DOCSLIB.ORG

DROWNING the NORTH CAROLINA COAST: Sea-Level Rise and Estuarine Dynamics 0056102

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
DROWNING the NORTH CAROLINA COAST: Sea-Level Rise and Estuarine Dynamics 0056102 0056101 By Stanley R. Riggs and Dorothea V. Ames DROWNINGPublished by North Carolina Sea Grant DROWNING THE NORTH CAROLINA COAST: Sea-Level Rise and Estuarine Dynamics 0056102 ON THE FRONT COVER. Pre-Hurricane Isabel photograph of the lower portion of sediment bluff that occurs along the Chowan River estuary western shoreline. The red star, on the satellite image inside the back cover, indicates the specific site location. This bluff is approximately 75 feet high and consists of a lower clay bed that is about 30 feet thick (to the top of this photograph), with an overlying sand bed that is 45 to 50 feet thick. Because bluff shorelines normally erode at average rates between –2.0 and –2.5 ft/yr (Table 8-1-3) and because the lower sediment bank is composed of clay, there is no sand beach preserved on the eroded wave-cut scarp and platform (Fig. 4-2-1). Notice the red dotted line along the wave-cut scarp and compare this to the respective location on the post-Hurricane Isabel photograph on the back cover. Photograph was taken in August 2003. See the back cover for the post-Hurricane Isabel photograph of the same site and inside back cover for a satellite image showing the site location and post- Hurricane Isabel, sediment-laden, estuarine water conditions. 0056103 By Stanley R. Riggs and Dorothea V. Ames DROWNINGPublished by North Carolina Sea Grant DROWNING THE NORTH CAROLINA COAST: Sea-Level Rise and Estuarine Dynamics NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES Division of Coastal Management 225 North McDowell Street Raleigh, NC 27602 and NORTH CAROLINA SEA GRANT North Carolina State University Box 8605, Raleigh, NC 27695-8605 Drowning the North Carolina Coast • 1 0056104 DROWNING THE NORTH CAROLINA COAST: SEA LEVEL RISE AND ESTUARINE DYNAMICS Copyright© 2003 by North Carolina Sea Grant Written by Stanley R. Riggs and Dorothea V. Ames Edited by Ann Green • Designed by Linda J. Noble Published by North Carolina Sea Grant NC State University • Box 8605 • Raleigh, NC 27695-8605 919/515-2454 • www.ncseagrant.org • UNC-SG-03-04 • North Carolina Sea Grant • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration • NC Division of Coastal Management • Albemarle-Pamlico National Estuary Program East Carolina University • US Geological Survey • National Park Service • US Fish & Wildlife Service North Carolina Printed and bound in the United States of America First Printing: December 2003 • ISBN 0-9747801-0-3 2 • Drowning the North Carolina Coast 0056105 D R O W N I N G T H E N O R T H C A R O L I N A C O A S T : Table of Contents • List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................................................. 6 • List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................................................... 7 • Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................................................. 11 • Disclaimer ............................................................................................................................................................................... 11 • Chapter 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 12 1.1. The Coastal Dilemma ....................................................................................................................................................... 13 1.2. The Estuarine Shoreline .................................................................................................................................................... 13 1.3. Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................................... 15 • Chapter 2. Geologic Framework of the North Carolina Coastal System ............................................................................. 16 2.1. Physical Setting of the Coastal System .............................................................................................................................. 17 2.2. North Carolina Coastal Provinces ...................................................................................................................................... 17 2.3. Geologic Controls of Coastal Provinces ............................................................................................................................. 20 2.3.A. Southern Coastal Province ..................................................................................................................................... 20 2.3.B. Northern Coastal Province ...................................................................................................................................... 21 2.3.C. Consequences of the Geologic Differences ............................................................................................................. 21 2.4 Shorelines and Storms ...................................................................................................................................................... 22 2.4.A. The Flow of Energy ................................................................................................................................................ 22 2.4.B. Role of Barrier Islands and Their Inlet/Outlet Systems ................................................................................................ 