ focus. html

[20] http:/ / www. iijs. columbia. edu/ index. html

[21] http:/ / www. arts. cornell. edu/ jwst/ gen. html

[22] Carl & Dorothy Bennett Center for Judaic Studies at Fairfield University (http:/ / www. fairfield. edu/ js_bennettctr. html)

[23] Program in Judaic Studies at Fairfield University (http:/ / www. fairfield. edu/ x3482. html)

[24] Judaic Studies: From enrichment to enlightenment (http:/ / www. fairfield. edu/ x4338. html)

[25] http:/ / www. gwu. edu/ ~judaic/

[26] http:/ / www. gwu. edu/ gelman/ spec/ kiev/

[27] http:/ / www. fas. harvard. edu/ ~cjs/

[28] http:/ / jewish. huji. ac. il/ about. html

[29] http:/ / icj. huji. ac. il/ research. asp

[30] http:/ / mishpatim. mscc. huji. ac. il/ jewish/ jewres0e. htm

[31] http:/ / archaeology. huji. ac. il/

[32] http:/ / www. hum. huji. ac. il/ cja/

[33] http:/ / www. jewish-music. huji. ac. il/

[34] http:/ / melton. huji. ac. il/

[35] http:/ / jewish. huji. ac. il/ departments/ thought. html

[36] "JTS Graduate School Sends Notable Cohort to the Association for Jewish Studies' Annual Conference," (http:/ / www. jtsa. edu/ x15058. xml) accessed 11-23-2010.

[37] http:/ / www. lsa. umich. edu/ judaic

[38] http:/ / www. lsa. umich. edu/ judaic/ html/ frankel_institute_3_0. htm

[39] http:/ / www. mji. edu/

[40] http:/ / hebrewjudaic. as. nyu. edu/ page/ home

[41] http:/ / www. wcas. northwestern. edu/ jewish-studies/

[42] http:/ / catalog. ou. edu/ current/ Judaic_Studies. htm

[43] http:/ / www. ou. edu/ cas/ judaicstudies/ index. htm

[44] JustOU, Spring 2009, Volume 6, No. 1, http:/ / www. ou. edu/ cas/ judaicstudies/ newsletters/ 2009spring_Publication2. pdf

[45] http:/ / normantranscript. com/ local/ x519022087/ OUs-Judaic-studies-program-expands

[46] http:/ / www. ou. edu/ cas/ judaicstudies/ courses. htm

[47] http:/ / www. ou. edu/ cas/ judaicstudies/ faculty. htm

[48] http:/ / www. ou. edu/ cas/ judaicstudies

[49] http:/ / www. orinst. ox. ac. uk/ hjs/

[50] http:/ / www. cjs. upenn. edu

[51] http:/ / www. princeton. edu/ ~judaic/

[52] http:/ / www-rohan. sdsu. edu/ ~jewish/

[53] SDSU Jewish Studies Program (accessed August 4, 2008) (http:/ / jewishstudies. sdsu. edu/ )

[54] SDSU Language Programs - Hebrew (accessed August 4, 2008) (http:/ / www-rohan. sdsu. edu/ dept/ linguist/ language_programs/ hebrew/

index. htm)

[55] SDSU Jewish Studies Program, JHS-SD Archives (accessed August 4, 2008) (http:/ / jewishstudies. sdsu. edu/ archives. htm) Jewish studies 67

[56] Reform Judaism Magazine: Insider's Guide to College Schools (September 2007) (http:/ / reformjudaismmag. org/ _kd/ Items/ actions.

cfm?action=Show& item_id=1278& destination=ShowItem)

[57] http:/ / www. touro. edu/ general/ mission. asp

[58] http:/ / www. jhse. org/

[59] http:/ / www. ucl. ac. uk/ hebrew-jewish/ ijs/ index. htm

[60] http:/ / www. ucl. ac. uk/ hebrew-jewish/ home/ index. php

[61] http:/ / www. virginia. edu/ jewishstudies/

External links

• American Jewish University (http:/ / www. ajula. edu)

• Institute for Global Jewish Affairs (http:/ / www. jewishaffairs. org)

• Ismar Elbogen Network for Jewish cultural history (http:/ / elbogen. org/ )

• Elbogen Network Blog (http:/ / blog. elbogen. org/ ) (News on Jewish Studies and related research collections in archives and libraries)

• Academic Jewish Studies Internet Directory (http:/ / www. jewish-studies. com/ ) (Access to over 400 Jewish Studies sites, including library catalogs and databases)

• jbiblio.com - The Jewish Book Information Network (http:/ / www. jbiblio. com)

• Index of Jewish Studies Newsletters (http:/ / www. h-net. msu. edu/ ~judaic/ newsletters/ )

• The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (http:/ / jewish. huji. ac. il)

• Bar-Ilan University (http:/ / www. biu. ac. il)

• Faculty of Jewish Studies, Bar-Ilan University (http:/ / www. biu. ac. il/ JS/ indexE. htm)

• Carl & Dorothy Bennett Center for Judaic Studies at Fairfield University (http:/ / www. fairfield. edu/

js_bennettctr. html)

• Touro College (http:/ / www. touro. edu/ )

• The Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies (http:/ / users. ox. ac. uk/ ~ochjs/ )

• Salomon Ludwig Steinheim Institute for German-Jewish History (http:/ / www. steinheim-institut. de)

• Middle East and Jewish Studies at Columbia University (http:/ / www. columbia. edu/ cu/ lweb/ indiv/ mideast/

cuvlm/ )

• The Association for Jewish Studies (http:/ / www. brandeis. edu/ ajs/ )

• Jewish Studies Resources: Judaic Studies Program at Princeton University (http:/ / www. princeton. edu/

~pressman/ jewish. html)

• Paideia - The European Institute for Jewish Studies in Sweden (http:/ / www. paideia-eu. org/ )

• Rutgers University Religion Department: Jewish Studies (http:/ / religion. rutgers. edu/ vri/ judaic. html)

• Jewish Studies Program at Indiana University (http:/ / www. indiana. edu/ ~jsp/ )

• Frankel Center for Judaic Studies at University of Michigan (http:/ / www. lsa. umich. edu/ judaic/ )

• Spertus Institute of Jewish Studies (http:/ / www. spertus. edu)

• Center for Jewish Studies at the University of Minnesota. (http:/ / jwst. cla. umn. edu/ )

• Judaic Studies Program at Michigan Jewish Institute (http:/ / www. mji. edu/ )

• Maurice and Marilyn Cohen Center for Modern Jewish Studies at Brandeis University (http:/ / www. brandeis.

edu/ cmjs/ )

• Steinhardt Social Research Institute at Brandeis University (http:/ / www. brandeis. edu/ ssri/ )

• Jewish Studies at Charles University in Prague (http:/ / praguejewishstudies. ff. cuni. cz/ ) East Asian studies 68 East Asian studies

East Asian Studies is a distinct multidisciplinary field of scholarly enquiry and education that promotes a broad humanistic understanding of East Asia past and present. East Asian Studies is located within the broader field of Area studies and is also interdisciplinary in character, incorporating elements of the social sciences (anthropology, economics, sociology, politics etc.) and humanities (literature, history, film, etc.), among others. The field encourages scholars from diverse disciplines to exchanges ideas on scholarship as it relates to the East Asian experience and the experience of East Asia in the world. In addition, the field encourages scholars to educate others to have a deeper understanding of, and appreciation and respect for, all that is East Asia and, therefore, to promote peaceful human integration worldwide. At American universities, the study of East Asian Humanities is traditionally housed in EALC (East Asian Languages and Civilizations or Cultures) departments, which run majors in Chinese and Japanese Language and Literature, and sometimes Korean Language and Literature. East Asian Studies programs, on the other hand, are typically interdisciplinary centers that bring together literary scholars, historians, anthropologists, sociologists, political scientists, etc. from their various departments and schools to promote instructional programs, conferences, and lecture series of common interest. East Asian Studies centers also often run interdisciplinary undergraduate and master's degree programs in East Asian Studies.

Critiques of the field As part of the Opposition to the Vietnam War in the 1960s, younger faculty and graduate students criticized the field for complicity in what they saw as American imperialism. In particular, the Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars debated and published alternative approaches not centered in the United States or funded, as many American programs were, by the American government or major foundations. They charged that Japan was held up as a model of non-revolutionary modernization and the field focused on modernization theory in order to fend off revolution. In the following decades, many critics were inspired by Edward Said's 1978 book Orientalism, while others, writing from the point of view of the quantitative or theoretical social sciences, saw Area Studies in general and East Asian Studies in particular, as amorphous and lacking in rigor.[1] Critiques were also mounted from other points in the political spectrum. Ramon H. Myers and Thomas A. Metzger, two scholars based at the generally conservative Hoover Institution charged that "the 'revolution' paradigm increasingly overshadowed the 'modernization' paradigm" and “this fallacy has become integral to much of the writing on modern Chinese history,” discrediting or ignoring other factors in the history of modern China.[2]

Noted East Asian Studies Programmes

Australia • Australian National University

Austria • University of Vienna

Czech Republic • Charles University in Prague • Palacký University of Olomouc • Masaryk University East Asian studies 69

Canada • University of British Columbia • University of Western Ontario • York University • University of Toronto • McGill University • University of Victoria • University of Calgary • Université de Montréal • University of Alberta. • University of Waterloo

France • University of Lyon 3 • University of Paris Diderot 7 • ENS-Lyon 2 Institute of East Asian Studies • EHESS • INALCO • CERI, Sciences Po Paris

Germany • University of Heidelberg • Ruhr University Bochum

Hong Kong • Chinese University of Hong Kong • Centre for East Asian Studies [3] at The Chinese University of Hong Kong. • City University of Hong Kong

Finland • University of Turku • University of Helsinki

Japan • Waseda University • Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University

Korea • Korea University • Asia Institute East Asian studies 70

Malaysia • University of Malaya

Poland • Jagiellonian University

Slovakia • Comenius University in Bratislava

Singapore • National University of Singapore

United Kingdom • University of Oxford • University of Cambridge • University of Edinburgh • University of Leeds • University of Bristol • University of London's School of Oriental and African Studies • University of Manchester • University of Sheffield • University of Nottingham

United States The universities listed are NRC Awardees: • Columbia University • Cornell University • Duke University • Harvard University • Indiana University Bloomington • Michigan State University • Princeton University • University of Arizona • University of California, Berkeley • University of California, Los Angeles • University of Chicago • University of Hawaii at Manoa • University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • University of Kansas • University of Michigan-Ann Arbor • University of Pennsylvania • University of Pittsburgh • University of Southern California • University of Texas at Austin • University of Virginia East Asian studies 71

• University of Washington • University of Wisconsin–Madison • Yale University

Journals • Asian Survey • Critical Asian Studies • East Asian History • East Asia. An International Quarterly • Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies • Japan Forum • Journal of Asian Studies • Journal Asiatique • Late Imperial China • Modern China • New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies • Pacific Affairs • positions: east asia cultures critique • The China Quarterly • T'oung Pao

References [1] Judith Farquhar, James Hevia, “Culture and Postwar American Historiography of China,” positions 1.2 (1993): 486-525; Andrew Gordon, “Rethinking Area Studies, Once More” The Journal of Japanese Studies 30. 2, (Summer 2004): 417-429. [2] “Sinological Shadows: The State of Modern China Studies in the United States,” The Washington Quarterly (Spring 1980): 87-114, quote at p. 89.

[3] http:/ / www. cuhk. edu. hk/ cea/

External links

• Brown University (http:/ / www. brown. edu/ Departments/ East_Asian_Studies/ )

• Columbia University (http:/ / www. columbia. edu/ cu/ ealac/ )

• Cornell University (http:/ / www. einaudi. cornell. edu/ eastasia/ )

• University of Hawaii (http:/ / www. eastwestcenter. org/ )

• Harvard University (http:/ / harvardealc. org/ home. php)

• University of British Columbia (http:/ / www. iar. ubc. ca/ )

• University of Chicago (http:/ / ceas. uchicago. edu/ )

• Indiana University (http:/ / www. indiana. edu/ ~easc/ )

• Indiana University (http:/ / www. indiana. edu/ ~ealc/ index. shtml)

• University of Iowa (http:/ / www. uiowa. edu/ ~caps/ index. html/ )

• University of London (http:/ / www. soas. ac. uk/ )

• McGill University (http:/ / www. mcgill. ca/ eas/ )

• National University of Singapore (http:/ / www. nus. edu. sg/ NUSinfo/ EAI/ )

• University of Pennsylvania (http:/ / ccat. sas. upenn. edu/ ceas/ eacourses. shtml/ )

• University of Washington (http:/ / jsis. washington. edu/ eacenter/ )

• University of Wisconsin–Madison (http:/ / www. eastasia. wisc. edu/ )

• Yale University (http:/ / research. yale. edu/ eastasianstudies/ ) Sinology 72 Sinology

Sinology in general use is the study of China and things related to China, but, especially in the American academic context, refers more strictly to the study of classical language and literature, and the philological approach. Its origin, says one recent survey, "may be traced to the examination which Chinese scholars made of their own civilization."[1] Sino- is derived from Late Latin Sinae from the Greek Sinae from the Arabic Sin which in turn may derive from Qin, that is, the Qin Dynasty.[2] Other explanations deduce that a Biblical reference to the land of Sinim since it was otherwise unknown, must refer to China. In the context of area studies, the European and the American usages differ. In Europe, sinology is usually known as Chinese Studies whereas in the United States Sinology is a subfield of Chinese Studies. The Australian scholar Geremie R. Barmé offers a "New Sinology," one which "emphasizes strong scholastic underpinnings in both the classical and modern Chinese language and studies, at the same time as encouraging an ecumenical attitude in relation to a rich variety of approaches and disciplines, whether they be mainly empirical or more theoretically inflected."[3] A China watcher is a person who monitors current events and power struggles in the People's Republic of China. During the Cold War, China Watchers centered in Hong Kong, especially American government officials or journalists. Mutual distrust between the United States and the PRC and the prohibition of travel between the countries meant they did not have access to press briefings or interviews. They therefore adopted techniques from Kremlinology, such as the close parsing of official announcements for hidden meanings, movements of officials reported in newspapers, and analysis of photographs of public appearances. But in the years since the opening of China, China watchers can live in China and take advantage of normal sources of information.

History In the Asian Sinosphere, the studies of China-related subjects began early. In Japan, sinology was known as kangaku (漢学 "Han Studies"). In China, the studies of China-related subjects is known as Guoxue (国学/國學 "National Studies"), and sinology is translated as Hanxue (汉学/漢學 "Han Studies"). In the West, some researchers would date the origins of sinology as far back as Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta in the 13th and 14th century, but the systematic study of China began in the late 16th century, when Jesuit missionaries based at St. Paul's College, Macao, notably Matteo Ricci, introduced Christianity to China. The first Sinologist of Eastern Europe was Nicolae Milescu (1636–1708). Early sinological research often concentrated on the compatibility of Christianity with Chinese culture. During the Age of Enlightenment, sinologists started to introduce Chinese philosophy, ethics, legal system, and aesthetics into the West. Though often unscientific and incomplete, their works inspired the development of Chinoiserie and a series of debates comparing Chinese and Western cultures. At that time, sinologists often described China as an enlightened kingdom, comparing it to Europe, which had just emerged from the Dark Ages. Among those European literati interested in China was Voltaire, who wrote the play L'orphelin de la Chine inspired by the Orphan of Zhao, Leibniz who penned his famous Novissima Sinica (News from China)and Vico. In 1732 a missionary priest of the Sacred Congregation "De propaganda fide" from the kingdom of Naples, Matteo Ripa (1692–1746), created in Naples the first Sinology School of the European Continent: the "Chinese Institute", the first nucleus of what would become today's Università degli studi di Napoli L'Orientale, or Naples Eastern University. Ripa had worked as a painter and copper-engraver at the Manchu court of the emperor Kangxi between 1711 and 1723. Ripa returned to Naples from China with four young Chinese Christians, all teachers of their native language and formed the Institute sanctioned by Pope Clement XII to teach Chinese to missionaries and thus advance the propagation of Christianity in China. Sinology 73

In 1814, a chair of Chinese and Manchu was founded at Collège de France. Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat, who taught himself Chinese, filled the position, becoming the first professor of Chinese in Europe. By then the first Russian Sinologist, Nikita Bichurin, had been living in Beijing for ten years. Abel-Rémusat's counterparts in England and Germany were Samuel Kidd (1797–1843) and Wilhelm Schott (1807–1889) respectively, though the first important secular sinologists in these two countries were James Legge and Hans Georg Conon von der Gabelentz. Secular scholars gradually came to outnumber missionaries, and in the 20th century sinology slowly gained a substantial presence in Western universities. In modern history, sinology has seen its influence in politics, due to its role in think tanks. The divide between the mainland People's Republic of China and the Taiwan Republic of China has further added to the complexity of study.[4] Funding for Chinese studies may come from a variety of sources; one prominent source, especially for Taiwan studies, is the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation.[5]

Sinologists See List of Sinologists

Journals • Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient • Chinese Heritage Quarterly [6], China Heritage Project, Australian National University • Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies • Journal of Asian Studies • Journal Asiatique • Late Imperial China • Monumenta Serica • Sino-Platonic Papers • T'oung Pao • Toho Gakuho [7] • Toyoshi Kenkyu [8]

References [1] Cf. p.4, Zurndorfer, China Bibliography [2] American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 3rd edition 1992): 1686.

[3] Barmé, Geremie R., On New Sinology (http:/ / rspas. anu. edu. au/ pah/ chinaheritageproject/ newsinology/ ), China Heritage Project, The Australian National University

[4] Rosenthal, Elizabeth (May 1, 2001). "For China-Born U.S. Citizens, Visiting Homeland Has Risks" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2001/ 05/

01/ world/ for-china-born-us-citizens-visiting-homeland-has-risks. html?pagewanted=all). The New York Times. .

[5] Brown, Deborah (September/December 2004). "Organizations That Support Taiwan Studies: A Select Overview" (http:/ / iir. nccu. edu. tw/

attachments/ journal/ add/ 4/ 40-0304-9. pdf). Issues & Studies 40 (3/4): 281–314. .

[6] http:/ / www. chinaheritagequarterly. org/

[7] http:/ / www. zinbun. kyoto-u. ac. jp/ issue/ thgakho. html/

[8] http:/ / wwwsoc. nii. ac. jp/ toyoshi/ index. html/ Sinology 74

Further reading • Barrett, Timothy Hugh, Singular Listlessness: A Short History of Chinese Books and British Scholars (London: Wellsweep, 1989). 125p. "Published in its original form in F. Wood, ed., British Library Occasional papers, 10: Chinese studies [1988], p. 9-53.". • Cayley, John & Ming Wilson ed., Europe Studies China: Papers from an International Conference on the History of European Sinology, London: Han-Shan Tang Books, 1995. • Honey, David B., Incense at the Altar: Pioneering Sinologists and the Development of Classical Chinese

Philology, New Haven: American Oriental Society, 2001. (See also E.G. Pulleyblank's review (http:/ / links. jstor.

org/ sici?sici=0003-0279(200207/ 09)122:3<620:IATAPS>2. 0. CO;2-9) of the work in the Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 122, No. 3 (Jul.-Sep., 2002), pp. 620–624, available through JSTOR). • Mungello, David E., Curious Land: Jesuit Accommodation and the Origins of Sinology, Stuttgart: F. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden, 1985. • Yang Liansheng , Excursions in Sinology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1969). • Zurndorfer, Harriet Thelma, China Bibliography: A Research Guide to Reference Works about China Past and Present, Leiden : Brill Publishers, 1995. ISBN 9004102787.

External links

• (Chinese) Guoxue (http:/ / www. guoxue. com/ )

• Chinese Text Project (http:/ / ctext. org/ )

• Chinese Civilisation Centre (http:/ / www. english. cciv. cityu. edu. hk/ ) - City University of Hong Kong

• Electronic Resources for Chinese Studies and East Asian Libraries (http:/ / www. moyak. com/ papers/

east-asian-libraries. html)

• Sinology Project, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (http:/ / www. umass. edu/ wsp/ sinology/ )

• China Heritage Project (http:/ / rspas. anu. edu. au/ pah/ chinaheritageproject/ ) - Australian National University

• Torbjörn Lodén, "Swedish Sinology: A Historical Perspective" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070227231224/

http:/ / www. cityu. edu. hk/ ccs/ Newsletter/ newsletter9/ swedishSinology. html) (archived) Japanese studies 75 Japanese studies

Japanese Studies (or Japanology) is a term generally used in Europe to describe the historical and cultural study of Japan; in North America, the academic field is usually referred to as Japanese studies, which includes contemporary social sciences as well as classical humanistic fields. European Japanology is the study of language, culture, history, literature, art, music, Manga, Anime, science, etc. Its roots may be traced back to the Dutch at Dejima, Nagasaki in the Edo period. The foundation of the Asiatic Society of Japan at Yokohama in 1872 by men such as Ernest Satow and Frederick Victor Dickins was an important boost to this fledgling academic discipline which has since grown into an internationally respected field.

Notable Japanologists • Edwin O. Reischauer • Edward Seidensticker • Ruth Benedict • Donald Keene • Francis Xavier • Ernest Mason Satow

Notable foreign centers of Japanese studies • University of Virginia Japanese Text Initiative • Harvard University - Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies • University of California, Berkeley - Center for Japanese Studies • Columbia University - The Center for Japanese Legal Studies • Oxford University - Nissan Institute of Japanese Studies • School of Oriental and African Studies - The Japan Research Centre and Sainsbury Institute for the Study of Japanese Arts and Cultures • School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences – Centre de Recherches sur le Japon • Leiden University - Japanese Languages and Cultures • Universitas Indonesia - Japanese Area Studies Programme • University of the Philippines, Manila-Centre for Japanese studies

Associations for Japan Studies overseas • European Association for Japanese Studies • British Association for Japanese studies • The Society for Japanese Studies (United States)

Notable Academic Journals • Journal of Japanese Studies (The Society for Japanese Studies) • Monumenta Nipponica (Sophia University) • Social Science Japan Journal (Oxford University Press) Japanese studies 76

Notable Books about Japan • The Chrysanthemum and the Sword • The Anatomy of Dependence • Inside the Robot Kingdom: Japan, Mechatronics, and the Coming Robotopia • The Lone Samurai • Bushido: The Soul of Japan • Warriors of Legend

External links • Electronic journal of contemporary Japanese studies [1] • European Association for Japanese Studies [2]

References

[1] http:/ / www. japanesestudies. org. uk

[2] http:/ / www. eajs. org/

Korean studies

Korean studies is an academic discipline, focusing on the study of Korea. Areas commonly included under this rubric include Korean history, Korean literature, Korean art, Korean music, Korean language, Korean sociology, Korean political science, Korean economics, Korean folklore, and Korean ethnomusicology. It may be compared to other area studies disciplines, such as American studies and Canadian Studies. Korean studies is sometimes included within a broader regional area of focus including: "East Asian studies", "Far East Studies", "Oriental Studies", or "Asian studies." The term first began to be used in the 1940s, but did not attain widespread currency until South Korea rose to economic prominence in the 1970s. In 1991, the South Korean government established the Korea Foundation to promote Korean studies around the world.kf1 • The Academy of Korean Studies (한국학중앙연구원, AKS) est.1978 • The Korea Research Foundation (한국학술진흥재단, KRF) est.1981 • The Korea Foundation (한국국제교류재단) est.1991.

