Dakota Digital Review
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DAKOTA DIGITAL REVIEW The Pandemic is Accelerating Digital Transformation: Downsides & Remedies Mark R. Hagerott, PhD Not Naturally So: Digital Education’s Failures Exposed in Post-COVID World Dennis Cooley, PhD Robophobia: Work in the Age of Robots Mark Mills Closer to the Robo-Rubicon: Robots, Autonomy and the Future (or Maybe Not) of You USAF Maj. Gen. (Ret.) Robert H. Latiff, PhD & Patrick J. McCloskey SPRING 2021 DDA.NDUS.EDU BISMARCK STATE COLLEGE DAKOTA COLLEGE AT BOTTINEAU DICKINSON STATE UNIVERSITY LAKE REGION STATE COLLEGE MAYVILLE STATE UNIVERSITY MINOT STATE UNIVERSITY NORTH DAKOTA STATE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH DAKOTA VALLEY CITY STATE COLLEGE WILLISTON STATE COLLEGE CONTENTS Introduction to the Dakota Digital Academy 2 Kendall E. Nygard, PhD Introduction to Dakota Digital Review 3 Patrick J. McCloskey The Pandemic is Accelerating Digital Transformation: Downsides & Remedies 4 Mark R. Hagerott, PhD The Great Boston Fire & Epizootic of 1872 14 Patrick J. McCloskey Not Naturally So: Digital Education’s Failures Exposed in Post-COVID World 18 Dennis R. Cooley, PhD Robophobia: Work in the Age of Robots 24 Mark Mills, Senior Fellow, Manhattan Institute Here, There & Everywhere: Human vs Cyber Space in Art 28 Interview with David Borlaug, President, The Capital Gallery Closer to the Robo-Rubicon: Robots, Autonomy and the Future (or Maybe Not) of You 38 USAF Maj. Gen. (Ret.) Robert H. Latiff, PhD & Patrick J. McCloskey News Desert: Losing Our Local Newspapers in the Digital Age 46 Samuel G. Freedman Artificial Intelligence, Cyberattacks & the Next Cold War 52 Jeremy Straub, PhD, MBA Dune or Done? COVID’s Avoidable Catastrophe 58 Patrick J. McCloskey 1 Introduction to the DAKOTA DIGITAL ACADEMY KENDALL E. NYGARD, PHD Director of the Dakota Digital Academy, North Dakota University System Emeritus Professor, Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University Contact: [email protected] he Dakota Digital Academy (DDA) gained questions have been raised. A famous cartoon in the traction this fall with engagement by New Yorker shows a dog typing on a keyboard and a numerous faculty and administrators across caption that reads, “On the internet, nobody knows Tthe North Dakota University System (NDUS). Thanks you’re a dog.” Going forward, if most tasks can be to the vision of Chancellor Mark Hagerott, there accomplished remotely and most production processes is much DDA activity in designing and developing are done by robots, will gender inequality and racism courses in the digital arena, configuring certificates and diminish? programs, creating partnerships and planning events. North Dakota is a very rural state. The DDA is This activity surrounds the need for relevant training committed to location-agnostic operations. As and education to serve learners and employers. broadband becomes fully available and residents We are ambitious and expect to accomplish a great adjust to technologies—such as tools for remote deal in our state. We are committed to fostering access, collaboration, video conferencing and virtual reality— opportunity, enfranchisement, inclusion and diversity. people may feel that if everyone in their organization is remote, then nobody feels remote. DDA’s mission We believe in collaboration. Among DDA’s challenges seems very opportune in our state. is establishing synergy among the diverse NDUS institutions. With two research universities, four here are also many people whose jobs are regional universities and five colleges, there are Timpossible to do from home, and they are now considerable differences in orientations, types of faced with unemployment and a need to reinvent their expertise and capacities. At DDA, we view these work lives. For example, about 110,000 restaurants differences as sources of opportunities and strengths to nationwide closed in 2020, leaving many employees celebrate. without work. If the future is basically digital, what There is little doubt that the pandemic is one of the happens to the people left behind? We see a pressing most life- and work-altering events in our history. The need for training and education in many areas of great flu epidemic of 1918 killed some 50 million computing and cyber sciences, including coding, people worldwide, including my father’s elder sister. information technology, cybersecurity and artificial The account of her death and her oungy daughter intelligence. The need for upskilling and retraining being orphaned is known to all members of my family is also very real. DDA is committed to helping meet today, more than a century later. those needs. The coronavirus has forced a large-scale normalization of remote work and school, including mandating