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Occurrence, Distribution and Reproductive Status of Female Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus) in Roanoke Sound, NC

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Occurrence, Distribution and Reproductive Status of Female Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus) in Roanoke Sound, NC Occurrence, Distribution and Reproductive Status of Female Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Roanoke Sound, NC By Waverly Reibel Dr. Andrew J. Read, Advisor April 23rd, 2020 Master’s Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Environmental Management degree in the Nicholas School of the Environment of Duke University. Executive Summary I examined the spatial distribution of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) nursery groups in Roanoke Sound, NC, to gain insight into how environmental parameters affect site fidelity, and to determine whether habitat use patterns change based on the reproductive state of females. I performed a home range analysis of mature females and compiled information on interbirth intervals and length of calf dependency to obtain a more comprehensive picture of the ecology and life history of this age and sex class of estuarine dolphins. I analyzed photo- identification survey data from Roanoke Sound collected over 11 years (2008-2019) to determine core usage areas of female bottlenose dolphins with respect to reproductive state. I compared the location and extent of kernel density estimates of home ranges for nursery groups and non- nursery groups. Many nursery groups are observed in this area during spring and summer, leading to the hypothesis that Roanoke Sound is an important nursery habitat. The importance of this area to lactating females may be attributable to its relatively shallow depth and abundant seagrass beds, which provide protection and a relatively plentiful supply of prey. In Roanoke Sound, nursery groups (n = 170) were significantly (p < 0.00001) larger than non-nursery groups (n = 68) with a mean of 12 individuals per sighting, while non-nursery groups had an average group size of 4 individuals. Nursery groups and non-nursery groups had a high overlap percentage between their ranging patterns, with core areas overlapping 57% and home ranges overlapping 88%. This demonstrates that there is no specific “nursery area” within the Roanoke Sound, but coupled with the high numbers of large nursery groups sighted during the summer, the entire site itself may be of importance to these females. Four focal females had a mean interbirth interval of 7.5 years, and a mean length of calf dependency of 4.75 years. The females exhibited individual variation in ranging patterns, with habitat use overlap percentages between nursery and non-nursery areas ranging from 11-79%. These females may be choosing areas based on their needs (and those of their calves), either for energetic purposes or protection. Documentation of nursery habitat can aid protection of these important areas through implementation of measures such as safe boating zones and increased water quality monitoring, as well as assist in the development of policies and educational materials to reduce anthropogenic sources of mortality in the population. Table of Contents 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Northern North Carolina Estuarine System Stock ................................................................. 1 1.2 Nursery Groups and Roanoke Sound, NC ............................................................................. 2 1.3 FB717 Case Study .................................................................................................................. 3 2. Objectives .................................................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Client ...................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Project Purpose ..................................................................................................................... 5 3. Methods ..................................................................................................................................... 5 3.1 Data Collection and Preparation .......................................................................................... 5 3.2 Preliminary Analysis .............................................................................................................. 7 3.3 Spatial Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 8 4. Results ....................................................................................................................................... 9 4.1 Group Results ......................................................................................................................... 9 4.1.1 Group Size Results .......................................................................................................... 9 4.1.2 Spatial Results ............................................................................................................... 11 4.2 Individual Female Results .................................................................................................... 12 4.2.1 Interbirth Intervals and Calf Dependency ..................................................................... 12 4.2.2 Spatial Results ............................................................................................................... 12 5. Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 16 5.1 Nursery Groups .................................................................................................................... 16 5.2 Individual Females ............................................................................................................... 16 5.3 Management and Research Recommendations ................................................................... 17 5.4 Limitations and Future Research ......................................................................................... 18 6. Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ 18 7. Works Cited ............................................................................................................................ 19 8. Appendix ................................................................................................................................. 21 A1. Spatial Analysis ArcPro Model Example ............................................................................ 21 A2. Spatial Analysis Reference Data ......................................................................................... 21 A3. Map of Annual Group Spatial Results ................................................................................. 22 A4. Chart of Annual Group Spatial Results ............................................................................... 24 A5. Map of Seasonal Group Spatial Results .............................................................................. 25 A6. Chart of Seasonal Group Spatial Results ............................................................................ 25 1 1. Introduction 1.1 Northern North Carolina Estuarine System Stock The community of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) that frequent the northern estuarine systems of North Carolina belong to the Northern North Carolina Estuarine System Stock, or the NNCESS. As defined by the Marine Mammal Protection Act, a “stock” is a species or subspecies with a similar spatial distribution which interbreeds when mature [16 U.S.C. 1362A]. These dolphins are commonly sighted on the western side of the Outer Banks’ barrier islands, in the bays, estuaries and sounds. The NNCESS exhibits seasonal movements, perhaps as a response to changes in water temperature and prey migrations, and their range extends from the New River, NC to Virginia Beach (Waring et al. 2018). During the cold-water months, most of the stock is found between the New River and Cape Hatteras, NC. In the warm-water months, some animals from the NNCESS are sighted further north in the Pamlico Sound system, which include the Core Sound, Roanoke Sound and Albemarle Sounds. The most recent population estimate for this stock is 823 individuals, based upon a 2013 photo-identification mark-recapture study performed by Gorgone et al. (2014). The NNCESS is considered strategic under the Marine Mammal Protection Act because human-caused mortality likely exceeds its Potential Biological Removal (PBR). The calculation of annual human-related mortality, almost all of which is due to by-catch in commercial gillnet fisheries, between 2011-2015 ranged between 0.8 and 18.2, but these values are biased low due to a lack of fisheries observer coverage and the difficulty of assigning by-catch mortality to specific stocks along the south-eastern coast (Waring et al. 2018). From 2011-2015, 73 dolphins assigned to the Northern North Carolina Estuarine System Stock stranded with evidence of human interaction (Waring et al. 2018). However, it is estimated that less than one-third of dolphin estuarine carcasses are recovered, so this number may be negatively biased (Wells et al. 2015). The NNCESS interacts with at least nine different commercial gear types, including gillnet, long haul seine, pound net and crab pot trap fisheries. One of the most recent interactions occurred in the Roanoke Sound, NC, where a crab pot was entangled around the fluke of a dolphin in October
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