Marne Levine It's First Vice President of Global Public Policy Yesterday

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Marne L. Levine Bio ("Meandered with a sense of purpose") This statement made to the Washington Post on Dec. 6, 2012 is a lie. Levine very evidently follows the orders of Larry Summers and Sheryl Sandberg. Year Dates Position Company Primary Cartel Relationship 1993 1993 MBA Harvard University Larry Summers, Sheryl Sandberg 1993 1993-2001 Understudy Larry Summers, Treasury Secretary Larry Summers, Sheryl Sandberg Larry Summers, Mark Zuckerberg, James W. Breyer, Accel 2001 2001-2003 Chief of Staff to Larry Summers Harvard University Partners, Ping Li, James Swartz, Reid Hoffman, Peter Thiel, Harvard Crimson Philip J. Deutch, son of disgraced former C.I.A. director 2003 Jun 22 Marriage John M. Deutch (1995-1996), CitiGroup Director 2004 2004-2005 Product Manager Cibernet Corporation Unknown AOL, Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanely, Citibank, Deutsche 2006 2006-2008 Dir. of Product Mgmt. Revolution Money; AOL, Steve Case Bank 2009 Jan 21 Chief of Staff to Larry Summers National Economic Council Larry Summers, Barack Obama Special Assistant to President Barack Obama for The White House Larry Summers, Barack Obama Economic Policy 2010 Jun 24 Vice President for Global Public Policy Facebook Larry Summers, Sheryl Sandberg, owners 2013 May 01 Director Chegg Kleiner Perkins, funder 2014 Jan 01 Director National Endowment for Democracy U.S. Dept. of State, donor 2014 Oct 07 Chief Operating Officer Instagram Larry Summers, Marc Andreessen, directors

See enlarged timeline on next page.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/postlive/marne-levine-ive-meandered-with-a-sense-of-purpose/2012/12/06/9a1d796c-3fb7-11e2-ae43-cf491b837f7b_video.html The timeline proves that her “meandered” statement is a lie. Her career is a straight line of Larry Summers orders.

Marne L. Levine bio (to Washington Post (2010) about her bio: "Meandered with a sense of purpose")

Harvard MBA Harvard Cibernet Revolution Nationa Facebook Instagram University Unknown Money (AOL) Econom c VP of Global COO Chief of Staff to Director of Council Public Policy U.S. Department of Treasury President, Larry Product Chief of Staff (Jun. 24, 2010) Larry Summers, Secretary Summers Management to Larry Summers

Direct relationship to Larry Summers, Sheryl Sandberg Direct relationship to Larry Summers crony (Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan, Morgan Stanley Citibank, Credit Suisse, AOL) Jun 22, 2003, Married “Marne is a lackey for Summers & the Cartel.” Philip J. Deutch, Jun. 22, 2003, son of John M. Deutch, disgraced former C.I.A. Director (1995-1996) ; Citigroup, director; James P. Chandler crony Jul. 18, 2010 https://youtu.be/P-MUFB7Qs9E Jun. 24, 2010 Leader v. Facebook trial began Leader v. Facebook judge replaced with fresh Obama nominee, Leonard P. Stark, same day Marne L. Levine joined Facebook State Department stonewalls Hillary's Facebook connections Meet Facebook's New DC Schmoozer - SFGate

http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Meet-Facebook-s-New-DC-Schmoozer-2463453.php

Nicholas Carlson, provided by Published 4:00 am, Friday, June 25, 2010

Facebook made Washington insider Marne Levine it's first vice president of global public policy yesterday.

Till then, Marne worked as the chief-of-staff for National Economic Council head Larry Summers.

# ACCORDING TO WASHINGTON LIFE, SHE'S MARRIED TO PHILIP DEUTCH "A MANAGING DIRECTOR OF PERSEUS, LLC, A WASHINGTON, D.C. AND NEW YORK CITY-BASED PRIVATE EQUITY FUND. DEUTCH FOCUSES ON VENTURE CAPITAL INVESTING IN THE ENERGY AREA."

Image: Washington Life

http://americans4innovation.blogspot.com/2015/12/state-department-sto... 1 State Department stonewalls Hillary's Facebook connections Meet Facebook's New DC Schmoozer - SFGate

ACCORDING TO REALCLEARPOLITICS, SHE HAS A 3 1/2-YEAR-OLD AND A 9-MONTH-OLD.

This is not actually Marne's kid.

Image: vauvau on flickr

# SHE DONATED $4,600 TO PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGNS IN 2008 - $2,300 TO HILARY CLINTON AND $2,300 TO BARACK OBAMA

http://americans4innovation.blogspot.com/2015/12/state-department-sto... 2 State Department stonewalls Hillary's Facebook connections Meet Facebook's New DC Schmoozer - SFGate

Image: The White House

SHE USED TO BE DIRECTOR OF PRODUCT MANAGEMENT AT STEVE CASE'S STARTUP REVOLUTION MONEY.

Image: Asa Mathat | All Things Digital

DURING THE CLINTON ADMINISTRATION, SHE WORKED AT THE TREASURY DEPARTMENT AS DEPUTY ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR BANKING AND FINANCE IN THE OFFICE OF LEGISLATIVE AFFAIRS AND PUBLIC LIAISON.

http://americans4innovation.blogspot.com/2015/12/state-department-sto... 3 State Department stonewalls Hillary's Facebook connections Meet Facebook's New DC Schmoozer - SFGate

SHE GRADUATED FROM MIAMI UNIVERSITY IN OXFORD, OHIO.

SHE HAS AN M.B.A. FROM THE HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL.

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Image: AP

ACCORDING TO HER NEC BIO, "FROM 2001-2003, MS. LEVINE SERVED AS CHIEF OF STAFF FOR HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESIDENT LAWRENCE SUMMERS WHERE HELPED MANAGE OPERATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITYS 14,000 EMPLOYEES AND $2.4 BILLION OPERATING BUDGET."

Image: AP

SHE GOES OUT ON THE TOWN! HERE'S A PIC FROM SOCIETY MAGAZINE WASHINGTON LIFE...

http://americans4innovation.blogspot.com/2015/12/state-department-sto... 5 State Department stonewalls Hillary's Facebook connections Meet Facebook's New DC Schmoozer - SFGate

...AND ANOTHER FROM WASHINGTON LIFE

Join the conversation about this story »

http://americans4innovation.blogspot.com/2015/12/state-department-sto... 6 Something about Marne [Levine], Jun. 26, 2010 awesomedc.com / archive.org

Something about Marne

June 26, 2010 by Elias Shams

Here are more information we digged out about the new facebook’s vice president of global public policy babe, Marne Levine, who just left her top position as the National Economic Counsel at the white house. I blogged about her yesterday.

According to Washington Life, Marne is married to Philip Deutch “a managing director of Perseus, LLC, a Washington, D.C. and New York City-based private equity fund. Deutch focuses on venture capital investing in the energy area.”

https://web.archive.org/web/20100629064837/http://awesomedc.com/2010/06/26/something-about- marne#more-10449 Accessed Jan. 02, 2016 Page 1 Something about Marne [Levine], Jun. 26, 2010 awesomedc.com / archive.org

She donated $4,600 to presidential campaigns in 2008 – $2,300 to Hilary Clinton and $2,300 to Barack Obama.

She used to be director of product management at Steve Case’s start-up Revolution Money.

https://web.archive.org/web/20100629064837/http://awesomedc.com/2010/06/26/something-about- marne#more-10449 Accessed Jan. 02, 2016 Page 2 Something about Marne [Levine], Jun. 26, 2010 awesomedc.com / archive.org

During the Clinton Administration, she worked at the Treasury Department as deputy assistant secretary for banking and finance in the office of legislative affairs and public liaison.

She graduated from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio.

https://web.archive.org/web/20100629064837/http://awesomedc.com/2010/06/26/something-about- marne#more-10449 Accessed Jan. 02, 2016 Page 3 Something about Marne [Levine], Jun. 26, 2010 awesomedc.com / archive.org

She has an M.B.A. from the Harvard Business School.

According to her NEC bio, “From 2001-2003, Ms. Levine served as Chief of Staff for Harvard University President Lawrence Summers where helped manage operations of the universities 14,000 employees and $2.4 billion operating budget.”

https://web.archive.org/web/20100629064837/http://awesomedc.com/2010/06/26/something-about- marne#more-10449 Accessed Jan. 02, 2016 Page 4 Something about Marne [Levine], Jun. 26, 2010 awesomedc.com / archive.org

She goes out on the town! Here’s a pic from society magazine Washington Life…

Possibly related posts: (automatically generated)

 Facebook snags White House economic adviser Levine as global policy head

Filed under DC Tales, social media Tagged with washington, white house, startup, facebook, Washington DC, Steve Case, d.c, barack obama, Marne Levine, National Economic Counsel, Office of Legislative Affairs, Public Liaison, vice president of global public policy, Philip Deutch, Perseus, presidential campaign, Hilary Clinton, Revolution Money, Clinton Administration, Treasury Department, deputy assistant secretary, banking, finance, Miami University, Harvard Business School, Lawrence Summers

About Elias Shams Serial Washingtonian Entrepreneur in Telecom & Social media space and love Washington, DC

https://web.archive.org/web/20100629064837/http://awesomedc.com/2010/06/26/something-about- marne#more-10449 Accessed Jan. 02, 2016 Page 5 Marne Levine The Washington Post

Washington Post Live Marne Levine

Portrait of Marne Levine, Vice President of Global Public Policy, Facebook. (Photo by Tim Coburn) (Tim Coburn/Facebook/Tim Coburne)

November 21, 2012 Vice President, Global Public Policy, Facebook

Marne Levine is Vice President, Global Public Policy and oversees the company's efforts to educate governments and non-governmental organizations on its plans, products and https://www.washingtonpost.com/postlive/marne-levine/2012/11/21/0ec44f94-33fa-11e2-9cfa- e41bac906cc9 story.html Page 1 Marne Levine The Washington Post

policies to foster understanding and support for innovative technologies like Facebook.

Marne has substantial government experience working on international issues and particular sensitivity to navigating policy challenges in an Internet company. She joined Facebook from the Obama Administration, where she served as Chief of Staff at the White House National Economic Council. In that role, she helped coordinate the development of domestic and international economic policy along with the strategies for communicating these policies to stakeholders.

Previously, Marne helped launch an online peer-to-peer payment platform, and helped manage its privacy and compliance issues. She also served as Chief of Staff for Larry Summers when he was President of Harvard University. She began her career at the United States Department of Treasury, where she served in the Office of Legislative Affairs and Public Liaison.

Marne has a Bachelor's in Political Science and Communications from Miami University and an MBA from the Harvard Business School.