Notable foreign centers of Korean studies A-Z order • University of British Columbia - Centre for Korean Studies [1] • University of California, Berkeley — Center for Korean Studies [2] • University of California, Los Angeles — Center for Korean Studies [3] • University of Chicago — Center for East Asian Studies [4] • Columbia University — Weatherhead East Asian Institute [5] • Harvard University — Korea Institute [6] • University of Hawaii — Center for Korean Studies [7] • Indiana University - East Asian Studies Center [8] • Indiana University Bloomington - Center for Korean Studies [9] • University of Leeds - Korea Research Hub, UK [10], Leeds • University of London School of Oriental and African Studies — Centre of Korean Studies [11] Korean studies 77

• University of Michigan — Nam Center for Korean Studies [12] • University of Pennsylvania — Center for East Asian Studies [13] • University of Sheffield — School of East Asian Studies • University of Washington - Korea Studies Program, East Asia Studies, Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies [14] • Ohio State University • Yale University — East Rock Institute [15] • Le Centre de Recherches sur la Corée (CRC ou « Centre Corée ») de l’EHESS [16]

Academic Journals • Journal of Korean Studies (JKS) University of Washington, Seattle. • Korean Studies (KS) University of Hawaii. • Korea Journal Seoul, publisher Samuel Lee.

Associations for Korean Studies overseas • The Association for Korean Studies in Europe [17] (AKSE) • British Association for Korean Studies [18] (BAKS)

Koreanologists The term Koreanologists indicates (typically foreign) academic scholars of Korean language and culture. Koreanists usually indicates a speaker or translator of Korean. Notable Koreanologists include James Scarth Gale, William E. Skillend and Richard Rutt. A subcategory of Koreanologists is Historians of Korea, including Bruce Cumings, James Palais, Roger Tennant and others.

Notes "Introduction" [19]. Korean Foundation website. Retrieved 2006-01-12.

External links • The Korea Foundation [20], Seoul 한국국제교류재단 • krf.or.kr [21], The Korea Research Foundation 한국학술진흥재단 • Academy of Korean Studies [22], Seoul and Korean Studies Net [23]. 한국학중앙연구원 • Online database of Korean Studies specialists [24] • Yuldo.net: A Korean Studies Site [25] Korean studies 78

References

[1] http:/ / www. iar. ubc. ca/ centres/ ckr

[2] http:/ / ieas. berkeley. edu/ cks/

[3] http:/ / www. isop. ucla. edu/ korea/

[4] http:/ / ceas. uchicago. edu/ index. html

[5] http:/ / www. columbia. edu/ cu/ weai/

[6] http:/ / www. fas. harvard. edu/ ~korea/

[7] http:/ / www. hawaii. edu/ korea/

[8] http:/ / www. indiana. edu/ %7Eeasc/

[9] http:/ / www. indiana. edu/ ~ealc/ index. shtml

[10] http:/ / www. leeds. ac. uk/ krh

[11] http:/ / www. soas. ac. uk/ koreanstudies/

[12] http:/ / ii. umich. edu/ ncks/

[13] http:/ / ccat. sas. upenn. edu/ ceas/

[14] http:/ / jsis. washington. edu/ korea/

[15] http:/ / www. eastrockinstitute. org/

[16] http:/ / crc. ehess. fr/

[17] http:/ / www. akse. uni-kiel. de/

[18] http:/ / www. baks. org. uk/

[19] http:/ / www. kf. or. kr:8080/ eng/ intro/ presentCondition. jsp

[20] http:/ / www. kofo. or. kr/

[21] http:/ / www. krf. or. kr/

[22] http:/ / www. aks. ac. kr/

[23] http:/ / ksnet. aks. ac. kr/

[24] http:/ / www. koreanists. net/

[25] http:/ / yuldo. net/

Indology

Indology is the academic study of the history and cultures, languages, and literature of the Indian subcontinent (most specifically the modern-day states of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal), and as such is a subset of Asian studies. Indology may also be known as Indic studies or Indian studies, or South Asian studies, although scholars and university administrators sometimes have only partially overlapping interpretations of these terms. The term Indology or (in German) Indologie is often associated with German scholarship, and is used more commonly in departmental titles in German and continental European universities than in the anglophone academy. In the Netherlands the term Indologie was used to designate the study of Indonesian history and culture in preparation for colonial service in the Dutch East Indies. Specifically, Indology includes the study of Sanskrit literature and Hinduism along with the other Indian religions, Jainism, Buddhism and Pāli literature, and Sikhism. Dravidology is the separate branch dedicated to the Dravidian languages of South India. Some scholars distinguish Classical Indology from Modern Indology, the former more focussed on Sanskrit and other ancient language sources, the latter on contemporary India, its politics and sociology. Indology 79

History

Beginnings The beginnings of the study of India date back to Megasthenes (ca. 350–290 BC), a Greek ambassador of the Seleucids to the court of Chandragupta, founder of the Mauryan Empire.[1] Based on his life in India Megasthenes composed a four-volume Indica, fragments of which still exist, which influenced classical geographers Arrian, Diodor and Strabon.[1] Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048) (Researches on India) recorded the political history of India and military history of India and covered India's cultural, scientific, social and religious history in detail.[2] He studied the anthropology of India, engaging in extensive participant observation with various Indian groups, learning their languages and studying their primary texts, and presenting his findings with objectivity and neutrality using cross-cultural comparisons.[3]

Academic discipline In the wake of 18th century pioneers like Henry Thomas Colebrooke or August Wilhelm Schlegel, Indology as an academic subject emerges in the 19th century, in the context of British India, together with Asian studies in general affected by the romantic Orientalism of the time. The Société Asiatique was founded in 1822, the Royal Asiatic Society in 1824, the American Oriental Society in 1842, and the German Oriental Society (Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft) in 1845, the Japanese Association of Indian and Buddhist Studies[4] in 1949. Systematic study and editorial activity of Sanskrit literature became possible with the St. Petersburg Sanskrit-Wörterbuch during the 1850s to 1870s. Translations of major Hindu texts in the Sacred Books of the East began in 1879. Otto von Bohtlingk's edition of Pāṇini's grammar appeared in 1887. Max Müller's edition of the Rigveda appeared in 1849–75. In 1897, Sergey Oldenburg launched a systematic edition of key Sanskrit texts, "Bibliotheca Buddhica".

Professional literature and associations Further information: Indomania Indologists typically attend conferences such as the American Association of Asian Studies, the American Oriental Society annual conference, the World Sanskrit Conference, and national-level meetings in the UK, Germany, India, Japan, France and elsewhere. They may routinely read and write in journals such as 'Indo-Iranian Journal,[5] Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society,[6] Journal of the American Oriental Society,[7] Journal asiatique,[8] the Journal of the German Oriental Society (ZDMG),[9] Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens,[10] Journal of Indian Philosophy,[11] Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, "Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies" (Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu), Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extrême Orient,[12] and others. They may be members of such professional bodies as the American Oriental Society, the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, the Société Asiatique, the Deutsche Morgenlāndische Gesellschaft and others. Indology 80

List of Indologists The following is a list of prominent academically qualified Indologists.

• Anquetil Duperron (1731–1805) • Maurice Bloomfield (1855–1928) • William Jones (1746–1794) • Mark Aurel Stein (1862–1943) • Charles Wilkins (1749–1836) • P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar(1863–1931) • Colin Mackenzie (1753–1821) • Moriz Winternitz (1863–1937) • Dimitrios Galanos (1760–1833) • Fyodor Shcherbatskoy (1866–1942) • Henry Thomas Colebrooke (1765–1837) • F.W. Thomas (1867–1956) • August Wilhelm Schlegel (1767–1845) • S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar (1871–1947) • James Mill (1773–1836). • John Hubert Marshall (1876–1958) • Horace Hayman Wilson (1786–1860) • Arthur Berriedale Keith (1879–1944) • Franz Bopp (1791–1867) • Pandurang Vaman Kane (1880–1972) • Duncan Forbes (linguist) (1798–1868) • Pierre Johanns (1882–1955) • John Muir (indologist) (1810–1882) • Andrzej Gawronski (1885–1927) • Edward Balfour (1813–1889) • Willibald Kirfel (1885–1964) • Robert Caldwell (1814–1891) • Heinrich Zimmer (1890–1943) • Alexander Cunningham (1814–1893) • Ervin Baktay (1890–1963) • Hermann Gundert (1814–1893) • Mortimer Wheeler (1890–1976) • Otto von Bohtlingk (1815–1904) • B. R. Ambedkar (1891–1956) • Monier Monier-Williams (1819–1899) • K. A. Nilakanta Sastri (1892–1975) • Rudolf Roth (1821–1893) • Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan (1893–1963) • Theodor Aufrecht (1822–1907) • V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar (1896–1953) • Max Müller (1823–1900) • Dasharatha Sharma (1903–1976) • Albrecht Weber (1825–1901) • Joseph Campbell (1904–1987) • Ralph T. H. Griffith (1826–1906) • Murray Barnson Emeneau (1904–2005) • Ferdinand Kittel (1832–1903) • Paul Thieme (1905–2001) • Edwin Arnold (1832–1904) • Jean Filliozat (1906–1982) • Johan Hendrik Caspar Kern (1833–1917) • Alain Danielou (1907–1994) • Georg Bühler (1837–1898) • F B J Kuiper (1907–2003) • Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar (1837–1925) • Thomas Burrow (1909–1986) • Julius Eggeling (1842–1918) • Arthur Llewellyn Basham (1914–1986) • Paul Deussen (1845–1919) • Richard De Smet (1916–1997) • Vincent Arthur Smith (1848–1920) • Madeleine Biardeau (1922–2010) • James Darmesteter (1849–1894) • V.S. Pathak (1926–2003) • Hermann Jacobi (1850–1937) • Kamil Zvelebil (1927–2009) • Kashinath Trimbak Telang (1850–1893) • Tatyana Elizarenkova (1929–2007) • Hermann Oldenberg (1854–1920) • Anncharlott Eschmann (1941–1977) • Arthur Anthony McDonell (1854–1930)

Contemporary Indologists with university posts in Indian Studies Indology 81

• Ram Sharan Sharma (1919–), Founding Chairperson of Indian Council of Historical Research; Professor Emeritus, Patna University • Hermann Kulke (1938–) • Heinrich von Stietencron University of Tübingen, Germany • Stanley Wolpert (1927–)- University of California, Los Angeles (emeritus) • Bhadriraju Krishnamurti (1928–)- Osmania University • Romila Thapar (born 1931–)- Jawaharlal Nehru University (emerita) • Asko Parpola (born 1941–)- University of Helsinki (emeritus) • Michael Witzel (born 1943–)- Harvard University • Ronald Inden- University of Chicago (emeritus) • Fida Hassnain- S.P. College, Srinagar • George L. Hart- University of California, Berkeley • Iravatham Mahadevan- Indian Council of Historical Research • Alexis Sanderson- All Souls College, Oxford University • Edwin Bryant- Rutgers University, New Jersey • Gérard Fussman – Collège de France

References [1] Bosworth, A. B.: "The Historical Setting of Megasthenes' Indica", Classical Philology, Vol. 91, No. 2. (1996), pp. 113–127 [2] M. S. Khan (1976). "al-Biruni and the Political History of India", Oriens 25, p. 86-115. [3] Akbar S. Ahmed (1984), "Al-Beruni: The First Anthropologist", RAIN 60: 9–10

[4] English Summary (http:/ / www. jaibs. jp/ English/ english. html). Jaibs.jp. Retrieved on 20 November 2011.

[5] International Publisher Science, Technology, Medicine (http:/ / www. springer. com/ uk/

home?SGWID=3-102-70-35758435-detailsPage=journal|description& changeHeader=true& SHORTCUT=www. springer. com/ journal/

10783/ about). Springer. Retrieved on 20 November 2011.

[6] R A S – Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (http:/ / www. royalasiaticsociety. org/ journal. html). Royalasiaticsociety.org. Retrieved on 20 November 2011.

[7] JAOS Front Matter (http:/ / www. umich. edu/ ~aos/ frntmtr. htm). Umich.edu. Retrieved on 20 November 2011.

[8] (Dutch) Journal Asiatique (http:/ / poj. peeters-leuven. be/ content. php?url=journal. php& code=JA). Poj.peeters-leuven.be. Retrieved on 20 November 2011.

[9] (http:/ / www. dmg-web. de/ Redaktion. html)

[10] Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens (WZKS) Vienna Journal for South Asian Studies (http:/ / epub. oeaw. ac. at/ 0084-0084). Epub.oeaw.ac.at. Retrieved on 20 November 2011.

[11] Journal of Indian Philosophy (http:/ / www. springer. com/ uk/ home/ generic/ search/ results?SGWID=3-40109-70-35501059-0). Springer.com. Retrieved on 20 November 2011.

[12] Bulletin de l'EFEO (http:/ / www. maisonneuve-adrien. com/ collections/ coll_bulletin_efeo. htm). Maisonneuve-adrien.com. Retrieved on 20 November 2011.

Further reading • Heinz Bechert, Georg von Simson – Einführung in die Indologie. Stand, Methoden, Aufgaben – ISBN 3-534-05466-0. • Jean Filliozat and Louis Renou – L'inde classique – ISBN B0000DLB66. • Grundriss der Indo-Arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde, Berlin und Leipzig, Vereinigung wissenschaftlicher verleger, 1920 • Bryant, Edwin. The Quest for the origins of Vedic culture. (2001) Oxford University Press • Chakrabarti, Dilip: Colonial Indology, 1997, Munshiram Manoharlal: New Delhi. • Halbfass, W. India and Europe: An Essay in Understanding. SUNY Press, Albany: 1988 • Edmund Leach. "Aryan Invasions Over Four Millennia. In "Culture Through Time (edited by Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney, Stanford University Press, 1990) • Gauri Viswanathan, 1989, Masks of Conquest Indology 82

• Pollock, Sheldon. Deep Orientalism?: Notes on Sanskrit and Power Beyond the Raj. In: Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives on South Asia, eds. Carol A. Breckenridge and Peter van der Veer. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993. • Servan-Schreiber, Catherine & Vuddamalay, Vasoodeven (éd.). Diasporas indiennes dans la ville. In hommes et migrations n° 1268–1269 (2007) • Trautmann, Thomas. 1997. Aryans and British India, University of California Press, Berkeley. • Windisch, Ernst. Geschichte der Sanskrit-Philologie und Indischen Altertumskunde. 2 vols. Strasbourg. Trübner, K.J., 1917–1920 • Zachariae, Theodor. Opera minora zur indischen Wortforschung, zur Geschichte der indischen Literatur und Kultur, zur Geschichte der Sanskritphilologie. Ed. Claus Vogel. Wiesbaden 1977, ISBN 3-515-02216-3.

External links

• www.indology.info (http:/ / indology. info/ ) – since 1995, with associated discussion forum since 1990

• www.indology.net (http:/ / www. indology. net) – defunct. Domain name on sale to high bidders.

• www.indianbookscentre.com (http:/ / www. indianbookscentre. com)

• SARDS 2: Database containing bibliographic references to South Asia research articles (http:/ / www. indologie.

uni-halle. de/ Sards2/ index. php?page=search. php)

• Books related to Indology (http:/ / www. dkagencies. com)

• The Veda as Studied by European Scholars (http:/ / www. giffordlectures. org/ Browse. asp?PubID=TPPHYR&

Volume=0& Issue=0& ArticleID=5) (Gifford Lectures Online) Institutes

• Vienna (http:/ / www. istb. univie. ac. at)

• Heidelberg (http:/ / www. sai. uni-heidelberg. de/ abt/ IND)

• Halle (http:/ / www. indologie. uni-halle. de)

• Mainz (http:/ / www. indologie. uni-mainz. de)

• French Institute of Pondicherry (http:/ / www. ifpindia. org/ -Indology-. html)

• Tübingen (http:/ / www. uni-tuebingen. de/ indologie)

• Zürich (http:/ / www. indologie. unizh. ch)

• Oxford (http:/ / www. orinst. ox. ac. uk/ isa) Dravidian studies 83 Dravidian studies

Dravidian studies (also Dravidology) is the academic field devoted to the Dravidian languages, literature and culture. It is a superset of Tamil studies and a subset of South Asian studies.

History 16th to 18th century missionaries who wrote Tamil grammars or lexica include Henriques Henrique, Roberto de Nobili, Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg and Constantino Giuseppe Beschi. The recognition that the Dravidian languages were a phylogenetic unit separate from Indo-European dates to 1816, and was presented by F. W. Ellis, Collector of Madras, at the College of Fort St. George. Pioneers of the field were Robert Caldwell, Johan van Manen, U. V. Swaminatha Iyer, T. R. Sesha Iyengar, V. Kanakasabhai, P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar, S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar, K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar, C. P. Brown, Ferdinand Kittel, Constantine Beschi, T. Burrow, M. B. Emeneau, B. L. Rice, Hermann Gundert, Kamil Zvelebil and Bhadriraju Krishnamurti.

Contemporary programs The Dravidian University at Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh has created Chairs in the names of Western and Dravidian scholars to encourage research in individual Dravidian languages as well as comparative Dravidian studies: Bishop Caldwell's Chair for Dravidian Studies, C. P. Brown's Chair for Telugu Studies, Kittel Chair for Kannada Studies, Constantine Beschi Chair for Tamil Studies and Gundert Chair for Malayalam Studies.[1]

References

[1] Dravidian University fellowships (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2006/ 08/ 26/ stories/ 2006082612880400. htm), The Hindu, Saturday, Aug 26, 2006

Literature • Robert Caldwell, Comparative Grammar of Dravidian Languages (1856; revised edition 1875).

• Bhadriraju Krishnamurti (2003). The Dravidian Languages (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?output=html&

ie=ISO-8859-1& id=T7Wv4ncys88C& vid=ISBN0521771110& dq="Dravidian+ studies"+ tamil&

ots=qD_A1RM1T-& pg=RA2-PA17& lpg=RA2-PA17& sig=ptnU0JQTQRpCR44_1aZUzfkiTD0&

q="Dravidian+ studies"+ tamil). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521771110. • Thomas R. Trautmann, Languages and nations: the Dravidian proof in colonial Madras, University of California Press, 2006, ISBN University of California Press, 2006. • Murray Barnson Emeneau (1994). Dravidian Studies: Selected Papers. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 8120808584. Dravidian studies 84

External links

• Dravidian studies in the Netherlands, IIAS newsletter (2005) (http:/ / www. iias. nl/ nl/ 36/ IIAS_NL36_21. pdf)

(http:/ / www. iias. nl/ nl/ 37/ IIAS_NL37_21. pdf)

• Extracts from T.R.Sesha Iyengar's "Dravidian India" by Dr. Samar Abbas, Bhubaneshwar, 4/8/2003 (http:/ /

www. saxakali. com/ southasia/ dravidian_india. htm)

• Literary Contributions of select list of Tamil Scholars from Overseas (http:/ / www. tamilelibrary. org/ teli/ tschlr. html)

Southeast Asian studies

Southeast Asian Studies refers to research and education on the language, culture, and history of the different states and ethnic groups of Southeast Asia.

Publication Southeast Asian Studies is also the English name of the Japanese scholarly journal Tonan Ajia Kenkyu [1]. The journal has been published since 1963 by the Center for Southeast Asian Studies at Kyoto University.

Programs by country Universities that offer studies of Southeast Asia are listed by region:

East Asia • Beijing Foreign Studies University • Beijing International Studies University • Kyoto University • Sun Yat-sen University • Tokyo University of Foreign Studies • Xiamen University

North America • Arizona State University • Cornell University • Johns Hopkins University • Ohio University • University of British Columbia • University of California, Berkeley • University of California, Los Angeles • University of Hawaii, Manoa • University of Illinois • University of Michigan • University of Northern Illinois • University of Pittsburgh • University of Toronto • University of Washington, Seattle • University of Wisconsin, Madison Southeast Asian studies 85

• Yale University

Southeast Asia • Ateneo de Manila University • Chulalongkorn University • Gadjah Mada University • Mahidol University • National University of Singapore • Thammasat University • University of Malaya • Walailak University • Silliman University

References

[1] http:/ / www. cseas. kyoto-u. ac. jp/ edit/ publications/ seas/ seas_contents_en. htm

External links

• Southeast Asian Studies (http:/ / www. cseas. kyoto-u. ac. jp/ edit/ publications/ seas/ seas_contents_en. htm) (journal), Kyoto University, Japan.

Burma studies

Burma Studies is a grouping used in research universities around the world as a way of bringing together specialists from different disciplines such as history, cultural anthropology, archeology, religious studies, art history, political science, and musicology, who are doing research in these areas focused on the geographical area of what is today the country of Burma or Myanmar, often using the Burmese language, or a language of one of its ethnic groups such as the Shan, Mon, Karen, Chin, or Kachin. The Journal of the Burma Research Society (JBRS) was the first academic journal devoted to Burma Studies. The journal started in 1911 about the same time as The Journal of the Siam Society and was published in Burma but is no longer published today. The Myanmar Historical Commission which was established in 1955 regularly publishes a journal and holds conferences in Burma Currently, outside of Burma (Myanmar) there are two academic journals specialising in Burma Studies research articles, the Journal of Burma Studies and the SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research. The School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) in London was the first institution of higher education outside of Burma to have many faculty specialising in Burma Studies. Specialists in the Burmese language and literature included the scholars Hla Pe, John Okell, Anna Allot and in the history of Burma the historian D.G.E. Hall. H.L. Shorto specialised in Mon language and literature. The late historian of Burma U Than Tun received his doctorate in history at SOAS. Many current specialists in Burma and its languages and ethnic groups received their doctorates at SOAS such as the historians Victor B. Lieberman and the Mon linguist Christian Bauer. The Center for Burma Studies at Northern Illinois University is the national center for Burma studies in the United States. The Journal of Burma Studies is a joint publication of NIU’s Center for Burma Studies and Center for Southeast Asian Studies, the Burma Studies Foundation, and the Burma Studies Group of the Association for Asian Studies. There is also a lot of activity in Burma studies at the University of Michigan, Cornell University, L'Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales, the University of Hawaii, the National University of Singapore, Burma studies 86

Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, as well as in Universities and Institutes in Burma (Myanmar), such as Yangon University, Mandalay University, and the Historical Research Centre. Despite the name of the country having been changed to "Myanmar" by the military junta, most universities outside of Burma (Myanmar) still refer to this academic focus as "Burma studies" reflecting the contested status of the name "Myanmar" outside of the country.