how DDA as an organization must function. Many 2 Introduction to DAKOTA DIGITAL REVIEW PATRICK J. MCCLOSKEY Editor, Dakota Digital Review Director, Social & Ethical Implications of Cyber Sciences Dakota Digital Academy North Dakota University System Contact: [email protected] he cartoonist Walt Kelly said it best, “We are to COVID-19; blatant censorship by Big Tech confronted with insurmountable opportunities.” that threatens free speech and the foundations of What sorcerer or ancient magician could have democracy; disinformation campaigns and election Timagined what we take for granted today: video integrity; privacy and surveillance concerns; artificial conferencing across continents, texting at 30,000 feet intelligence (AI), automation and job loss; rural on a jet liner, data mining, robotic surgery. And this is broadband, especially when students must take classes just the beginning. Digital wonders we can’t envision from home. yet will delight us and perform seeming miracles for Dakota Digital Review is written and edited for the the good of humanity. general educated reader. It is vitally important that As cyber technologies become increasingly ubiquitous, residents throughout the region—whether working in however, their penetration into our personal, family, government or business, or who are retired—become professional and social lives is accelerating, and their fluent and engaged in cyber sciences and their influence is growing. In response, DDA will offer ramifications. courses in the profound social, ethical, legal and policy Articles are written mostly by faculty and students implications of the cyber sciences. but not to promote their universities. Instead, higher To amplify DDA’s systemwide approach across 11 education’s intellectual resources are being mobilized colleges and universities, and to engage and educate statewide to better serve both within and beyond the the general public, DDA now presents Dakota Digital academy. Review, which is being published both in print and akota Digital Review aims to elevate discussions online. Dand debates about digitization, facilitating better Dakota Digital Review will cover the cyber sciences, preparation of government and business, parents, as well as related legal, political, regulatory, social students and voters to make crucial decisions about and ethical issues, and digitization’s impact on the our collective future and about our individual and humanities and the arts. family lives. As well as creating opportunities, digital technologies A note of appreciation is due to Jerry Anderson who pose serious challenges: cybersecurity hacks by enemy does the photography, graphic design and layout for nation states disrupting corporations, government Dakota Digital Review. The same is due to Kay Cox agencies and even, recently, one of the world’s largest who designed and masters the Dakota Digital Academy cybersecurity firms; the massive transfer of power website (dda.ndus.edu), where access to our courses and wealth from small and analogue businesses to and this magazine is available. Big Tech companies as result of lockdown responses 3 The Pandemic is Accelerating Digital Transformation: Downsides & Remedies MARK R. HAGEROTT, PHD Chancellor, North Dakota University System uman society faces disruption and the desperate, well-meaning but tumultuous change far more unprecedented confused human reaction. Ponder and historic than a pandemic.i Rapid, digital with me the headlines. American Htechnological change is the big story, the paradigm- cities burned, and a cacophony transforming narrative, the potential birth-pangs of voices called for radical action, for a post COVID-19 world that if we allow it, some to remake our nation into a may privilege digital machine systems over humans socialist state.ii While warehouses, and human-centric systems. Paradoxically, COVID factories and office spaces emptied of mitigation policies may promote human welfare in humans, computer servers and robots the short term but undermine human community, proliferated more widely. Internet health and culture in the long term. Furthermore, traffic increased exponentially, pouring technological systems create their own inertia, and wealth into corporate digital data centers if not managed carefully, tend to “lock in” early and cloud companies. COVID-stressed, decisions and patterns of use, making it difficult human-centric companies face bankruptcy, to reverse mistakes. It is thus imperative that our yet already massive digital companies hit leaders act now to reconsider the unintended second record-high capitalization. Congress considers and third order effects of our COVID responses. bailing out some companies but at the same time Otherwise, harmful consequences for human-centric ponders the regulation