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https://www.washingtonpost.com/postlive/marne-levine/2012/11/21/0ec44f94-33fa-11e2-9cfa- e41bac906cc9 story.html Page 2 WEDDINGS/CELEBRATIONS - Marne Levine, Philip Deutch - NYTimes

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WEDDINGS/CELEBRATIONS; Marne Levine, Philip MOST EMAILED Deutch 1. Natalie Cole, ‘Unforgettable’ Voice, Dies at Published: June 22, 2003 65 Marne Lynn Levine, a daughter of Dr. and Mrs. Mark Levine of FACEBOOK 2. PAUL KRUGMAN Shaker Heights, Ohio, was married last evening to Philip Joseph TWITTER Privilege, Pathology and Power Deutch, a son of Samayla D. Deutch of New York and John M. Deutch GOOGLE+ of Belmont, Mass. Rabbi Stuart A. Gertman officiated at the National EMAL 3. George Lucas Criticizes Latest ‘Star Wars’ Museum of Women in the Arts in Washington. Installment SHARE Ms. Levine, 32, is keeping her name. She is the chief of staff to PR NT 4. 15 Ways to Be a Better Person in 2016 Lawrence H. Summers, the president of Harvard. She graduated from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. Her father is a plastic surgeon at REPR NTS

Associates in Ophthalmology in South Euclid, Ohio. Her mother, Teri 5. Gun-Friendly Texas Is Getting Even Levine, is on the board of the Cleveland chapters of the American Red Cross and the Friendlier Jewish Community Federation. 6. On the Market in New York City Mr. Deutch, 38, is a managing director and venture capitalist at Perseus, a venture capital and leveraged buyout company in Washington. He graduated from Amherst and received

a law degree from Stanford. His mother is a lawyer in New York. His father, who was the 7. MODERN LOVE director of Central Intelligence from 1994 to 1996, is an institute professor at M.I.T. Single, and Surrounded by a Wall of Men

The bridegroom is a stepson of Patricia Deutch and of Richard Sigal. His previous 8. Lighting Up the Night, and the New Year marriage ended in divorce.

Photo (Ralph Alswang) 9. Saudi Arabia Puts 47 to Death, Including Prominent Shiite Cleric

FACEBOOK TWITTER GOOGLE+ EMAL SHARE 10. How Jeb Bush Hopes to Save His Candidacy

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Born: 27-Jul-1938 Birthplace: Brussels, Belgium John Requires Flash 7 Gender: Male Religion: Jewish Race or Ethnicity: White Related Sexual orientation: Straight American Occupation: Government Global Party Affiliation: Democratic Jewish-A Nationality: United States Poli Executive summary: CIA Director, 1995-96

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Wife: Patricia Lyon Deutch

University: BA History and Economics, Amherst College University: BS Chemical Engineering, MIT (1961) University: PhD Physical Chemistry, MIT (1966) Professor: Chemistry, Princeton University (1966-69) Professor: Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1970-77) Administrator: Chairman, Department of Chemistry, MIT (1976-77) Administrator: Dean of Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1982-85) Administrator: Provost, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1985-90) Professor: Institute Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1990-)

CIA Director (1995-96) US Defense Department Under Secy. of Defense for Acquisitions/Technology (1993-94) US Energy Department Undersecretary (1979-80) US Energy Department Director of Energy Research (1977-79) Member of the Board of Citigroup Member of the Board of Raytheon (1998-) Member of the Board of Schlumberger (1997-) Member of the Board of Cummins Member of the Board of ARIAD Pharmaceuticals (1997-?) Boston Museum of Fine Arts Trustee Bilderberg Group Bill Bradley for President Bretton Woods Committee

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Carol Moseley Braun for President Council on Foreign Relations Forum for International Policy Trustee Friends of Dick Lugar Friends of Hillary Gephardt for President Gorbachev Foundation Senior Fellow Hillary Clinton for President New Leadership for America PAC Nixon Center Advisory Council Obama for America Psi Upsilon Fraternity Amherst College Resources for the Future Board of Directors Mishandling Classified Materials pled guilty (19-Jan-2001) Pardoned For unauthorized retention of classified material by President Clinton (20-Jan-2001)

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Official Website: http://www.citigroup.com/

Industry: Banking

Ticker: NYSE:C

Corporate headquarters: New York City

Sales: $3.6B (2007)

Employees: Bibliograp 350000 (2008) NNDB has EXECUTIVES thousand bibliograph Name Occupation Birth Death Known for people Shaukat Aziz Head of State 6-Mar-1949 Prime Minister of Pakistan organizat Ajay Banga Business c. 1960 CEO of Citibank Asia/Pacific schools, Winfried Bischoff Business 1941 Chairman of Citigroup general to Erin Burnett TV Personality 3-May-1976 Squawk on the Street listing mor 50,000 boo Lisa M. Caputo Business 1964 EVP at The Travelers 120,000 othe Janet M. Clarke Business c. 1952 Clarke Littlefield LLC of reference Pete Dawkins Football 8-Mar-1938 Winner, 1958 Heisman Trophy may be acce Robert E. Denham Attorney Partner, Munger, Tolles & Olson 27-Aug-1945 the "Bibliog Dinyar S. Devitre Business c. 1946 CFO of Altria, 2002-08 tab at the t Robert Druskin Business c. 1947 CFO of Shearson Lehman Brothers, 1984-91 most pages Jay S. Fishman Business 4-Nov-1952 CEO of Travelers the "Rela Steven J. Freiberg Business c. 1957 Global Consumer Group, Citigroup Topics" box Brenda J. Gaines Business c. 1949 CEO of Diners Club NA, 2002-04 sidebar. Plea Keith W. Hughes Business c. 1946 Vice Chairman of Citigroup, 2000-01 free to sug Rajive Johri Business c. 1950 First National Bank of Omaha books that m Thomas W. Jones Business 1949 President of TIAA-CREF, 1993-97 critical omi

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Tom Katis Military ? Co-Founder, Triple Canopy Sallie L. Krawcheck Business c. 1965 CFO of Citigroup, 2004-07 Jacob J. Lew Government 29-Aug-1955 Obama's White House Chief of Staff Robert I. Lipp Business c. 1938 CEO of Travelers Property Casualty, 2001-04 Marjorie Magner Business 1949 Former Citibank executive Deryck Maughan Business c. 1947 CEO of Citigroup International, 1998-2002 Raymond J. McGuire Business 1957 Citigroup M&A executive Heidi G. Miller Business c. 1954 EVP at JP Morgan Chase Glen Moreno Business 1943 Chairman of Pearson Nancy S. Newcomb Business c. 1946 Former Citigroup executive Lyndon L. Olson Diplomat 1947 US Ambassador to Sweden, 1998-2001 Peter R. Orszag Government 16-Dec-1968 Beltway economist Vikram Pandit Business 1957 CEO of Citigroup Charles O. Prince Business 13-Jan-1950 CEO of Citigroup, 2003-07 John S. Reed Business 1939 CEO of Citibank, 1984-2000 William R. Rhodes Business 15-Aug-1935 Vice Chairman of Citigroup Lowell W. Robinson Business c. 1949 COO of MIVA, Inc. Robert E. Rubin Government 29-Aug-1938 US Treasury Secretary, 1995-99 Renato Ruggiero Politician 9-Apr-1930 Director-General of the WTO, 1995-99 David S. Schechter Business c. 1975 Icahn Capital LP Louis B. Susman Diplomat 19-Nov-1937 US Ambassador to the UK Mary Alice Taylor Business c. 1950 CEO of HomeGrocer.com, 1999-2000 Stephen R. Volk Attorney c. 1935 Vice Chairman of Citigroup Sanford I. Weill Business 16-Mar-1933 CEO of Citigroup, 1998-2003 Robert B. Willumstad Business c. 1946 CEO of American International Group, 2008

CURRENT BOARD MEMBERS OR DIRECTORS

Name Occupation Birth Death Known for C. Michael Armstrong Business 18-Oct-1938 CEO of Comcast, 2002-04 Alain J. P. Belda Business 23-Jun-1943 CEO of Alcoa Winfried Bischoff Business 1941 Chairman of Citigroup Timothy C. Collins Business c. 1956 Private equity, Ripplewood Holdings George David Business 7-Apr-1942 CEO of United Technologies Kenneth T. Derr Business 4-Aug-1936 CEO of Chevron, 1989-99 John Deutch Government 27-Jul-1938 CIA Director, 1995-96 Robert L. Joss Educator c. 1941 Dean, Stanford Business School Andrew N. Liveris Business ? CEO of Dow Chemical Anne M. Mulcahy Business 21-Oct-1952 CEO of Xerox, 2001-09 Vikram Pandit Business 1957 CEO of Citigroup Richard Parsons Business 4-Apr-1948 CEO of Time Warner, 2002-07 Roberto Hernández Ramírez Business 1942 CEO, Banco Nacional de Mexico Lawrence R. Ricciardi Business 14-Aug-1940 General Counsel for IBM, 1995-2002 Judith Rodin Educator 9-Sep-1944 President of UPenn, 1994-2004 Robert L. Ryan Business c. 1943 CFO of Medtronic, 1993-2005 Diana Taylor Business c. 1955 NY Superindendent of Banks, 2003-07

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Franklin A. Thomas Attorney 27-May-1934 President of the Ford Foundation, 1979-96

PAST BOARD MEMBERS OR DIRECTORS

Name Occupation Birth Death Known for Kenneth Bialkin Attorney 9-Sep-1929 Mergers & Acquisitions lawyer Keith W. Hughes Business c. 1946 Vice Chairman of Citigroup, 2000-01 Ann Dibble Jordan Educator c. 1939 Professor, University of Chicago Klaus Kleinfeld Business 6-Nov-1957 President and COO of Alcoa Dudley C. Mecum Business c. 1935 Capricorn Holdings Charles O. Prince Business 13-Jan-1950 CEO of Citigroup, 2003-07 John S. Reed Business 1939 CEO of Citibank, 1984-2000 Robert E. Rubin Government 29-Aug-1938 US Treasury Secretary, 1995-99 Robert B. Shapiro Business 4-Aug-1938 CEO of Monsanto, 1995-2000 Sanford I. Weill Business 16-Mar-1933 CEO of Citigroup, 1998-2003 Robert B. Willumstad Business c. 1946 CEO of American International Group, 2008

EMPLOYMENT

Name Occupation Birth Death Known for Thomas C. Foley Business 9-Jan-1952 US Ambassador to Ireland, 2006-09 Richard Kovacevich Business 30-Oct-1943 CEO of Wells Fargo, 1998-2007 Paul F. Walsh Business c. 1950 CEO of eFunds

EXTRANEOUS

Name Occupation Birth Death Known for Mukesh Ambani Business 19-Apr-1957 India's richest man Gerald Ford Head of State 14-Jul-1913 26-Dec-2006 38th US President, 1974-77 Richard J. Harrington Business c. 1947 CEO of Thomson Corporation James M. Kilts Business 10-Feb-1948 CEO of Gillette, 2001-05 Anne-Marie Slaughter Government 27-Sep-1958 Director of Policy Planning, State Dept. Morris Tabaksblat Business 1937 Chairman of Reed Elsevier, 1999-2005 James Wolfensohn Business 1-Dec-1933 World Bank president, 1995-2005 Lorenzo H. Zambrano Business 1945 CEO of Cemex