External links • Center for Burma Studies [1], Northern Illinois University • Burma Research at the School of Oriental and African Studies [2] • Journal of Burma Studies [3] • SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research [4]

References

[1] http:/ / www. grad. niu. edu/ burma/

[2] http:/ / web. soas. ac. uk/ burma/

[3] http:/ / www. grad. niu. edu/ burma/ webpgs/ journal. html

[4] http:/ / web. soas. ac. uk/ burma/ bulletin. htm

Thai studies

Thai Studies is an intellectual category used by research universities around the world as a way of bringing together specialists from different disciplines such as history, anthropology, religious studies, political science, Thai language, Thai literature, and musicology who are doing research in these areas in the country of Thailand. The term sometimes includes research on Tai ethnic groups living outside of Thailand such as the Shan or Tai Lu of Sipsongpanna in Yunnan, China as well as ethnic groups such as the Mon who have long inhabited the area of modern-day Thailand. Probably the first organisation to actively sponsor and promote Thai Studies was the Siam Society under royal patronage, established in 1904. The Siam Society has an extensive library of Thai studies materials and publishes the The Journal of the Siam Society. Currently, the Center for Thai Studies at Chulalongkorn University in Thailand is a thriving center for Thai Studies. The Thailand Information Center (TIC) at Chulalongkorn's main library is a central repository of research materials for Thai Studies. Cornell University was the first active center for Thai Studies in the United States. The highly acclaimed historian David K. Wyatt was professor at Cornell from 1969 until he retired in 2002. Thai studies 87

External links • The Siam Society [1] • The 10th International Conference on Thai Studies [2] • The Thai Studies Center, Chulalongkorn University [3] • Thailand Information Center, Chulalongkorn University [4] • Thai Khadi Research Institute, Thammasat University [5] • thaistudies.net, An international forum for students of Thailand based at Northern Illinois University [6] • Thai Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison [7] • National Thai Studies Centre [8], located at the College of Asia and the Pacific in the Australian National University

References

[1] http:/ / www. siam-society. org/

[2] http:/ / www. thaiconference. tu. ac. th/

[3] http:/ / www. arts. chula. ac. th/ international/ thai/

[4] http:/ / www. car. chula. ac. th/ tic/

[5] http:/ / www. tu. ac. th/ org/ tkri/ index-eng. htm

[6] http:/ / www. thaistudies. net/

[7] http:/ / seasia. wisc. edu/ Programs/ thaistudies. htm

[8] http:/ / www. anu. edu. au/ thaionline/ 88

European studies

European studies

European studies is a field of study offered by many academic colleges and universities that focuses on current developments in European integration. Some programmes offer a social science or public administration curriculum focusing on developments in the European Union. These programmes usually include a combination of political science, EU public policy, European history, European law, economics and sociology. Other universities approach the subject in a broader manner, including topics like European culture, European literature and European languages. While all programmes focus on the study of the European Union, they often cover national topics (in a comparative perspective) as well. The subject combines humanities and social sciences. Disciplines that are involved in European studies include: • Anthropology • Cultural studies • Economics • European languages • Geography • History • International relations • Law • Linguistics • Literature • Philosophy • Psychology • Political science • Public administration • Sociology While European studies departments are obviously more common in Europe than elsewhere, there are departments dedicated to its study further afield, including in North America, Asia and Australasia. Byzantine studies 89 Byzantine studies

Byzantine studies (also Byzantinology) is an interdisciplinary branch of the humanities that addresses the history, culture, costumes, religion, art, such as literature and music, science, economy, and politics of the Byzantine Empire. The discipline's founder in Germany is considered to be the philologist Hieronymus Wolf, a Renaissance humanist. He gave the name Byzantine to the eastern Roman Empire that continued after the western part collapsed in AD 476. About 100 years after the final conquest of Byzantium by the Ottomans, Wolf began to collect, edit, and translate the writings of Byzantine philosophers.[1] Other 16th-century humanists introduced Byzantine studies to Holland and Italy.[1]

Structure

Definition

Byzantine studies is the discipline that addresses the history and culture of Byzantium (Byzantium ↔ Byzantine Empire, the Greek Middle Ages; Byzantium = Constantinople [as capital of the Byzantine [2] Empire]). Thus the unity of the object of investigation The opening session of the IV International ("Byzantium") stands in contrast to the diversity of approaches Congress of Byzantine Studies in the Aula of the (= specializations) that may be applied to it. – There were already University of Sofia, 09/09/1934 "Byzantine" studies in the high medieval Byzantine Empire. In the later Middle Ages the interest in Byzantium (in particular the original Greek sources) was carried on by Italian humanism, and it expanded in the 17th century throughout Europe and Russia. The late 19th and early 20th centuries brought the formation of Byzantine studies as an independent discipline.

Byzantium Greek / Hellenistic culture, Roman state traditions, Oriental influence and Christian faith, together with a relative unity of language and culture, constitute medieval Byzantium. The starting point of Byzantine history is usually taken to be the reign of Constantine the Great (306–337) and the foundation of Constantinople (330). The "east-Roman" or late antique era of Byzantium begins at the latest with the division of the Roman Empire into a Western Roman Empire and an Eastern Roman Empire (395). This "early Byzantine" period lasts until approximately 641. Emperor Justinian I (527–65) reconquered Italy, north Africa, and southern Spain, but after the expansion of Islam (634/98) a reorganized Byzantium, now based on administration by Themes, was limited to the Greek-speaking regions of the Balkan peninsula, Asia Minor, and southern Italy; Latin was abandoned as the language of officialdom. This may be perceived as the "end of antiquity," and the beginning of the "middle Byzantine" era. This was also the era of Iconoclasm (717–843) and of the origin of the Holy Roman Empire (800). Under the Macedonian Dynasty (10th–11th centuries) Byzantium regained power against the Islamic and Bulgarian states, but the death of Emperor Basil II marked a turning point, with Byzantine power in Asia Minor and southern Italy suffering from the Battle of Manzikert (1071) and the rise of the Normans, respectively. A certain stability was achieved under the Comnenian Dynasty, at least until the Battle of Myriokephalon (1176). Internal conflicts facilitated the sack of Constantinople by the Crusaders (the Fourth Crusade, 1204) and the establishment of Latin states in the south Balkans. The late period of the Byzantine Empire as a small state begins with the Palaiologos dynasty, which was particularly threatened by the advances of the Ottoman Empire and the economic influence of Venice and Genoa. An empire weakened in part through civil war suffered a severe blow when Thessalonica was captured in 1430, and finally fell Byzantine studies 90

to the Ottomans (Fall of Constantinople in 1453, and of Mistras in 1461). The Empire of Trebizond (1204–1461), founded in the wake of the Fourth Crusade, also forms a part of Byzantine history.

Languages It is possible to distinguish between three levels of speech: Atticism (the literary language), Koine (the common language of the Hellenistic period), and Demotic (the popular language, and the forerunner of modern Greek). Thus a certain diglossia between spoken Greek and written, classical Greek may be discerned. Major genres of Byzantine literature include historiography (both in the classical mode and in the form of chronicles), hagiography (in the form of the biographical account or bios and the panegyric or enkomion); hagiographic collections (the menaia and synaxaria), epistolography, rhetoric, and poetry. From the Byzantine administration, broadly construed, we have works such as description of peoples and cities, accounts of court ceremonies, and lists of precedence. Technical literature is represented, for example, by texts on military strategy. Collections of civil and canon law are preserved, as well as documents and acta (see "Diplomatics" below). Some texts in the demotic are also preserved.

Auxiliary sciences

Modes of transmission Modes of transmission entails the study of texts that are preserved primarily on papyrus, parchment or paper, in addition to inscriptions, coins, and medals. The papyrus rolls of antiquity (papyrology) are quickly replaced by the parchment codices of the Middle Ages (codicology), while paper arrives in the 9th century via the Arabs and Chinese.

Diplomatics Diplomatics entails the study of Byzantine documents. Documents may be classified according to their producers as secular (imperial and private documents) or sacred (patriarchal and episcopal documents), or according to their means of preservation (the originals, imitations, or simple copies). Imperial documents may be divided into those that promulgate law (types: edikton, typos, pragmatikos typos, thespisma, neara, nomos, sakra; mandatum principis), present decisions regarding specific cases (Epistula type: epistule, sakra; Subscriptio type: lysis [administration, taxes], semeiosis), documents of foreign policy (treaties, letters to foreign rulers) (types: sakrai, grammata, basilikon, chrysobullos horismos, chrysobullon sigillon, prokuratorikon chrysobullon) and administrative documents (Types: prostagmata [horismoi], sigillia, codicilli).[3] [4] Sacred documents are the documents and official letters of the patriarchs, including the gramma, homologia (creeds), diatheke (testaments), aphorismos (excommunication), paraitesis (abdication) as well as the ceremonial praxis (synodike) and the hypotyposis (the resolution of a synod) and the tomos (dogmatic edicts). The most splendid form of privileged communication, in the form of a letter, was chrysobullos logos so called because the Emperor's word (logos) appeared three times in red ink.[4] They were used in the appointments of Imperial ambassadors and they were stamped with the Imperial golden seal (Chrysos = gold and bulla = seal).[4] Byzantine studies 91

Sigillography and palaeography Specific subsets of diplomatics entail sigillography, the study of seals, and palaeography, the study of scripts.[5]

Epigraphy Byzantine epigraphy entails the study of various stone, metal, ivory, mosaic, enamel, and paint inscriptions.

Numismatics Byzantine numismatics entails the study of coins. Building on the gold standard of late antiquity, the Byzantine monetary system was, until the middle of the 14th century, based on a gold standard, and included silver, bronze, and copper coins. With the economic and political decline of the late period, the gold standard was abandoned in the final century of Byzantine history, and replaced by a silver-based system.

Metrology Byzantine metrology entails the study of weights and measures. A great number of measures of length were used, including the ancient Greek daktylos, kondylos, anticheir, palaiste, dichas, spithame, pechys, bema (one pace), orgia (a fathom), schoinion (field measurement), plethron, million, allage, a day's journey.[6] Measure of volume included: litra, tagarion, pinakion, modios, and those of surface area modios, megalos modios and zeugarion.[7] Measures for water and wine were called megarikon, metron and tetartion.[7] Measures of weight were krithokokkon, sitokokkon, gramma, obolos, drachme, ungia, litra, kentenarion, gomarion and pesa.[7]

Chronology Byzantine chronology entails the study of the computation of time). According to the various Byzantine calendar systems: Year 1 AD. = Year 754 ab urbe condita = the first year of the 195th Olympiad = Year 49 of the Antiochean era = Year 5493 of the Alexandrine era = Year 312 of the Seleucid era = Year 5509 from the formation of the world. The Byzantine year began with the 1st of September, believed to be the day of creation, e.g., the 1st of January through the 31st of August belonged to the year 5508, the 1st of September through the 31st of December to the year 5509. Dating according to indiction remained standard.

Literature This article is substantially based upon the equivalent entry in the German Wikipedia. • Hans-Georg Beck, Byzantinistik heute. Berlin, De Gruyter 1977. ISBN 3-11-007220-3 • Herbert Hunger, Studien zur griechischen Paläographie (= Biblos-Schriften 5), Wien 1954 • Herbert Hunger, Byzantinische Grundlagenforschung, London 1973 • Johannes Irmscher, Einführung in die Byzantinistik, Berlin 1971 • Alexander Kazhdan, Giles Constable, People and Power in Byzantium. An introduction to modern Byzantine studies, Washington 1982 • Otto Mazal, Handbuch der Byzantinistik, Graz 1989 • Gyula Moravcsik, Einführung in die Byzantologie, Darmstadt 1976 Byzantine studies 92

Important journals • Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, Oxford, ISSN 0307-0131. • Byzantinische Zeitschrift, Munich, ISSN 0007-7704. • Byzantinoslavica, Prague, ISSN 0007-7712 • Byzantion: revue internationale des études byzantines, Brussels. • Dumbarton Oaks papers, Washington, ISSN 0070-7546. • Gouden hoorn, Amsterdam, ISSN 0929-7820 • Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik, Vienna, ISSN 0378-8660. • Revue des études byzantines, Paris, ISSN 0373-5729. • Rivista di studi bizantini e neoellenici, Rome, ISSN 0557-1367. • Vizantiĭskiĭ vremennik, Moscow, ISSN 0132-3776 • Zbornik Radova Vizantološkog Instituta, Belgrade, ISSN 0584-9888.

Citations

[1] Byzantium: Faith and Power (1261–1557) (http:/ / findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_m0422/ is_2_87/ ai_n14814121), Helen C. Evans, ed., exh. cat. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art; New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004 Quote: "And, whereas Wolf initiated Byzantine studies in Germany, particularly through the editing of texts, other sixteenth-century humanists were doing the same in Holland and Italy."

[2] Byzantine Studies definition from Oxford University (http:/ / www. history. ox. ac. uk/ byzstud/ )

[3] Realities of Byzantine Provincial Government: Hellas and Peloponnesos, 1180-1205 (http:/ / links. jstor. org/

sici?sici=0070-7546(1975)29<253:ROBPGH>2. 0. CO;2-8) Judith Herrin Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 29, 1975 (1975), pp. 253–284

[4] Britannica on chrysobullos logos (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ topic-116415/ chrysobullos-logos)

[5] Dumbarton Oaks on Nicolas Oikonomides (http:/ / www. doaks. org/ DOP54/ DP54NO. pdf) Quote: Dumbarton Oaks has lost a good friend. On 31 May 2000, Nicolas Oikonomides, Dumbarton Oaks’s advisor for Byzantine sigillography, died in Athens after a brief illness.

[6] Ancient Greek units of length (http:/ / www. sizes. com/ units/ charts/ UTBLAGreek_length. htm)

[7] The Economic History of Byzantium:From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century (http:/ / www. doaks. org/ EconHist/ EHB39. pdf) Angeliki E. Laiou, Editor-in-Chief Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection Washington,D.C. © 2002 Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University Washington, D.C.

External links

• International Association of Byzantine Studies (http:/ / www. aiebnet. gr/ default-eng. htm)

• Byzantine Studies Association of North America (http:/ / www. bsana. net/ )

• Australian Association for Byzantine Studies (http:/ / home. vicnet. net. au/ ~byzaus/ )

• Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies (U.K.) (http:/ / www. byzantium. ac. uk/ )

• Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies (http:/ / www. doaks. org/ Byzantine. html)

• Bibliography on Byzantine Paleography from Fordham University NY (http:/ / www. fordham. edu/ halsall/ byz/

greekpalbib. html)

• Institute for Byzantine Studies of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (http:/ / www. oeaw. ac. at/ byzanz/ index. htm)

• 22nd International Congress of Byzantine Studies (Sofia, 22-27 August 2011) (http:/ / 22byzantinecongress. org) Classics 93 Classics

Classics (sometimes encompassing Classical Studies or Classical Civilization) is the branch of the Humanities comprising the languages, literature, philosophy, history, art, archaeology and other culture of the ancient Mediterranean world (Bronze Age ca. BC 3000 – Late Antiquity ca. AD 300–600); especially Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome during Classical Antiquity (ca. BC 600 – AD 600). Initially, the study of the Classics (the period's literature) was the principal study in the humanities.

History of the Western Classics

The word “classics” is derived from the Latin adjective classicus: “belonging to the highest class of citizens”, connoting superiority, authority, and perfection. The first “Classic” writer was Aulus Gellius, a 2nd-century Roman writer who, in the miscellany Noctes Atticae (19, 8, 15), refers to a writer as a Classicus scriptor, non proletarius(“A

distinguished, not a commonplace writer”). Such classification began Bust of Homer, ancient Greek epic poet. with the Greeks’ ranking their cultural works, with the word canon (“carpenter’s rule”). Moreover, early Christian Church Fathers used canon to rank the authoritative texts of the New Testament, preserving them, given the expense of vellum and papyrus and mechanical book reproduction, thus, being comprehended in a canon ensured a book’s preservation as the best way to retain information about a civilization. Contemporarily, the Western canon defines the best of Western culture. In the ancient world, at the Alexandrian Library, scholars coined the Greek term Hoi enkrithentes (“the admitted”, “the included”) to identify the writers in the canon.

The method of study in the Classical World was “Philo’s Rule”: (lit.: "strike the divine coin anew")—the law of strict continuity in preserving words and ideas.[1] Although the definitions of words and ideas might broaden, continuity (preservation) requires retention of their original arete (excellence, virtue, goodness). “Philo’s Rule” imparts intellectual and aesthetic appreciation of “the best, which has been thought and said in the world”. Oxford classicist Edward Copleston said that classical education “communicates to the mind…a high sense of honor, a disdain of death in a good cause, [and] a passionate devotion to the welfare of one’s country”,[2] thus concurring with Cicero that: “All literature, all philosophical treatises, all the voices of antiquity are full of examples for imitation, which would all lie unseen in darkness without the light of literature”.

Legacy of the Classical World The Classical languages of the Ancient Mediterranean world influenced every European language, imparting to each a learned vocabulary of international application. Thus, Latin grew from a highly developed cultural product of the Golden and Silver eras of Latin literature to become the international lingua franca in matters diplomatic, scientific, philosophic and religious, until the 17th century. In turn, the Classical languages continued, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and Ancient Greek into Modern Greek and its dialects. In the specialised science and technology vocabularies, the influence of Latin and Greek is notable. Ecclesiastical Latin, the Roman Catholic Church’s official tongue, remains a living legacy of the classical world to the contemporary world. Classics 94

Sub-disciplines within the classics One of the most notable characteristics of the modern study of classics is the diversity of the field. Although traditionally focused on ancient Greece and Rome, the study now encompasses the entire ancient Mediterranean world, thus expanding their studies to Northern Africa and parts of the Middle East.

Philology Traditionally, classics was essentially the philology of ancient texts. Although now less dominant, philology retains a central role. One definition of classical philology describes it as "the science which concerns itself with everything that has been transmitted from antiquity in the Greek or Latin language. The object of this science is thus the Graeco-Roman, or Classical, world to the extent that it has left behind monuments in a linguistic form."[3] Before the invention of the printing press, texts were reproduced by hand and distributed haphazardly. As a result, extant versions of the same text often differ from one another. Some classical philologists, known as textual critics, seek to synthesize these defective texts to find the most accurate version.

Archaeology Classical archaeology is the investigation of the physical remains of the great Mediterranean civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. The archaeologists’ field, laboratory, library, and documentation work make available the extant literary and linguistic cultural artefacts to the field’s sub-disciplines, such as Philology. Like-wise, archaeologists rely upon the philology of ancient literatures in establishing historic contexts among the classic-era remains of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome.

Art history Some art historians focus their study of the development of art on the classical world. Indeed, the art and architecture of Ancient Rome and Greece is very well regarded and remains at the heart of much of our art today. For example, Ancient Greek architecture gave us the Classical Orders: Doric order, Ionic order, and Corinthian order. The Parthenon is still the architectural symbol of the classical world. Greek sculpture is well known and we know the names of several Ancient Greek artists: for example, Phidias.

Civilization and history With philology, archæology, and art history, scholars seek understanding of the history and culture of a civilisation, through critical study of the extant literary and physical artefacts, in order to compose and establish a continual historic narrative of the Ancient World and its peoples. The task is difficult, given the dearth of physical evidence; for example, Sparta was a leading Greek city-state, yet little evidence of it survives to study, and what is available comes from Athens, Sparta’s principal rival; like-wise, the Roman Empire destroyed most evidence (cultural artefacts) of earlier, conquered civilizations, such as that of the Etruscans. Classics 95

Philosophy Pythagoras coined the word philosophy (“love of wisdom”), the work of the “Philosopher” who seeks understanding of the world as it is, thus, most classics scholars recognize that the roots of Western philosophy originate in Greek philosophy, the works of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and the Stoics.

Classical Greece Ancient Greece is the civilization belonging to the period of Greek history lasting from the Archaic period of the 8th to 6th centuries BC to 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece after the Battle of Corinth. At the center of this time period is Classical Greece, which flourished during the 5th to 4th centuries BC, at first under Athenian leadership successfully repelling the military threat of Persian invasion. The Athenian Golden Age ends with the defeat of Athens at the hands of Sparta in the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC. Classical Greek culture had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire, which carried a version of it to many parts of the Mediterranean region and Europe, for which reason Classical Greece is generally considered to be the seminal culture which provided the foundation of Western civilization.

Language in ancient Greece Ancient Greek is the historical stage in the development of the Greek language spanning the Archaic (c. 9th–6th centuries BC), Classical (c. 5th–4th centuries BC), and Hellenistic (c. 3rd century BC – 6th century AD) periods of ancient Greece and the ancient world. It is predated in the 2nd millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek. Its Hellenistic phase is known as Koine ("common") or Biblical Greek, and its late period mutates imperceptibly into Medieval Greek. Koine is regarded as a separate historical stage of its own, although in its earlier form it closely resembles Classical Greek. Prior to the Koine period, Greek of the classic and earlier periods included several regional dialects. Ancient Greek was the language of Homer and of classical Athenian historians, playwrights, and philosophers. It has contributed many words to English vocabulary and has been a standard subject of study in Western educational institutions since the Renaissance. Latinized forms of Ancient Greek roots are used in many of the scientific names of species and in scientific terminology.

Ancient Greek literature Alfred North Whitehead once claimed that all of philosophy is but a footnote to Plato. To suggest that all of Western literature is no more than a footnote to the writings of ancient Greece is an exaggeration, but it is nevertheless true that the Greek world of thought was so far-ranging that there is scarcely an idea discussed today not already debated by the ancient writers. At the beginning of Greek literature stand the two monumental works of Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Greeks invented the epic and lyric forms of tragedy and used them skillfully. They also invented drama and produced masterpieces that are still reckoned as drama's crowning achievement. Like tragedy, comedy arose from a ritual in honor of Dionysus, but in this case the plays were full of frank obscenity, abuse, and insult. At Athens the comedies became an official part of the festival celebration in 486 BC, and prizes were offered for the best productions. Two of the most famous historians who have ever written flourished during Greece's classical age: Herodotus and Thucydides. Herodotus is commonly called the father of history, and his "History" contains the first truly literary use of prose in Western literature. Of the two, Thucydides was the more careful historian. His critical use of sources, inclusion of documents, and laborious research made his History of the Peloponnesian War a significant influence on later generations of historians. The greatest achievement of the 4th century was in philosophy. There were many Greek philosophers, but three names tower above the rest: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. It is impossible to calculate the enormous influence these thinkers have had on Western society . Classics 96

Greek mythology and religion Greek mythology is the body of myths and legends belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices. They were a part of religion in ancient Greece. Modern scholars refer to the myths and study them in an attempt to throw light on the religious and political institutions of Ancient Greece, its civilization, and to gain understanding of the nature of myth-making itself. Greek religion encompasses the collection of beliefs and rituals practiced in ancient Greece in the form of both popular public religion and cult practices. These different groups varied enough for it to be possible to speak of Greek religions or "cults" in the plural, though most of them shared similarities. Also, the Greek religion extended out of Greece and out to other islands. Many Greek people recognized the major gods and goddesses: Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, Ares, Dionysus, Hephaestus, Athena, Hermes, Demeter, Hestia and Hera though philosophies such as Stoicism and some forms of Platonism used language that seems to posit a transcendent single deity. Different cities often worshipped the same deities, sometimes with epithets that distinguished them and specified their local nature.

Ancient Greek philosophy Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the 6th century BCE and continued through the Hellenistic period, at which point Ancient Greece was incorporated in the Roman Empire. It dealt with a wide variety of subjects, including political philosophy, ethics, metaphysics, ontology, logic, biology, rhetoric, and aesthetics. Many philosophers today concede that Greek philosophy has shaped the entire Western thought since its inception. Clear, unbroken lines of influence lead from ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophers, to medieval Islamic philosophers, to the European Renaissance and Enlightenment.