23 2.4.C. Role of Paleotopography in Estuarine Dynamics ....................................................................................................... 23 • Chapter 3. Character of Drowned-River Estuarine System ................................................................................................. 24 3.1. Types of Estuarine Basins ................................................................................................................................................. 25 3.2. The Estuarine Basins ........................................................................................................................................................ 25 3.2.A. Basin Morphology .................................................................................................................................................. 25 3.2.B. Basin Sediments ................................................................................................................................................... 27 3.3. Back-Barrier Sounds ........................................................................................................................................................ 29 3.3.A. Back-Barrier Sounds of the Northern Province .......................................................................................................... 29 3.3.B. Back-Barrier Sounds of the Southern Province ......................................................................................................... 31 3.4. Trunk Estuaries ................................................................................................................................................................ 31 3.4.A. Trunk Estuaries of the Northern Province .................................................................................................................. 31 3.4.B. Trunk Estuaries of the Southern Province ................................................................................................................. 33 3.5. Tributary Estuaries ............................................................................................................................................................ 35 Table of Contents • 3 0056106 C O N T I N U E D : Table of Contents • Chapter 4. Types of Estuarine Shorelines ............................................................................................................................. 36 4.1. Shoreline Types ............................................................................................................................................................... 37 4.2. Sediment Bank Shorelines ................................................................................................................................................ 37 4.2.A. General Characteristics .......................................................................................................................................... 37 4.2.B. Strandplain Beaches .............................................................................................................................................. 38 4.3. Organic Shorelines ........................................................................................................................................................... 40 4.3.A. Swampforest Shorelines ......................................................................................................................................... 41 4.3.B. Marsh Shorelines ................................................................................................................................................... 43 4.4. Combination Shorelines ...................................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT in COASTAL NORTH CAROLINA The
    WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN COASTAL NORTH CAROLINA The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Raymond J. Nierstedt Daniel A. Okun Charles R. OIMelia Jabbar K. Sherwani Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering School of Public Health Milton S. Heath, Jr. Warren Jake Wicker Institute of Government and North Carolina State University Larry D. King Department of Soil Science December 1980 The investigation on which this publication is based was supported through The University of North Carolina Water Resources Research Institute by the Division of Environmental Management of the NC Department of Natural Resources and Community Development, and the US Environmental Protection Agency. Project No. 50020 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract xii Acknowledgments CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION Options for Water Quality Management Study Areas Population Distribution and Growth Northern Area Southern Area Sewerage Computer Program Wastewater Disposal Inland Coastal Sounds Ocean Disposal Land Application Wet land Application Water Reuse Costs Interceptor Sewer System - Gravity Sewers Pump Stations Force Mains Treatment Costs Ocean Discharge Land Application CHAPTER 11: WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN THE NORTHERN (DARE COUNTY) COASTAL AREA Area Description Economy and Major Employment-Generating Activities Land Use Precipitation and Flood Control Water Supply in the Northern Area Water Resources in the Northern Area Wastewater Treatment Water Quality Wastewater Flows Disposal Options Coastal Sounds Ocean Discharge Land Application for Roanoke Island Land