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Name Occupation Birth Death Known for Asst. Secy. of State involved in Elliott Abrams Government 24-Jan-1948 Iran-Contra Mehmet Ali Agca Assassin 9-Jan-1958 In 1981, shot Pope John Paul II Founder of the Christian doctrine of Arius Religion 256 AD 336 AD Arianism St. Athanasius Religion 298 AD 2-May-373 AD Patriarch of Alexandria, 328-373 AD Kofi Awoonor Poet 13-Mar-1935 Rediscovery Francis Bacon Philosopher 22-Jan-1561 9-Apr-1626 Novum Organum Nathaniel Bacon Politician 2-Jan-1647 26-Oct-1676 Bacon's Rebellion Candy Barr Performance Artist 6-Jul-1935 30-Dec-2005 Exotic dancer from the 1950s Belisarius Military 505 AD 565 AD Byzantine general Blackbeard Criminal c. 1680 22-Nov-1718 Infamous pirate Lenny Bruce Comic 13-Oct-1925 3-Aug-1966 Multiply obscene comic Bibliograp Hubert de Burgh Judge ? 1243 Chief Justiciar of England Sebastian Cabot Explorer 1476 1557 16th century Italian/English explorer NNDB has Julius Caesar Head of State 13-Jul-100 BC 15-Mar-44 BC Roman Dictator 45 BC until 44 BC thousand Luís de Camões Poet c. 1524 10-Jun-1580 Os Lusíadas bibliograph people Luis Posada Carriles Terrorist c. 1928 Cuban terrorist in US custody organizat Dictator of Cuba for almost fifty Fidel Castro Head of State 13-Aug-1926 years schools, Prominent on the Iraqi Provisional general to Ahmed Chalabi Government 30-Oct-1944 Council listing mor Hugo Chavez Head of State 28-Jul-1954 5-Mar-2013 President of Venezuela, 1998-2013 50,000 boo Henry Cisneros Politician 11-Jun-1947 Secretary of HUD, 1993-97 120,000 othe Roger Clinton Relative 25-Jul-1956 Black sheep in Clinton family of reference Rear Admiral, invented the smoke may be acce Thomas Cochrane Military 14-Dec-1775 31-Oct-1860 screen the "Bibliog Oscar Collazo Assassin 20-Feb-1914 21-Feb-1994 Attempted assassin of Truman tab at the t Henry Cowell Composer 11-Mar-1897 10-Dec-1965 New Musical Resources most pages the "Rela Thomas Dangerfield Criminal 1650 1685 English conspirator Topics" box Labor leader ran for President five Eugene V. Debs Labor Leader 5-Nov-1855 20-Oct-1926 times sidebar. Plea Martin R. Delany Activist 6-May-1812 24-Jan-1885 Black nationalist free to sug books that m John Deutch Government 27-Jul-1938 CIA Director, 1995-96 critical omi Alfred Dreyfus Victim 9-Oct-1859 12-Jul-1935 Dreyfus Affair scapegoat Jubal Early Military 3-Nov-1816 2-Mar-1894 Confederate General Edgar Atheling Royalty c. 1051 c. 1126 King of England 1066

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W. Mark Felt Government 17-Aug-1913 18-Dec-2008 Watergate's Deep Throat Leo Frank Victim 17-Apr-1884 17-Aug-1915 Innocent man, lynched by mob Frederick the Great Royalty 24-Jan-1712 17-Aug-1786 King of Prussia 1740-86 Leopoldo Galtieri Head of State 15-Jul-1926 12-Jan-2003 Invaded Falklands, ran death squads Giuseppe Garibaldi Military 4-Jul-1807 2-Jun-1882 Privateer, Italian hero Yakubu Gowon Head of State 19-Oct-1934 Dictator of Nigeria, 1966-75 Merle Haggard Country Musician 6-Apr-1937 Okie From Muskogee Armand Hammer Business 21-May-1898 10-Dec-1990 Soviet agent of influence Patty Hearst Victim 20-Feb-1954 Kidnapped by SLA Robert Hersant Publisher 30-Jan-1920 21-Apr-1996 Le Papivore International Brotherhood of Jimmy Hoffa Labor Leader 14-Feb-1913 30-Jul-1975 Teamsters H. Guy Hunt Politician 17-Jun-1933 30-Jan-2009 Governor of Alabama, 1987-93 Chun Doo Hwan Head of State 18-Jan-1931 President of South Korea, 1980-88 A People's History of the Supreme Peter H. Irons Activist 11-Aug-1940 Court Edward Kelley Paranormal 1-Aug-1555 1-Nov-1597 Notorious forger and alchemist Abdul Qadeer Khan Physicist 1935 Father of Pakistani nuclear bomb Hans Heinrich Lammers Government 27-May-1879 4-Jan-1962 Chief of the Reich Chancellery William Laud Religion 7-Oct-1573 10-Jan-1645 Archbishop of Canterbury, 1633-45 Robert E. Lee Military 19-Jan-1807 12-Oct-1870 Confederate General G. Gordon Liddy Government 30-Nov-1930 Watergate criminal, talk-show-host Susan McDougal Criminal 1955 Whitewater scandal Bud McFarlane Government 12-Jul-1937 Iran-Contra figure Russell Means Activist 10-Nov-1939 22-Oct-2012 American Indian Movement Lead singer and songwriter, The Jim Morrison Singer/Songwriter 8-Dec-1943 3-Jul-1971 Doors Physician who treated Lincoln's Samuel Mudd Doctor 20-Dec-1833 10-Jan-1883 assassin Nikon Religion 7-May-1605 17-Aug-1681 Reformer Patriarch of Moscow Richard M. Nixon Head of State 9-Jan-1913 22-Apr-1994 37th US President, 1969-74 Titus Oates Criminal 15-Sep-1649 12-Jul-1705 Popish Plot Felice Orsini Assassin 1819 13-Mar-1858 Attempted assassin of Napoleon III Sean Penn Actor 17-Aug-1960 Fast Times at Ridgemont High Albert Pike Military 29-Dec-1809 2-Apr-1891 Confederate general, Freemason Priest murdered by Polish Jerzy Popieluszko Activist 23-Sep-1947 19-Oct-1984 government Marc Rich Criminal 18-Dec-1934 Pardoned by Clinton Keith Richards Guitarist 18-Dec-1943 The Rolling Stones Slick Rick Rapper 14-Jan-1965 Eyepatch-sporting rapper on Def Jam Dan Rostenkowski Politician 2-Jan-1928 11-Aug-2010 Congressman from Illinois, 1959-95 Antonio López de Santa Military 21-Feb-1794 21-Jun-1876 Hero of Tampico Anna Slave elected to Congress from South Robert Smalls Politician 5-Apr-1839 23-Feb-1915 Carolina George Steinbrenner Baseball 4-Jul-1930 13-Jul-2010 Owner, New York Yankees Fife Symington Politician 12-Aug-1945 Governor of Arizona, 1991-97

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J. Parnell Thomas Government 16-Jan-1895 19-Nov-1970 HUAC chairman, took the Fifth Iva Toguri Radio Personality 4-Jul-1916 26-Sep-2006 Never actually was Tokyo Rose Country music artist, has 25 top ten Randy Travis Country Musician 4-May-1959 hits Caspar Weinberger Government 18-Aug-1917 28-Mar-2006 Iran-Contra figure pardoned by Bush HUD scandal figure pardoned by Philip D. Winn Criminal 1-Feb-1925 Clinton Roh Tae Woo Head of State 4-Dec-1932 President of South Korea, 1988-93 Sir Thomas Wyat Poet 1503 6-Oct-1542 Introduced sonnet to England Peter Yarrow Singer 31-May-1938 The Peter in Peter, Paul, and Mary

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http://www nndb.com/event/695/000054533/ 3 Why Did Former CIA Director John Deutch Endanger America's Most Vi... 01/02/2016 4:10 PM

http://www.wrmea.org/2001-july/why-did-former-cia-director-john-deut... 1 Why Did Former CIA Director John Deutch Endanger America's Most Vi... 01/02/2016 4:10 PM

http://www.wrmea.org/2001-july/why-did-former-cia-director-john-deut... 2 Why Did Former CIA Director John Deutch Endanger America's Most Vi... 01/02/2016 4:10 PM

http://www.wrmea.org/2001-july/why-did-former-cia-director-john-deut... 3 Why Did Former CIA Director John Deutch Endanger America's Most Vi... 01/02/2016 4:10 PM

http://www.wrmea.org/2001-july/why-did-former-cia-director-john-deut... 4 CNN.com - Clinton's final day includes pardons, new monument and not... 01/02/2016 4:15 PM

with CNN.com AllPolitics allpolitics.com TIME GO MAIN PAGE WORLD U.S. ALLPOLITICS WEATHER Clinton's final day includes pardons, new Lieberman to announce BUSINESS SPORTS monument and note for his successor U.S. terror task force to nearly POLITICS double in size LAW January 20, 2001 SCI-TECH Web posted at: 5:03 p.m. EST (2203 GMT) graphic FBI lawyer at center of 9/11 flap SPACE Among Americans pardoned today by wins White House award outgoing President Clinton were, HEALTH WASHINGTON (CNN) -- President ENTERTAINMENT clockwise from left: Henry Cisneros, Democrats question GOP TRAVEL Clinton, just hours before leaving Patricia Hearst, Susan McDougal, Roger choice for budget post EDUCATION office, pardoned more than 130 Clinton GOP moves to finish spending CAREER people, including Whitewater figure bills IN-DEPTH Susan McDougal, former Housing Secretary Henry Cisneros, ex-CIA chief John Deutch and publishing heiress Patty Hearst. Vermont lawmakers pick QUICK NEWS governor LOCAL The president pardoned his brother, Roger Clinton, who had been convicted COMMUNITY (MORE) MULTIMEDIA on a cocaine charge in the 1980s after cooperating with authorities, and E-MAIL SERVICES former Gov. Fife Symington of Arizona, a Republican whose conviction for CNNtoGO bank and wire fraud was overturned on appeal. Prosecutors had sought a TOP STORIES ABOUT US rehearing in the case. N. Y. plans to heal skyline

CNN TV Stocks rise on Case departure what's on Deutch had been under investigation by the Justice Department for show transcripts mishandling secrets on a home computer. Hearst was kidnapped in the 1970's Lieberman's presidential CNN Headline News and then went to prison for bank robbery. announcement today CNN International askCNN Cisneros entered a plea agreement as part of an investigation into payments to New arrests may be linked to UK ricin scare EDITIONS his ex-mistress. McDougal, the Clinton's business partner in the Whitewater CNN.com Asia land venture, was convicted of loan fraud and spent almost two years in (MORE) CNN.com Europe prison for refusing to testify against Clinton before a federal grand jury set your edition empanelled by Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr. BUSINESS Playing for Iraq's jackpot Another Whitewater figure and former law ALSO partner of Hillary Rodham Clinton, Webster Coke & smoke bite Dow Hubbell, was not pardoned. Hubbell, who served List of presidential pardons Sun Microsystems posts tiny in a top Justice Department position in Clinton's profit first term, had to resign and spent 15 months in prison for tax evasion and mail fraud. (MORE)

No pardons for Milken or Peltier MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA 144.70 8257.60 NAS 3.71 1394.72 The president also denied a pardon for financier Michael Milken, the 1980s S&P 10.90 879.91 "junk bond" king who served 22 months for swindling investors of $1 billion, and Leonard Peltier, convicted in the deaths of two FBI agents in 1975.