Technology of ancient Greece Ancient Greek technology developed at an unprecedented speed during the 5th century BC, continuing up to and including the Roman period, and beyond. Inventions that are credited to the ancient Greeks such as the gear, screw, rotary mills, screw press, bronze casting techniques, water clock, water organ, torsion catapult and the use of steam to operate some experimental machines and toys and a chart to find prime numbers. Many of these inventions occurred late in the Greek period, often inspired by the need to improve weapons and tactics in war. However, peaceful uses are shown by their early development of the watermill, a device which pointed to further exploitation on a large scale under the Romans. They developed surveying and mathematics to an advanced state, and many of their technical advances were published by philosophers such as Archimedes and Hero.

Classical Rome

Roman Roman mythology Roman science Roman history Roman literature Latin philosophy and religion language Classics 97

• Seneca the • Roman • Agriculture • Periods • Poets • Latin Younger mythology • Cato the Elder • The founding of Rome • Didactic poetry • Classical • Cicero • Roman religion • Roman Kingdom Latin • Columella • Ovid • Lucretius • Roman Republic • Vulgar • Varro • Virgil • Marcus • Roman Empire Latin Astrology/Astronomy • Drama Aurelius • The fall of Rome • Manilius • Topics • Plautus • Seneca the • Architecture/Engineering • The Samnite Wars Younger • Frontinus • The Pyrrhic War • Terence • Vitruvius • The Punic Wars • Elegiac poetry • The First Punic • Catullus War • Ovid • The Second Punic • Propertius War • Tibullus • The Third Punic • Epic poetry War • The Social War • Ennius • The Gallic Wars • Lucan • The Civil war between • Ovid Antony and Octavian • Virgil • The Germanic Wars • Lucan • Statius • Epigram • Martial • Lyric poetry • Catullus • Horace • Satire • Horace • Juvenal • Persius • Prose writers • Epistolary writers • Cicero • Pliny the younger • Seneca • Encyclopedia • Pliny the Elder • Apuleius • Petronius • History • Caesar • Livy • Sallust • Suetonius • Tacitus • Oratory • Rhetoric • Quintilian • Satire • Petronius • Seneca the Younger Classics 98

Famous classicists Throughout the history of the Western world, many classicists have gone on to gain acknowledgement outside the field. • John Milton, author of Paradise Lost and English Civil War figure; studied, like many educated people of the time, Latin and Greek texts, which influenced Paradise Lost • George Berkeley, philosopher, read Classics at Trinity College, Dublin, where he was also Junior Lecturer in Greek • Edward Gibbon, English historian and Member of Parliament who wrote The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire • William Ewart Gladstone, 19th century British Prime Minister, studied classics at Oxford University • Theodor Mommsen, author of History of Rome and works on Roman law; German politician, delegate in the Reichstag during the German Empire period • Karl Marx, philosopher and political thinker, studied Latin and Greek and received a Ph.D. for a dissertation on ancient Greek philosophy, entitled "The Difference between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature." His classical background is reflected in his philosophies—indeed the term "proletariat" which he coined came from that Latin word referring to the lowest class of citizen. • Søren Kierkegaard, philosopher, theologian, and social critic, studied classical philosophy and received a Master of Arts for a dissertation on Socratic thought, entitled On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates. Kierkegaard spent much of his philosophical career studying and refining his views of Socrates. • Friedrich Nietzsche, philosopher; earned Ph.D. and became Professor of Classics at the University of Basel in Switzerland • Sir James George Frazer, poet and anthropologist • Oscar Wilde, nineteenth-century playwright and poet; studied classics at Trinity College, Dublin and Magdalen College, Oxford • A.E. Housman, best known to the public as a poet and the author of A Shropshire Lad, was the most accomplished (and feared) textual critic of his generation and held the Kennedy Professorship of Latin at Trinity College, Cambridge from 1911 until his death in 1936. • John Buchan, writer and politician, who served as Governor General of Canada. • P.G. Wodehouse, writer, playwright, lyricist and creator of Jeeves; studied classics at Dulwich College • Enoch Powell, British Conservative and later Ulster Unionist politician; wrote and edited texts on Herodotus • Boris Johnson, British Conservative politician and current Mayor of London; studied classics at Balliol College, Oxford. Most other pre-twentieth century Oxbridge playwrights, poets and English scholars studied classics before English studies became a course in its own right. Also many civil servants, politicians, etc. studied classics at Oxford University, by taking a course in Greats, up till the 1920s, when Modern Greats started to become more influential.

Modern quotations about • "Nor can I do better, in conclusion, than impress upon you the study of Greek literature, which not only elevates above the vulgar herd but leads not infrequently to positions of considerable emolument." —Thomas Gaisford, Christmas sermon, Christ Church, Oxford. • "I would make them all learn English: and then I would let the clever ones learn Latin as an honour, and Greek as a treat." —Sir Winston Churchill, Roving Commission: My Early Life • "He studied Latin like the violin, because he liked it." —Robert Frost, The Death of the Hired Man Classics 99

• "I enquire now as to the genesis of a philologist and assert the following: 1. A young man cannot possibly know what the Greeks and Romans are. 2. He does not know whether he is suited for finding out about them." —Friedrich Nietzsche, Unzeitgemässe Betrachtungen • "I doubt whether classical education ever has been or can be successfully carried out without corporal punishment." —George Orwell

Notes [1] Werner Jaeger, Paideia, Eng. trans. 1939–44, vol. 2, p.xii. [2] Edward Copleston, The Victorians and Ancient Greece, Richard Jenkyns, 60.

[3] J. and K. Kramer, La filologia classica, 1979 as quoted by [Christopher S. Mackay|http:/ / www. ualberta. ca/ ~csmackay/ Philology. html]

References

Dictionaries • Biographical Dictionary of North American Classicists by Ward W. Briggs, Jr. (editor). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994 (hardcover, ISBN 0-313-24560-6). • Classical Scholarship: A Biographical Encyclopedia (Garland Reference Library of the Humanities) by Ward W. Briggs and William M. Calder III (editors). New York: Taylor & Francis, 1990 (hardcover, ISBN 0-8240-8448-9). • Dictionary of British Classicists, 1500–1960. Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum, 2004 (ISBN 1-85506-997-0). • An Encyclopedia of the History of Classical Archaeology, edited by Nancy Thomson de Grummond. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996 (hardcover, ISBN 0-313-22066-2; ISBN 0-313-30204-9 (A–K); ISBN 0-313-30205-7 (L–Z)). • Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities, ed. by Harry Thurston Peck. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1896; 2nd ed., 1897; New York: Cooper Square Publishers, 1965. • Medwid, Linda M. The Makers of Classical Archaeology: A Reference Work. New York: Humanity Books, 2000 (hardcover, ISBN 1-57392-826-7). • The New Century Classical Handbook, ed. by Catherine B. Avery. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1962. • The Oxford Classical Dictionary, ed. by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, revised 3rd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2003 (ISBN 0-19-860641-9). • The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature, ed. by M.C. Howatson. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.

Miscellanea • Beard, Mary; Henderson, John. Classics: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995 (paperback, ISBN 0-19-285313-9); 2000 (new edition, paperback, ISBN 0-19-285385-6). • Briggs, Ward W.; Calder, III, William M. Classical scholarship: A biographical encyclopedia (Garland reference library of the humanities). London: Taylor & Francis, 1990 (ISBN 0-8240-8448-9). • Forum: Class and Classics: • Krevans, Nita. "Class and Classics: A Historical Perspective," The Classical Journal, Vol. 96, No. 3. (2001), p. 293. • Moroney, Siobhan. "Latin, Greek and the American Schoolboy: Ancient Languages and Class Determinism in the Early Republic", The Classical Journal, Vol. 96, No. 3. (2001), pp. 295–307. • Harrington Becker, Trudy. "Broadening Access to a Classical Education: State Universities in Virginia in the Nineteenth Century", The Classical Journal, Vol. 96, No. 3. (2001), pp. 309–322. Classics 100

• Bryce, Jackson. "Teaching the Classics", The Classical Journal, Vol. 96, No. 3. (2001), pp. 323–334. • Knox, Bernard. The Oldest Dead White European Males, And Other Reflections on the Classics. New York; London: W.W. Norton & Co., 1993. • Macrone, Michael. Brush Up Your Classics. New York: Gramercy Books, 1991. (Guide to famous words, phrases and stories of Greek classics.)

• Nagy, Péter Tibor. "The meanings and functions of classical studies in Hungary in the 18th–20th century" (http:/ /

mek. oszk. hu/ 03700/ 03797/ 03797. htm#6), in The social and political history of Hungarian education (http:/ /

mek. oszk. hu/ 03700/ 03797/ 03797. htm) (ISBN 963-200-511-2). • Pearcy, Lee T. The Grammar of Our Civility: Classical Education in America (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2005). • Wellek, René. "Classicism in Literature", in Dictionary of the History of Ideas, Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas, ed. by Philip P. Wiener. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1968. • Winterer, Caroline. The Mirror of Antiquity: American Women and the Classical Tradition, 1750–1900. Ithaca, NY; London: Cornell University Press, 2007 (hardcover, ISBN 978-0-8014-4163-9).

Further reading • Victor Davis Hanson, John Heath, Who Killed Homer: The Demise of Classical Education and the Recovery of Greek Wisdom, Encounter Books, 2001

External links

• The Classical Association (http:/ / www. classicalassociation. org/ ), the largest classical organization in the UK.

• Institute of Classical Studies (http:/ / icls. sas. ac. uk/ ), the UK's national centre for the study of the ancient world, based at the University of London

• Institute of Classical Studies Postgraduate Work-in-Progress Seminar official website (http:/ / www. pgwip. org.

uk/ ), the UK's national forum for postgraduate students in classics

• Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies (http:/ / www. romansociety. org/ )

• Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies (http:/ / www. hellenicsociety. org. uk/ )

• The American Classical League (http:/ / www. aclclassics. org/ ), the largest classics organization in the US, mainly a Latin, Greek, and Humanities teacher resource center

• The National Junior Classical League (http:/ / www. njcl. org/ ), the largest youth-oriented Classics organization in the world, with US and international chapters, and membership for all middle- and high-school students of the Classics

• Classical Resources on Internet (http:/ / www. ut. ee/ klassik/ links/ pages/ ) at the Department of Classical Philology, University of Tartu.

• De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors (http:/ / www. roman-emperors. org/ )

• Electronic Resources for Classicists (http:/ / www. tlg. uci. edu/ index/ resources. html) by the University of California, Irvine.

• Illustrated History of the Roman Empire (http:/ / www. roman-empire. net/ )

• The Online Medieval and Classical Library (http:/ / sunsite. berkeley. edu/ OMACL/ )

• NOSTOI (http:/ / www. nostoi. org/ ) Journal of Classical Humanism. An aggregation of classical topics, articles and news.

• The Perseus Digital Library (http:/ / www. perseus. tufts. edu/ )

• The Centre for the Promotion of Classics in Schools, Eye, Suffolk (http:/ / www. learningclassics. com/ ) Celtic studies 101 Celtic studies

Celtic studies is the academic discipline occupied with the study of any sort of cultural output relating to a Celtic people. This ranges from linguistics, literature and art history archaeology and history, the focus lying on the study of the various Celtic languages, living and extinct.[1] The primary areas of focus are the six Celtic languages currently in use: Irish, Welsh, Scottish Gaelic, Manx, Cornish, and Breton. As a university subject, it is taught at a number of universities worldwide, most of them in Ireland, the United Kingdom, and France, but also in the United States, Canada, Australia, Germany, Poland, Austria and the Netherlands.

History (16th-19th century)

Written studies of the Celts, their cultures and their languages go back to classical Greek and Latin accounts, possibly beginning with Hecataeus in the 6th century BC[1] and best known through such authors as Polybius, Posidonius, Pausanias, Diodorus Siculus, Julius Caesar and Strabo. Modern Celtic studies originated in the 16th and 17th century, when many of these classical authors were re-discovered, published and translated.[1]

Academic interest in Celtic languages grew out of comparative and historical linguistics, which was itself established at the end of the 18th century. In the 16th century, George Buchanan studied Gaelic. The first major breakthrough in Celtic linguistics came with the publication of Archaeologia Britannica (1707) by the Welsh scholar Edward Lhuyd, who was the first to recognise that Gaulish, British and Irish belong to the same language family.[1] He also published the English version of a study by Paul-Yves Pezron of Gaulish.

In 1767 James Parsons published his study The Remains of Japhet, being historical enquiries into the affinity and origins of the European languages. He compared a 1000-word lexicon of Irish and Welsh and

concluded that they were originally the same, then comparing the The Celtic nations where most Celtic speakers numerals in many other languages. are now concentrated The second big leap forwards was made when the Englishman Sir William Jones postulated that Sanskrit, Greek, Latin and many other languages including "the Celtic" derived from a common ancestral language. This hypothesis, published in The Sanscrit Language (1786), would later be hailed as the discovery of the Indo-European language family, from which grew the field of Indo-European studies.[1] The Celtic languages were definitively linked to the Indo-European family over the course of the 19th century. Although Jones' trailblazing hypothesis inspired numerous linguistic studies, of which Celtic languages were a part, it was not until Johann Kaspar Zeuss's monumental Grammatica Celtica (volume 1, 1851; volume 2, 1853) that any truly significant progress was made.[1] Composed in Latin, the work draws on the earliest Old Irish, Middle Welsh and other Celtic primary sources to construct a comparative grammar, which was the first to lay out a steady basis for Celtic linguistics.[1] Among other achievements, Zeuss was able to crack the Old Irish verb. Celtic studies 102

Celtic studies in the German-speaking world and the Netherlands German Celtic studies (Keltologie) is seen by many as having been established by Johann Kaspar Zeuss (1806–1856) (see above). In 1847, he was appointed as a professor of linguistics in Munich. Until the middle of the 19th century, Celtic studies progressed largely as a subfield of linguistics. Franz Bopp (1791–1867) carried out further studies in comparative linguistics to link the Celtic languages to the Proto-Indo-European language. He is credited with having finally proven Celtic to be a branch of the Indo-European language family. From 1821 to 1864, he served as a professor of oriental literature and general linguistics in Berlin. In 1896, Kuno Meyer and Ludwig Christian Stern founded the Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie (ZCP), the first academic journal solely devoted to aspects of Celtic languages and literature and still in existence today.[2] In the second half of the century, significant contributions were made by the Orientalist Ernst Windisch (1844–1918). He held a chair in Sanskrit at the University of Leipzig, however is most remembered for his numerous publications in the field of Celtic studies. In 1901, the Orientalist and Celtologist Heinrich Zimmer (1851–1910) was made professor of Celtic languages at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin, the first position of its kind in Germany. He was followed in 1911 by Kuno Meyer (1858–1919), who, in addition to numerous publications in the field, was active in the Irish independence movement. Perhaps the most important German speaking Celticist is the Swiss scholar Rudolf Thurneysen (1857–1940). A student of Windisch and Zimmer, Thurneysen was appointed to the chair of comparative linguistics at Freiberg in 1887; the succeeded to the equivalent chair in Bonn in 1913. His notability arises from his work on Old Irish. For his masterwork, Handbuch des Altirischen (1909, meaning "Handbook of Old Irish"), translated into English as A Grammar of Old Irish, he located and analysed a multitude of Old Irish manuscripts. His work is considered as the basis for all succeeding studies of Old Irish. In 1920, Julius Pokorny (1887–1970) was appointed to the chair of Celtic languages at Berlin. Despite his support for German nationalism and Catholic faith, he was forced out of his position by the Nazis on account of his Jewish ancestry. He subsequently emigrated to Switzerland and returned to Germany again in 1955 to teach at Munich. In Berlin, he was succeeded in 1937 by Ludwig Mühlhausen, a devout Nazi. After the World War II, German Celtic studies took place predominantly in West Germany and Austria. Studies in the field continued at Freiburg, Bonn, Marburg, Hamburg as well as Innsbruck, however an independent professorship for Celtic studies has not yet been arranged anywhere. In this period, Hans Hartmann, Heinrich Wagner and Wolfgang Meid made notable contributions to the scientific understanding of the boundaries of the Celtic language area and the location of the homeland of the Celtic peoples. In East Germany, the Berlin chair in Celtic languages has not been occupied since 1966. Today, Celtic studies is only taught at a handful of German universities, including those of Bonn,[3] Trier,[4] and Mannheim.[5] the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz,[6] and the Philipps University of Marburg.[7] It is also taught at the University of Vienna.[8] Only Marburg, Vienna and Bonn maintain formal programs of study, however even then as a subsection of comparative or general linguistics. No Celtic studies research has taken place in the former centres of Freiberg, Hamburg or Berlin since the 1990s. The last remaining chair in Celtic studies, that at Humboldt University in Berlin, was abolished in 1997. The only Chair of Celtic studies in Continental Europe is at Utrecht University (the Netherlands).[9] It was established in 1923, when Celtic studies were added to the Chair of Germanic studies on the special request of its new professor A.G. van Hamel.[10] Celtic studies 103

Celtic studies in Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and England Celtic studies are taught in universities in England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland (see below). These studies cover language, history, archaeology and art. In addition Celtic languages are taught in schools in Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Cornwall and the Isle of Man in addition to extramural courses in each Celtic language. A notable research project is the Celtic Inscribed Stones Project (CISP), which has made details of the many inscriptions in Britain available online. Work has also been carried out on the Celtic influence on the English language and on the Celtic elements in the place names of England. Books and publications on aspects of Celtic studies are numerous, a notable one being that of Kenneth H. Jackson on Language and History in Early Britain. This included chapters on all the types of Insular Celtic, including Pictish. Several journals on Celtic studies are published including Celtica and Studia Celtica. Sir John Rhys became the first Professor of Celtic Studies at Oxford in 1874. Henry Jenner was the initiator of the revival of Cornish and the founding of the Cornish Gorseth while Robert Morton Nance founded the Old Cornwall Society. The Institute of Cornish Studies enables academic study and teaching in Cornish studies. The University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies runs the Ancient Britain and the Atlantic Zone Project , [11] whose Senior Fellow and Project Leader is Professor John T. Koch,[12] where research is conducted. Professor Koch gave the O'Donnell Lecture in 2008 at Aberystwyth University titled "People called Keltoi, the La Tène Style, and ancient Celtic languages: the threefold Celts in the light of geography"[13] [14] [15]

Celtic studies in North America While Celtic studies programs in Canada are not as widespread as they are in Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and England, several universities offer some Celtic studies courses, while only two universities offers a full B.A. as well as graduate courses. St. Michael's College at the University of Toronto and St. Francis Xavier University[16] offers the only B.A. of its kind in Canada with a dual focus on Celtic literature and history, while the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies at the University of Toronto[17] offers courses at a graduate level through their Centre for Medieval Studies, along with St. Francis Xavier University. Other Canadian universities which offer courses in Celtic, Scottish or Irish studies include Cape Breton University,[18] Saint Mary's University, Halifax,[19] Simon Fraser University,[20] the University of Guelph[21] and the University of Ottawa.[22] In the United States, Harvard University is notable for their Doctorate program in Celtic studies.[23] Celtic studies are also offered at the universities of Wisconsin-Milwaukee,[24] California, Berkeley,[25] and California, Los Angeles.[26] and Bard College.[27] Many more American universities offer Irish studies, and Rio Grande University will soon be rebooting its Welsh Studies minor. Celtic studies 104

Celtic studies in France France produced the first academic journal devoted to Celtic studies, Revue Celtique. Revue Celtique was first published in 1870 in Paris and continued until the death of its last editor, Joseph Loth, in 1934. After that point it was continued under the name Études Celtiques. In 2007, 2.8% of the children were enrolled in bilingual primary schools and the number of children enrolled in these schools is steadily growing. [28]

Celtic studies elsewhere Celtic studies are also taught at other universities elsewhere in Europe, including the Charles University in Prague (Czech Republic),[29] University of Poznań (Poland),[30] Moscow State University (Russia),[31] Uppsala University (Sweden)[32] Irish studies are taught at the University of Burgos (Spain)[33] and the University of A Coruña (Galicia).[34] Galicia also has its own Institute for Celtic Studies.

Areas of Celtic studies • Archaeology • (historical) Linguistics • Ethnology • History • Literature • Religious studies (see Celtic Christianity) • Political science

Notable Celticists

• Osborn Bergin (1873–1950) • Eoin McKiernan (1915–2004) • D. A. Binchy • Kuno Meyer (1858–1919) • Nora Chadwick • John Morris-Jones (1864–1929) • Ann Dooley • Robert Morton Nance (1873–1959) • Thomas Charles-Edwards • Cecile O'Rahilly (1894–1980) • Peter Berresford Ellis (1943-) • T. F. O'Rahilly (1883–1953) • Ellis Evans (1930-) • Julius Pokorny (1887–1970) • Robin Flower (1881–1946) • Sir John Rhys (1840–1915) • Sir Idris Foster (1911–1984) • Ailbhe Mac Shamhráin • John Fraser (1882–1945) • Marie-Louise Sjoestedt (1900-1940) • Richard Gendall • Whitley Stokes • Ken George • Thomas Taylor (1858–1938) • R. Geraint Gruffydd • Derrick Thomson (1921-) • Anton Gerard van Hamel (1886–1945) • Rudolf Thurneysen (1857–1940) • Kathleen Hughes • Calvert Watkins • Kenneth Hurlstone Jackson (1909–1991) • Glanmor Williams • Henry Jenner (1848–1934) • Sir Ifor Williams (1881–1965) • Bobi Jones (1929-) • J. E. Caerwyn Williams (1912–1999) • Alexander Macbain • Nicholas Williams (1942-) • Breandán Ó Madagain (1942-) • Ernst Windisch (1844–1918) • Bernhard Maier (1963-) • Johann Kaspar Zeuss (1806–1856) • Ranko Matasović • Heinrich Zimmer (1851–1910) Celtic studies 105

Notable Celtic studies journals • Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie (ZCP), est. 1896, Halle. • Revue Celtique (RC), est. 1870, Paris; continued after 1934 by Études celtiques. • Ériu est. 1904, Dublin. • The Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies (BBCS), est. 1921, Cardiff; merged with Studia Celtica in 1993. • Etudes Celtiques (EC), est. 1936, Paris. • Celtica. Journal of the School of Celtic Studies, est. 1949, Dublin. • Studia Celtica, est. 1966, Cardiff. • Éigse. A Journal of Irish Studies, est. 1939, Dublin. • Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies (CMCS), est. 1993, Aberystwyth; formerly Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies. • Peritia. Journal of the Medieval Academy of Ireland, Cork.

Notes [1] Wiley, ""Celtic studies, early history of the field" (2006). [2] Busse, "Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie." In Celtic Culture, ed. Koch: p. 1823

[3] Celtic Studies at the University of Bonn (http:/ / www. keltologie. uni-bonn. de) (German)

[4] Celtic Studies (http:/ / www. uni-trier. de/ index. php?id=23039) (German)

[5] Current Courses (http:/ / www. george-broderick. de) (German)

[6] Scottish Studies Centre (http:/ / www. fask. uni-mainz. de/ inst/ ssc/ ssc. html)

[7] Celtic Studies prospectus (http:/ / www. uni-marburg. de/ studium/ studgang/ ki/ ki10sprawikel-mag-pr. pdf) (German)

[8] Celtic Studies (http:/ / www. univie. ac. at/ keltologie) (German)

[9] Celtic languages and culture (http:/ / www. let. uu. nl/ keltisch)

[10] Marc Schneiders, " Hamel, Anton Gerard van (1886-1945) (http:/ / www. inghist. nl/ Onderzoek/ Projecten/ BWN/ lemmata/ bwn5/ hamel)." Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland 5 (Den Haag 2002).

