DOCSLIB.ORG

Using the 1964 Revolution in Nationalistic Political Discourses in Zanzibar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Using the 1964 Revolution in Nationalistic Political Discourses in Zanzibar View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto Mapinduzi Daima – Revolution Forever: Using the 1964 Revolution in Nationalistic Political Discourses in Zanzibar Riikka Suhonen Master’s Thesis African Studies Institute for Asian and African Studies University of Helsinki July 2009 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following organizations and people deserve a big thankyou: – Institute of Asian and African Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland for travel grant and eight years of stimulating studies – Finnish Cultural Foundation (Suomen Kulttuurirahasto) for their grant – Nordic Africa Institute in Uppsala, Sweden for their one-month study scholarship giving the chance to work in peace – Zanzibar Indian Ocean Research Institute (ZIORI), Tanzania, its staff and particularly professor Abdul Sheriff and Saleh Mohammed Saleh for their indispensable assistance – Zanzibar National Archives, Tanzania – Dar es Salaam University Library, Tanzania – Friends for your support: you all know who you are * * * But politics also brought shocking things to the surface. We liked to think of ourselves as a moderate and mild people. Arab African Indian Comorian: we lived alongside each other, quarrelled and sometimes intermarried. Civilized, that’s what we were. We liked to be described like that, and we described ourselves like that. In reality, we were nowhere near we, but us in our own separate yards, locked in our historical ghettoes, self-forgiving and seething with intolerances, with racisms, and with resentments. And politics brought all that into the open. - Abdulrazak Gurnah: Admiring Silence (1996) - Table of Contents ABBREVIATIONS .........................................................................................................1 CAST OF POLITICAL CHARACTERS IN ZANZIBAR .........................................2 1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................3 1.1. REVOLUTIONARY POLITICS IN ZANZIBAR ................................................................5 1.2. OBJECT OF THE RESEARCH.......................................................................................6 2. METHODOLOGICAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .......................10 2.1. POWER, DISCOURSE AND IDEOLOGY ......................................................................10 2.2. ETHNICITY, "RACE" AND IDENTITY........................................................................17 2.3. NATIONALISMS – "WHO ARE WE?".........................................................................22 2.4. PAST AND HISTORY – "WHO WERE WE?"................................................................26 3. RESEARCH MATERIAL .......................................................................................31 3.1. FINDING THE MATERIAL ........................................................................................33 3.2. OFFICIAL REVOLUTION .........................................................................................35 3.3. PLURALIST REVOLUTION.......................................................................................36 4. FROM PAST TO PRESENT ZANZIBAR.............................................................40 4.1. SLAVES, SPICES AND SULTANS...............................................................................40 4.2. TIME OF POLITICS AND THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS ........................................42 4.3. 12TH OF JANUARY, 1964 AND ITS AFTERMATH......................................................46 4.4. FROM KARUME TO DEMOCRACY AND AGAIN KARUME..........................................49 5. REVOLUTION AND ZANZIBARI IDENTITY ...................................................54 5.1. REVOLUTION OF THE RULING PARTY ....................................................................55 5.1.1. Past: Slaves challenging their Masters.........................................................56 5.1.2. Present: African Proletarian Revolution ......................................................62 5.1.3. Future: How to Save the Revolution from Democracy .................................70 5.2. RUPTURES IN REVOLUTIONARY RHETORIC ...........................................................77 5.2.1. Past: Foreigners invading the Jewel of the Indian Ocean............................79 5.2.2. Present: We do not want "their" Revolution.................................................86 5.2.3. Future: "Zanzibar is a peacock"...................................................................94 5.3. THE CLASH OF DISCOURSES AND THE REMAKING OF ZANZIBARI IDENTITY........101 