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  • C H A P T E R
  • 5

Cape Hatteras
National Seashore

Driving along Hatteras and Ocracoke islands national seashore and other nature preserves are on a narrow strip of sand with the ocean close wild and beautiful. Being here, it’s easy to on both sides, you may think that the Outer imagine what it was like when the first English Banks are a geographic miracle. Why should colonists landed more than 400 years ago, or this razor-thin rim of sand persist far out in the when the Wright brothers flew the first airplane sea? How wild it seems, a land of windy beach over a century ago. Both events are well interwith no end, always in motion, always vulner- preted at their sites. The area is fascinating ecoable to the next, slightly larger wave. There’s so logically, too. Here, north and south meet, the much here to see and learn, and so much soli- mix of ocean currents, climate, fresh and salt tude to enjoy. You’re like a passenger on an water, and geography creating a fabulous diverenormous ship, and unpredictable nature is the sity of bird and plant life at places like the Pea

  • captain.
  • Island National Wildlife Refuge (p. 124) and

Oddly, many people don’t see Cape Hatteras Nags Head Woods Ecological Preserve (p. 124). this way. When they think of the Outer Banks, In this sense, the area is much like Point Reyes, they think of Nags Head or Kill Devil Hills, its counterpart on the West Coast, covered in towns where tourist development has pushed chapter 21, “Point Reyes National Seashore.” right up to the edge of the sea and, in many And for children, the national seashore is a places, gotten really ugly. Most visitors to the huge sandbox. We saw more children having a national seashore come only for the weekend, great time here than anywhere else we went. and just from the nearest states, to escape the

BEST THINGS TO DO

damp heat of the Southern summer. On the
• Pick a place to be alone on a hot, sunny beach, where you can find crabs and shells and swim in warm surf.
Outer Banks, the wind almost always blows, so it feels cooler than inland. But people should come from all over the United States, because the parts of the Outer Banks protected by the
• Visit Wright Brothers National Memorial, where the first flight occurred in 1903, and

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OUTER BANKS ADDRESS BOOK

Outer Banks National Park Service Group Headquarters. Mailing address for all area national

park units: 1401 National Park Dr., Manteo, NC 27954.

&

Wright Brothers National Memorial. Fort Raleigh National Historic site.
252/441-7430. www.nps.gov/wrbr.

&

252/473-5772. www.nps.gov/fora.

&

Eastern National (for books and maps). 470 Maryland Dr., Suite 2, Ft. Washington, PA 19034.
877/NAT-PARK. Fax 215/591-0903. www.eparks.com.

&

  • North Carolina Ferry System. 113 Arendell St., Morehead City, NC 28557.
  • 800/BY-FERRY

&

  • (eastern U.S. only) or 252/726-6446. Ocracoke
  • 800/345-1665 or 252/928-3841; Hatteras
  • 800/

800/

  • &
  • &

&

  • 368-8949 or 252/986-2353; Cedar Island
  • 800/856-0343 or 252/225-3551; Swan Quarter

&

773-1094 or 252/926-1111. www.ncferry.org.

  • Outer Banks Visitors Bureau. 1 Visitors Center Circle, Manteo, NC 27954.
  • 877/298-4373 or

&

252/473-2138. www.outerbanks.org.

  • Outer Banks Chamber of Commerce. P.O. Box 1757, Kill Devil Hills, NC 27948.
  • 252/441-

252/928-

&&

8144. www.outerbankschamber.com.

Ocracoke Civic and Business Association. P.O. Box 456, Ocracoke, NC 27960.

6711. www.ocracokevillage.com.

Fort Raleigh National Historic Site, where the first English colony in the New World was built and disappeared in the 1580s.
• Climb one of the nation’s highest lighthouses, visit the aquarium, and climb aboard a 16th-century ship replica.
• Hike a wetlands trail and look for interesting birds.
• Go fishing, sailing, or sea kayaking, or wade into shallow sound waters to catch crabs.

See “Activities” (p. 127).