[11] "Ancient Britain and the Atlantic Zone Project" (http:/ / www. wales. ac. uk/ en/ CentreforAdvancedWelshCelticStudies/ ResearchProjects/

CurrentProjects/ AncientBritainandtheAtlanticZone/ IntroductiontotheProject. aspx). . Retrieved 11 May 2010.

[12] Koch, John. "Professor John Koch" (http:/ / www. wales. ac. uk/ en/ CentreforAdvancedWelshCelticStudies/ StaffPages/ JohnKoch. aspx). . Retrieved 11 May 2010.

[13] http:/ / www. aber. ac. uk/ aberonline/ en/ archive/ 2008/ 05/ au7608/

[14] http:/ / www. aber. ac. uk/ aberonline/ en/ archive/ 2008/ 05/ au7608/

[15] "O'Donnell Lecture 2008 Appendix" (http:/ / www. wales. ac. uk/ Resources/ Documents/ Research/ ODonnell. pdf). .

[16] Celtic Studies (http:/ / www. stfx. ca/ academic/ celtic-studies/ index. html).

[17] Celtic Studies (http:/ / www. utoronto. ca/ stmikes/ celticstudies).

[18] Celtic Studies (http:/ / www. cbu. ca/ cbu/ _main/ default_main. asp?topic=programs& id=celtic_studies& menu=School of Arts and Community Studies).

[19] Irish Studies (http:/ / www. smu. ca/ academic/ arts/ irish)

[20] Centre for Scottish Studies (http:/ / www. sfu. ca/ scottish/ )

[21] Scottish Studies (http:/ / www. uoguelph. ca/ scottish/ )

[22] Chair of Celtic Studies (http:/ / www. modernlanguages. uottawa. ca/ celtic. html)

[23] See Department of Celtic Languages and Literatures (http:/ / www. fas. harvard. edu/ ~celtic).

[24] Center for Celtic Studies (http:/ / www. uwm. edu/ Dept/ celtic/ ).

[25] Celtic Studies (http:/ / ls. berkeley. edu/ dept/ celtic/ )

[26] Celtic Studies (http:/ / www. humnet. ucla. edu/ humnet/ celtic/ ).

[27] Irish and Celtic Studies (http:/ / www. bard. edu/ academics/ programs/ programs. php?id=964490& pid=770)

[28] (French) Ofis ar Brezhoneg: Enseignement bilingue (http:/ / www. ofis-bzh. org/ fr/ services/ observatoire/ travaux. php?travail_id=83)

[29] Centre for Irish Studies (http:/ / uaa. ff. cuni. cz/ index. php?ur1=4& ur2=5& ur3=0& sab=103& design=45).

[30] Department of Celtic Languages and Literatures (http:/ / ifa. amu. edu. pl/ ~celticstudies).

[31] Department of Germanic and Celtic Linguistics (http:/ / www. philol. msu. ru/ rus/ kaf/ germphil/ 2. htm) (Russian).

[32] The Celtic Section at Uppsala (http:/ / www. uu. se/ Adresser/ HL2_1. html) (Swedish)

[33] The Spanish Association for Irish Studies (http:/ / www2. ubu. es/ filo/ filoing/ marcoprincipal. htm) (Spanish)

[34] University Institute of Research in Irish Studies, A Coruña, Galicia (http:/ / 193. 147. 33. 52/ amergin/ index. php?page=what-is-amergin) Celtic studies 106

References • Busse, Peter E. "Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie." In Celtic Culture. A Historical Encyclopedia, ed. J.T. Koch. 5 vols: vol. 5. Santa Barbara et al., 2006. p. 1823.

Further reading • Brown, Terence (ed.). Celticism. Studia imagologica 8. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996. • Fischer, Joachim and John Dillon (eds.). The correspondence of Myles Dillon, 1922-1925: Irish-German relations and Celtic studies. Dublin: Four Courts, 1999. • Huther, Andreas. "'In Politik verschieden, in Freundschaft wie immer': The German Celtic scholar Kuno Meyer and the First World War." In The First World War as a clash of cultures, ed. Fred Bridgham. Columbia (SC): Camden House, 2006. pp. 231–44. ISBN 1571133402. • Koch, John T. "Celtic Studies." In A century of British medieval studies, ed. Alan Deyermond. British Academy centenary monographs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. pp. 235–61. ISBN 9780197263952. RHS record

(http:/ / www. rhs. ac. uk/ bibl/ wwwopac. exe?& qDB=catalo& DATABASE=dcatalo& LANGUAGE=0&

rf=200801703& SUCCESS=false) • Mac Mathúna, Séamus. "The History of Celtic Studies in Russia and the Soviet Union." In Parallels between Celtic and Slavic. Proceedings of the First International Colloquium of Societas Celto-Slavica held at Coleraine 19–21 June 2005, ed. Séamus Mac Mathúna and Maxim Fomin. Studia Celto-Slavica 1. Coleraine, 2006. • Meek, Donald E. "'Beachdan Ura à Inbhir Nis / New opinions from Inverness.' Alexander MacBain (1855-1907) and the foundation of Celtic studies in Scotland." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 131 (2001). pp. 23–39. ISSN 00811564. • Ó Lúing, Seán. Celtic studies in Europe and other essays. Dublin: Geography Publications, 2000.

• Schneiders, Marc and Kees Veelenturf. Celtic studies in the Netherlands: a bibliography. Dublin: DIAS (http:/ /

www. celt. dias. ie/ publications/ cat/ a/ a5. html), 1992. • Sims-Williams, Patrick. "Celtomania and Celtoscepticism." Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 36 (1998): pp. 1–35. • Wiley, Dan. "Celtic studies, early history of the field." In Celtic Culture. A Historical Encyclopaedia, ed. J.T. Koch. Santa Barbara et al., 2006.

External links

• Finding the Celtic project ( FtC (http:/ / celtic. ibiblio. org/ ))

• International Congress of Celtic Studies (http:/ / www. celticstudiescongress. org/ ) Dutch studies 107 Dutch studies

Dutch culture, or the culture of the Netherlands, is diverse, reflecting regional differences as well as the foreign influences thanks to the merchant and exploring spirit of the Dutch and the influx of immigrants. The Netherlands and Dutch people have played an important role for centuries as a culturally liberal and tolerant centre, with the Dutch Golden Some symbols and icons of Dutch culture Age regarded as the zenith.

Language

The main language is Dutch, while West Frisian is also a recognized language and it is used by the government in the province of Friesland. Several dialects of Low Saxon (Nedersaksisch in Dutch) are spoken in much of the north and east and are recognized by the Netherlands as regional languages according to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

Another Dutch dialect granted the status of regional language is Limburgish, which is spoken in the south-eastern province of Limburg. However, both Dutch Low Saxon and Map illustrating the area in which Dutch is spoken. Limburgish spread across the Dutch-German border and belong to a common Dutch-Low German dialect continuum. Dutch studies 108

Religion

Calvinism became the theological system of the majority in the Netherlands during the Dutch Revolt in the Eighty Years War. Other religions were tolerated, but could not practice their religion in public. The Netherlands today is one of the most secular countries in Europe. An estimated 49.6% of the population (2007) call themselves non-religious. The remaining are 15.7% Protestant, 27% Roman Catholic, and 5.3% Muslim (data CBS 2005, 2007). In former ages, Protestantism used to be the largest religion in the Netherlands, but there has always been a high percentage of Roman Catholics, who were strongly predominating in the southern provinces, but also considerably present in the northern ones. However, over the past century the older Protestant churches have been in decline. Islam has begun to gain a foothold and mosques are being built. The Netherlands is also home to a significant Hindu minority, mostly made up of migrants who came from former colony Suriname after its independence. There is also a small group of Jews(40.000) Calvinism has been known at times for its simple, unadorned churches and lifestyles, as depicted in this living in The Netherlands, most of them are settled in painting by Emmanuel de Witte c.1660 Amsterdam.

Science, technology and research

Most important and internationally awarded scholars and scientists are: 15th Century: • Laurens Janszoon Coster, (1370–1440), printer 16th Century: • Desiderius Erasmus, (1466/1469-1536), humanist • Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert (1522–1590), humanist 17th Century: • Baruch de Spinoza, (1632–1677), philosopher • Herman Boerhaave, (1668–1738), physician • Ludolph van Ceulen, (1540–1610), mathematician • Cornelius Drebbel, (1572–1633), inventor & engineer • Hugo de Groot (Hugo Grotius), (1583–1645), jurist & philosopher

• Christiaan Huygens, (1629–1695), mathematician, Hugo Grotius - Portrait by Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt, astronomer & physicist 1631 • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, (1632–1723), scientist • Anna Maria van Schurman, (1607–1678), first Dutch female university student and scholar • Simon Stevin, (1548–1620), mathematician & engineer • Jan Swammerdam, (1637–1680), scientist Dutch studies 109

18th century; • Willem 's Gravesande, (1688–1742), philosopher and mathematician • Pieter van Musschenbroek, (1692–1761), scientist • Daniel Bernoulli, (1700–1782), mathematician & physicist 19th century: • C.H.D. Buys Ballot, (1817–1890), chemist & meteorologist • H. G. van de Sande Bakhuyzen, (1838–1923), astronomer • Frederik Kaiser, (1808–1872), astronomer • Thomas Joannes Stieltjes, (1856–1894), mathematician 20th Century: • Tobias Asser, (1838–1913), jurist [Nobel Prize 1911] • Evert Willem Beth, (1908–1964), mathematical logician • Nico Bloembergen, (1920-), physicist [Nobel Prize 1981] • Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer, (1881–1966), mathematician • Hendrik Casimir, (1909–2000), physicist • Paul J. Crutzen, (1933-), atmospheric chemist [Nobel Prize 1995] The young Christiaan Huygens • Peter Debye, (1884–1966), chemist [Nobel Prize 1936] • Edsger Dijkstra, (1930–2002), computer scientist • Eugène Dubois, (1858–1944), paleontologist & anatomist • Christiaan Eijkman, (1858–1930), physician & pathologist [Nobel Prize 1929] • Willem Einthoven, (1860–1927), physician, [Nobel Prize 1924] • Anthony Fokker, (1890–1939), aviation engineer • Samuel Abraham Goudsmit, (1902–1978), physicist • Arend Heyting, (1898–1980), mathematician • Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, (1852–1911), chemist [Nobel Prize 1901] • Gerardus 't Hooft, (1946-), physicist [Nobel Prize 1999] • Johan Huizinga, (1872–1945), historian • Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, (1853–1926), physicist [Nobel Prize 1913] Johannes Diderik van der Waals • Jacobus Kapteyn, (1851–1922), astronomer • Willem Hendrik Keesom, (1878–1956), physicist • Tjalling Koopmans, (1910–1985), economist 1975 [Nobel Prize 1975] • Willem Kolff, (1911–2009), physician & inventor • Hendrik Anthony Kramers, (1894–1952), physicist • Hendrik Lorentz, (1853–1928), physicist [Nobel Prize 1902] • Simon van der Meer, (1925-), physicist [Nobel Prize 1984] • Jan Oort, (1900–1992), astronomer • Jan Tinbergen, (1903–1994), economist [Nobel Prize 1969] • Nico Tinbergen, (1907–1988), ethologist [Nobel Prize 1975] • Martinus J. G. Veltman, (1931-), physicist [Nobel Prize 1999] Dutch studies 110

• Hugo de Vries, (1848–1937), geneticist • Johannes Diderik van der Waals, (1837–1923), physicist [Nobel Prize 1910] • Pieter Zeeman, (1865–1943), physicist [Nobel Prize 1902] • Frits Zernike, (1888–1966), physicist [Nobel Prize 1953] • Hendrik Zwaardemaker, (1857–1930), scientist

Literature

Some of the most important and internationally awarded writers are: 16th Century: • Desiderius Erasmus 17th Century: • Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft • Joost van den Vondel 19th Century: • Multatuli 20th Century: • Louis Couperus • Martinus Nijhoff • Simon Vestdijk • Willem Frederik Hermans • Gerard Reve • Harry Mulisch • Jan Wolkers • Cees Nooteboom Eduard Douwes Dekker, also known as Multatuli

Architecture

The first significant period of Dutch architecture was during the Dutch Golden Age roughly beginning at the start of the 17th century. Due to the thriving economy cities expanded greatly. New town halls and storehouses were built. Merchants who had made a fortune ordered new houses built along one of the many new canals that were dug out in and around various cities and towns (for defense and transport purposes), houses with ornamented facades that benefited their new status. In the countryside new country houses were built, though not in the same numbers. Some well known architects of the period were Koninklijk Paleis (Royale Palace) by Jacob van Campen Jacob van Campen (1595–1657), Lieven de Key (c. 1560–1627) and Hendrik de Keyser (1565–1621). Dutch studies 111

At the end of the 19th century there was a remarkable neo-gothic stream or Gothic Revival both in church and in public architecture, notably by the Roman Catholic Pierre Cuypers, who was inspired by the Frenchman Viollet le Duc. The Amsterdam Rijksmuseum (1876–1885) and Amsterdam Centraal Station (1881–1889) belong to his main buildings. During the 20th century Dutch architects played a leading role in the development of modern architecture. Out of the early 20th century rationalist architecture of Berlage, architect of the Beurs van Berlage, three separate groups developed during the 1920s, each with their own view on which direction modern Hilversum City Hall by Willem Marinus Dudok architecture should take. Expressionist architects like M. de Klerk and P.J. Kramer in Amsterdam (See Amsterdam School). Functionalist architects (Nieuwe Zakelijkheid or Nieuwe Bouwen) like Mart Stam, L.C. van der Vlugt, Willem Marinus Dudok and Johannes Duiker had good ties with the international modernist group CIAM.

A third group came out of the De Stijl movement, among them J.J.P Oud and Gerrit Rietveld. Both architects later built in a functionalist style. During the '50s and '60s a new generation of architects like Aldo van Eyck, J.B. Bakema and Herman Hertzberger, known as the ‘Forum generation’ (named after a magazine called Forum) formed a connection with international groups like Team 10. From the '80s to the present Rem Koolhaas and his Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA) became one of the leading world architects. With him, formed a new generation of Dutch architects working in a modernist tradition.

Art

Flemish or Dutch

Until 1830, the Dutch and Flemish were generally seen as one people. Due to religious wars and the Eighty Years War, a split slowly started to take place. Therefore, historical Flemish and Dutch art are hard to separate. Most artists of the period (like Bruegel) are described as Flemish, even though they might have been born in the present day Netherlands. Some of the most famous indisputably Dutch artists from before the 17th century are Hieronymus Bosch, a painter, and the brothers de Limbourg, Johannes Vermeer, View of Delft (Mauritshuis, The three miniaturists who are most famous for their work for the Hague) 1660-1661 Duke of Berry.

Golden Age

In the late 16th century, many painters from Flanders fled to the Northern Netherlands, for religious reasons and because the Netherlands were growing economically. Both regions had a golden age of painting in this period. The most famous Dutch Dutch studies 112

painter was Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, but other painters such as Johannes Vermeer and Frans Hals are famous all over the world as well. Some more great Dutch painters of the 17th century are:

Vincent van Gogh, The Red Vineyard, 1888, Pushkin Museum, Moscow

• Hendrick Avercamp • Peter Paul Rubens • Ferdinand Bol • Pieter Jansz Saenredam • Aelbert Cuyp • Jan Steen • Gerard Dou • Anthony van Dyck • Carel Fabritius • Willem van de Velde the Elder, and sons: • Willem van de Velde the Younger • Adriaen van de Velde • Govert Flinck • Jan Baptist Weenix. • Pieter de Hooch • Jan Lievens • Nicolaes Maes • Adriaen van Ostade • Jacob Isaacksz van Ruisdael

19th and 20th century The Dutch artists of the 18th century are less well-known. The most important paintings were the land- and seascapes (or marines). Only at the end of the 19th century did one internationally very important painter, Vincent Van Gogh and some other internationally well-acclaimed artists appear, like the realists Jozef Israëls, Anton Mauve and the more impressionist George Hendrik Breitner living in the Netherlands, and the romanticist Lawrence Alma-Tadema, living in England. In the 20th century, the Netherlands produced many fine painters and artists, including Piet Mondriaan, a noted contributor to the De Stijl art movement, who was also among the vanguard of non-representational painting.[1] The 20th century also produced some of the members of the COBRA movement, including Karel Appel and Corneille.

Music and dance The Netherlands has multiple musical traditions ranging from folk and dance to classical music and ballet. In the 21st century people with an African or Middle Eastern background have also had a profound effect, most notably in hip hop and rap. Much more so than most non-English speaking European countries, the Netherlands has remained closely in tune with American and British trends ever since the 50's. In the 21st century, the Netherlands has also become an international center for the electronic music scene, particularly Trance. Dutch DJs consistently rank among the top rated DJs in the world, and have a huge following both domestically and internationally. Dutch studies 113

Aruba and the five main islands of the Netherlands Antilles are part of the Lesser Antilles island chain. Their music is a mixture of native, African and Dutch elements, and is closely connected with trends from neighboring islands like Barbados, Martinique, Trinidad and Tobago and Guadeloupe, as well as the mainland former Dutch possession of Suriname, which has exported kaseko music to great success on the islands. Curaçao and Bonaire likely have the most active and well-known music scenes. Curaçao is known for a kind of music called tumba, which is named after the conga drums that accompany it.

Cabaret The Dutch also have their own version of distinct cabaret.

Chansons Wim Sonneveld (1917–1974), Ramses Shaffy (1933–2009), Liesbeth List, Herman van Veen.

Songs Boudewijn de Groot, Frank Boeijen

Media The media of the Netherlands consist of several different types of communications media: television, radio, newspapers, magazines. It is characterized by a tradition of pillarization, and increasing commercialization.

Film Some Dutch films have received international distribution and recognition, such as Turkish Delight ("Turks Fruit") (1973), Soldier of Orange ("Soldaat van Oranje") (1975), Spetters (1980) and The Fourth Man ("De Vierde Man") (1983) by director Paul Verhoeven. Verhoeven later went on to direct such Hollywood fare as RoboCop and Basic Instinct. Other famous Dutch film directors are Dick Maas (De Lift), Fons Rademakers (The Assault), Jan de Bont (Speed), documentary maker Bert Haanstra and Joris Ivens. Film director Theo van Gogh achieved international notoriety in 2004 when he was murdered in the streets of Amsterdam. Internationally famous Dutch film actors are Jeroen Krabbé, Rutger Hauer, Derek de Lint and also a few female stars like Sylvia Kristel, Famke Janssen and Carice van Houten.

Comics The Dutch have a distinct comic tradition as well. Even though there is an abundance of Flemish, Franco-Belgian, and American comics, they also created their own tradition, with a more literary kind of comics. The most prominent author was Marten Toonder and his creations Tom Poes and Heer Bommel (Tom Puss / Oliver B. Bumble series).

Cuisine Dutch cuisine is characterized by its somewhat limited diversity; however, it varies greatly from region to region. The southern regions of the Netherlands for example share dishes with Flanders and vice versa. Dutch food is traditionally characterized by the high consumption of vegetables when compared to the consumption of meat. Dairy products are also eaten to great extent, Dutch cheeses are world renowned with famous cheeses such as Gouda, Edam and Leiden. Dutch pastry is extremely rich and is eaten in great quantities. When it comes to alcoholic beverages wine has long been absent in Dutch cuisine (but this is changing during the last decades); traditionally there are many brands of beer and strong alcoholic spirits such as jenever and brandewijn. The Dutch have all sorts Dutch studies 114

of pastry and cookies (the word "cookie" is in fact derived from Dutch), many of them filled with marzipan, almond and chocolate. A truly huge amount of different pies and cakes can be found, most notably in the southern provinces, especially the so called Limburgish vlaai.

Sport Football is the most popular sport in the Netherlands. Notable Dutch football teams and clubs include: Sparta Rotterdam in 1888, Amsterdamsche Football club Ajax in 1900, Feyenoord Rotterdam in 1908 and PSV Eindhoven in 1913. The second most popular sport is speedskating. It is common for Dutch children to learn how to skate at an early age. Long distance skating and all-round tournaments are the most popular and most successful areas for the Dutch. In the history of the world championships the champion of the 10 km has always been a Dutchman. Notable athletes are Sven Kramer, Rintje Ritsma and Ard Schenk Also popular are swimming, hockey and cycling. Further information: Netherlands national football team, Netherlands women's national football team, Netherlands at the FIFA World Cup, Football in the Netherlands, and Sport in the Netherlands

Traditions

One traditional festivity in the Netherlands is the feast of Sint Nicolaas or Sinterklaas. It is celebrated on the evening before Sinterklaas' birthday on December 5, especially in families with little children. In the United States the original figure of Dutch Sinterklaas has merged with Father Christmas into Santa Claus. In the Netherlands, gift-bringing at Christmas has in recent decades gained some popularity too, but Sinterklaas is much more popular.

A wide spread tradition is that of serving beschuit met muisjes when people come to visit a new-born baby and his mother. Beschuit is a typical Dutch type of biscuit, muisjes are sugared anise seeds. Other traditions are often regional, such as the huge Easter Fires or celebrating the feast of Sint Maarten on the evening of November 11 when children go door to door with paper lanterns and candles, and sing songs in return for a treat. In the past self-made lanterns were used, made from a hollowed out sugar beet. Another traditional feast of the Netherlands is Queen's day or "Koninginnedag". This is celebrated in honour of the Queen's The Dutch St. Nicholas birthday. However, this day (the 30th of April) is not the birthday of Queen Beatrix. It was the birthday of her mother, Queen Juliana. The Queen decided to keep this date, because her own birthday (January, the 31st) is in the winter. Jumble sales are traditionally held in the streets of some city centres; the salespeople, including children, often wear orange clothes. The Queen and her family visit two places somewhere in the country. Those places organise a special program, displaying local folklore.

In North-Brabant, Limburg and some other parts of the Netherlands people celebrate carnival similar to the carnival of the German Rhineland. Dutch studies 115

References

[1] "Piet Mondrian" (http:/ / www. tate. org. uk/ servlet/ ArtistWorks?cgroupid=999999961& artistid=1651& page=1& sole=y& collab=y&

attr=y& sort=default& tabview=bio), Tate gallery, published in Ronald Alley, Catalogue of the Tate Gallery's Collection of Modern Art other than Works by British Artists, Tate Gallery and Sotheby Parke-Bernet, London 1981, pp.532-3. Retrieved 18 December 2007.

Source Ad Welschen, 2000-2005: Course Dutch Society and Culture, International School for Humanities and Social Studies ISHSS, Universiteit van Amsterdam.