Federal law enforcement and security enforcement officials urged the SPORTS president to deny a pardon for Milken, an outspoken cancer survivor and Jordan says farewell for the third time generous philanthropist. FBI agents had protested the possibility of pardoning Peltier after learning his name was on a list of those being considered. Shaq could miss playoff game for child's birth Cisneros, former San Antonio mayor, Clinton's closest friend among his early Ex-USOC official says athletes Cabinet appointees and a rising political star when his career was unhinged by bent drug rules scandal, was convicted in a cover-up controversy involving payments he http://www.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/stories/01/20/clinton.pardon.02/ 1 CNN.com - Clinton's final day includes pardons, new monument and not... 01/02/2016 4:15 PM

made to his ex-mistress. (MORE)

All Scoreboards Deutch, who stepped down as CIA director in 1996, had been considering a deal with the Justice Department in which he would plead guilty to a misdemeanor charge of keeping classified data on his home computers. WEATHER All cities Hearst was kidnapped in the 1970s in Los Angeles by a domestic terrorist group known as the Symbionese Liberation Army and was convicted of later WORLD participating in a bank robbery with her abductors. She served part of her U.S. spies 3 potential nuke prison sentence before it was commuted by President Jimmy Carter. sites

Also denied a pardon was Jonathan Pollard, an American serving a long U.S. prison term for spying for Israel. 10,000 refugees from Burundi coming to U.S. Former Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu personally appealed to Clinton for clemency in that case. LAW Stunned relatives pack Iowa Governors Island declared a national monument courtroom

Before leaving office, Clinton also designated another monument, the SCI-TECH Apple: Virus wormed into some Governors Island National Monument, in New York City, and announced the iPods release of $100 million to fund 1,400 more police officers.

ENTERTAINMENT In keeping with tradition, the former president left a hand-written note for his Rock 'n' roll genius getting his successor, Jake Siewert, former White House press secretary told CNN. licks at 80

Siewert and John Podesta, former White House chief of staff, both left notes HEALTH for the men who will hold their jobs in the Bush administration, Ari Fleischer, Seafood benefits outweigh the new White House press secretary, and Andrew Card, President Bush's risks, government says chief of staff. TRAVEL The outgoing president also made a decision about an ongoing domestic Machu Picchu can wait matter, whether or not the differences between Socks the cat, and Buddy the

dog, could be resolved. CAREER A well-balanced 'Day on the Apparently, Clinton could not negotiate a peace deal, so Socks will be given Job' to Betty Currie, the president's long-time assistant, and Buddy will be going with the former first family to Chappaqua. (MORE HEADLINES)