5.3.1. Myths, metaphors and stereotypes of the 1964 revolution..........................101 5.3.2. Cultural, ethnic or civic nationalism? ........................................................108 6. CONCLUSIONS: REVISING THE ZANZIBAR REVOLUTION ...................111 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................120 APPENDIX ..................................................................................................................133 ABBREVIATIONS ASP Afro-Shirazi Party. The ruling party in Zanzibar from the revolution in 1964 until 1977 and the birth of CCM. CCM Chama cha Mapinduzi, "The Party of the Revolution". Founded in 1977, when TANU and ASP joined together. CUF Civic United Front. The main opposition party in Zanzibar, led by James Mapalala on the mainland and by Seif Sharif Hamad in Zanzibar. OIC Organization of Islamic Conference TANU Tanganyika African National Union, the ruling party in mainland Tanzania until 1977. ZIORI Zanzibar Indian Ocean Research Institute ZNA Zanzibar National Archives ZNP Zanzibar Nationalist Party, led the first independent government in Zanzibar until the 1964 revolution. ZPPP Zanzibar and Pemba People's Party CAST OF POLITICAL CHARACTERS IN ZANZIBAR Salmin Amour President of Zanzibar, 1990–2000. Abdulrahman Mohamed Babu (1924–1996) Founder of the Umma Party, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Planning in the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar; imprisoned 1973–1978; active political and academic figure. Seif Sharif Hamad ("Maalim") (1943–) Minister of Education 1977–1980; Member of the Central Committee of CCM 1977-1987; Chief Minister of Zanzibar 1984–1988; imprisoned 1989–1991; Secretary general of CUF and the presidential candidate for Zanzibar 1995–2005. Ali Sultan Issa (1931–) Umma Party Member, Pemba Area Commissioner, Minister of Health and Education (years?), imprisoned 1973–1978. Sultan Jamshid bin-Abdullah (1929–) The last Sultan of Zanzibar 1963–1964. Omar Ali Juma (1941–) Chief Minister of Zanzibar 1988–1995; Vice President of Tanzania 1995–2001. Mwinyi Aboud Jumbe (1920–) Organizing secretary of the Afro-Shirazi Party; Minister of Health; President of Zanzibar and Vice-President of Tanzania 1972–1984. Abeid Amani Karume (1905–1972) President of the Afro-Shirazi Party, President of Zanzibar and Vice-President of Tanzania 1964–1972. Amani Abeid Karume (1948–) Current president of Zanzibar, 2000–. Sheikh Thabit Kombo Jecha (????–1986) Secretary general of the ASP. Ali Muhsin al-Barwani (1919–2006) One of the ZNP leaders; Minister of Foreign Affairs 1963–1964 (until the revolution). Ali Hassan Mwinyi (1925–) President of Zanzibar 1984–1985; President of Tanzania 1985–1995. Julius Nyerere ("Mwalimu") (1922–1999) President of TANU, President of Tanganyika and Tanzania until 1985, Chairman of CCM until 1990. John Okello ("Field Marshal") (1937–1971?) Member of the Youth League of the Afro- Shirazi Party. Played active military role in the revolution but was exiled soon after the revolution. Seyyid Said bin Sultan al-Said (1790–1856) The Omani Sultan who moved the capital of Oman to Zanzibar in 1840. Idris Abdul Wakil (1925–2000) President of Zanzibar 1985–1990. 2 1. INTRODUCTION The range is spectacular: from the islands full of aromatic flavour of various spices to a former slave trading centre; from an embryo of African socialist revolution to Cuba of Africa; from an Islamic yolk of Africa to nucleus of Communism in Africa; from a former commercial intermediary between the African interior and the capitalist industrialized West to a country with excessive centralized economy; from a country of calm, polite, civilised, cosmopolitan community to hot, volatile and unpredictable revolutionaries. -- All these associations confirm one simple fact, that Zanzibar has always been like a social laboratory, a place that has endured continuous and complex social, political, cultural and economic changes. – Omar Ali Juma, Chief Minister of Zanzibar 1990 When sitting on board of a dangerously creaky dala-dala1 and fearing for your life on the windy roads of Pemba, one can literally see the politics in Zanzibar. No village lacks the flags of both the main party Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM, "Party of the Revolution") and the opposition party Civic United Front (CUF). When walking on the narrow streets of Stone Town, political posters and graffitis cover the walls. Pictures of president Karume decorate the walls of restaurants and the word mapinduzi ("revolution") is repeated over and over again on different government publications, buildings and slogans. Green-and- yellow CCM offices and Maskanis2 dot the scenery everywhere, whereas CUF buildings and meeting places, of unpainted cement boast less with appearance. A white foreigner (mzungu) visiting a CUF office in Stone Town attracts attention: a young man hooks