External links

• Architecture: ArchiNed (http:/ / www. archined. nl/ archined/ 2. 1. html?taal=en)

• NL Planet - Dutch Culture (http:/ / www. nlplanet. com/ nlguides/ dutch-culture)

German studies

German studies is the field of humanities that researches, documents, and disseminates German language and literature in both its historic and present forms. Academic departments of German studies often include classes on German culture, German history, and German politics in addition to the language and literature component. Common German names for the field are Germanistik, Deutsche Philologie, and Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft und Literaturwissenschaft. In English the terms Germanistics or Germanics are sometimes used (mostly by Germans), but the subject is more often referred to as German studies, German language and literature, or German philology. Modern German studies is usually seen as a combination of two sub-disciplines: German linguistics and Germanophone literature studies.

German linguistics German linguistics is traditionally called philology in Germany, as there is something of a difference between philologists and linguists. It is roughly divided as follows: • Old High German (Althochdeutsch) 8th - 11th centuries • Middle High German (Mittelhochdeutsch) 11th - 14th centuries • Early New High German (Frühneuhochdeutsch) 14th - 17th centuries • Modern German (Standard German, German dialectology) 18th - 21st centuries In addition, the discipline examines German under various aspects: the way it is spoken and written, i.e., spelling; declination; vocabulary; sentence structure; texts; etc. It compares the various manifestations such as social groupings (slang, written texts, etc.) and geographical groupings (dialects, etc.).

German literature studies Literary studies is divided into two parts. Ältere Deutsche Literaturwissenschaft deals with the period from the beginnings of German in the early Middle Ages up to post-Medieval times around AD 1500, while the modern era is covered by Neuere Deutsche Literaturwissenschaft. The field systematically examines German literature in terms of genre, form, content, and motifs as well as looking at it historically by author and epoch. Important areas include edition philology, history of literature, and textual interpretation. The relationships of German literature to the literatures of other languages (e.g. reception and mutual influences) and historical contexts are also important areas of concentration. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory: Fourth Edition (ISBN 0-14-051363-9) is printed in English but contains many German-language literary terms that apply cross-culturally German studies 116

in the field of literary criticism; quite a few of the in terms in the book originated in German but have since been adopted by English-language critics and scholars.

German media studies In recent years, German has looked for links with the fields of communications, cultural studies and media studies. In addition, the sub-branch of film studies has established itself.

History of German studies As an unsystematic field of interest for individual scholars, German studies can be traced back to Tacitus' Germania. The publication and study of legal and historical source material, such as Medieval Bible translations, were all undertaken during the German Renaissance of the sixteenth century, truly initiating the field of German studies. As an independent university subject, German studies was introduced at the beginning of the nineteenth century by Georg Friedrich Benecke, the Brothers Grimm, and Karl Lachmann.

University departments and research institutions • Department of German, University of Oxford • Department of German, University of Cambridge • Department of German, Duke University • Department of German Studies, University of Warwick • Department of German Studies, University of Cincinnati • Department of German Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson, U.S.A. [1] • German Program of the Department of World Languages & Literatures, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, U.S.A. [2] • Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures, The University of Virginia [3] • Department of German Language and Literature, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario [4] • Jawaharlal Nehru University India [5] • Department of German, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A. [6] • Department of Germanic Languages, University of California, Los Angeles, U.S.A. [7] • Department of German Studies, Cornell University [8] • Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures, Harvard University [9] • Department of German, New York University, U.S.A. [10] • Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures, University of Pennsylvania, U.S.A. [11] • Department of German, Princeton University, U.S.A. [12] • Department of Germanic Studies, University of Texas at Austin [13] • Department of Germanic Languages and Literature, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. [14] • Department of Germanic and Slavic Languages, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. [15] • Department of Germanic and Slavic Languages, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A. [16] • Department of Germanics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. [17] • Department of German, Yale University [18] • German and Scandinavian Studies at the University of Massachusetts Amherst [19] • Department of German, Scandinavian, and Dutch University of Minnesota [20] • Department of German, National University of Ireland - University College Cork, Cork, Ireland [21] • Department of Germanic Studies, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL [22] Germany • Insitut für deutsche Philologie, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich [23] German studies 117

• Institut für Germanistik I & II , Hamburg University [24] • Germanistisches Seminar, Heidelberg University Faculty of Modern Languages • Deutsches Seminar, Tübingen University Faculty of Modern Languages Greece • Faculty of German Language and Literature, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens [25] • School of German Language and Literature, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki [26] Russia • Department of Area Studies, Moscow State University [27] Spain • Área de Filología Alemana , University of Salamanca [28]

Bibliography

Books • Atlas Deutsche Sprache [CD-ROM]. Berlin: Directmedia Publishing. 2004. • Hartweg, Frédéric G.: Frühneuhochdeutsch: eine Einführung in die deutsche Sprache des Spätmittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit. Tübingen: Niemeyer. 2005. • Die Deutschen Klassiker (CD-ROM). • Burger, Harald: Sprache der Massenmedien. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 1984. • Ernst, Peter: Germanistische Sprachwissenschaft. Wien: WUV. 2004. • Hickethier, Knut: Film- und Fernsehanalyse. Stuttgart, Weimar. 1993. • Hickethier, Knut (ed.): Aspekte der Fernsehanalyse. Methoden und Modelle. Hamburg: Lit Verlag. 1994. • Kanzog, Klaus: "Einführung in die Filmphilologie". Munich. 1997. • Muckenhaupt, Manfred: Text und Bild. Grundfragen der Beschreibung von Text-Bild-Kommunikation aus sprachwissenschaftlicher Sicht. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag. 1986. • Prokop, Dieter: Medienproduktanalyse. Zugänge - Verfahren - Kritik. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag. • Beutin, Wolfgang: Deutsche Literaturgeschichte: von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. Stuttgart: Metzler. 1992. • Fohrmann, Jürgen and Wilhelm Voßkamp (eds.): Wissenschaftsgeschichte der Germanistik im 19. Jahrhundert. 1994. • Marven, Lyn: Body and narrative in contemporary literatures in German : Herta Müller, Libuse Moníková, and Kerstin Hensel. 2005. • Shitanda, So: "Zur Vorgeschichte und Entstehung der deutschen Philologie im 19. Jh.: Karl Lachmann und die Brüder Grimm," in Literarische Problematisierung der Moderne, ed. by Teruaki Takahashi. 1992. • Bogdal, Klaus-Michael, Kauffmann, Kai, and Mein, Georg (unter Mitarbeit von Meinolf Schumacher und Johannes Volmert): BA-Studium Germanistik. Ein Lehrbuch. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt. 2008 ISBN 978-3-499-55682-1 • Schumacher, Meinolf: Einführung in die deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. 2010 ISBN 978-3-534-19603-6 German studies 118

Journals • The Journal of English and Germanic Philology • Journal of Germanic Linguistics • German Studies Review • Muttersprache • New German Critique • Neues Curriculum [29] • New German Review • Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie • Zeitschrift für Germanistik • Germanistik in Ireland

External links

• BUBL Link (UK-based) Catalogue of Internet Resources Concerning the German Language: http:/ / bubl. ac. uk/

link/ g/ germanlanguage. htm (well organized; covers many aspects of the language and the study of it)

• http:/ / www. library. adelaide. edu. au/ guide/ hum/ german/ german_net. html (University of Adelaide's categorized guide to German Area Studies online)

• http:/ / www. dartmouth. edu/ ~wess/ wesslit. html (Dartmouth's German-Studies Web links, annotated and arranged by topic)

• http:/ / libadm87. rice. edu/ ref/ german. cfm (Rice University's guide to German studies, including printed literature and links to German newspapers and magazines)

• http:/ / www. germanistik. net/ germanistik.net (tries to get the user straight to the best sources of help; in German) • Germanistik im Netz - Erlanger Liste (The 'Erlanger Liste' is currently the largest collection of links to the various aspects of G***, including such archives, publishers, etc.; in German) • Literaturwissenschaft online ("Literaturwissenschaft online" Kiel University's e-learning site with live and archived lectures; free of charge; in German.) • Bibliographie der Deutschen Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft [30] ("BDSL Online" is the electronic version of the largest bibliography in the field of German language and literature studies. Access to report years 1985-1995 is free of charge.)

• http:/ / www. doaj. org/ ljbs?cpid=8 (DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals, Literature and Languages)

• http:/ / www. sign-lang. uni-hamburg. de/ Medienprojekt/ Literatur/ 9. med. analy. html (University of Hamburg site with media studies bibliography) • Categorical list of German Departments around the world [31] • Departmental Ratings [32] (USA) German studies 119

References

[1] http:/ / german. arizona. edu/

[2] http:/ / german. uark. edu/

[3] http:/ / www. virginia. edu/ german/

[4] http:/ / www. queensu. ca/ german/

[5] http:/ / www. jnu. ac. in/ Academics/ Schools/ SchoolOfLanguage/ GermanCenter. htm

[6] http:/ / german. berkeley. edu/ index. php

[7] http:/ / www. germanic. ucla. edu/

[8] http:/ / german. cornell. edu/

[9] http:/ / www. fas. harvard. edu/ ~german

[10] http:/ / www. nyu. edu/ fas/ dept/ german/

[11] http:/ / ccat. sas. upenn. edu/ german/

[12] http:/ / german. princeton. edu/

[13] http:/ / www. utexas. edu/ depts/ german/ main. html

[14] http:/ / www. pitt. edu/ ~germanic

[15] http:/ / german. la. psu. edu/

[16] http:/ / sitemason. vanderbilt. edu/ german/

[17] http:/ / depts. washington. edu/ uwgerman/

[18] http:/ / www. yale. edu/ german/ german. html

[19] http:/ / www. umass. edu/ germanic/ index. html

[20] http:/ / www. gsd. umn. edu

[21] http:/ / www. ucc. ie/ german

[22] http:/ / www. uic. edu/ depts/ germ/ german2. html

[23] http:/ / www. germanistik. uni-muenchen. de/ index. html

[24] http:/ / www. slm. uni-hamburg. de/ Stuplan/ DeutSprachLit_eng. html

[25] http:/ / www. gs. uoa. gr/ en/ en. htm

[26] http:/ / www. del. auth. gr/ index. php?lang=el

[27] http:/ / www. ffl. msu. ru/ en/ about/ structure

[28] http:/ / www. usal. es/ aleman

[29] http:/ / www. neues-curriculum. org

[30] http:/ / www. bdsl-online. de

[31] http:/ / www. germanistik. net/ universitaten. htm

[32] http:/ / chronicle. com/ stats/ productivity/ page. php?year=2007& primary=10& secondary=174& bycat=Go Hungarian studies 120 Hungarian studies

Hungarian Studies is a field of study related to what can be regarded as "Hungarian", including language, literature, ethnology, culture, history or society. According to the current philosophy of Hungarian Studies, all these terrains that formerly were treated as separate disciplines should be studied as a whole, with the subsequent fields in relation to each other. The study encompasses not only the scholars in Hungary but also Hungarians outside of Hungary, as well as foreign scholars conducting their research in other languages than Hungarian. This is to say that Hungarian Studies as a discipline is intrinsically created by its intercultural circumstance from what it follows that the views and interpretations made from non-Hungarian standpoints are considered equally valid. Further, those Hungarian scholars that explore and interpret their own culture in the light of another culture inevitably apply Hungarian Studies informed standpoints.

The International Association of Hungarian Studies A central organ urging and supporting research and education relating to Hungarian language, culture and society is The International Association of Hungarian Studies. As one of its major tasks the Association sees the enhancing of cooperation between institutions and forums that contribute to the study of Hungarian Studies in Hungary and worldwide. The Association acquaints itself with Hungarian Studies related activities and renders accessible this information. The Association has a publication series of its own, which undertakes the publication of articles and monographies. The Congress of Hungarian Studies, organized every five years, brings together 400–500 scholars worldwide. In addition to the congresses, the Association organizes several conferences in between the congresses, mainly with the purpose of supporting the doctoral education within Hungarian Studies. Through these conferences the Association provides a forum for doctoral students in and outside Hungary.

Related pages • International Association of Hungarian Studies [1]

References

[1] http:/ / www. iahs. eu/ news. php Romance studies 121 Romance studies

Romance studies is an umbrella academic discipline that covers the study of the languages, literatures, and cultures of areas that speak a Romance language. Romance studies departments usually include the study of Spanish, French, Italian, and Portuguese. Additional languages of study include Catalan and Romanian, among others. Romance studies departments differ from single- or two-language departments in that they attempt to break down the barriers in scholarship among the various languages, through interdisciplinary or comparative work. These departments differ from Romance language departments in that they place a heavier emphasis on connections between language and literature, on one hand, and culture, history, and politics on the other hand. Because most places in Latin America speak a Romance language, Latin America is also studied in Romance studies departments. As a result, non-Romance languages in use in Latin America, such as Quechua, are sometimes also taught in Romance studies departments.

Bibliography • Günter Holtus, Michael Metzeltin, Christian Schmitt (Hrsg.): Lexikon der Romanistischen Linguistik (LRL), Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1988-2005 (12 volumes). • Petrea Lindenbauer, Michael Metzeltin, Margit Thir: Die romanischen Sprachen. Eine einführende Übersicht, Wilhelmsfeld, Egert, 1995. • Michael Metzeltin: Gramática explicativa de la lengua castellana. De la sintaxis a la semántica., Wien, Praesens Verlag, 2009 • Michael Metzeltin: Erklärende Grammatik der romanischen Sprachen, Wien, Praesens, 2010. • Michael Metzeltin: Las lenguas románicas estándar. Historia de su formación y de su uso, Uviéu, Academia de la Llingua Asturiana, 2004, 300 pp. online version [1]

External links

U.S. universities with Romance studies departments • Boston University [2] • Cornell University [3] • Duke University [4]

References

[1] http:/ / books. google. at/ books?id=LRumIF1TLVkC& printsec=frontcover& dq=las+ lenguas+ romances& hl=de&

ei=ZHH3TbnIE4iE-waz0oWMCw& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=5& ved=0CEMQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&

q=las%20lenguas%20romances& f=false

[2] http:/ / www. bu. edu/ rs/

[3] http:/ / www. arts. cornell. edu/ romance/

[4] http:/ / www. romancestudies. aas. duke. edu/ Scandinavian studies 122 Scandinavian studies

Scandinavian studies is an interdisciplinary academic field of area studies that covers topics related to Scandinavia and the Nordic countries, including their languages, literature, history, culture and society, in countries other than these. As described in the article on Scandinavia, that name can be given both narrow and broader definitions. The field of Scandinavian studies typically takes the broader definition to include Finland and Finnish language, even though the latter does not belong to the group of North Germanic languages. In Germany, however, "Skandinavistik" is considered a subfield of Germanic languages, with accompanying literature and Map of Scandinavian countries culture, and "Fennistik" is the separate study of Finnic languages.

Universities that offer education and perform research in Scandinavian studies are typically found in North America and Eastern and Central Europe. In North America, many activities are coordinated through the Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study and its journal, the quarterly Scandinavian Studies. Important university departments are found at University of Washington, University of Wisconsin–Madison, University of California-Berkeley, University of California-Los Angeles, and University of Alberta. University College London and the University of Edinburgh are home to the only extant full departments of Scandinavian studies in the UK.

External links • Fachverband Skandinavistik [1], Germany • Kompetenznetzwerk Skandinavistik [2], Germany • Departmen of Scandinavian Studies [3], Sofia University, Bulgaria • Department of Scandinavian Studies [4], University of Wisconsin–Madison • Stockholm Institute for Scandinavian Law [5], University of Stockholm • Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies [6], University of Oslo • Department of Scandinavian Studies [7], University College London • Scandinavian Studies [8], University of Edinburgh • Department of German, Scandinavian & Dutch [9], University of Minnesota • Department of Scandinavian Studies [10], University of Washington • Department of Scandinavian Studies [11], University of California-Los Angeles • Department of Scandinavian Studies [12], University of California-Berkeley Scandinavian studies 123

References

[1] http:/ / www. skandinavistik. org/

[2] http:/ / www. skandinavistik. net/

[3] http:/ / www. uni-sofia. bg/ index. php/ bul/ fakulteti/ fakultet_po_klasicheski_i_novi_filologii/ specialnosti/ bakalav_rski_programi/

fakultet_po_klasicheski_i_novi_filologii/ skandinavistika/

[4] http:/ / scandinavian. wisc. edu/

[5] http:/ / sisl. juridicum. su. se/

[6] http:/ / www. scandinavianstudies. com/

[7] http:/ / www. ucl. ac. uk/ scandinavian-studies/

[8] http:/ / www. ed. ac. uk/ schools-departments/ literatures-languages-cultures/ delc/ scandinavian-studies

[9] http:/ / gsd. umn. edu/

[10] http:/ / depts. washington. edu/ scand/

[11] http:/ / www. scandinavian. ucla. edu/

[12] http:/ / scandinavian. berkeley. edu/

Slavic studies

Slavic studies or Slavistics (borrowed from Russian славистика) is the academic field of area studies concerned with Slavic areas, Slavic languages, literature, history, and culture. Originally, a Slavist or Slavicist was primarily a linguist or philologist who researches Slavistics, a Slavic (AmE) or Slavonic (BrE) scholar. Increasingly historians and other humanists and social scientists who study Slavic area cultures and societies have been included in this rubric. Slavistics emerged in late 18th and early 19th century, simultaneously to the national revival among various nations of Slavic origins and failed ideological attempts to establish a common sense of Slavic community, exemplified by the Pan-Slavist movement. Among the first scholars to use the term was Josef Dobrovský. A Slavic specialist is also known as a Slavist (borrowed from Russian славист). The history of Slavic studies is generally divided onto three periods. Until 1876 the early slavists concentrated on documentation and printing of monuments of Slavic languages, among them the first texts written in national languages. It was also then that the majority of Slavic languages received their first modern dictionaries, grammars and compendia. The second period, ending with World War I, was marked by fast development of Slavic philology and linguistics, most notably, outside of Slavic countries themselves, in the circle formed around August Schleicher and August Leskien at the University of Leipzig. After World War I Slavic studies scholars focused on dialectology, while the science continued to develop in countries with large populations having Slavic origins. After World War II centres of Slavic studies, and much greater expansion into other humanities and social science disciplines, were also formed in various universities around the world. Indeed, partly due to the political concerns in Western European and the United States about the Slavic world nurtured by the Cold War, Slavic studies flourished in the years from World War II into the 1990s and remains strong (though university enrollments in Slavic languages have declined since the nineties). Slavic studies 124

Areas of interest • By country: • Belarus: language, literature, culture, history. • Bosnia and Herzegovina: language, literature, culture, history. • Bulgaria: language, literature, culture, history. • Croatia: language, literature, culture, history. • Czech Republic: language, literature, culture, history. • Macedonia: language, literature, culture, history, Macedonistics. • Montenegro: language, culture, history. • Poland: languages (Polish, Kashubian, Silesian), literature (Polish, Kashubian), culture, history. • Russia: language, literature, culture, history. • Serbia: language, literature, culture, history. • Slovakia: language, literature, culture, history. • Slovenia: language, literature, culture, history. • Ukraine: language, literature, culture, history. • Other languages: Upper Sorbian, Lower Sorbian, Kashubian, Polabian, Rusyn, Old Church Slavonic.

Slavists

Notable Slavists • Johann Christoph Jordan, the author of an early scholarly work in Slavic studies • Josef Dobrovský (1753–1829) from Bohemia • Jernej Kopitar (1780–1840) from Slovenia • Alexander Vostokov (1781–1864) from Russia • Pavel Jozef Šafárik (1795–1861) from Slovakia • Mykhaylo Maksymovych (1804–1873) from Ukraine • Izmail Sreznevsky (1812–1880) from Ukraine/Russia • Franc Miklošič (1813–1891) from Slovenia • Fyodor Buslaev (1818–1898) from Russia • August Schleicher (1821–1868) from Germany • Anton Janežič (1828–1869) from Slovenia • Oleksandr Potebnia (1835–1891) from Ukraine/Russia • Vatroslav Jagić (1838–1923) from Croatia • August Leskien (1840–1916) from Germany • Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay (1845–1929) from Poland • Filipp Fortunatov (1848–1914) from Russia • Aleksander Brückner (1856–1939) from eastern Galicia. • Matija Murko (1861–1952) from Slovenia • Aleksey Shakhmatov (1864–1920) from Russia • Antoine Meillet (1866–1936) from France • Holger Pedersen (1867–1953) from Denmark • Josip Tominšek (1872–1954) from Slovenia • André Mazon (1881–1967) from France • Max Vasmer (1886–1962) from Russia • André Vaillant (1890–1977) from France • Dmytro Chyzhevsky (1894–1977) from Ukraine Slavic studies 125

• Roman Jakobson (1896–1982) from Russia/United States • Josef Matl (1897–1974) from Austria • Zdzisław Stieber (1903–1980) from Poland • Dmitry Likhachev (1906–1999) from Russia • George Shevelov (1908–2002) from Ukraine • Jaroslav Rudnyckyj (1910–1995) from eastern Galicia • Horace G. Lunt (1918–2010) from United States • Blaže Koneski (1921–1993) from Macedonia • Yuri Lotman (1922–1993) from Soviet Union/Estonia • Thomas Schaub Noonan (1938–2001) from the United States • Vladislav Illich-Svitych (1934–1966) from Russia • Henrik Birnbaum (1925–2002) from Poland/United States • Krste Misirkov (1874-1926) from Macedonia/Bulgaria/Russia.

Contemporary Slavists • Edward Stankiewicz (1920–) from Poland/United States • Nicholas V. Riasanovsky (1923–) Russian-American • Alexander M. Schenker (1924–) from United States • Irwin Weil (1928–) from United States • Vladimir Dybo (1930–) from Russia • Radoslav Katičić (1930–) from Croatia • Stefan Brezinski (1932–) from Bulgaria • Andrey Zaliznyak (1935–) from Russia • Boris Uspensky (1937–) from Russia • Branko Mikasinovich (1938–) from United States • Frederik Kortlandt (1946–) from Netherlands • Gary Saul Morson (1948–) from United States • Alexander F. Tsvirkun (1953–) from Ukraine • Blaže Ristovski (1931--) from Macedonia • Victor Friedman (1949-) from the USA. • Christina Kramer from the USA.