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 85, No. 245/Monday, December 21, 2020/Proposed Rules
    Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 245 / Monday, December 21, 2020 / Proposed Rules 83001 FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE otherwise sensitive information COMMISSION submitted voluntarily by the sender will National Oceanic and Atmospheric be publicly accessible. NMFS will 47 CFR Part 73 Administration accept anonymous comments (enter ‘‘N/A’’ in the required fields if you wish [MB Docket No. 19–310 and 17–105; Report 50 CFR Part 218 to remain anonymous). Attachments to No. 3164; FRS 17301] [Docket No. 201207–0329] electronic comments will be accepted in Microsoft Word, Excel, or Adobe PDF Petition for Reconsideration of Action RIN 0648–BJ90 file formats only. in Proceedings FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Takes of Marine Mammals Incidental to Leah Davis, Office of Protected Specified Activities; Taking Marine AGENCY: Federal Communications Resources, NMFS, (301) 427–8401. Mammals Incidental to U.S. Navy Commission. Construction at Naval Station Norfolk SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: ACTION: Petition for Reconsideration. in Norfolk, Virginia Availability AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries A copy of the Navy’s application and SUMMARY: Petition for Reconsideration Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and any supporting documents, as well as a (Petition) has been filed in the Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), list of the references cited in this Commission’s proceeding by Rachel Commerce. document, may be obtained online at: Stilwell and Samantha Gutierrez, on ACTION: Proposed rule; request for https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/action/ behalf of REC Networks, musicFIRST comments. incidental-take-authorization-us-navy- Coalition and Future of Music Coalition. construction-naval-station-norfolk- SUMMARY: NMFS has received a request norfolk-virginia. In case of problems DATES: Oppositions to the Petition must from the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Cape Hatteras National Seashore
    05 542745 ch05.qxd 3/23/04 9:01 AM Page 105 CHAPTER 5 Cape Hatteras National Seashore Driving along Hatteras and Ocracoke islands national seashore and other nature preserves are on a narrow strip of sand with the ocean close wild and beautiful. Being here, it’s easy to on both sides, you may think that the Outer imagine what it was like when the first English Banks are a geographic miracle. Why should colonists landed more than 400 years ago, or this razor-thin rim of sand persist far out in the when the Wright brothers flew the first airplane sea? How wild it seems, a land of windy beach over a century ago. Both events are well inter- with no end, always in motion, always vulner- preted at their sites. The area is fascinating eco- able to the next, slightly larger wave. There’s so logically, too. Here, north and south meet, the much here to see and learn, and so much soli- mix of ocean currents, climate, fresh and salt tude to enjoy. You’re like a passenger on an water, and geography creating a fabulous diver- enormous ship, and unpredictable nature is the sity of bird and plant life at places like the Pea captain. Island National Wildlife Refuge (p. 124) and Oddly, many people don’t see Cape Hatteras Nags Head Woods Ecological Preserve (p. 124). this way. When they think of the Outer Banks, In this sense, the area is much like Point Reyes, they think of Nags Head or Kill Devil Hills, its counterpart on the West Coast, covered in towns where tourist development has pushed chapter 21, “Point Reyes National Seashore.” right up to the edge of the sea and, in many And for children, the national seashore is a places, gotten really ugly.
    [Show full text]
  • Oregon Inlet Opened in 1846 As Water Rushed from the Sound to the Ocean
    Oregon Inlet opened in 1846, when a big hurricane along the Outer Banks caused water to rush from the sound to the ocean. Since that time, the inlet has migrated steadily south at a rate of around 100 feet per year. A good measure of the inlet’s journey is the Bodie Island Lighthouse, which once stood at the margin of the inlet but is now 3 miles away. In 1962, the Bonner Bridge replaced the ferry that shuttled people and cars across Oregon Inlet. Construction of the bridge, with its high fixed-span, instantly stopped the long history if inlet migration. But sand continued to pour into the inlet from the north, the driving force behind the inlet’s southerly migration, creating ever-expanding navigation and dredging problems. After 40 years, the Bonner Bridge is rapidly deteriorating and two possible replacement alternatives are being evaluated: A bridge immediately parallel to the current bridge and a 17 mile-long bridge that would extend into Pamlico Sound, run along the backside of Pea Island and connect to Hatters Island at Rodanthe. The initial cost of constructing the Pamlico Sound Bridge is much higher than that of the Parallel Bridge. But the overall long-term costs of a Parallel Bridge greatly exceed those of the Pamlico Sound Bridge. This is because the Parallel Bridge requires the continued protection and maintenance of State Highway 12 on Pea Island. Over time, as the shoreline erodes back in response to a rising sea level, the cost of stabilizing Pea Island will become higher. Construction impacts to wetlands and sea grass beds are essentially the same for each bridge.