HISTORY: ISLANDS IN TIME

As you drive south along the Outer Banks from Nags Head, heading down Hatteras Island and crossing to Ocracoke on a ferry, you might feel as if you’re driving backward in history toward a more isolated, more natural time. The drive starts where the seasonal shopping centers and rows of beachfront houses in the Nags Head area crowd the ocean. Farther south, the highway enters the national seashore, with its miles of wild, windy dunes and empty sand where breakers roll in, mostly unnoticed, day and night. On Ocracoke Island the quiet town of Ocracoke sits among the trees in the wider part of the island, while the beachfront along the highway remains pretty much wild.
History set these patterns. Over hundreds of years, people decided which places to fill or leave open based on the jobs they had, the roads and bridges they built, and what they wanted to save for the future.
After Sir Walter Raleigh’s Lost Colony disappeared in the 1580s (see chapter 2, “Moving Water, Moving Land”), several generations passed without Europeans on the Outer Banks. The islands were too remote and sandy for most people. Just getting there was difficult. On the stormy outer shore, surf constantly beat

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I R G I N I A

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SEASHORE

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ATLANTIC OCEAN

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  • 76
  • 74

Wrightsville Beach
Wilmington

17
Carolina Beach

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25 mi

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the beaches, making this a dangerous place to plain piracy—and if you got caught, the punsail and an impossible place to land a ship. On ishment was death. In 1718, in a battle near the calm, sound-side shore, the water was too Ocracoke, the British navy killed the most shallow for all but small boats, and only ex- notorious pirate, Blackbeard, and the age of perienced sea pilots could find the way through piracy ended (see “Read Aloud: Blackbeard’s channels that constantly shifted in the sand. Ghost,” p. 116). His treasure was never found.

  • These conditions were perfect, however, for
  • The village of Ocracoke became a home for

one group of residents: people who didn’t want pilots who knew the shipping channels well anyone to find them. The Outer Banks became enough to safely guide vessels through Ocra-

  • a hideout for pirates and other fugitives.
  • coke Inlet and across Pamlico Sound to larger

During wars, European kings and queens towns on the North Carolina mainland. Just as would allow private ship captains to attack any pilots still do in many parts of the world, an vessel from an enemy nation and keep what- Ocracoke pilot would take a small boat out to ever they could take. This was called priva- meet a ship, steer the ship through the chanteering. But when the War of the Spanish nels, and then travel home in the small boat. Succession ended in 1713, many of the priva- As the town was settled and built by pilots and teers kept right on attacking and robbing other their families, others settled there, too. People ships. With no war for an excuse, this was just lived by piloting, fishing, carrying cargo in

History: Islands in Time

107

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00
5 mi

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Area of Detail

VA

Cape Hatteras Campground 9

To Swan Quarter

Cape Hatteras Lighthouse 10 Cape Woods Campground 11 Chicamacomico Lifesaving Station 8 Elizabethan Gardens 4 Fort Raleigh National Historic Site 4 Frisco Woods Campground 12 Jockey’s Ridge State Park 3 Nags Head Woods Ecological Preserve 2 The North Carolina Aquarium— Roanoke Island 6

Raleigh

NC

ATLANTIC OCEAN

SC

12
Avon

Fishing Pier

Ocracoke Lighthouse 14 Ocracoke Pony Corral 13 Roanoke Island Festival Park 5 Teeter’s Campground 14 Wright Brothers National Memorial 1

Buxton

Hatteras Island Visitor Center

S

Billy Mitchell
Airstrip

11
12

Frisco

10

Hatteras

Cape Point
Frisco

Cape Hatteras

Bathhouse

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Fishing Pier

To Swan Quarter

Ocracoke Island Visitor Center

12

Ocracoke

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USS Monitor
National Marine
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  • Cape Hatteras National Seashore

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boats, grazing cattle and sheep on the beach and passengers from shipwrecks. When a grass, growing food in their gardens, and gath- wreck was spotted, horses pulled a boat down ering valuables that washed up on the beach the beach, and if the waves weren’t too rough,

  • from shipwrecks.
  • lifesavers rowed to the grounded ship. Some-

Many ships sank on the Outer Banks and times the lifesavers themselves drowned. When off Cape Hatteras. Sometimes ships wrecked the waves were too big to even try rowing out, trying to get through the dangerous inlets. rescuers fired a cannon that shot a brass ball Sometimes they wrecked just trying to get with a rope attached. With that line fastened to around the Cape. Look at a map: Cape Hat- the ship, the sailors could slide across to safety teras forms a turning point for ships traveling on shore one at a time. (See “Chicamacomico up and down the East Coast. If the wind was Lifesaving Station,” p. 127.)