Journals and book series • Die Welt der Slaven ([1]) • International Journal of Slavic Linguistics and Poetics • Journal of Slavic Linguistics • The Russian Review • Sarmatian Review • Scando-Slavica • Slavic and East European Journal, published by the American Association of Teachers of Slavic and Eastern European Languages • Slavic Review, published by the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies • Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics • The Slavonic and East European Review • Croatica et slavica iadertina • Slovenski jezik/Slovene Linguistic Studies ([2]) Slavic studies 126

• Russian linguistics • Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica – Natural Sciences in Archaeology a regional archaeology journal

Conferences • American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies • Formal Approaches to Slavic Linguistics • Perspectives on Slavistics [3]

Schools and institutes • School of Slavonic and East European Studies • Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute • Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies • Collegium Russicum (Vatican) • Old Church Slavonic Institute

External links • Slavonic and East European studies: a guide to resources (British Library) [4] • Slavic Studies: A Research Guide (Harvard) [5] • Slavic Studies Guide (NYU) [6] • Slavic Studies Guide (Duke) [7] • Slavic & East European Collections (Yale) [8] • Slavic and East European Internet Resources (University of Illinois) [9] • List of Journals in Russian, Eurasian, and East European Studies at Slavic Review [10] • American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies (AAASS) [11] • Slavistik-Portal [12] The Slavistics Portal (Germany)

References

[1] http:/ / www. slavistik. uni-muenchen. de/ Publikationen/ weltslav. htm

[2] http:/ / www. ku. edu/ ~slavic/ sj-sls

[3] http:/ / www. sfb441. uni-tuebingen. de/ pos3/

[4] http:/ / www. bl. uk/ reshelp/ findhelprestype/ webres/ slavonicinternetresources/ slavoniclinks. html

[5] http:/ / hcl. harvard. edu/ research/ guides/ slavic/ part4. html

[6] http:/ / library. nyu. edu/ research/ slav/

[7] http:/ / www. lib. duke. edu/ ias/ slavic/

[8] http:/ / www. library. yale. edu/ Internet/ slavic. html

[9] http:/ / www. library. uiuc. edu/ spx/ resources/ guide. htm

[10] http:/ / www. slavicreview. uiuc. edu/ info/ related. html

[11] http:/ / www. fas. harvard. edu/ ~aaass/

[12] http:/ / www. slavistik-portal. de/ en. html 127

Pacific studies

Pacific studies

Pacific studies is the study of the Pacific region (Oceania) across academic disciplines such as anthropology, archeology, art, economics, geography, history, linguistics, literature, music, politics, or sociology. In the fields of anthropology and linguistics, Oceania is often subdivided into Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia, while also including Australasia. In archeology and prehistory, Oceania extends into the southern Pacific Rim of Asia, especially the islands now comprising Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Taiwan. Study of the history, economics, and politics from the colonial period on is inextricably bound to that of the major colonial powers: Britain, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Spain, Russia, the United States, and later Australia, New Zealand, and Indonesia. For many Pacific Islanders, Pacific studies involves projects of cultural renaissance, the reclamation and reassertion of cultural identity, while for many others, Pacific studies tends to focus more on modernization and development, on how to understand the region in ways that will improve people's lives (Firth 2003).

Institutions • Australian National University • Brigham Young University–Hawaii • CNRS • EHESS • National Museum of Ethnology, Japan • SOAS • San Diego State University • Tokyo University of Foreign Studies • University of Auckland • University of Canterbury • University of California, San Diego • University of Hawaiʻi • University of Oregon • Victoria University of Wellington

Journals • Asian Perspectives: The Journal of Archaeology for Asia and the Pacific • Oceanic Linguistics • Manoa: A Pacific Journal of International Writing • Pacific Science • Pacific Studies (journal) • The Contemporary Pacific • The Journal of Pacific History Pacific studies 128

References • Firth, Stewart. 2003. Future Directions in Pacific Studies. The Contemporary Pacific 15: 139-148. • Hviding, Edvard. 2003. Between Knowledges: Pacific Studies and Academic Disciplines. The Contemporary Pacific 15: 43-73. • Thaman, Konai Helu. 2003. Decolonizing Pacific Studies: Indigenous Perspectives, Knowledge, and Wisdom in Higher Education. The Contemporary Pacific 15: 1-17. • Other articles in the Special Issue: Back to the Future: Decolonizing Pacific Studies, edited by Vilsoni Hereniko and Terence Wesley-Smith, The Contemporary Pacific 15 (2003).

External links • Center for Pacific Islands Studies (UH) [1] • Center for Pacific Studies (SDSU) [2] • Pacific Islands Studies (BYUH) [3] • Pacific Studies (journal) [4] • The Journal of Pacific History [5]

References

[1] http:/ / www. hawaii. edu/ cpis/

[2] http:/ / interwork. sdsu. edu/ center_for_pacific_studies/ aboutus. html

[3] http:/ / jonathannapelacenter. byuh. edu/ ?q=pacific_studies/ home

[4] http:/ / jonathannapelacenter. byuh. edu/ ?q=the_pacific_institute/ psjournal

[5] http:/ / www. tandf. co. uk/ journals/ carfax/ 00223344. html

Australian studies

Australia studies is the academic field of cultural studies of Australia.

Subfields • Australian Aboriginals (Aboriginal studies) • Australian languages • History of Australia • Australian literature • Politics of Australia • Economy of Australia • Culture of Australia Australian studies 129

Institutions • Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies • Australian Studies Centre • American Association for Australian Literary Studies • Centre for Australian Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń

Journals • Journal of Australian Studies (JAS)

New Zealand studies

New Zealand studies is the academic field of Area studies of New Zealand. Subfields: • History of New Zealand • Literature of New Zealand • Politics of New Zealand • Economy of New Zealand • Culture of New Zealand Institutions in New Zealand: • Victoria University of Wellington, Stout Research Centre for New Zealand Studies [1] Institutions outside New Zealand: • Birkbeck, University of London Birkbeck Centre for New Zealand Studies [2] (opened 2008 [3]) • Peking University in Beijing, opened c2005, see Barry Gustafson Journals: • Journal of New Zealand Studies of the Stout Research Centre (annual) Māori studies is the academic field of Cultural studies of the New Zealand Māori. Subfields • Māori culture • Māori language • Māori politics • Māori religion The main New Zealand universities all have a School of Māori Studies: • University of Auckland [4] • University of Waikato [5] • Massey University [6] • Victoria University of Wellington [7] • University of Canterbury [8] Māori web resources [9] • Lincoln University [10] • University of Otago [11] New Zealand studies 130

External links • New Zealand Studies Association [12] • New Zealand and Australian Studies in North America [13] • New Zealand and Australian Studies, Georgetown University [14] • New Zealand and Australian Studies, University of Texas [15]

References

[1] http:/ / www. victoria. ac. nz/ stout-centre/

[2] http:/ / www. nzsa. co. uk/ centrefornzstudies. html

[3] http:/ / www. bbk. ac. uk/ news/ news-releases/ nz-government-invests-in-birkbeck-centre

[4] http:/ / www. arts. auckland. ac. nz/ departments/ index. cfm?S=D_MAORI

[5] http:/ / www. waikato. ac. nz/ enrol/ choices/ #TIKA

[6] http:/ / maori. massey. ac. nz/

[7] http:/ / www. victoria. ac. nz/ maori/

[8] http:/ / www. maori. canterbury. ac. nz/

[9] http:/ / www. library. canterbury. ac. nz/ maori/ web. shtml

[10] http:/ / www. lincoln. ac. nz/ story3131. html

[11] http:/ / www. otago. ac. nz/ subjects/ maor. html

[12] http:/ / www. nzsa. co. uk/ index. htm

[13] http:/ / www. ndsu. edu/ instruct/ isern/ NZOZ/

[14] http:/ / canz. georgetown. edu/

[15] http:/ / www. utexas. edu/ depts/ cas/ 131

Others

Deaf studies

Deaf Studies are academic disciplines concerned with the study of the deaf social life of human groups and individuals including anthropology, economics, geography, history, political science, psychology, social studies, and sociology. The Deaf studies comprise the scientific study of the deaf-related aspects of the world.[1] Deaf studies includes the study of: • Deaf culture • Deaf people • Sign language

University-based deaf studies centers • United States • Masters offered • Gallaudet University, Washington, D.C. • National Center on Deafness, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California • Bachelors offered • California State University, Sacramento, Sacramento, California • Boston University, Boston, MA • Lamar University, Lamar, TX (offers hybrid Deaf Education/Deaf Studies doctorates) • Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah • State Certifications • Texas Woman's University, Denton, Texas (offers Masters in Deaf Education) • Associate in Arts offered • Towson University, Towson, Maryland • College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA • Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah • United Kingdom • University of Central Lancashire, Lancashire, England • Centre for Deaf Studies, Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol • New Zealand • Victoria University of Wellington • The Netherlands • Visual Language, Signs and Gestures, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen Deaf studies 132

National and transnational Deaf studies centers • New Zealand • Kelston Deaf Education Centre • Philippines • School_of_Deaf_Education_and_Applied_Studies, De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde, Manila

Deaf studies associations • United States • CSUN Deaf Studies Association, Northridge, California • United Kingdom • The British Association of Teachers of the Deaf

Deaf-related major projects • India • Deafchild India

References

[1] Deaf studies, From Which Course?, 30.6, Friday, 1 February 2008 (http:/ / www. independent. co. uk/ student/ career-planning/ az-careers/

deaf-studies-671539. html) Article Sources and Contributors 133 Article Sources and Contributors

Area studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=459212832 Contributors: BDD, Barticus88, Beyond My Ken, CardinalDan, Dbachmann, Doric Loon, Dsp13, ElspethC, Fadesga, Gary King, Greedyhalibut, Gretta10, Headbomb, Howee, Hugo999, IsabellaElhasan, Japanice, Jbmurray, Jjules85, Joel Bradshaw, John of Reading, Jonfernquest, Kevlar67, Klimenok, Konamaiki, LA2, Marcel Dublin, Maurreen, Mjs110, Pawyilee, Piotrus, Porchcorpter, Rbellin, Realrhetoric, Remort, Richardkselby, Robofish, SMC, SatuSuro, Svick, Tmusgrove, Uppland, Vik-Thor, Wassermann, Welsh, Wotloni1987, 27 anonymous edits

African studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=461750322 Contributors: A12n, Aspirecollege, Auntof6, Badagnani, Bejnar, Caboclo1, Calsicol, Causteau, Cooksey, Crownjewel82, Dbachmann, Delta 51, Dickaselas, Doortmont, Douglas R. White, Ezeu, FayssalF, Freechild, Frysun, Futurebird, GCounsel, Golbez, Guillaume2303, Halaqah, Headbomb, Hydro, Jaranda, Jaskana, Johnbibby, Jummai, Jurema Oliveira, Mark Dingemanse, Matthew Platts, Metron, Nitpyck, NorwalkJames, Paralingua, Pirtskhalava, Pxw324, Quale, Rayfield, RepublicanJacobite, Rjensen, Scrappy36, T L Miles, Theresa knott, Velho, Visor, Walkurax, Wassermann, Wileydavid, Xp54321, Xymox12, 31 anonymous edits

Egyptology Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=462144299 Contributors: 6enoch, A. Parrot, Adamsan, After Shock, Alanbly, Ale jrb, Aliaahussein, Alsandro, Andres, Anypodetos, Apepch7, ArielGold, AuthorityTam, Basilo12, Being blunt, Bentogoa, Bjankuloski06en, Bkkbrad, Brando130, CJ, Captmondo, Chapultepec, Cnyborg, CopperSquare, Daleks4eva, David89793, Dbachmann, Delirium, DerHexer, Dialectric, DiogenesTCP, Djgranados, Dougweller, Downhamhill, Dr. Morbius, Drift chambers, Ducatic, EliasAlucard, Elsheikhmh, Epbr123, Favonian, Fconaway, Flembles, Fluri, Fredrik, Fsotrain09, General Wesc, Gilliam, Glenn, Graeme Bartlett, Grimhelm, GusF, Hamedy1986, Harvey [email protected], IQubed168, ISS-Group, Insanity Incarnate, InverseHypercube, Isnow, J.A.McCoy, J8079s, Jaberwocky6669, Jacob decamillis, Jagged 85, Jakken, Jared, Jason Carreiro, Jauhienij, Jazriel, Jeff Song, John, Joinmeinvalhalla, Josh Parris, Jyril, Kalogeropoulos, Karl-Henner, Ken B. Klein, Kevinalewis, Kjoonlee, Lightmouse, Lowe4091, MUNCHEIS, Markh, Meersan, Meritites, Mgiganteus1, Michael Hardy, Mitkat, Mkrose, Mwanner, NJPatterson, NawlinWiki, Nicke Lilltroll, Nihiltres, Nikai, Norm, Nádvorník, Orthrinos, OverMyHead, Palmeradam, Parent5446, Paxsimius, Penfold, Piano non troppo, Pjamescowie, Prosfilaes, Qxz, Reddi, RexNL, Rigadoun, RogerWill, Rurparz, Salavat, SamuelTheGhost, Sardanaphalus, Sgt Pinback, ShakingSpirit, Shniken1, Sjwk, Smashman, Solipsist, SpiderJon, Steorra, Stoa, Suruena, Takeaway, TheEgyptian, Thorsen, Thunderforge, Twthmoses, Ukexpat, Vanished user 03, Velella, Wavelength, Wetman, WhyteRyder, Wolfkeeper, WpZurp, Xihr, Yamara, Yurik, Zerida, Zzyxzaa26, Жељко Тодоровић, Саша Стефановић, 193 anonymous edits

American studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=461520763 Contributors: AlexiusHoratius, Altenmann, Americanstudiesleipzig, Andy Marchbanks, AppaAliApsa, Beginning, Berchemboy, Bezalela, Bigturtle, Boccobrock, CasualObserver'48, Colonies Chris, Cometstyles, Davelester, David Delony, David ekstrand, Defacto1230, Dhi2cr, Discospinster, Dmitri Lytov, Edward, Emartinsen, Epbr123, Equilibrial, Foolip, Fourthords, Frankie816, Glenntwo, Headbomb, Henrygb, Histocrates, Hmains, IIVeaa, Jackeiden, Janneman, Jed.dobson, Jhupress, Kumioko, LordAmeth, Lubar, MK, Madthomas, Michael Hardy, Mjs110, Neutrality, Onlyemarie, PoliticalSuperHighway, Purplebackpack89, Radagast, Ragesoss, Rbellin, Reedtv, Reid1867, Richard001, RichardF, Ruthfulbarbarity, Sarahb87, SliceNYC, Sonicyouth86, Swpb, TastyPoutine, Tim Kremser, TinyTeena, UK Bakosi, Uppland, Venquaen, Vmenkov, Vsos, anonymous edits 128 ,ﺯﺭﺷﮏ ,Wassermann, Wikkedout, Yonghokim, ZooGuard

American Studies in Britain Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=459810823 Contributors: Andycjp, Cx3200, Davelester, Dumelow, Edward, ElKevbo, Evans1982, Fishal, Hmains, LilHelpa, Martin Hinks, Mjs110, Palpatine, R'n'B, Red dwarf, SeanLegassick, Snozzer, Wafulz, Wassermann, Woohookitty, 48 anonymous edits

African American studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=462885679 Contributors: A.J.A., Alkalimat, Anirvan, Anthon.Eff, Aroundthewayboy, Ashishldh, Asvann, Badspllr, Baseball Bugs, Bihco, Bobblewik, Crownjewel82, Cuchullain, Dbachmann, December21st2012Freak, Discott, DolphinBGG, Dunkerya, EdH, FIRExNECK, FitzColinGerald, Funandtrvl, FusionNow, Futurebird, Halaqah, HighKing, Howee, Hraefen, Jared Hunt, Jeffmatt, Jengod, Jlukewood, Jndrline, Kemetianqueen, Koavf, Kspence, Lastlivinggod, LaszloWalrus, Lquilter, Malik Shabazz, Martindelany, Maurice87, Maurreen, Mboverload, Mikeyccarter, Minority2005, Mr. Jibbers, MrOllie, MsTingaK, Nbarth, [email protected], Nharewp, Ohconfucius, Rbellin, Rjwilmsi, Sanderkn, Sardanaphalus, SouthernNights, SuperBB12, Switchercat, Tiffanycurtis 2010, Umbono, Uvmcdi, Viriditas, Waggers, Wasbeer, Wassermann, Weezcake, Wendelswerk, William Avery, Yahel Guhan, Zhang Guo Lao, Zionsson 3000, Zooks512, 88 anonymous edits

Appalachian studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=379598012 Contributors: ASAWebsiteChair, Bms4880, Jekess, Mausy5043, Modernist, Rbellin, Rich Farmbrough, 5 anonymous edits

Asian American studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=451541400 Contributors: Adashiel, Akit, Bern1971, Bluemoose, Cbizzle, Clam0p, Clari 2010, Coloursinmyhead, Drenched, Gmatsuda, Gwguffey, HongQiGong, Howee, Irondrake455, Jowasu, Jpg, Jsantaana, Lightmouse, MECU, Maurreen, Nlu, OrangeSwits, Rbellin, Rjwilmsi, Satori Son, Shenme, Skapur, Sunvin, TAG speakers, Wassermann, Wl219, Wzhao553, 80 anonymous edits

Canadian studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=401143077 Contributors: Arctic.gnome, Bearcat, Beaumack, CarolGray, Carolynparrishfan, Circeus, Dschroder, Headbomb, Kevlar67, Mathalete, Mathew5000, Minority2005, Neutrality, Pattyscott, Paulcsid500, PdDemeter, Plasma east, Roux, Supadawg, Wassermann, William Graham, Zoicon5, 19 anonymous edits

Native American studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=458582737 Contributors: Abexy, Albion moonlight, Augwp, BD2412, Billposer, Bluemoose, Cgingold, Chris the speller, Crimsonedge, Cuchullain, Dardis13, Dmitri Lytov, Dougweller, DrJackDempsey, Fawcett5, Foodforthoughts, Funandtrvl, Gebrelu, Getaway, Howee, Irn, J04n, JStripes, Jacket83, JustAGal, Lucky 6.9, Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters, Maurreen, Moxy, Paul Erik, Pharos, Ps07swt, Radh, Rbellin, Rich Farmbrough, Rockero, Smallchief, Solipsist, Tacha, Tedernst, Tu'inukutavake, Uyvsdi, Verklempt, Vihelik, Vizjim, Vsmith, Wassermann, Wavy G, Woohookitty, Xerxes2004, Zigmisiak, 43 anonymous edits

Latin American studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=457948167 Contributors: Arthurian Legend, Bhhenry, CJLL Wright, Crazypaco, Dentren, FRRE, Fadesga, Hadynkihm, Jbmurray, Jnewtonmexico, Jonkerz, LdIP, Mtmiranda, Neddyseagoon, Neutrality, Nipisiquit, NorwalkJames, Piano non troppo, Piksi, Rbellin, Rjensen, Scandza, Scanlan, Slrubenstein, Terra2009, Trokan2, Tterrag, Victor12, Vik-Thor, Wassermann, 35 anonymous edits

Chicana/o Studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=456984764 Contributors: Cityside Seraph, ClsDM, Haymaker, Koavf, Langston, Mandarax, Markeilz, Rbellin, Rockero, Stings99, TheLetterM, Tony1, 18 anonymous edits

Asian studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=438043023 Contributors: Apoc2400, ArcticPersian, Category, Cst17, D.h, Dbachmann, Editor2020, Faravashi, Flewis, FlyingToaster, Headbomb, IByte, Isnow, Joel Bradshaw, Johnbod, Kingpomba, Leutha, Metron, Mkill, Pankajjain, Piotrus, Rajam6, Saimdusan, Smoore102, Sunray, Twobells, Vietnamese online, Wassermann, Wetman, 11 anonymous edits

Central Asian studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=445917206 Contributors: Andycjp, CJLL Wright, Crapface333, Cs, David Straub, Dbachmann, Firespeaker, Grutness, Hugo999, J. Spencer, Kintetsubuffalo, Leutha, Nick1nildram, Otebig, Pegship, Radagast83, TerriersFan, Thisisborin9, Wassermann, 4 anonymous edits

Middle Eastern studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=462426657 Contributors: Andycjp, BD2412, Brookshawn, Capitalistroadster, Cuchullain, DMCer, Elan26, Emahyar, Fayenatic london, Ghoomas, Historicist, J04n, Jmlk17, Johnbod, Nicolas93, Palmiro, Rashman, Rbellin, Sjakkalle, Texaslover67, TimBentley, Uppland, Wase2011, Wassermann, Wikiphile 0211, Woer$, Zenjah, 38 anonymous edits

Assyriology Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=462004305 Contributors: Adamsan, Anypodetos, Arco de Rayne, Artaxiad, Banipal753, Basilo12, Bel Pirishti, Chaldean, Charles Halton, Cmdrjameson, Colonies Chris, Crowley, Curb Chain, Dalit Llama, Dbachmann, Djaser, Drift chambers, Dubsarmah, Ecphora, EliasAlucard, Fconaway, Florian Blaschke, Florimell1919, Forthright, Grafen, Hede2000, Hetar, Heunir, Hmains, IansAwesomePizza, Igiffin, Izzedine, Jasperdoomen, Jastrow, John Alan Halloran, Joshdboz, KJDoran, Kafziel, Kepiblanc, Kevin Rector, KrishGR, Kubura, Labnoor, Lancer55, Larryjhs, LilHelpa, Llama roper, Ludraman, Maximus Rex, Michael Hardy, Million Little Gods, MinorProphet, Nikai, Nopira, Ntsimp, Orange typewriter, Ottershrew, Owen, Penfold, PiCo, Prezes, RafaAzevedo, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Robofish, SE7, Shadow Izual, Sheynhertz-Unbayg, Shilonite, StAnselm, Summer Song, T. Anthony, VengeanceOfAlf, Vervin, Wassermann, Woohookitty, Xunchengdu, YUL89YYZ, Yekrats, Zoeperkoe, Šarukinu, ܩܐܪܝܥ, 73 anonymous edits

Iranian studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=462363694 Contributors: Alucard (Dr.), Andrewa, Aparhizi, Armandeh, Aspects, Avraham, Betacommand, Bissinger, Brianpers, Charles Matthews, Colonies Chris, DarklyCute, Dbachmann, Dehneshin, Dpr, Drflowers, EliasAlucard, Emahyar, Erolos, Faravashi, Farhikht, Farmanesh, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Gol, GreatWhiteNortherner, Hajji Piruz, Hamedy1986, Hastim, Honbicot, Hoquqzan, Horologii, HosseinKamaly, Hxz0001, JDoorjam, Jagged 85, Jasmin Safa, Jasper Zanjani, K.C. Tang, Khalilighazi, Khodabandeh14, Khodavand, Khoikhoi, Khowaga, Kmorozov, Koavf, LUxlii, Leo71538, Mani1, Mardavich, Mathiasrex, MaxNajma, Mehran28, Mild Bill Hiccup, Miq, Mlenoirh, Msamavi, Nakon, Nepaheshgar, Pagewriter, ParthianShot, Quadell, SOASAssocMember, Sangak, Sangak1, Sangak2, Sangak3, Sina Kardar, Sistan, Soroush83, Steinedons, Tahmasp, Tajik, Tassedethe, The Behnam, The Jap, The.Filsouf, Topher385, Vasiľ, Vegaswikian, Verdy p, Wassermann, WernerChr, Wiki navid, Woohookitty, Xashaiar, Yamaweiss, Zereshk, Zoroastrian, 83 anonymous edits

Islamic studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=461226255 Contributors: Abdelmu3min, Abdurrahman.meda, AceOfHearts001, Afterwriting, Alchemist arabia, Alphachimp, Amsherri, Andreasmperu, Anonymous editor, Antandrus, B.Marie03, Balagh, Bertilvidet, Bhadani, Bless sins, Bobblehead, Bornhj, BrainyBabe, Catalographer, Ctbolt, DCrazy, DL1982, Article Sources and Contributors 134