    [Show full text]
  • Open-File Report 88-480 Prepared in Cooperation with the Raleigh, North
    BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HYDROLOGIC AND WATER-QUALITY INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED IN OR NEAR THE ALBEMARLE-PAMLICO SOUNDS REGION, NORTH CAROLINA By Jerad D. Bales and Thomas M. Nelson U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report 88-480 Prepared in cooperation with the ALBEMARLE-PAMLICO ESTUARINE STUDY, NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND COH1UNITY DEVELOPMENT Raleigh, North Carolina 1988 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director For additional information Copies of this report can be write to: purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Books and Open-File Reports Post Office Box 2857 Box 25425, Federal Center Raleigh, North Carolina 27602 Denver, Colorado 80225 CONTENTS Page Abstract ................................ 1 Introduction .............................. 1 Purpose and scope ......................... 1 Previous bibliographies ...................... 3 Acknowledgments .......................... 3 Description of bibliography. ...................... 3 References cited ............................ 4 Bibliography .............................. 5 Index by study location. ........................ 125 Index by primary topic ......................... 137 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1. Map showing the Albemarle-Pamlico Sounds region ....... 2 TABLES Page Table 1. Study site locations used in location index. ......... 4 2. Primary investigation topics used in topic index ....... 4 n i ABSTRACT A bibliography containing 1,100 In order to consolidate and ana­ citations is presented. The cited lyze existing hydrologic and water- works are primarily reports of quality data from ATbemarle and investigations of the effects of land Pamlico Sounds and the surrounding use and land-use change on water area, the APES Project Office, located quality, artificial drainage, hydro­ within the North Carolina Department logy and hydrodynamics, and water of Natural Resources and Community quality in the Albemarle-Pamlico Development (NRCD), and the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography of North Carolina Underwater Archaeology
    i BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH CAROLINA UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY Compiled by Barbara Lynn Brooks, Ann M. Merriman, Madeline P. Spencer, and Mark Wilde-Ramsing Underwater Archaeology Branch North Carolina Division of Archives and History April 2009 ii FOREWARD In the forty-five years since the salvage of the Modern Greece, an event that marks the beginning of underwater archaeology in North Carolina, there has been a steady growth in efforts to document the state’s maritime history through underwater research. Nearly two dozen professionals and technicians are now employed at the North Carolina Underwater Archaeology Branch (N.C. UAB), the North Carolina Maritime Museum (NCMM), the Wilmington District U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE), and East Carolina University’s (ECU) Program in Maritime Studies. Several North Carolina companies are currently involved in conducting underwater archaeological surveys, site assessments, and excavations for environmental review purposes and a number of individuals and groups are conducting ship search and recovery operations under the UAB permit system. The results of these activities can be found in the pages that follow. They contain report references for all projects involving the location and documentation of physical remains pertaining to cultural activities within North Carolina waters. Each reference is organized by the location within which the reported investigation took place. The Bibliography is divided into two geographical sections: Region and Body of Water. The Region section encompasses studies that are non-specific and cover broad areas or areas lying outside the state's three-mile limit, for example Cape Hatteras Area. The Body of Water section contains references organized by defined geographic areas.