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 5 Apc Report Correct
    Rapport de la Cinquième Conférence Africaine sur la Population Du 10 au 14 décembre 2007 Arusha International Conference Centre ARUSHA – TANZANIE Thème QUESTIONS ÉMERGEANTES DE LA POPULATION ET DU DÉVELOPPEMENT EN AFRIQUE. Union pour l’Etude de la Population Africaiue National Population Council Building Rooms 105, 106, 107 Ministries, Accra P.O.Box A 408 La, Acccra Ghana Table des Matières La Declaration D'arusha - - - - - - - - -8 Introduction 11 Ceremonie D'ouverture 11 Reception Par Le Gouvernement De La Republique De Tanzanie. 14 Participants A La Cinquieme Conference Africaine De La Population 14 Deliberations De Conference 14 Theme De Conference 14 Resumes Des Sous Themes 16 Assemblee Generale De L'uaep 31 Reunions En Marge 33 Rapports Sur La Reunion Des Parlementaires Et Des ereChefs De Secretariats De Population34 Couverture Mediatique 35 Ceremonie De Cloture 36 Evaluation De Conference Et Statistiques 41 Autres Commentaires Sur La Conference 42 Annexes 44 1.sommaire Du Programme 44 2. Galerie Photos 50 3. Programme Pour La Ceremonie D'ouverture 53 4. Les Discours De La Ceremonie D'ouverture 53 Discours - Programme 53 5. Programme De La Ceremonie De Cloture 77 6. Discours De Cloture 78 7. Les Membres Du Comite National D'organisation 94 8. Les Membres Du Comite International D'organisation 95 9. Liste D'exposants96 10. Liste Des Sponsors 97 La Déclaration d'Arusha Nous, participants de la cinquième conférence africaine sur la population qui a eu lieu du 10 au 14 décembre à Arusha en Tanzanie reconnaissons que : a) les pays africains ont réalisé de gros progrès en ce qui concerne les défis de la population et de développement auxquels est confronté le continent.
    [Show full text]
  • Mazungumzo Na Adam Shafi Juu Ya Uandishi Wake Wa Riwaya
    SWAHILI FORUM 18 (2011): 37-68 MAZUNGUMZO NA ADAM SHAFI JUU YA UANDISHI WAKE WA RIWAYA ADAM SHAFI & LUTZ DIEGNER Adam Shafi aliyezaliwa mwaka 1940 kisiwani Unguja ni mmojawapo wa waandishi mashuhuri wa riwaya ya Kiswahili. Hadi leo hii riwaya zake nne zimechapishwa, kuanzia Kasri ya Mwinyi Fuad (1978), riwaya iliyotafsiriwa kwa Kifaransa na Kijerumani, na Kuli (1979), hadi Haini (2003), riwaya ya kisiasa juu ya kipindi cha utawala wa kabla na baada ya kifo cha Rais wa kwanza wa Zanzibar, Abeid Karume (1972). Riwaya yake Vuta N'kuvute (1999) iliyoanza kutumika mashuleni tangu miaka kumi iliyopita ilisifiwa na kushangiliwa sana na wataalam, wanafunzi na wasomaji kwa ujumla. Riwaya yake ya kitawasifu Mbali na Nyumbani inayosimulia safari zake za miaka sitini kutoka Unguja hadi Ulaya ipo mitamboni. Hivi sasa mwandishi yumo mbioni kukamilisha muswada wa riwaya yake ya sita iitwayo Mtoto wa Mama. Aliwahi kuwa mwenyekiti wa Umoja wa Waandishi wa Vitabu Tanzania (UWAVITA) na wa Baraza la Maendeleo ya Vitabu Tanzania (BAMVITA). Miongoni mwa tuzo nyingine alizopewa ni Tuzo ya Zeze ya Mfuko wa Utamaduni Tanzania mnamo 2002. Mbali na uandishi, Adam Shafi aliwahi kufanya kazi mbalimbali za uandishi wa habari na kazi za ushirika wa kimataifa. Ni mkalimani na mfasiri kwa Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Jinai ya Den Hague, Uholanzi, na mashirika ya kutetea haki za binadamu. Amechangia mengi katika kutunga kamusi kadhaa, ikiwemo Kamusi ya Kiswahili ya Karne ya 21 (2011). Anaishi Unguja na Dar es Salaam. Mazungumzo tunayoyatoa hapa yana historia ndefu kidogo. Kwa mara ya kwanza tulikutana mwezi wa saba, mwaka 2003 huku Ujerumani, mwandishi alipoalikwa na Akadamia ya Kievangeliki, Iserlohn, tukaendelea na mazungumzo yetu nyumbani kwake Upanga, Dar es Salaam, mwezi wa kumi na mbili mwaka ule ule.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa's Role in Nation-Building: an Examination of African-Led Peace
    AFRICA’S ROLE IN NATION-BUILDING An Examination of African-Led Peace Operations James Dobbins, James Pumzile Machakaire, Andrew Radin, Stephanie Pezard, Jonathan S. Blake, Laura Bosco, Nathan Chandler, Wandile Langa, Charles Nyuykonge, Kitenge Fabrice Tunda C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR2978 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0264-6 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2019 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover: U.S. Air Force photo/ Staff Sgt. Ryan Crane; Feisal Omar/REUTERS. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface Since the turn of the century, the African Union (AU) and subregional organizations in Africa have taken on increasing responsibilities for peace operations throughout that continent.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Technical Note on Indigenous Peoples' Issues