DanMS, Dark Tichondrias, Darklilac, Dbachmann, Deviathan, Editor2020, Eeekster, Elfelix, Epbr123, Eyrryds, Farhansher, FayssalF, Femto, Galoubet, Gkoehler70, Globalrightpath, Grenavitar, Hgilbert, Hydrazillawik, Impaciente, InvisibleK, J.smith, Jagged 85, Jeff3000, Johnbod, Josef1978, Kbh3rd, Kbouchafaa, Lightmouse, Lisasmall, Loonymonkey, Mahmagin, Mahmood, Matt57, Michael Devore, Mouhanad alramli, Mpatel, MuridS1, Musaabdulrashid, Niniwiki, Nlu, Oden, Ogress, Ohnoitsjamie, Oshoval, Pirtskhalava, Pizza Puzzle, Podzemnik, Pontus rosen, Rajam6, RichardF, Rjwilmsi, Rkb2, Sa.vakilian, Shanes, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, Slave poet, Snigbrook, Spartiate, Starshipcaptain, Stevertigo, Striver, Studentofknowledge, SuperHamster, Supertouch, Tariqabjotu, Tassedethe, TastyPoutine, The Lesser Merlin, TheoloJ, Turaab84, UmmAlQura, WJBscribe, WhisperToMe, Wikiphile 0211, Wikortreat, William M. Connolley, anonymous edits 95 ,ﮐﺎﺷﻒ ﻋﻘﯿﻞ ,Woohookitty, Xinstalker, Xiquet, Yahel Guhan, Ze miguel, Zeeshanhasan, Zidonuke

Jewish studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=463276698 Contributors: Alansohn, Andycjp, Avigdorim, Bnguyen, CanisRufus, Chris the speller, Culturalrevival, Cygnis insignis, Downtownmatt, Editor2020, Gaius Cornelius, Gardar Rurak, George100, Gidonb, Gilabrand, HG, Hznhr, IZAK, Infoman99, Jeffcutt, Jimhoward72, John, Jzava2004, Kiddo27, LilHelpa, Linguistics72, Lurgetp, Marek69, Mark83, Maurreen, Mayumashu, Mean as custard, Merope, Mjieditor, Mst48, Neutrality, Number 57, Petersoncello, Pigman, Pirtskhalava, Pylambert, Rblady, Rcawsey, Reggieknopoff, Rjwilmsi, Sheynhertz-Unbayg, Socratesandhemlock, Sreifa, Stagophile, T.Yavetz, TaRaRaRaskal, That Guy, From That Show!, Trum5770, Vary, Victoriaedwards, Viridian, Wassermann, Wikix, Yehudi hamacabbi, 103 anonymous edits

East Asian studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=457144580 Contributors: Andycjp, Bejnar, BengalRenaissanceEccentrica, CWH, Ceascuhk, Charleslaughlin, Confuzion, Discospinster, Editor2020, Epastreich, G0700596, Greyhound64, IGEL, Jivecat, Kane5187, LiangHH, Lobbyworthh, Look2See1, Matatigre36, Nbarth, Pigman, Plutoplanetpower, RM21F99, RainbowOfLight, Remort, RevolverOcelotX, Rikyu, SimonP, Wassermann, 49 anonymous edits

Sinology Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=447600535 Contributors: -js-, Ahoerstemeier, Apeman, Bathrobe, Bender235, BlueQ99, Brian0324, CWH, Camptown, Cburton001, Coccyx Bloccyx, DVdm, Darwinek, David Straub, Davin, Dbachmann, Dpr, Ejay, Eliashedberg, Enigmaman, Finngall, Fuzzy Logic, Gbog, Ghirlandajo, Gioto, Hede2000, Henrygb, HongQiGong, Igiffin, Iluvchineselit, Infrogmation, Introvert, J. Spencer, Jensbn, Jiang, Jonkerz, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jpbowen, Juliancolton, Junyi, K.C. Tang, Kanguole, Keahapana, Kintetsubuffalo, Kmhkmh, Ktsquare, Laca, Llywrch, Lord of the Puns, Lowellian, Margr8, Matilda, Menchi, Mgrail, Montie01, N-true, Nanshu, Nehrams2020, Niohe, Olivier, R'n'B, Romi63, Sam Spade, Samwingkit, Tang Kai Mun, TastyPoutine, The Transhumanist, TheLeopard, Umofomia, Uxbona, Visik, Vmenkov, VolatileChemical, Wahaha48, Walt 45805, Wasted Time R, Wavelength, Welsh, Wikiklrsc, Wonghoito, Woohookitty, Xibeidaxue, Xn4, Yau, Yerpo, Yvalbert, Zundark, 达伟, 92 anonymous edits

Japanese studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=461739785 Contributors: Andycjp, Arghlookamonkey, Benfranklinlover, CalJW, Clngre, Ferkelparade, Historian, Jacob1207, Macraf, Maximus Rex, Merope, Mkill, Neilc, Niigata seagull, OGoncho, Parsecboy, Remort, Soetermans, Sus scrofa, Tedsushi, Vespristiano, Wake up, Wassermann, Yamamoto Ichiro, 26 anonymous edits

Korean studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=461852087 Contributors: Alfpooh, Flamebroil, Immanuel Giel, In ictu oculi, Joel Bradshaw, Koreastudies, Kyotobob, Lukobe, Mitrius, Mostleydead, Mrarchitectkim, OldRightist, Remort, Rich Farmbrough, Trialsanderrors, Visviva, Wassermann, 15 anonymous edits

Indology Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=461578400 Contributors: Aki 27, Alcidebava, Apollonian smile, Areapeaslol, AustralianMelodrama, Bakasuprman, Bharatveer, Birdsmight, BookWormmm, Bvo66, CarlosTarrat, Colonies Chris, Cuziyam, DaGizza, Daniel Brockman, Dbachmann, Deeptrivia, Despentes, Deville, Dream of Nyx, Dwaipayanc, EALacey, Earth, Editor2020, Ekabhishek, Emperor Genius, Enaidmawr, Fayenatic london, Fconaway, Florian Blaschke, GSMR, Gakuro, Gavia immer, Generalboss3, Ghirlandajo, Gisling, Gun Powder Ma, Gurubrahma, Habibko, Hebrides, Henry Lind, Hmains, Hongooi, Hornplease, Ivan Štambuk, Ivo Coelho, Jagged 85, Johnbod, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jpbowen, Kanags, Kundalinibooks, Kwib, Kww, LeaveSleaves, Leolaursen, Life of Riley, Lightmouse, Ligulem, Lihaas, Lilaac, Lordeaswar, Mash1969, Mohammad Asad, NamfFohyr, Nareshgupta, Nightenbelle, Nikhilwatson, Noypi380, O Govinda, Ohconfucius, Optimist on the run, Perichandra1, Plotdealtiknow, Podzemnik, Ppntori, Pratheepps, Proudtobeindian007, QdZLjUtTCKz34ou7YDQX, RaimundoR, Ramashray, Ravichandar84, Rayfield, Reinyday, Rjwilmsi, Roland zh, Rosarino, Rowallan1, Rudrasharman, Rumpelstiltskin223, Rzafar, SUSHRUTA, Savitardevi, Scanlan, Seano1, Sendrin, Shreevatsa, Siddiqui, Sindhutvavadin, Skbhat, Skepticfall, Softdynamite, Standardfact, Stebbins, Stemonitis, The Behnam, Toolsmile4, TwoHorned, Utcursch, Verbum Veritas, Vmrgrsergr, Wassermann, Wavelength, Whaatt, Wiki-uk, WikiSceptic, Woohookitty, Wujastyk, Yann, Zerokitsune, 98 anonymous edits

Dravidian studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=460139892 Contributors: Casablanca2000in, Cuziyam, Dbachmann, Editor2020, PeaceNT, PhilKnight, Ravichandar84, Vadakkan, Varttik, Wichren, 2 anonymous edits

Southeast Asian studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=459937356 Contributors: AdRock, Asrghasrhiojadrhr, CJLL Wright, Computerjoe, Confuzion, G0700596, Jonfernquest, Pawyilee, Pinkkeith, Rajam6, Robertpeter a, Wassermann, 7 anonymous edits

Burma studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=423561287 Contributors: Clicketyclack, Confuzion, ENeville, Hintha, Jonfernquest, Kintetsubuffalo, Koavf, Nick Number, Oxymoron83, Rixon45, Skarioffszky, Wassermann, Woohookitty, 7 anonymous edits

Thai studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=431909991 Contributors: Ahoerstemeier, D6, Hmains, Jonfernquest, Mori Riyo, Neutrality, Pirtskhalava, Wassermann, Woohookitty, Xligon, 6 anonymous edits

European studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=447600727 Contributors: Alieliale, Becks28nz, Berchemboy, Bridgechess, Chaoborus, Cordless Larry, DStoykov, Fadesga, Gabrieau, Globe-trotter, Headbomb, Jamyskis, Janiecke, Jonkerz, Lectonar, Lunalona, Mai777, Man vyi, Michael Hardy, Mira, Montessquieu, NerdyNSK, Neurolysis, Nik666, P-Chiddy, Samwaltz, Thomuk2006, Warntjen, Wassermann, Whiteroll, Zzyzx11, 57 anonymous edits

Byzantine studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=454921272 Contributors: Angel ivanov angelov, Auréola, Bender235, Cahk, Catalographer, Chris the speller, Cplakidas, Deucalionite, Dimadick, Dr.K., Erud, Fogster, Future Perfect at Sunrise, G.W., Hmains, HomoByzantinus, Jaraalbe, Javits2000, Johnbod, Jonkerz, MisfitToys, Nikolov2010, Otolemur crassicaudatus, Parkwells, PigFlu Oink, RHaworth, Singinglemon, Topbanana, Vojvodaen, Woohookitty, 8 anonymous edits

Classics Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=464091070 Contributors: 65.10.163.xxx, A Macedonian, Afaprof01, Akhilleus, Alexander.stohr, Alfio, Amasis, Anand v21, Andycjp, Angr, AnnaFrance, Anskas, Antandrus, Ap, Appraiser, Aristarch100, Arminius, Arraes.daniel, Art LaPella, Arzchena, AtheWeatherman, Barbatus, Bdragon, Before My Ken, Berks105, Betacommand, Bibliomaniac15, Bibliophylax, Brando130, Brat32, Briaboru, Brion VIBBER, CZmarlin, Camerong, Cancre, Causa sui, CaveatLector, Cenarium, Charles Matthews, Cimlaneath, Citypanes89, Ckatz, Conversion script, Cynwolfe, D. Webb, DVdm, Dagko, DanielNuyu, Danny lost, David Kernow, Dbachmann, Dblk, December21st2012Freak, Discospinster, Dkrogers, DocWatson42, DopefishJustin, Earth, Eco84, Edhist, Edref, El C, Elfelix, Elfguy, Enkyklios, Erich, Evans1982, Eyadhamid, Faithlessthewonderboy, Fogodragon, Fordmadoxfraud, Furrykef, Gabrielbodard, Gaius Cornelius, Gaiushowell, Gbog, Gdr, Girlwithgreeneyes, Grammarian, GreatWhiteNortherner, Grover cleveland, Grstain, Gwguffey, Haroldrocks, Hixtures, Hmains, Hu12, Hyperboreios, Igorwindsor, Ijon, Indon, Jagged 85, Jastrow, Jdhowens90, Jivecat, Jmundo, John Foley, Josh Parris, Jthan 299, Juliancolton, Just Another Dan, K.C. Tang, Kenatipo, Kenny sh, Ketamino, Kevin Murray, Knownot, Kshepard3, La goutte de pluie, Lagalag, Larry_Sanger, Lbeaulieu1, Leebo, Leonardo1212, Lesnail, Libcub, Llywrch, Lnickerson1, Lo2u, MZaplotnik, MacTire02, Magister Mathematicae, Makeemlighter, Malik Shabazz, Malymac, Margacst, Martpol, Mattgirling, Maurreen, Mav, Mcauliffe16, Measure, Meegs, Mel Etitis, Mendaliv, Mentifisto, Mgiganteus1, Mhazard9, Michael Hardy, Mild Bill Hiccup, Minesweeper, Mirv, Mmoneypenny, Mr Stephen, N4nojohn, NawlinWiki, Neelix, Neutrality, Nev1, Nevalspe, Nikodemos, Nixdorf, Notpietru, Nptnpt, Nunh-huh, Ofekalef, Old Moonraker, Omicronpersei8, Omnipedian, Oxonian2006, PaleAqua, Pcb21, Peropi, Petrouchka, Phthoggos, Pilotguy, Pink!Teen, Pjmc, Pluemaster, PoBoy321, Pollinosisss, Portlish, Pperos, Quadalpha, Qxz, R'n'B, Raoli, Rcorlett, RedWolf, RekishiEJ, Remi0o, Revares, Reywas92, Rich Farmbrough, Rosenzweig, Ryulong, Rédacteur Tibet, SE7, SU Linguist, Salsa Shark, Salt Yeung, Sam Hocevar, Sardanaphalus, Scoops, Scurra, Sh1t slinger, Shallallaa, Shoeofdeath, Shogartu, Shreevatsa, Silence, Sklerg, SlackerMom, SmilesALot, Snushka, Some jerk on the Internet, SteveMcCluskey, Supermanicsoul, TOO, TShilo12, Tabber87, Tal642, Tdimhcs, Telsa, The Dogandpony, The Sage of Stamford, The Transhumanist, The Transhumanist (AWB), Thruston, Thu, Tide rolls, Troy 07, Twas Now, Twospoonfuls, U. Hagedorn, Vanished user 03, Versalius, Vistor, WHEELER, Wassupwestcoast, Wayward, Wolfling, Woohookitty, Wrigz, XenuIsGod, Yolgnu, Yom, Zythe, Эшер, 295 anonymous edits

Celtic studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=460279909 Contributors: ANB, Adresia, Aff123a, An Siarach, Angr, Angusmclellan, Bearcat, Bobblehead, Bogger, CarolGray, Cavila, Crafanc, Cuchullain, Cyocum, DNewhall, Dardis13, Davidjameshudson, DuncanHill, Dwme, Erudy, Fadesga, Felix Folio Secundus, Finnrind, Flikery, Gaelicmichael, George Broderick, Grutness, Hkdky, Hmains, Hugo999, Irishancest, Jembana, Johnbod, Johnraciti, Jza84, Kathryn NicDhàna, Languagehat, MER-C, Mais oui!, MaryJones, Metron, Mikefitzhistorian, Mitrius, Ollamh (fr), Pamaladh, Pigman, Piseag, Queezbo, Red Hurley, Redroven, Rjwilmsi, Rumpelstilzchen, RyanCross, Shoreranger, Tameamseo, Tassedethe, Terrymarks, The sober irishman, Vsmith, Wachowich, Wassermann, Woohookitty, Xxglennxx, Zemlod, 48 anonymous edits

Dutch studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=460480108 Contributors: 16@r, 212.211.68.xxx, Ad43, Afhaalchinees, Ahpook, AjaxSmack, Alextrevelian 006, Andy M. Wang, Annenanssoep, Ap, Aranel, Arnoutf, Arvey, Avb, BD2412, Bearcat, Beland, BertSen, Bloodshedder, Bobblehead, Boing! said Zebedee, Bonadea, Brittanysays101, Brz7, Burntsauce, C mon, CE, CalJW, Caltas, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Cantiorix, China Crisis, Ciphers, Colonies Chris, Commander Keane, CommonsDelinker, Conversion script, CopperSquare, Corti, CyrilleDunant, Dennnnis, DickSummerfield, Djnjwd, Dogaroon, Drmaik, Dthomsen8, Dysprosia, Eezie, Efghij, Erik Zachte, EronMain, Espoo, Eumolpo, Evenstar06, Exceedingly Rare, Excirial, Falphin, Flyingcheese, Fram, Gilgamesh, Gnfnrf, Gpvos, Graham87, Guettarda, Haddiscoe, Hellevoetfotoshoot, Hemlock Martinis, Historian932, Hmains, HoodedMan, Iohannes Animosus, Iridescent, IslandGyrl, It Is Me Here, Itsramon, J. 'mach' wust, JM.Beaubourg, Jeronimo, Jesuschristsuperstar11023, JethroT, Jevansen, Jfdwolff, JohJak2, Karol Langner, Lambiam, LikeHolyWater, LilHelpa, Lithoderm, Lothar von Richthofen, Lusitana, MNijhuis, Maartenvdbent, Maester mensch, Magere Hein, Mani1, MarSch, Mark83, Martarius, Mcginnly, Mcmvanbree, Modernist, Mr. Absurd, MrFish, Mvandegroep, Nadirali, Nethgirb, NewEnglandYankee, Obalambada, Okki, Olygha, Oneiros, Oscar, Patrick, Paul111, Pdeniger, Perceval, Pethan, Piano non troppo, Picapica, Piet Vollaard, Private Pilot, PuzzleMeister, R9tgokunks, Rex Germanus, Rjwilmsi, Ronhjones, Rotationx, ScottDavis, Seabhcan, Silly rabbit, SimonD, Smith Jones, Article Sources and Contributors 135

SpaceFlight89, Spellmaster, Ssbohio, Stijndon, Switisweti, TUF-KAT, Taketa, Tide rolls, Tim!, Tim1357, Tyrenius, Uriah923, VanBurenen, Veledan, Verne Equinox, Welsh, Whitebox, Whithouse, Whoop whoop, Woohookitty, Your Lord and Master, Zz99zz, 218 anonymous edits

German studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=458601651 Contributors: Alcarinquë, Angr, Ary29, Ben Ben, Charles Matthews, Dbachmann, Fadesga, Hawkestone, Igor alexandrov, J04n, Jamoche, Johnbod, Kdammers, Lfglatz, Ludvikus, Malcolma, MrOllie, Myriam.ricci, Pirtskhalava, RichardF, Saintswithin, Samwaltz, Sebesta, Sindinero, Sothreat, Switch-to, Wassermann, Woohookitty, 56 anonymous edits

Hungarian studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=407694503 Contributors: AbdiViklas, Auntof6, Bdamokos, Billinghurst, Dusnokig, Hemlock Martinis, 1 anonymous edits

Romance studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=440245589 Contributors: Dbachmann, Oliverkeenan, Pirtskhalava, R'n'B, RandyUang, RichardF, Romamm, TexasAndroid, Wassermann, 1 anonymous edits

Scandinavian studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=459326521 Contributors: Fadesga, Felix Folio Secundus, Greynord, Guypuz, Halfelven Ranger, Jivecat, John Vandenberg, King ravana, Kwamikagami, LA2, Mainmre, Malcolma, Maxí, MrOllie, PhilHolmes44, Pirtskhalava, ThomasPusch, Wassermann, 12 anonymous edits

Slavic studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=456331542 Contributors: Aborigine80, Avram, Bfest2k6, Brukner, CaritasUbi, Colchicum, Czechios, Darwinek, Doremo, Dr Oldekop, Duja, Elwin E'len, Eu.stefan, Evlekis, Fadesga, Ghirlandajo, Greg-si, Halibutt, Headbomb, Heqs, Ish ishwar, Ivan Štambuk, Jlittlet, Joy, KBYU, Kevlar67, Khoikhoi, Kintetsubuffalo, Leks81, Local hero, MacedonianBoy, MakeRocketGoNow, Marcin Suwalczan, Marek4, MementoVivere, Mike Stoyik, Millosh, Mir Harven, Molobo, Monteitho, Mountlovcen8, Mukadderat, Mzajac, Owen, Peshkov, Piotrus, Pne, Qurqa, Raxmus, Sebesta, Silin2005, TodorBozhinov, Tomas e, Topbanana, Vald, Viator slovenicus, Wassermann, Woohookitty, XJamRastafire, Xyboi, Zeik9, Савелий В А, 35 anonymous edits

Pacific studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=446202691 Contributors: EmanWilm, Headbomb, Joel Bradshaw, 2 anonymous edits

Australian studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=304532951 Contributors: Choalbaton, Dbachmann, Exert, 2 anonymous edits

New Zealand studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=416513274 Contributors: Andrew Mill, Hugo999, Woohookitty, XLerate

Deaf studies Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=451561731 Contributors: Egberts, Guillaume2303, Jay-Sebastos, Welsh, Woodshed, 1 anonymous edits Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 136 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Image:Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Presumably Hamish2k, the first uploader Image:Papyrus Ani curs hiero.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Papyrus_Ani_curs_hiero.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: G.dallorto, JMCC1, Luccas, Mmcannis, Nagy, Neithsabes, Tedmek, Vincnet, Wknight94, 8 anonymous edits File:USA_night.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:USA_night.png License: Public Domain Contributors: U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration File:Shahnameh3-1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Shahnameh3-1.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: ArnoLagrange, Bontenbal, Denniss, Duesentrieb, Sailko, Wikimedia is Communism File:Iran 1748.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Iran_1748.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Zereshk File:Correctional Activities at Central Jail Faisalabad, Pakistan in 2010 - Convicted prisoners receiving Quranic education.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Correctional_Activities_at_Central_Jail_Faisalabad,_Pakistan_in_2010_-_Convicted_prisoners_receiving_Quranic_education.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Tariq Babur - en:User:Tariq babur File:Tsar Boris III 1934.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tsar_Boris_III_1934.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: unknown File:Homeros Caetani Louvre Ma440 n2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Homeros_Caetani_Louvre_Ma440_n2.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: User:Jastrow Image:Celtic Nations.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Celtic_Nations.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Beao, Cnbrb, Das steinerne Herz, Filos96, Juiced lemon, Kintetsubuffalo, Lexicon, Man vyi, OwenBlacker, QuartierLatin1968, VIGNERON Image:Hollande04.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hollande04.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Anne97432 Image:Dutcharea.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dutcharea.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:Rex Germanus Image:Interior of a Calvinist church.PNG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Interior_of_a_Calvinist_church.PNG License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Mattes, Nyo, Vassil Image:Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt - Hugo Grotius.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Michiel_Jansz_van_Mierevelt_-_Hugo_Grotius.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Dedden, Krscal, Marcus Cyron, Mcke, Vincent Steenberg, 1 anonymous edits Image:Christiaan Huygens-painting.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Christiaan_Huygens-painting.jpeg License: Public Domain Contributors: EugeneZelenko, FrancescoA, Gabor, Ilse@, Jane023, Kristaga, Ustas, 2 anonymous edits Image:Johannes Diderik van der Waals.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: JdH, Knightriderfan, Magnus Manske, Pieter Kuiper, Snowdog, 1 anonymous edits Image:Eduard Douwes Dekker - 001.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Eduard_Douwes_Dekker_-_001.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: User John Doe on de.wikipedia File:Koninklijk Paleis Amsterdam.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Koninklijk_Paleis_Amsterdam.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Robert Scarth Image:HilversumCityHall-front.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:HilversumCityHall-front.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Mfrasca Image:Vermeer-view-of-delft.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vermeer-view-of-delft.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Civvi, Ecemaml, Ilse@, JMK, Jan Arkesteijn, Mcke, Paddy, Raymond, Slomox, Tetraktys, Themedpark, Thuresson, Vincent Steenberg, 2 anonymous edits Image:red vineyards.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Red_vineyards.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Vincent van Gogh Image:Sinterklaas 2007.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sinterklaas_2007.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Original uploader was CrazyPhunk at nl.wikipedia (Original text : Gaby Kooiman) File:Location Nordic Council.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Location_Nordic_Council.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: S. Solberg J. License 137 License

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