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 Lost Fishing Gear Recovery Project: Call for Working Water Assistance
    2021 Lost Fishing Gear Recovery Project: Call for Working Water Assistance Applications Accepted Until December 15, 2020 The North Carolina Coastal Federation is currently accepting applications for “on-water” cleanup assistance relating to its annual Lost Fishing Gear Recovery Project. This project is open to commercial watermen and women in North Carolina. This project is funded by the N.C. Marine Fisheries Commission Commercial Resource Fund Committee and the Funding Committee for the N.C. Commercial Resource Fund under the Commercial Fishing Resource Fund Grant Program and is intended to improve habitat, water quality and support coastal economies. Eligible participants are selected for involvement in this program to help the federation and N.C. Marine Patrol remove lost fishing gear from coastal waters during the “no-potting” period. In January 2019, commercial watermen and women in partnership with Marine Patrol officers removed 3,112 pots from select areas in Districts 1, 2, and 3. The 2021 project will take place in select areas within all three Marine Patrol Districts statewide, during the closed seasons: o Jan. 1-31 north of the Highway 58 bridge to Emerald Isle o March 1-15 south of the Highway 58 bridge Compensation is $450 per boat per day. A captain and mate are required for each boat. Captain refers to the individual who is in charge of and provides the vessel. (A merchant mariner credential is not required for this project.) To be considered, captains must have a valid North Carolina standard commercial fishing license (SCFL). A copy of the license must be submitted with this application.
    [Show full text]
  • Tursiops Truncatus) Sighted in the Roanoke Sound, NC Jacquelyn Salguero
    Delineating the northern extent of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) sighted in the Roanoke Sound, NC Jacquelyn Salguero Introduction Common bottlenose dolphins (hereafter referred to as bottlenose dolphins), Tursiops truncatus, inhabit temperate and tropical waters across the world, including both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans of the United States (Rice, 1998). Within these regions, two main morphotypes of bottlenose dolphins can be distinguished: pelagic and coastal. In the western North Atlantic, along the Eastern United States, coastal populations are managed as distinct stocks, where a “stock” is defined as a group of animals that occupy the same area and interbreed (Rosel et al., 2009). Despite being highly mobile with a continuous range, coastal Atlantic bottlenose dolphins have been classified into two main ecotypes based on their primary habitat: “migratory coastal” found along the coastline and “estuarine” primarily residing in areas such as estuaries, bays, and harbors (Hayes et al., 2017, Toth et al., 2012). For management purposes, a number of estuarine stocks have been defined based on their spatial and temporal ranging patterns despite no clear spatial barrier to dispersal, migration, and gene flow (Rosel et al., 2009). This pattern of divergence without physical barriers, or sympatry, within inshore populations of bottlenose dolphins can also be seen in populations of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops aduncus, in Moreton Bay, Australia. Significant genetic divergence was found along the small geographic region of Moreton Bay, showing patterns of fine-scale discrete population structuring depending on the varying water depths in the Southern and Northern regions of the bay (Ansmann et al., 2012). Another example of this overlapping spatial distribution within bottlenose dolphin populations can be found in Southern Georgia and Jacksonville, Florida estuarine systems which are approximately 80 km apart (Rosel et al., 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Settling the Albemarle Sound 91 and George Took out Some of the Earliest Deeds in the Area
    _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________SettlingSettling thethe _ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Albemarle Pamlico Estuarine Study
    1991 Project No. 89-09 Classification of Pamlico Sound Nursery Areas: Recommendations for Critical Habitat Criteria ALBEMARLE PAMLICO ESTUARINE STUDY -·,' .. ·. ~J~~ ~t;; Funding Provided By North Carolina Department of Natural Enviro nmental Protection Agency Resources and Communi ty Development National Estuary Program NC DENR LIBRARY C1 1610MSC RAlEtGK.NC 27699•1610 509:C61 919-715-4161 CLASSIFICATION OF PAMLICO SOUND ~1JRSERY AREAS: RECOMMENDATIOXS FOR CRITICAL HABITAT CRITERIA By Elizabeth B. Noble and Dr. Robert J. Monroe North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources Division of Marine Fisheries P.O. Box 769 Morehead City, NC 28557 February 1991 "The research on which the report is based was financed, in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, through the Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine Study." "Contents of the publication do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the United States Environmental Protection Agency , the ~orth Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, nor does mention of trade names of commercial products constitute their endorsement by the United States or North Carolina Government." A/P Project Number 89·09 r ( ........ .. · -- ....._ ··-······· · · · ··· -····· ................. ···-· The authors would like to thank M. Street for his encouragement and review, P. Phalen for his assistance with programming, statistics, and brain-storming, and also L. Mercer for her comprehensive review. Thanks to reviewers M. \Jolff, B. Burns, J. Ross, R. Holman, and anonymous external reviewers for their contribution to the quality of the manuscript. Thanks also to D. \Jillis and D. Tooele for manuscript preparation, and T.