ARCHIVES

http://www.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/stories/01/20/clinton.pardon.02/ 3 S 6368 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE May 9, 1995 and that if the bill has not been re- Whereas, when it appears that evidence PROGRAM ported by that time, it be automati- under the control or in the possession of the Senate may promote the administration of Mr. GORTON. Mr. President, for the cally discharged and placed on the Sen- information of all Senators, the Senate ate Calendar; provided further, that if justice, the Senate will take such action as will promote the ends of justice consistently will resume consideration of the prod- and when the Senate Commerce Com- with the privileges of the Senate; uct liability bill at 9:30 a.m. At 9:45 mittee reports H.R. 1139, it be sequen- Whereas, pursuant to sections 703(a) and a.m., there will be at least two stacked tially referred to the Senate Commit- 704(a)(2) of the Ethics in Government Act of rollcall votes on, or in relation to, tee on Environment and Public Works 1978, 2 U.S.C. §§ 288b(a) and 288c(a)(2) (1994), amendments to the substitute amend- the Senate may direct its counsel to rep- for a period not to exceed 20 session ment. days of the Senate; and that if the bill resent committees, Members, officers and is not reported by that time, it be employees of the Senate with respect to sub- ORDER FOR LENGTH OF TIME OF VOTES automatically discharged and placed poenas or orders issued to them in their offi- Mr. GORTON. Mr. President, I ask cial capacity: Now, therefore, be it on the calendar. Resolved, That Darin Schroeder and any unanimous consent that the first vote The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without other employees in Senator Feingold’s office of the 9:45 a.m. voting sequence be 15 objection, it is so ordered. from whom testimony may be necessary are minutes in length, with the remaining f authorized to testify and to produce records votes in the sequence limited to 10 in the case of United States v. George C. Mat- minutes each. AUTHORIZING TESTIMONY BY SEN- thews, except concerning matters for which a The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without ATE EMPLOYEE AND REPRESEN- privilege should be asserted. objection, it is so ordered. TATION BY SENATE LEGAL SEC. 2. That the Senate Legal Counsel is COUNSEL directed to represent Darin Schroeder and f any other employee in connection with the Mr. GORTON. Mr. President, I ask testimony authorized under section 1. ORDER OF PROCEDURE unanimous consent that the Senate Mr. DOLE. Mr. President, the United Mr. GORTON. Mr. President, a final proceed to the immediate consider- States has issued a subpoena for Darin passage vote is expected on the product ation of Senate Resolution 119, submit- Schroeder, an employee on the staff of liability bill at approximately 11:30 ted earlier today by Senators DOLE and Senator FEINGOLD, to testify at the a.m. Also, at 12 noon, the Senate will DASCHLE, authorizing representation trial of a defendant who was indicted begin consideration of calendar No. 74, by Senate legal counsel. last January for threatening to bring a the solid waste disposal bill. Therefore, The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without bomb to a post office building in Mil- votes can be expected to occur objection, it is so ordered. waukee to kill or injure individuals throughout the day on Wednesday. The legislative clerk read as follows: and to damage or destroy the building. A resolution (S. Res. 119) to authorize tes- The defendant is alleged to have made f timony by Senate employee and representa- the threat in a telephone conversation tion by Senate legal counsel. with Mr. Schroeder, who handles postal RECESS UNTIL 9:30 A.M. Mr. GORTON. Mr. President, I ask service constituent casework for Sen- TOMORROW unanimous consent that the resolution ator FEINGOLD. be considered and agreed to, the pre- Mr. GORTON. Mr. President, if there This resolution would authorize Mr. is no further business to come before amble be agreed to and the motion to Schroeder, as well as any other em- reconsider be laid upon the table; and the Senate, I now ask unanimous con- ployees on Senator FEINGOLD’s staff sent that the Senate stand in recess that any statements relating to the from whom testimony may be required, resolution appear at the appropriate under the previous order. to testify and to produce records at There being no objection, the Senate, place in the RECORD. trial, and to be represented by the Sen- at 8:13 p.m., recessed until Wednesday, The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without ate Legal Counsel. objection, it is so ordered. May 10, 1995, at 9:30 a.m. f So the resolution (S. Res. 119) was f considered and agreed to. ORDERS FOR WEDNESDAY, MAY 10, The preamble was agreed to. 1995 NOMINATIONS The resolution, with its preamble, is Mr. GORTON. Mr. President, I ask Executive nominations received by as follows: unanimous consent that when the Sen- the Senate May 9, 1995: Whereas, in the case of United States v. George C. Matthews, Case No. 95–CR–11, pend- ate completes its business today, it DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE stand in recess until the hour of 9:30 ing in the United States District Court for JOHN P. WHITE, OF MASSACHUSETTS, TO BE DEPUTY the Eastern District of Wisconsin, a sub- a.m., Wednesday, May 10, 1995; that fol- SECRETARY OF DEFENSE, VICE JOHN M. DEUTCH. poena for testimony has been issued to Darin lowing the prayer, the Journal of pro- Schroeder, an employee of the Senate on the ceedings be deemed approved to date, f staff of Senator Feingold; the time for the two leaders be re- CONFIRMATION Whereas, by the privileges of the Senate of served for their use later in the day the United States and Rule XI of the Stand- and the Senate then immediately re- Executive nomination confirmed by ing Rules of the Senate, no evidence under the Senate May 9, 1995: the control or in the possession of the Senate sume consideration of H.R. 956, the may, by the judicial process, be taken from product liability bill. CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without such control or possession but by permission JOHN M. DEUTCH, OF MASSACHUSETTS, TO BE DIREC- of the Senate; objection, it is so ordered. TOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE. May 8, 1995 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S 6263 been crying out for solution for all of The legislative clerk read the nomi- ing worldwide for the security of the these years. I hope the process will un- nation of John M. Deutch, of Massa- United States. tangle itself. I am now confident it chusetts, to be Director of Central In- During the course of the hearings, we will—there was a moment there when telligence. explored with Mr. Deutch whether we were not sure, but I think it will The Senate proceeded to consider the there ought to be a reorganization. His and I think it has—and we will then be nomination. confirmation hearings came in the able to give Senators on both sides a The PRESIDING OFFICER. The de- wake of extraordinary success by the chance to vote for good product liabil- bate on the nomination is limited to 2 Federal Bureau of Investigation on the ity reform. hours, equally divided and controlled Oklahoma City bombing case. We ex- This is not a product of the Contract by the Senator from Pennsylvania and plored with Mr. Deutch whether per- With America. It is not a product of the Senator from Nebraska. haps the Federal Bureau of Investiga- the Democratic Party. It is a product Mr. SPECTER addressed the Chair. tion ought to take over on worldwide of people who want reform on both The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- intelligence gathering. That has been sides of the aisle, working within the ator from Pennsylvania. suggested by some. Senate, within our ways, within our be- Mr. SPECTER. Mr. President, there It would be an extraordinary change liefs to achieve compromise. That is have been requests only from Senator for the United States to do that. It the way the Senate works. MOYNIHAN, who was on the floor, for 15 would vest enormous authority in the After all, the President of the United minutes and from Senator HUTCHISON FBI, perhaps more than is wise, in a States will have to sign the bill and for 10 minutes, in addition to state- country where we prize limitations on put it into law. This is what has always ments which will be made by the dis- authority, where we prize separation of struck me when people say that the tinguished Senator from Nebraska, the power. vice chairman, Senator KERREY, and a conference process will ruin every- The FBI, though, is right now en- brief opening statement which I will thing. I have never felt that. I know gaged in very extensive operations make. So, in the event that there are the Senator from Washington agrees overseas in work on terrorism as it re- any other Senators who wish to be with me on that, and I suspect the ma- lates at least to prosecution, work on heard on the subject, they ought to jority leader does. I know I do. Because drug trafficking, work on organized come to the floor now or at least let the President, if he does not want to crime, many of those activities being sign the bill, if it does not meet his cri- the managers know of their interest in speaking. undertaken by the CIA as well. But teria, which he has laid out to us, will those were some of the subjects dis- simply veto it and that will be that. So Mr. President, the nomination of John M. Deutch to be Director of cussed. there is a discipline that works there I expressed at the hearings consider- in conference process, which is good. Central Intelligence was reported to the Senate last week, pursuant to a able concern about the Director of CIA I remind my colleagues and the lead- being a member of the President’s Cab- ership in the other body of what I have unanimous vote in the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence with a rec- inet. We have had the experience with just said. We have tended to push aside Cabinet officers before of the CIA, spe- expansionism here and focus on prod- ommendation that he be confirmed. It was a unanimous vote, 17 to 0. cifically William Casey, where we had uct liability reform. We do that in the problems on Iran-Contra, and there has agreement between the Senator from The committee held hearings on April 26 and then proceeded to that been a concern that the policymakers Washington and the Senator from West ought to be separated from the intel- Virginia. So, let the leadership on the vote last week on May 3. There is a need to move expeditiously, as I see it, ligence gatherers to the extent there other side understand that we are firm to have a strong Director of the not be the motivation to shade intel- in our resolution, and that the Presi- Central Intelligence Agency. ligence gathering to support policy, to dent is, too. He will not sign anything In consideration of Mr. John Deutch sort of cook the evidence. other than what stands within his pa- to be Director, we took up a wide vari- The Iran-Contra Joint Committee rameters of acceptability. ety of issues. We examined Mr. made a strong recommendation against So I conclude simply by saying that Deutch’s background and qualifica- that kind of a concern and that kind of the sidebar of the day was that there tions. He has an extraordinary aca- activity. But in the final analysis, was a certain amount of confusion dur- demic record. He has an extraordinary there is a need to move ahead with the ing the process at the end. But the professional record. He has been a dis- confirmation of the CIA Director, so story is that the two sides have tinguished professor at MIT. He has that it is my judgment, and I think the reached agreement—Democrats who been the head of the department there. judgment of others on the committee favor reform and Republicans who He has been the provost there. He has who were concerned about having the favor reform. I have been through this worked in the Energy Department. He Director in the Cabinet, that we should reform with most of my colleagues on has worked in the Department of De- not hold up his confirmation in that re- my side and have met with a very good fense. He currently serves as the Dep- spect. reaction, and I assume the same is true uty Secretary of the Department of De- Mr. Deutch has addressed that ques- on the Republican side. fense. tion very forcefully and directly, say- So, Mr. President, I simply wanted to It is my thought, and I believe with ing that he will be very mindful of say that, because there was a certain the concurrence of the committee those policy considerations and will amount of confusion, but that pales in members, that he has the kind of comport himself so that intelligence comparison to the good news of the strength to take over the management gathering is separate from any matters agreement. as Director of the Central Intelligence of policy. I thank the Chair and yield the floor. Agency. Mr. Deutch has made a very forceful f He comes to this position at a time of statement on taking strong action. If substantial difficulty. He comes to this there are those in the CIA, as there EXECUTIVE SESSION position at a time when the agency is were in the Aldrich Ames case, who with substantial problems of morale, in failed to act when there were lots of in- the wake of the Aldrich Ames case, dications that Aldrich Ames was in NOMINATION OF JOHN M. DEUTCH, where the agency had a spy within the fact not doing his job—when he was in- OF MASSACHUSETTS, TO BE DI- Central Intelligence Agency which toxicated on the job, when there were RECTOR OF CENTRAL INTEL- they could not ferret out and eliminate unexplained visits to foreign embas- LIGENCE themselves; hardly a recommendation sies, where he lost his files—Mr. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under for an agency which is charged with Deutch was emphatic that if anybody the previous order, the Senate will now worldwide responsibility to gather in- was in a position of supervision over go into executive session to consider telligence. another Aldrich Ames and did not take Calendar Order No. 114, which the clerk There is, in my opinion, Mr. Presi- forceful action, that person would be will report. dent, the need for intelligence gather- fired peremptorily. S 6264 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE May 8, 1995 Then the question was raised with ligence community with targets far facing the intelligence community, Mr. Deutch about somebody who was in more dispersed and complicated than sought and obtained assurances that a supervisory capacity who did not the traditional focus on Soviet mili- his position as a member of the Cabinet know but should have known, and Mr. tary power. The role and the priorities would not politicize intelligence, and Deutch answered very forcefully that of the intelligence community in the examined the potential impact of his that person would be fired. Government’s efforts against these and earlier involvement with issues like Mr. President, there are many people other threats—efforts which now have the Persian Gulf syndrome on his new in the CIA who have long, distin- significant diplomatic, economic, and appointment. Our objective has been to guished careers, and there are many law enforcement implications—is very determine whether he can assert the able men and women in the Agency much in need of redefinition and reor- strong and independent leadership that who can carry on. It is my hope, I dering. is so desperately needed. I have con- think the hope of the committee, that Moreover, a series of revelations have cluded that he can and I urge his the morale can be restored by a very illuminated problems in the intel- prompt confirmation by the Senate. firm and forceful Director of the ligence community that have severely In the remainder of my remarks, I Central Intelligence Agency. damaged morale among the rank and will summarize for my colleagues the We have recently had hearings on file and have eroded the public con- nature of the committee’s inquiry, and Guatemala which, again, were disturb- fidence and trust that is essential for highlight the key features of Mr. ing, with the Deputy Director of the an intelligence apparatus operating in Deutch’s testimony to the committee. CIA conceding flatly that the CIA a democracy. From the abuses of power SUMMARY OF COMMITTEE INQUIRY failed in its duty to notify both the evident in Iran-Contra to the incom- As you know, the former DCI, James House Intelligence Committee and the petence and lack of accountability that Woolsey, resigned last December. In Senate Intelligence Committee of what characterized the Aldrich Ames deba- February, the administration an- was going on in Guatemala. cle, to charges of widespread sex dis- nounced that it planned to nominate In sum and substance, Mr. President, crimination, to