    Country Technical Note on Indigenous Peoples’ Issues United Republic of Tanzania Country Technical Notes on Indigenous Peoples’ Issues THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA Submitted by: IWGIA Date: June 2012 Disclaimer The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IFAD concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The designations ‗developed‘ and ‗developing‘ countries are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. All rights reserved Acronyms and abbreviations ACHPR African Commission on Human and Peoples‘ Rights ASDS Agricultural Sector Development Strategy AU African Union AWF African Wildlife Fund CBO Community Based Organization CCM Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Party of the Revolution) CELEP Coalition of European Lobbies for Eastern African Pastoralism CPS Country Partnership Strategy (World Bank) COSOP Country Strategic Opportunities Paper (IFAD) CWIP Core Welfare Indicator Questionnaire DDC District Development Corporation FAO Food and Agricultural Organization FBO Faith Based Organization FGM Female Genital Mutilation FYDP Five Year Development Plan
    [Show full text]
  • Mass Taxation and State-Society Relations in East Africa
    Chapter 5. Mass taxation and state-society relations in East Africa Odd-Helge Fjeldstad and Ole Therkildsen* Chapter 5 (pp. 114 – 134) in Deborah Braütigam, Odd-Helge Fjeldstad & Mick Moore eds. (2008). Taxation and state building in developing countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://www.cambridge.org/no/academic/subjects/politics-international-relations/comparative- politics/taxation-and-state-building-developing-countries-capacity-and-consent?format=HB Introduction In East Africa, as in many other agrarian societies in the recent past, most people experience direct taxation mainly in the form of poll taxes levied by local governments. Poll taxes vary in detail, but characteristically are levied on every adult male at the same rate, with little or no adjustment for differences in individual incomes or circumstances. In East Africa and elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa, poll taxes have been the dominant source of revenue for local governments, although their financial importance has tended to diminish over time. They have their origins in the colonial era, where at first they were effectively an alternative to forced labour. Poll taxes have been a source of tension and conflict between state authorities and rural people from the colonial period until today, and a catalyst for many rural rebellions. This chapter has two main purposes. The first, pursued through a history of poll taxes in Tanzania and Uganda, is to explain how they have affected state-society relations and why it has taken so long to abolish them. The broad point here is that, insofar as poll taxes have contributed to democratisation, this is not through revenue bargaining, in which the state provides representation for taxpayers in exchange for tax revenues (Levi 1988; Tilly 1990; Moore 1998; and Moore in this volume).
    [Show full text]
  • Constructions and Instrumentalization of the Past: a Comparative Study on Memory Management in the Region
    CBEES State of the Region Report 2020 Constructions and Instrumentalization of the Past A Comparative Study on Memory Management in the Region Published with support from the Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies (Östersjstiftelsen) Constructions and Instrumentalization of the Past A Comparative Study on Memory Management in the Region December 2020 Publisher Centre for Baltic and East European Studies, CBEES, Sdertrn University © CBEES, Sdertrn University and the authors Editor Ninna Mrner Editorial Board Joakim Ekman, Florence Frhlig, David Gaunt, Tora Lane, Per Anders Rudling, Irina Sandomirskaja Layout Lena Fredriksson, Serpentin Media Proofreading Bridget Schaefer, Semantix Print Elanders Sverige AB ISBN 978-91-85139-12-5 4 Contents 7 Preface. A New Annual CBEES Publication, Ulla Manns and Joakim Ekman 9 Introduction. Constructions and Instrumentalization of the Past, David Gaunt and Tora Lane 15 Background. Eastern and Central Europe as a Region of Memory. Some Common Traits, Barbara Trnquist-Plewa ESSAYS 23 Victimhood and Building Identities on Past Suffering, Florence Frhlig 29 Image, Afterimage, Counter-Image: Communist Visuality without Communism, Irina Sandomirskaja 37 The Toxic Memory Politics in the Post-Soviet Caucasus, Thomas de Waal 45 The Flag Revolution. Understanding the Political Symbols of Belarus, Andrej Kotljarchuk 55 Institutes of Trauma Re-production in a Borderland: Poland, Ukraine, and Lithuania, Per Anders Rudling COUNTRY BY COUNTRY 69 Germany. The Multi-Level Governance of Memory as a Policy Field, Jenny Wstenberg 80 Lithuania. Fractured and Contested Memory Regimes, Violeta Davoliūtė 87 Belarus. The Politics of Memory in Belarus: Narratives and Institutions, Aliaksei Lastouski 94 Ukraine. Memory Nodes Loaded with Potential to Mobilize People, Yuliya Yurchuk 106 Czech Republic.