    [Show full text]
  • An Inventory of the Natural Areas of Dare County, North Carolina
    AN INVENTORY OF THE NATURAL AREAS OF DARE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA Bruce A. Sorrie Inventory Biologist North Carolina Natural Heritage Program Office of Land and Water Stewardship Department of Environment and Natural Resources Raleigh, NC Funding provided by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Trust Fund July 2014 Cover photograph: Buxton Woods, Maritime Shrub Swamp (Dogwood Subtype) taken by Bruce A. Sorrie. AN INVENTORY OF THE NATURAL AREAS OF DARE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA Bruce A. Sorrie Inventory Biologist North Carolina Natural Heritage Program Office of Land and Water Stewardship Department of Environment and Natural Resources Raleigh, NC Funding provided by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Trust Fund July 2014 ABSTRACT This inventory of the natural areas, biological communities, and rare species of Dare County was funded by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Trust Fund. The inventory identifies the most significant natural areas in the county, describes their features, and documents all natural communities and rare species of plants and animals associated with them. Habitat conditions, natural processes, and threats are also described. The inventory is intended to provide guidance for land use decisions by county, state, and federal governments, conservation and land management organizations, and interested citizens. Field work was carried out by Bruce A. Sorrie of the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program during 2012 and 2013. The inventory identifies 34 areas of outstanding ecological significance as determined by criteria established by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many individuals and agencies contributed to the planning, progress, and completion of this inventory. Jame Amoroso, Misty Buchanan, John Finnegan, Harry LeGrand, Janine Nicholson, and Linda Rudd reviewed the draft report and maps and assisted in the production of the final copy.
    [Show full text]
  • North Carolina Estuarine Shoreline Erosion Studies
    S h o r e l i n e E r o s i o n Chapter 3: North Carolina Estuarine Shoreline Erosion Studies OVERVIEW they all come up with the same general erosion is severe in Pamlico Sound and is results and rates of recession. The studies ubiquitous throughout all subhabitats Numerous estuarine shoreline are briefly summarized below. (Table 3.2, page 39). erosion studies were previously done for portions of the N.C. coastal counties and REGIONAL STUDIES North Carolina Coastal Counties include the following: In northeastern North Carolina: Stirewalt and Ingram Pamlico Sound The USDA-SCS (1975) produced (1974); USDA-SCS (1975); Dolan and data for 15 coastal counties concerning Bosserman (1972); Hardaway (1980); Using 1938 to 1971 aerial photo- rates and types of estuarine shoreline and Everts et al. (1983). Bellis et al. graphs, Stirewalt and Ingram (1974) erosion (Table 3.3, page 40). Pender, New (1975); O’Connor et al. (1978); and evaluated the shoreline recession at 16 Hanover and Brunswick counties were Riggs et al. (1978) mapped 1,593 miles sites around the perimeter of the Pamlico judged to have minimal problems with of estuarine shorelines in the Albemarle- Sound (Table 3.1, page 38). Five of these estuarine shoreline erosion, and therefore Pamlico estuarine system. sites were situated on the backside of the were not included in their evaluation. Also, Hartness and Pearson (1977), barrier islands, and 10 sites were on Also, erosion processes along the back- summarized the estuarine shoreline shorelines that rim the mainland coast. barrier estuarine shorelines were consid- erosion in three southern coastal counties: The Stirewalt and Ingram (1974) ered to be beyond the scope of their Pender, New Hanover and Brunswick, study made no attempt to relate the study.
    [Show full text]