  • blowing the wrong way for a sailing ship to get
  • Even after steamships began to replace sail-

around the corner, the captain would have to ing ships, many people died on the Outer wait for the wind to change, sailing back and Banks when they made mistakes in navigation, forth until it did. If he sailed too far out, he lost engine power, or suffered storm damage to might get caught in a current that carried his their vessels. In the world wars, the German ship the wrong way. But if he made a mistake navy took advantage of this “Torpedo Juncsailing in the shallow water near shore, espe- tion,” the best spot on the East Coast to attack cially if a storm blew in that direction, the ship American shipping by submarine. In the first could hit the bottom and get stuck. Once half of 1942, while the U.S. Navy concenstuck in the surf, the ship would be smashed to trated on fighting in the Pacific Ocean and left pieces by the waves. This could happen miles Cape Hatteras almost undefended, German offshore or right on the beach, and either way, U-boats sank some 80 ships within sight of the the sailors often drowned in the breakers. Outer Banks. Wreckage, oil, and bodies litOcracokers and other Bankers (as year-round tered the beaches. The British sent ships to residents of the islands were called) would help defend against the submarines, and on May those sailors lucky enough to wash up on the 11, 1942, a British ship went down with all beach alive—but that didn’t stop them from hands in a torpedo attack. Four British sailors gathering the valuable cargo that also washed washed up on Ocracoke and were buried by

  • up, and using or selling it.
  • the islanders, who dedicated their little plot to

The dangerous waters helped towns grow England forever. You can see it on a walking on the Outer Banks. The first Cape Hatteras tour of the village; it’s an emotionally moving Light was built in 1802 to guide ships past the place.

  • hazards. The lighthouse that stands in the vil-
  • The Outer Banks had a part in many wars.

lage of Ocracoke today was finished in 1823; During the American Revolution, the Ocrait’s the oldest still standing in the area. Over coke pilots captured a British ship in their harthe next 50 years, more great lighthouses were bor and helped supply General Washington at built on the islands. The current Cape Hatteras Valley Forge by guiding ships of supplies. Light, the second, was finished in 1870. It’s the When the first U.S. Census was taken in 1790, tallest brick lighthouse in the United States, 25 families were listed on Ocracoke and and probably the most famous. The Bodie Portsmouth islands. Among Ocracokers, the Island Lighthouse was knocked down by Con- names are all still familiar, for the same families federate soldiers during the Civil War—the live there today. Over more than 200 years, Outer Banks were the site of furious sea bat- they developed their own ways of doing things,

  • tles—and was rebuilt after the war.
  • and even their own accent and words that were

In the 1870s, the U.S. Life-Saving Service spoken nowhere else. When babies were born, built stations along the islands to rescue sailors a local midwife attended, and when people

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  • Annual Review

    Annual Review

    2020 ANNUAL REVIEW LETTER FROM THE CHAIR Thank you for your continued love and support of the North Carolina Aquariums and Jennette’s Pier! We are happy to share this digital version of our 2020 Annual Review, through which we’re pleased to provide updates on some of your favorite animals, facilities and projects. It’s no secret that the past year has challenged everyone, especially attractions like the Aquariums that rely on visitation to generate revenue in support of their operation and mission. Being closed through summer 2020 was challenging but necessary. But our financial picture gets brighter every day, thanks to the return of visitors last fall and your generous support through our Wishes for Fishes campaign. During this time we also took the opportunity to launch a new online giftshop, acquire sponsors for several new exhibits, and keep in close touch with our dedicated family of Aquarium members. If you haven’t already, we hope you enjoy your return to the Aquariums and Pier this spring—with all safety measures in CHARLTON BURNS place. We look forward to seeing you! 2020 Board Chair 2020 2019 109,199 visitors 463,750 visitors 2,892 Students Hosted 24,083 Students Hosted 622 Volunteers 614 Volunteers 6,509 Volunteer Hours 33,499 Volunteer Hours FORT FISHER 100,895 visitors 355,305 visitors 1,669 Students Hosted 23,463 Students Hosted 813 Volunteers 278 Volunteers 5,478 Volunteer Hours 20,089 Volunteer Hours PINE KNOLL SHORES 63,918 visitors 290,863 visitors 1,389 Students Hosted 11,072 Students Hosted 476 Volunteers 175 Volunteers 5,011 Volunteer Hours 12,018 Volunteer Hours ROANOKE ISLAND 112,682 visitors 178,912 visitors 0 Students Hosted >10,000 Students Hosted 0 Volunteers 7 Volunteers 0 Volunteer Hours 400 Volunteer Hours 2 JENNETTE’S PIER NC AQUARIUM Art Keeney Jon Segal Bill Taft Engelhard, NC New Bern, NC Greenville, NC SOCIETY BOARD OF DIRECTORS 2021 Joyce Kohn Adam Shay George W.
  • Tursiops Truncatus) Sighted in the Roanoke Sound, NC Jacquelyn Salguero