    [Show full text]
  • Zanzibar: Religion, Politics, and Identity in East Africa
    CAS PO 204: Zanzibar: Religion, Politics, and Identity in East Africa Timothy Longman Summer 2013 M-R 10-12, plus field trips May 27-July 3 Email: [email protected] The islands of Zanzibar have been a crossroads of African, Persian, Arab, Indian, and European cultures for two millenniums, making them a unique setting in which to explore issues of religion, ethnicity, race, gender, class, and politics in East Africa. From about 1000 A.D., the first permanent settlers began to arrive from the African mainland, and they mixed with Arab, Persian, and Indian traders who had used Zanzibar as a port for centuries. Zanzibar was linked early into the Muslim world, with the first mosque in the southern hemisphere was built in there in 1107. Zanzibar’s two main islands of Unguja and Pemba ultimately developed a plantation economy, with slaves imported from the mainland growing cloves, cinnamon, cardamom, and other spices. Zanzibar’s strategic and economic importance made it a coveted prize, as it was alternately controlled by the Portuguese, Omani, and British empires. Zanzibar became the launching site for H.M. Stanley and other explorers, the center for many missionary groups, and an important base for European colonial expansion into East Africa. This course explores the role of Zanzibar as a gateway between East Africa and the Middle East, South Asia, and Europe and the fascinating legacy of social diversity left by the many different cultures that have passed through the islands. We study the contrast between the historical development of mainland East Africa and the Swahili coastal communities that range from Mozambique to Somalia and the role of Zanzibar in the expansion of colonialism into East Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • The Migration of Indians to Eastern Africa: a Case Study of the Ismaili Community, 1866-1966
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2019 The Migration of Indians to Eastern Africa: A Case Study of the Ismaili Community, 1866-1966 Azizeddin Tejpar University of Central Florida Part of the African History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Tejpar, Azizeddin, "The Migration of Indians to Eastern Africa: A Case Study of the Ismaili Community, 1866-1966" (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 6324. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/6324 THE MIGRATION OF INDIANS TO EASTERN AFRICA: A CASE STUDY OF THE ISMAILI COMMUNITY, 1866-1966 by AZIZEDDIN TEJPAR B.A. Binghamton University 1971 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History in the College of Arts and Humanities at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2019 Major Professor: Yovanna Pineda © 2019 Azizeddin Tejpar ii ABSTRACT Much of the Ismaili settlement in Eastern Africa, together with several other immigrant communities of Indian origin, took place in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth centuries. This thesis argues that the primary mover of the migration were the edicts, or Farmans, of the Ismaili spiritual leader. They were instrumental in motivating Ismailis to go to East Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Colonial Exploration and East African Resistance Oscar Baumann’S First Expedition Into Usambara, 1888 1
    Colonial Exploration and East African Resistance Oscar Baumann’s first expedition into Usambara, 1888 1 Erschienen in: Analele Universitatii Bucuresti - Istorie XLVIII (1999) 97-110 In Tanzanian late 19 th century history, the rebellion of the people of the “Mrima”, the Swahili- speaking coastal region 2, against German political penetration in 1888-1890 has always been given particular prominence by African as well as European historians alike. 3 In this discourse, the name of the Viennese traveller, researcher and diplomat Oscar Baumann is frequently mentioned. Not only did his travel accounts enjoy good reputation amongst contemporary European observers on both academic as well as non-academic levels. Even until today, Baumann‘s findings are frequently used by historians and anthropologists as primary sources of detail and importance. His ethnographic collections, still largely unresearched, form an important part of the Viennese Museum of Ethnology‘s heritage. 4 Mistakenly, however, most of english-speaking research gives Baumann‘s national origin as German; although he did work for German colonial agencies for some time, he was definitely Austrian. 1. Biographical notes Oscar Baumann was actually born in Vienna on June 25, 1864. 5 Although distantly related to the well-known Viennese business dynasties von Arnstein and von Neuwall (both of Jewish origin 6), living circumstances of the family - father Heinrich holding a bank job on medium level - do not 1 This paper is an updated version of Barbara Köfler / Walter Sauer, Scheitern in Usambara. Die Meyer-Baumann'sche Expedition in Ostafrika 1888, in: Wiener Geschichtsblätter 53 (1/1998) 1-25. It forms part of the Oscar Baumann Research Project carried out, under the supervision of the author, by Mrs Köfler and financed by the Austrian Science Fund.