    Tursiops Truncatus) Sighted in the Roanoke Sound, NC Jacquelyn Salguero

    Delineating the northern extent of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) sighted in the Roanoke Sound, NC Jacquelyn Salguero Introduction Common bottlenose dolphins (hereafter referred to as bottlenose dolphins), Tursiops truncatus, inhabit temperate and tropical waters across the world, including both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans of the United States (Rice, 1998). Within these regions, two main morphotypes of bottlenose dolphins can be distinguished: pelagic and coastal. In the western North Atlantic, along the Eastern United States, coastal populations are managed as distinct stocks, where a “stock” is defined as a group of animals that occupy the same area and interbreed (Rosel et al., 2009). Despite being highly mobile with a continuous range, coastal Atlantic bottlenose dolphins have been classified into two main ecotypes based on their primary habitat: “migratory coastal” found along the coastline and “estuarine” primarily residing in areas such as estuaries, bays, and harbors (Hayes et al., 2017, Toth et al., 2012). For management purposes, a number of estuarine stocks have been defined based on their spatial and temporal ranging patterns despite no clear spatial barrier to dispersal, migration, and gene flow (Rosel et al., 2009). This pattern of divergence without physical barriers, or sympatry, within inshore populations of bottlenose dolphins can also be seen in populations of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops aduncus, in Moreton Bay, Australia. Significant genetic divergence was found along the small geographic region of Moreton Bay, showing patterns of fine-scale discrete population structuring depending on the varying water depths in the Southern and Northern regions of the bay (Ansmann et al., 2012). Another example of this overlapping spatial distribution within bottlenose dolphin populations can be found in Southern Georgia and Jacksonville, Florida estuarine systems which are approximately 80 km apart (Rosel et al., 2009).
  • Occurrence, Distribution and Reproductive Status of Female Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus) in Roanoke Sound, NC

    Occurrence, Distribution and Reproductive Status of Female Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus) in Roanoke Sound, NC

    Occurrence, Distribution and Reproductive Status of Female Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Roanoke Sound, NC By Waverly Reibel Dr. Andrew J. Read, Advisor April 23rd, 2020 Master’s Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Environmental Management degree in the Nicholas School of the Environment of Duke University. Executive Summary I examined the spatial distribution of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) nursery groups in Roanoke Sound, NC, to gain insight into how environmental parameters affect site fidelity, and to determine whether habitat use patterns change based on the reproductive state of females. I performed a home range analysis of mature females and compiled information on interbirth intervals and length of calf dependency to obtain a more comprehensive picture of the ecology and life history of this age and sex class of estuarine dolphins. I analyzed photo- identification survey data from Roanoke Sound collected over 11 years (2008-2019) to determine core usage areas of female bottlenose dolphins with respect to reproductive state. I compared the location and extent of kernel density estimates of home ranges for nursery groups and non- nursery groups. Many nursery groups are observed in this area during spring and summer, leading to the hypothesis that Roanoke Sound is an important nursery habitat. The importance of this area to lactating females may be attributable to its relatively shallow depth and abundant seagrass beds, which provide protection and a relatively plentiful supply of prey. In Roanoke Sound, nursery groups (n = 170) were significantly (p < 0.00001) larger than non-nursery groups (n = 68) with a mean of 12 individuals per sighting, while non-nursery groups had an average group size of 4 individuals.
  • Single-Family Residence 2323 5Th Street Santa Monica, California City Landmark Assessment Report

    Single-Family Residence 2323 5Th Street Santa Monica, California City Landmark Assessment Report

    Single-Family Residence 2323 5th Street Santa Monica, California City Landmark Assessment Report Evaluation Report Building Permit History City Directory Research Tax Assessor Map Sanborn Maps Prepared for: City of Santa Monica Planning Division Prepared by: PCR Services Corporation Santa Monica, California April 2006 Single-Family Residence 2323 5th Street City of Santa Monica APN: 4289-007-012 City Landmark Assessment and Evaluation BACKGROUND INFORMATION Description of site or structure, note any major alterations and dates of alterations The subject property is situated on the west side of 5th Street between Strand Street on the north and Hollister Avenue on the south. The property faces west and occupies Lot 2 of Block 4 of the Highland Tract in the City of Santa Monica. The lot size is approximately 50 feet by 140 feet and contains a large, one-and-one-half/two story single- family residence and a small one-story combination apartment and garage. The main residence is situated towards the front (west) of the parcel while the rear (east) double-car enclosed garage/apartment is accessed from a narrow driveway near the property’s south boundary. The subject property is located in a mixed single- and multi-family residential neighborhood. This property has not been previously identified in the City’s Historic Resources Inventory nor in the Ocean Park Historic Resources Survey Update completed in 2004. Tax assessor records indicate that the subject property was constructed in 1930, although the current owner, who has lived there since 1937, states that the residence was constructed in or before 1925.