    [Show full text]
  • Zanzibar: the Island Metropolis of Eastern Africa
    Zanzibar: the island metropolis of eastern Africa http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.sip200014 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Zanzibar: the island metropolis of eastern Africa Author/Creator Pearce, Francis Barrow Date 1920 Resource type Books Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Northern Swahili Coast, Tanzania, United Republic of, Kilwa Kisiwani Source Smithsonian Institution Libraries, DT435 .P4X Description Provides an account of the historical development of the Islands of Zanzibar and Pemba as well as a contemporary chronicle of the islands in the 1920s. The last section provides some commentary on the architecture and ruins on the islands.
    [Show full text]
  • “Is Use of Cosmetics Anti-Socialist?”: Gendered Consumption and the Fashioning of Urban Womanhood in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, 1975-1990
    “IS USE OF COSMETICS ANTI-SOCIALIST?”: GENDERED CONSUMPTION AND THE FASHIONING OF URBAN WOMANHOOD IN DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA, 1975-1990 By TRACI L.YODER A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2006 Copyright 2006 by Traci L. Yoder ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to offer thanks and gratitude to Stacey Langwick, Sue O’Brien, and Florence Babb for their invaluable advice and unwavering encouragement throughout this project. I would also like to extend my appreciation to Faith Warner and the rest of the Department of Anthropology at Bloomsburg University. I am grateful to Peter Malanchuk for helping me to gain access to the archival newspapers that became the foundation of my study. I would also like to thank the Center for African Studies for providing me with Foreign Language and Area Studies Scholarships for the study of Swahili. Rose Lugano in particular has helped me with the Swahili translations in this paper. I would additionally like to thank Dr. Ruth Meena of the University of Dar es Salaam for her insights about the changing landscape of media in Tanzania over the last twenty years. I also thank all of my friends and classmates who have helped me to shape my ideas for this study. I want to offer my gratitude to my mother for her careful reading of this paper and to my father for his unwavering confidence. Finally, I thank Shelly for his patience, encouragement, and support throughout this project.
    [Show full text]
  • Conceiving the Tanganyika-Zanzibar Union in the Midst of the Cold
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Virtual Commons - Bridgewater State University Bridgewater State University Virtual Commons - Bridgewater State University History Faculty Publications History Department 2014 Conceiving the Tanganyika-Zanzibar Union in the Midst of the Cold War: Internal and International Factors Ethan Sanders Bridgewater State University, [email protected] Virtual Commons Citation Sanders, Ethan (2014). Conceiving the Tanganyika-Zanzibar Union in the Midst of the Cold War: Internal and International Factors. In History Faculty Publications. Paper 42. Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/history_fac/42 This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. African Review Vol. 41, No. 1, 2014: 35-70 Conceiving the Tanganyika-Zanzibar Union in the Midst of the Cold War: Internal and International Factors Ethan R. Sanders* Abstract To what extent was international pressure placed on Nyerere and Karume to unify their two states in April 1964? The argument made is that even though Americans were initially very pleased with the outcome of the Union—because they thought it would help stem the spread of communism in the region—this was not a Western-initiated plan forced upon East African leaders. Indeed, the evidence shows that Americans were largely in the dark and in fact very frustrated by their lack of influence on the situation. Instead, the Union merely served as a confluence of African and American interests. The internal factors are inspected by highlighting African concerns over outside interference, worries about domestic stability, and a desire by Karume to consolidate his power.
    [Show full text]