the latest questions retired Air Force General Michael C.P. it is my view, and I think the view of about policies and practices that re- the committee, that John Deutch is sulted in, at the very least, an impres- Carns to replace Woolsey as DCI. One well qualified to take on a very, very sion of culpability in murders in month later, General Carns withdrew tough job at this time. Central America, there is the sense of his name, citing immigration issues. Mr. President, the nomination of an intelligence bureaucracy that is not The administration then turned to John M. Deutch to be Director of only incapable of meeting our national Deputy Secretary of Defense Deutch. Central Intelligence was reported to security needs but, instead, presents a In announcing on March 11, 1995, the the Senate last week pursuant to a recurring threat to our Nation’s credi- decision to nominate Mr. Deutch as unanimous vote of the Senate Select bility and legitimacy overseas through DCI, the White House also announced Committee on Intelligence, with a rec- its frequent missteps, miscalculation, that the post would be elevated to Cab- ommendation that he be confirmed. On and mismanagement. inet-level status. Mr. Deutch’s name behalf of myself and Senator KERREY, The American people are looking for was formally submitted to the commit- in our respective capacities as chair- a Director of Central Intelligence who tee on March 29, 1995. man and vice chairman of the commit- will provide strong leadership, account- The committee required Mr. Deutch tee, we urge the Senate to act favor- ability, and a clearly defined mission. to submit sworn answers to its stand- ably on this nomination. And therein lies the promise. There is ard questionnaire for Presidential ap- The committee made a complete and growing support within the intel- pointees, setting forth his background thorough inquiry of the nominee’s ligence community, the Congress, and and financial situations. These were qualifications as well as his views on the public for significant change in the submitted to the committee on March issues of mutual concern, and con- way we conduct intelligence. The end 30, 1995. cluded that he is qualified by both ex- of the bipolar superpower conflict that On April 5, 1995, the committee re- perience and temperament to hold this dominated the cold war provides new ceived a letter from the Director of the sensitive and critical position. opportunities to build coalitions and Office of Government Ethics transmit- The Senate has moved expeditiously achieve consensus on international ting a copy of the financial disclosure in this important nomination. Never- threats. And thoughtful application of statement submitted by Mr. Deutch. theless, the intelligence community continuing advances in technology can The Director advised the committee has been with out a confirmed director greatly enhance our efficiency and ef- that is disclosed no real or potential since last December—a delay that is fectiveness. conflict-of-interest. particularly costly when the commu- This committee, along with the The chairman and vice chairman also nity so urgently needs a strong sense of House Permanent Select Committee on reviewed the FBI investigation done direction, of mission, and of manage- Intelligence and a congressionally for the White House on Mr. Deutch. ment. It is a critical time for the intel- mandated commission chaired by Les The committee held a confirmation ligence community. If Mr. Deutch is Aspin and Warren Rudman, will be tak- hearing on Mr. Deutch on April 26, 1995, confirmed as DCI, he will come to the ing a hard look at the intelligence at which time the nominee was ques- job at a time of exceptional promise community—what it’s mission should tioned on a variety of topics. Subse- and peril. be in the post-cold-war world and how quently, written questions were sub- The peril is clear. It is now conven- it should be organized to accomplish mitted to the nominee for additional tional wisdom that the euphoria which that mission—with an eye to legisla- responses. erupted after the fall of the Berlin Wall tion early next year. This is an oppor- Based upon this examination, the and the dissolution of the Soviet Em- tunity to look forward; to begin a new committee reported the nomination to pire was premature. While nostalgia for era and establish a new American the Senate on May 3, 1995, by a unani- the balance of terror between the Unit- model for foreign intelligence. mous vote, with a recommendation ed States and the Soviet Union is not A key issue for that future involves that Mr. Deutch be confirmed. in order, it is apparent that the post- the nature of the office that Mr. HIGHLIGHTS OF TESTIMONY cold-war world is not any less dan- Deutch seeks to assume. The DCI must VIEWS ON THE ROLE OF THE DCI—CABINET gerous or unstale—as the bombing in have the ear and the trust of the Presi- STATUS Oklahoma City, the World Trade Cen- dent. Yet he cannot allow his role as In his opening remarks to the com- ter bombing, and the gas attack in the confidante in any way to corrupt the mittee, Mr. Deutch described as the Tokyo subway have made shattering intelligence process or his role as intel- primary duty of the DCI ‘‘to provide clear. Global threats from inter- ligence advisor. This is the concern objective, unvarnished assessments national terrorism and narcotics smug- that underlies questions about the wis- about issues involving foreign events gling, the proliferation of weapons of dom of giving the DCI Cabinet status. to the President and other senior pol- mass destruction, and expanding orga- We have examined the nominee’s icymakers.’’ He emphasized that ‘‘with nized crime networks present the intel- views on a number of critical issues the exception of policy that bears on May 8, 1995 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S 6265 the Intelligence Community, the Direc- at the hearing and those submitted Sixth, what he described as his most tor of Central Intelligence should have later for the record, that in his view, important challenge is to ‘‘improve the no foreign policy making role.’’ Speak- the DCI could more effectively manage management—and thereby the mo- ing directly to the issue of making the the intelligence community if he or she rale—of the dedicated men and women DCI a member of the Cabinet, the had budget execution authority over who make up the IC.’’ nominee explained his belief that the key segments of the community. RESPONSE TO AMES President intended this to signal the In further response to questions, Mr. The issue of management is particu- importance he places on intelligence Deutch agreed that this was a pro- larly critical in the wake of Ames. I and the confidence the President has in pitious time to consider establishing a questioned Mr. Deutch on how he Mr. Deutch. The nominee went on to Director of National Intelligence—who would ensure that he knew what was present his view that this status is im- would serve at the pleasure of the going on within the CIA so that he portant to ensure that the DCI will be President and manage the entire intel- could exert the proper management. I present when policy issues are delib- ligence community—and a separate cited former Director Gates’ admission erated so that he can present objective head of the CIA who would have a 10- that by 1987, he had only been advised assessments of alternative courses of year tenure. of about 4 or 5 compromises of U.S. action and take away from those meet- VIEWS ON THE MISSION OF THE INTELLIGENCE agents, at a time when there were in ings a better understanding of policy- COMMUNITY fact 40 or more compromised oper- maker needs. Mr. Deutch’s prepared statement out- ations. Director Gates complained that I questioned Mr. Deutch on this issue lined some of the significant dangers to ‘‘nobody bothered to share that infor- in meetings prior to the confirmation our national security today: Regional mation with Judge Webster, my prede- hearing and again, for the record, in conflicts; the spread of weapons of cessor, or with me,’’ when Gates was open session. I noted my own view that mass destruction; international terror- his Deputy. if you are in the Cabinet, you are much ism, international crime, international I wanted to know what action Mr. more likely to get involved in making drug trafficking, and their interconnec- Deutch would take if he identified a policy than if you are not in the Cabi- tion; instability in the former Soviet person that had a pretty good idea that net. I referred to the congressional re- Union; and China—as a threat to its Aldrich Ames was a mole but failed to port on Iran-Contra and Secretary neighbors and supplier of missiles. pass that information on up the chain Shultz’s assertion, as reported therein, He then described four principal pur- of command to the Director. Mr. that the President was getting faulty poses to which the intelligence commu- Deutch said he would terminate that intelligence about terrorism because nity [IC] should direct its efforts: First, individual. Moreover, when asked there was a problem in keeping intel- assuring that the President and other about reports that the supervisor of ligence separated from policy. The policymakers have the best informa- Ames, who knew that Ames had an al- committee concluded in that report tion available before making decision; cohol dependency and had observed the that ‘‘the gathering, analysis, and re- second, support to military operations; negative consequences of this depend- cording of intelligence should be done third, addressing international terror- ency, had not only failed to fire Ames, in a way that there can be no question ism, crime, and drugs, particularly im- but had, instead, written a highly com- that the conclusions are driven by the proving interagency coordination and plimentary review of his performance, actual facts rather than by what a pol- support to law enforcement; and Mr. Deutch indicated that supervisor icy advocate hopes these facts will be.’’ fourth, counterintelligence [CI] that should be fired. When questioned fur- This need to separate policymaking rigorously adheres to high security ther, he conceded that if the super- from intelligence gathering and analy- standards, accords priority to defensive visor’s supervisor should have known sis is reflected in the statute defining CI and counterespionage, and includes about this improper conduct, that su- the National Security Council. The Na- full and early cooperation within the pervisor should also be fired. tional Security Act of 1947 sets forth CI community. The key in this exchange, as empha- the members of the NSC and then des- He emphasized that the national pri- sized by the nominee, is the notion of ignates others, including the DCI and orities for intelligence collection es- accountability. It is a sense of account- the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of tablished by the recent Presidential ability that was absent under the last Staff, as officials who are not members Decision Directive need to be imple- DCI and that is an essential ingredient but may attend and participate as the mented. of any plan to revitalize our foreign in- President directs. It is my strong sense VIEWS ON MANAGEMENT telligence apparatus. that this is the appropriate status for I applaud Mr. Deutch for his unusu- Mr. Deutch has told the committee the DCI with respect to the Cabinet as ally candid and forthright opening that if confirmed, he will review the well. statement. In it, he outlined for the Ames case and will consider the com- Mr. Deutch has assured the commit- committee the significant actions he mittee’s report on Ames in connection tee that he will hold to the proper would take immediately upon con- with any personnel action affecting the standard of conduct and that he would firmation to begin the process of individuals involved. ‘‘not allow policy to influence intel- change that is so long overdue in the VIEWS ON CONGRESSIONAL OVERSIGHT ligence judgements and, not allow in- intelligence community, or ‘‘IC.’’ First, On the issue of congressional over- telligence to interfere in the policy he indicated he would bring in several sight, Mr. Deutch emphasized in his process.’’ new people to fill upper management opening statement that he could not I believe that Mr. Deutch has the positions. In doing so, he will empha- accomplish the significant change that best of intentions in this regard and size joint operations of the IC agencies is needed in the intelligence commu- that he is certainly capable of rec- because ‘‘we can no longer afford re- nity without the strong support of Con- ognizing the line between intelligence dundant capabilities in several dif- gress. ‘‘I consider you my board of di- and policy. The committee will be sen- ferent agencies.’’ Second, he plans to rectors’’, he said. ‘‘I realize this means sitive to any indication that this review and encourage changes in the I must keep you fully and currently in- standard is not being met. Ultimately, culture and operation of the Direc- formed about the activities for which I however, the makeup of the Cabinet is torate of Operations. Third, he will would be responsible—both the good a Presidential prerogative and is not move to consolidate the management news and the bad news. I understand statutorily defined. of all imagery collection, analysis, and that I am accountable to you, and I ex- Given the delay already experienced distribution in a manner similar to the pect you to hold me to a high standard in naming Mr. Deutch, and given his NSA’s for signals intelligence. Fourth, of performance.’’ strong qualifications in every other re- he wants to manage military and intel- Mr. Deutch conceded, when ques- gard, I do not think this issue should ligence satellite acquisition in a more tioned, that, while he could not imag- stand in the way of his confirmation by integrated way. Fifth, he will put in ine it happening, if the President ever the Senate. place a planning process for meeting told him not to inform the committee With respect to DCI authorities, the the priorities and goals established by he, Mr. Deutch, would ‘‘go happily nominee noted in response to questions the Presidential Decision Directive. back to Massachusetts.’’ S 6266 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE May 8, 1995 Moreover, the nominee assured the The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- You might expect that only some- committee that he interprets the re- ator from Nebraska. body who was a glutton for punishment quirement for timely notification of a Mr. KERREY. Mr. President, I rise in would willingly volunteer and walk covert action finding, in the absence of enthusiastic support of the nomination into the set of problems that John prior notification, to mean within 48 of John M. Deutch to be Director of Deutch will face. But I can assure my hours. Specifically, Mr. Deutch said, ‘‘I Central Intelligence. While I cannot colleagues, as the distinguished chair- think that in all situations there predict a length in time that he will be man of the Committee has already should be prior notification. There may in service to his country in this capac- said, that John Deutch knows better be remote instances where that is not ity, I can predict with confidence, than this. He knows, as many of us on possible, in a very, very tiny percent- should he be confirmed, he will turn the Intelligence Committee know, we ages of the cases. Then 48-hours is what out to be one of the most effective and have a superb intelligence instrument I see as the measure of timely notifica- influential DCI’s in the history of this in this country staffed by brave and in- tion.’’ Agency. telligent people who take risks every COMMITMENTS FOR PROMPT ACTION The President of the United States, single day and make sacrifices for their country. They provide the President, At the conclusion of the hearing, I with John Deutch, is making a state- the military, the Cabinet, our dip- asked for, and received, a commitment ment that he intends to send a man to lomats and intelligence analysts a ca- from Mr. Deutch to report back to the take charge of Langley during what is pability no other country can rival: the committee as promptly as possible if obviously one of the most tumultuous capability to know most about threats confirmed—preferably within 30 days of periods ever experienced by Central In- to our country’s freedom and independ- confirmation—regarding several issues telligence. The Aldrich Ames case and ence, and threats to the lives and live- of particular importance; recent Guatemala revelations portray lihoods of Americans. First, report on any needed changes a troubled corporate culture at CIA. Unlike the domestic agencies, our in- In addition, many question whether to DCI authorities; telligence professionals cannot brag the intelligence community has come Second, improving the intelligence about their competence. To brag would community’s fulfillment of its obliga- to grips with the post-cold-war world lose the all-important source of infor- tion to keep Congress fully and cur- and whether new collection methods mation. So they are generally silent, rently informed; and technologies are required to target but they are of immense value. They Third, the need for reorganization the new threats that have emerged. need guidance, they need leadership, within the intelligence community; The twin threats of international and they need a visionary who can help Fourth, changes in personnel; domestic terrorism lead many to ques- focus their talent on the Nation’s Fifth, proposal for how to achieve tion the intelligence community’s pressing needs, and John Deutch is the downsizing in a way which creates proper role in supporting law enforce- person to do it. Adm. Bill Studeman headroom, weeds out poor performers, ment. The very structure of the com- has rendered a vital service as Acting and leaves the intelligence community munity is in question, as a joint Presi- Director. He has kept a complex enter- with the mix of skills required to ac- dential-congressional commission and prise on track during a difficult period, complish its mission; several private study groups ask and the Nation owes him its thanks. He Sixth, intelligence reassessment of whether intelligence is necessary at would be the first to agree that the in- the possibility that U.S. forces were ex- all. telligence community needs a Presi- posed to chemical or biological agents Mr. President, we have been watch- dentially appointed, senatorially con- during Desert Storm; ing, once again, another 50-year cele- firmed director. Seventh, actions taken in response to bration in the last couple of days. This Even if John Deutch’s service in the events in Guatemala; and time the celebration is the 50th anni- Defense Department were his own ac- Eighth, improving coordination with versary of the day that victory in Eu- complishment, he would be a strong law enforcement. rope was declared over Nazi forces. candidate to be DCI. Most intelligence CONCLUSION That victory is being celebrated in part funding is in defense, the military con- The foregoing summarizes only the because we are also celebrating the tinues to be the leading customer for highlights of the record before the fact that over the last 47 or so years, intelligence, and his knowledge of de- committee, which is, of course, avail- we have avoided, with significant ef- fense intelligence is matched by few in able to all Members in its entirety at forts, a third world war. For a 75-year and out of our Government. the Intelligence Committee. period, roughly from 1914, when the But another part of John Deutch’s Based upon the nominee’s statements guns of August started World War I, re´sume´ appeals to me. John Deutch is to the committee, however, his record until the fall of 1989 when the Berlin a scientist of national renown and a of distinguished service and the ab- Wall itself collapsed and Eastern Eu- distinguished science professor. Tech- sence of any disqualifying information rope began to liberate itself, during nical intelligence collection is mainly concerning him, the Senate Select that 75-year period, it is, I believe, ac- a science problem. The scientific deci- Committee on Intelligence voted to re- curate to say we experienced the blood- sion of which system to buy or develop port his nomination to the Senate with iest 75 years in the history of mankind. to best collect against a certain threat a recommendation that he be con- During that 75-year period, Mr. Presi- is typically made by lawyers advised firmed by the full Senate as Director of dent, many things occurred, including by scientists. In this administration, Central Intelligence. the institution of a policy that had the however, the scientists have come to Mr. President, before yielding the United States of America leading an ef- the fore. I, for one, feel very com- floor, I want to commend my distin- fort against a clearly identified enemy, fortable knowing that the scientific guished vice chairman, Senator and the celebration that takes place judgment of Bill Perry is making the KERREY, for his outstanding work gen- this year is not just a celebration of a ultimate acquisition decisions in de- erally with the committee and on this victory over that enemy, but a sense fense, and I will feel equal comfort nomination. that we have survived, as a human peo- with John Deutch’s scientific judgment The only other speaker who is to ple, the forecast that we may annihi- on intelligence acquisitions. The fact come to the floor on our side is Senator late ourselves through the use of nu- that he is a teacher and can explain HUTCHISON, who has an allotment of 10 clear weapons. It is a remarkable vic- these complex systems to those of us minutes, but I think there will be more tory, and I dare not on this floor take nonscientists, who are charged with in- time within the unanimous-consent a great deal of time describing it, but telligence oversight, is that much bet- agreement if Senator HUTCHISON wants it is a profound change that the new ter for the American people. more time. Or if any other Republican Director of Central Intelligence must We will get the benefit of Dr. Senators wish to partake in the discus- factor in as that individual, hopefully Deutch’s scientific expertise not a mo- sion, they can take time on our side. John Deutch, begins to shape the agen- ment too soon. New threats, new col- I thank the Chair and yield the floor. cies under his control to meet the new lection priorities, and a rapidly chang- Mr. KERREY addressed the Chair. challenges that this country faces. ing collection environment mean that May 8, 1995 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S 6267 we cannot stand pat on our collection Democracy cannot function unless I am confident that John Deutch will technologies. Just to maintain the citizens make the effort to understand not permit it. edge we have now, we must fund re- those complexities and come to the CIA’s human intelligence activities, search and development on new tech- table at election time and come to the which consist mainly in getting for- nologies and make hard decisions table when it is time to influence their eigners to secretly provide informa- about which road we will go down. Senator or Representative or President tion, will always take place in the We also have to maintain the health with all of the facts and information. shadows. Human sources will have to of our intelligence industrial base, the The Director of Central Intelligence be protected, so the activities will not private companies that produce these is the President’s national intelligence be able to be publicly discussed. But remarkable systems. There are unique- officer. John Deutch’s Government CIA, no less than any other agency of ly talented people working for these background is in defense, and his testi- Government, must operate in accord- companies, engineers and technicians mony before the Committee made clear ance with American law and American who turn the requirements statement that he understands the priority of in- values. One purpose of congressional into reality. If we do not keep these telligence support to the military. But oversight of intelligence is to ensure he also understands the role of na- people at work in profitable undertak- that this is so. Oversight cannot work tional intelligence, and he understands ings, the Government will never be if CIA does not inform Congress, or an- that not every problem facing the able to afford new systems. That is swer Congress’ questions. Failure to country is a military problem. He is why Senator WARNER and I, last year, promptly inform is one of the most urged the administration to permit aware, for example, of the intelligence community’s contributions against troubling aspects of both the Ames U.S. companies to sell 1-meter space international terrorism, against drug case and the Guatemala case. Bad news imagery and imaging equipment. We trafficking, against illegal trade prac- does not improve with age. The with- did not want to see remote sensing, a tices. He knows how important intel- holding of bad news—withholding in- technology in which we lead the world, ligence is to this administration’s formation on an intelligence failure— go the way of the space launch. We also international economic decisionmak- jeopardizes the oversight system with- wanted America to dominate this ing, and he knows that warning the out which the United States cannot growing industry. The administration President about the economic crisis in conduct foreign intelligence oper- saw it the same way, and John Deutch Mexico last year was at least as impor- ations. John Deutch clearly under- is a firm supporter of the administra- tant as warning about a military crisis stands his reporting responsibilities, tion policy. He knows that our indus- in some less important region of the and I believe Directors Gates and Wool- trial base is our true national treasure, world. It is ironic that, with the end of sey and Studeman also understood. The and he will continue to watch over its the cold war, the Director of Central challenge for John Deutch is to know health. Intelligence has a broader national what is happening inside his organiza- Intelligence technology routinely charter than ever. It is an irony which tion, so the bad news gets to him first. saves American lives, but we should be John Deutch understands. That is the mark of a tight, con- alert to opportunities to make it useful The intelligence community includes fident, organization. John Deutch has to Americans in other ways. For exam- much more than the CIA. The National some great material to work with, but ple, the National Information Display Security Agency, the Defense Intel- it is up to him to forge that kind of or- Laboratory in Princeton, NJ, noticed ligence Agency, FBI, and the State De- ganization. that the technology that helped im- partment’s Bureau of Intelligence and If anybody in this great country of agery analysts understand images bet- Research all play their largely unique ours is up to that job, John Deutch is ter could also be helpful to radiologists roles. But no question, CIA, unfortu- the person to get the job done. scanning a mammogram for early signs nately, lately has been at the center of I yield the floor. of breast cancer. NIDL teamed with controversy and likely will continue to Mr. MOYNIHAN addressed the Chair. Massachusetts General Hospital to be. At least initially, the heart of John The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- adapt the technology, and the outcome Deutch’s task will be to make the CIA ator from New York [Mr. MOYNIHAN] is could be as many as 15,000 American more efficient and accountable to the recognized. lives saved each year. American people. I am greatly encour- Mr. MOYNIHAN. I thank my gallant Other opportunities abound for the aged, as the chairman indicated ear- friend from Nebraska. I rise very much dual-use intelligence technology. We lier, by his testimony on the sense of in support of the position he has taken have just begun to make public use of accountability and responsibility that and that of the distinguished chairman space images and other intelligence he intends to bring to CIA’s Direc- collected during the cold war. The de- torate of Operations. I have visited CIA of the committee, the Senator from classification process has begun and we officers in the field, and I know the Pennsylvania. must push the process until we can high quality of the people John Deutch I would say by way of introduction fairly say that intelligence technology will lead. These are clear-headed, posi- that in the 103d Congress and then on serves not just a handful of tive, enthusiastic Americans. The cur- the first day of the 104th Congress, I of- decisionmakers in Washington but the rent senior managers should get credit fered legislation that would basically 250 million decisionmakers across our for recruiting and training and moti- break up the existing Central Intel- country. vating a fine crop of younger officers. ligence Agency and return its compo- Mr. President, when I was a young Now it is time, as Mr. Deutch put it in nent parts to the Department of De- man operating in the U.S. Navy Seal his own testimony, for the seniors to fense and the Department of State in team, we had a piece of advice we tried let the younger officers take the reins. the manner that the OSS, the Office of to follow all of the time, which was As they take over, they must recruit Strategic Services, was divided and that unless you had a need to know and retain more women and minorities, parceled out with the onset of peace in something, you did not press the bet and they must be alert to gender dis- 1945 and 1946, to be followed, of course, and try to acquire it. We did not discrimination in assignments and pro- by a cold war which has persisted al- seminate intelligence to people who did motions. The Directorate of Operations most until this moment. not have a need to know. Mr. Presi- has never been an easy place for women I had hoped to encourage a debate on dent, there are 250 million citizens of to get a fair opportunity to make their the role of intelligence and of secrecy the United States of America who need mark. Not only is gender discrimina- in the American society. That debate to know increasingly a set of complex tion illegal, it is also stupid because it has taken place. Some of the results, I facts in order to make decisions about denies the American people the brain think, can be seen in the nomination of our foreign policy, in order to make de- power of more than 50 percent of our this distinguished scientist and public cisions about our domestic policy, in people. It also creates resentments servant to this position. order to make decisions about all sorts which can dangerously weaken the It could not have been more clear of things that are increasingly confus- agency. I have heard all the excuses for than in his testimony in which he ing our citizens. discrimination, and none of them wash. made a point, self-evident we would S 6268 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE May 8, 1995 suppose, but not frequently to be en- (See exhibit 1.) cil in the Department of State, in countered in the pronouncements of Mr. MOYNIHAN. Mr. President, what which he said of the Soviet Union, I am potential DCI’s. He said: we have is so much at variance with not one of those 6 percent forever peo- Espionage does not rest comfortably in a what was thought we would get. ple, but there it was, locked into the democracy. Secrecy, which is essential to Allen Dulles was very much part of analyses. That is what the President protect sources and methods, is not welcome the foundation of postwar intelligence, knew. in an open society. If our democracy is to having been in the OSS, served with Mr. President, in Richard Reeves re- support intelligence activities, the people great distinction in Switzerland during markable biography of John F. Ken- must be confident that our law and rules will World War II. nedy, he records that the agency told be respected. Peter Grose, in his new biography, the President that by the year 2000 the It may have come as a surprise—al- ‘‘Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen GNP of the Soviet Union would be though it ought not to have—in recent Dulles,’’ recounts the testimony Dulles three times that of the United States. months and weeks, to find how many gave before the Senate Armed Services And that is what the President knew. A persons there are in this country who Committee on April 25, 1947, as we are person might come to him with the do not have confidence that our laws about to establish, passed the National most reasonable arguments, as did any and rules will be respected; who see the Security Act of 1947 and created this number of economists. The great theo- government in conspiratorial modes, small coordinating body, the Central rists, Friedman, Hayek, Stigler, said it directed against the people in ways Intelligence Agency. could not happen, it would be theoreti- that could be of huge consequence to Personnel for a central intelligence cally impossible. Important work done Americans. agency, he argued, ‘‘need not be very by Frank Holzman, at Tufts, and the I am not talking about what Richard numerous * * *. The operation of the Russian Research Center at Harvard Hofstadter referred to when he spoke of service must be neither flamboyant nor said, ‘‘No, no. That is all very well ‘‘the paranoid style in American poli- overshrouded with the mystery and ab- what you say professor. What I know is tics.’’ I am talking about the wide- racadabra which the amateur detective different.’’ spread belief that the CIA was some- likes to assume.’’ In a lecturing tone, The consequences have been an ex- how involved in the assassination of he tried to tell the Senators how intel- traordinary failure to foresee the President Kennedy, if we can imagine. ligence is actually assembled. central event of our time. A vast over- But there it is. Because of its glamour and mystery, over- dependence on military and similar It is important to understand how emphasis is generally placed on what is outlays, that leave us perilously close deep this is in our society. In 1956, even called secret intelligence, namely the intel- to economic difficulty ourselves. before Hofstadter spoke of it; Edward ligence that is obtained by secret means and I would like to close with a letter A. Shils of the University of Chicago— by secret agents. . . . In time of peace the written me in 1991 by Dale W. who just passed away—that great, bulk of intelligence can be obtained through overt channels, through our diplomatic and Jorgenson, professor of economics at great, social scientist, published his consular missions, and our military, naval the Kennedy School of Government, in book, ‘‘The Torment of Secrecy,’’ in and air attahce´s in the normal and proper which he said: which he wrote ‘‘The exfoliation and course of their work. It can also be obtained I believe that the importance of economic intertwinement of the various patterns through the world press, the radio, and intelligence is increasing greatly with the of belief that the world is dominated by through the many thousands of Americans, much-discussed globalization of the U.S. unseen circles of conspirators, operat- business and professional men and American economy. However the cloak-and-dagger ing behind our backs, is one of the residents of foreign countries, who are natu- model is even more inappropriate to our new characteristic features of modern soci- rally and normally brought in touch with economic situation than it was to the suc- what is going on in those countries. cessful prosecution of the Cold War that has ety.’’ A proper analysis of the intelligence ob- Such a belief was very much a fea- just concluded. The lessons for the future tainable by these overt, normal, and above- seem to me to be rather transparent. The ture of the Bolshevik society that took board means would supply us with over 80 U.S. government needs to invest a lot more shape in 1917 and 1918. The conspira- percent, I should estimate, of the informa- in international economic assessments. * ** torial decision to help found and fund tion required for the guidance of our na- (I)t should reject the CIA monopoly model in the United States, a Communist tional policy. and try to create the kind of intellectual party, half of which would be class des- Mr. President, that could not happen, competition that now prevails between CBO tiny, the discovery from the archives did not happen. We entered upon a five- and OMB on domestic policy, aided by in Moscow that John Reed received a decade mode of secret analysis, analy- Brookings, AEI [American Enterprise Insti- payment of $1.5 million in 1920. Even as sis withheld from the scrutiny, which tute], the Urban Institute, the Kennedy School, and many others. soft money, that would be a very con- is the only way we can verify the truth siderable sum today. of a hypothesis in natural science or I ask unanimous consent the entire In the pattern that societies go the social sciences. letter be printed in the RECORD at the through, it is said that organizations The result was massive miscalcula- conclusion of my remarks. become like one other. To an extraor- tion, Nicholas Eberstadt in his wonder- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without dinary degree we emulate the Soviet ful new book, ‘‘The Tyranny of Num- objection, it is so ordered. model in our own intelligence service. bers,’’ writes ‘‘It is probably safe to say (See exhibit 2.) Unintentionally, naturally, it hap- that the U.S. Government’s attempt to Mr. MOYNIHAN. Those are the re- pens that way, but a very powerful describe the Soviet economy has been marks I would like to make, sir. I have analyses of this has just been written the largest single project in social the confidence that John Deutch, as a by Jefferson Morley in the Washington science research ever undertaken.’’ He scientist, will follow them. I have the Post under the headline ‘‘Understand- said that, sir, in 1990, in testimony be- concern that the administration will ing Oklahoma’’ in an article entitled fore the Committee on Foreign Rela- not. ‘‘Department of Secrecy: The Invisible tions. ‘‘The largest single project in so- We do know some things in social Bureaucracy That Unites Alienated cial science research ever undertaken,’’ science. Mancur Olson, in his great America in Suspicion.’’ and it was a calamity. book, ‘‘The Rise and Decline of Na- Or by Douglas Turner, in an article No one has been more forthright than tions,’’ on this day, V–E Day—I was a this weekend in the Buffalo News. I Adm. Stansfield Turner in an article in sailor on V–E Day, so I can remember spoke of these concerns in an earlier Foreign Affairs about this time. He that—I can remember the Boston Com- statement on the Senate floor entitled said when it came to predicting the mon, actually— Mancur Olson asked: ‘‘The Paranoid Style in American Poli- collapse of the Soviet Union, the cor- Why has it come about that the two na- tics,’’ which I ask unanimous consent porate view of the intelligence commu- tions whose institutions were destroyed in World War II, Germany and Japan, have had be printed in the RECORD along with nity was totally wrong. the most economic success since? Whereas the articles by Douglas Turner and Jef- I can remember the first years of the Britain—not really much success at all; the ferson Morley. Kennedy administration. I remember United States—yes, but.’’ And he came up The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without having a meeting with Walt Rostow, with a simple answer. The defeat wiped out objection, it is so ordered. Chairman of the Policy Planning Coun- all those choke points, all those rents, all May 8, 1995 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S 6269 those sharing agreements, all those veto One night early in March, 1854, a group of He speaks of official Washinton’s ‘‘enor- structures that enable institutions to pre- Know-Nothings broke into the storage sheds mous secrecy system . . . which just ex- vent things from happening. And we are see- on the monument grounds and dragged the pands, if anything, which we’re in on and ev- ing it in this Government today, 5 years Pope’s marble off towards the Potomac. Save eryone out there is not, is out of, and easily after the wall came down. for the occasional ‘‘sighting’’, as we have it’s a culture that breeds paranoia.’’ Remember, 2 years before the wall come to call such phenomena, it has never to For years, Sen. Moynihan has been sound- ing a warning about what he calls our cul- came down the CIA stated that per cap- be located since. Work on the monument stopped. Years ture of paranoia. In an article he penned four ita GDP was higher in East Germany later, in 1876, Congress appropriated funds to years ago, Moynihan said Stone’s film, than in West Germany. I hope I take no complete the job, which the Corps of Engi- ‘‘JFK,’’ could ‘‘spoil a generation of Amer- liberty that I mentioned this once to neers, under the leadership of Lieutenant ican politics just when sanity is returning.’’ Dr. Deutch and added ‘‘Any taxi driver Colonel Thomas I. Casey did with great Realizing he couldn’t do much about popu- in Berlin could have told you that was flourish in time for the centennial observ- lar culture, Moynihan set about stripping not so.’’ And Dr. Deutch replied, ‘‘Any ances of 1888. down government’s role in creating fear by Dread of Catholicism ran its course, if going after the mountain of official secrets taxi driver in Washington.’’ But if we generated annually. cannot summon the capacity to change slowly. (Edward M. Stanton, then Secretary of War was convinced the assassination of To that end, on Jan. 22, 1993, Moynihan in- our institutions in our changed cir- President Lincoln was the result of a Catho- troduced a bill creating a bipartisan commis- cumstances, there will be consequences lic plot.) Other manias followed, all bril- sion on reducing and protecting government and let nobody say they were not pre- liantly describe in Richard Hofstadter’s re- secrecy. A Democratic Congress passed it dictable. velatory lecture ‘‘the Paranoid Style in and President Clinton made it law. Mr. President, I thank the Senator American Politics’’ which he delivered as the The commission had its first meeting in from Texas for her graciousness for al- Herbert Spencer Lecture at Oxford Univer- January and elected Moynihan chairman. sity within days of the assassination of John Other members include Sen. Jesse Helms, R- lowing me to speak when in fact in al- N.C., who was appointed by Sen. Majority ternation it would have been her turn. F. Kennedy. Which to this day remains a fer- tile source of conspiracy mongering. George Leader Bob Dole, R-Kansas; Ellen Hume of EXHIBIT 1 Will cited Hofstadter’s essay this past week- Annenberg Washington Program, who was [From the Congressional Record, Apr. 25, end on the television program ‘‘This Week named by the president; a Harvard professor, 1995] with David Brinkley.’’ He deals with the and Clinton’s nominee to head the CIA, John THE PARANOID STYLE IN AMERICAN POLITICS same subject matter in a superb column in Deutch. It has an office in an old Navy Building Mr. MOYNIHAN. Mr. President, As we think this morning’s Washington Post which has this bracing conclusion. with view of the Potomac, and a staff direc- and, indeed, pray our way through the after- tor, Eric Biel, formerly a senior Senate staff- math of the Oklahoma City bombing, asking ‘‘It is reassuring to remember that paranoiacs have always been with us, but er. It has had a couple of organizational how such a horror might have come about, meetings, all public. And its first real work- and how others might be prevented, Senators have never defined us.’’ I hope, Mr. President, as we proceed to ing session will be on May 17. could do well to step outside the chamber Moynihan in a television interview joked consider legislation, if that is necessary, in and look down the mall at the Washington ‘‘we’ve managed to conceal our activities so response to the bombing, we would be mind- Monument. It honors the Revolutionary gen- far by holding public hearings. Nobody goes ful of a history in which we have often over- eral who once victorious, turned his army to public hearings.’’ reached, to our cost, and try to avoid such an over to the Continental Congress and retired On the 17th, the commission will hear overreaction. to his estates. Later, recalled to the highest about official secrets from officials of the We have seen superb performance of the office in the land, he served dutifully one National Security Council, who are cooperat- FBI. What more any nation could ask of an term, then a second but then on principle ing as a result of an executive order issued internal security group I cannot conceive. not a day longer. Thus was founded the first by President Clinton three weeks ago. We have seen the effectiveness of our State republic, the first democracy since the age of Government files harbor nearly a billion Greece and Rome. troopers, of our local police forces, fire de- official secrets. There is no a more serene, confident, partments, instant nationwide cooperation It generates about 7 million of them a untroubled symbol of the nation in all the which should reassure us rather than fright- year. But the secret, Moynihan wrote, is that capital. Yet a brief glance will show that the en us. the government ‘‘only counts (secrets) up to color of the marble blocks of which the I would note in closing, Mr. President, that the level of Top Secret. monument is constructed changes about a Pope John Paul II will be visiting the United ‘‘All the real secrets are higher than that quarter of the way up. Thereby hangs a tale States this coming October. I ask unanimous with code names I am not at liberty to re- of another troubled time; not our first, just consent that Mr. Will’s column be printed in veal, having taken a kind of vow of secrecy as, surely, this will not be our last. the Record. when I became vice chairman of the Senate As befitted a republic, the monument was Select Committee on Intelligence,’’ he said. started by a private charitable group, as we [From the Buffalo News, May 8, 1995] Three million government employees have would now say, the Washington National GOVERNMENT SPOOKS, BEWARE—MOYNIHAN security clearances up to top secret. This is Monument Society. Contributions came in AIMS TO REVEAL SECRETS fairly common stuff as most field grade mili- cash, but also in blocks of marble, many tary officers, beginning with lieutenants, are with interior inscriptions which visitors (By Douglas Turner) entitled to top secret access. willing to climb the steps can see to this WASHINGTON.—For generations, artists like The plethora of secrets, security levels and day. A quarter of the way up, that is. For in Jules Verne, Graham Greene, Steven ‘‘cleared’’ employees has made a joke of the 1852, Pope Plus IX donated a block of marble Spielberg, and Peter Benchley in his novel security system itself—with ‘‘secret’’ mate- from the temple of Concord in Rome. In- ‘‘White Shark,’’ have harnessed the public’s rial spilled into defense and intelligence stantly, the American Party, or the Know- flirtation with fear for innocent profit, fame trade publications every day. Nothings (‘‘I know nothing,’’ was their and fun. ‘‘They’’ can see it, but you can’t. standard reply to queries about their plat- There is something lurking out there, or Then there are the active classified files of form) divined a Papist Plot. An installation down there created by a force beyond our the FBI, the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and of the Pope’s block of marble would signal knowing. Firearms, the Secret Service, the Customs, the Catholic Uprising. A fevered agitation Far down the creative scale are conspiracy Immigration and Naturalization Service, the began. As recorded by Ray Allen Billington freaks Oliver Stone, Ian Fleming and the Border Patrol, the Department of Energy, in The Protest Crusade, 1800–1860: publishers of checkout-counter tabloids. and even the Department of Agriculture. ‘‘One pamphlet, The Pope’s Strategem: In dank corners of our society is a separate Official secrecy, endemic to big govern- ‘‘Rome to America!’’ An Address to the category: Those who subsist utterly in para- ment, dies hard. As in corporate life, and in Protestants of the United States, against noia: Oliver North, Gordon Liddy, David the highest aeries of journalism, secrets are placing the Pope’s block of Marble in the Duke, Tim McVeigh and those who put on not just the key to power. They are power. Washington Monument (1852), urged Protes- war paint and military fatigues, play with Official infatuation with secrecy is re- tants to hold indignation meetings and con- assault weapons, and preach war against a flected in the forbearance in President Clin- tribute another block to be placed next to popularly-elected constitutional govern- ton’s executive order. Existing secrets must the Pope’s ‘bearing an inscription by which ment. be declassified after 25 years, he said. Future all men may see that we are awake to the Like Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy, they nurse ones after 10 years. hypocrisy and schemes of that designing, on paranoia and propagate it. This would matter in an age when breech- crafty, subtle, far seeing and far reaching Sen. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, D-N.Y., load rifles were on the cutting edge of mili- Power, which is ever grasping after the suggests this last category either exploits, or tary science. The standard is ridiculous in whole World, to sway its iron scepter, with is partly driven by the web of government se- the light of today’s expanding technology. bloodstained hands, over the millions of its crets that has grown like spores since World Thanks to the reports the CIA issued— inhabitants.’ ’’ War II. based on ‘‘evidence’’ you and I could never S 6270 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE May 8, 1995 see or evaluate—on Soviet weaponry and the the public trust and sending innocent Ameri- Cambridge, MA, March 18, 1991. economy, this country went on a military cans to their death. Senator DANIEL PATRICK MOYNIHAN, spending binge beginning with the Vietnam ‘‘The pathology of public attitudes toward U.S. Senate, Washington, DC. war and ending only three years ago. government are due in large part to exces- DEAR PAT: This is just a personal note of But these CIA fabrications served to jus- sive and unnecessary secrecy,’’ says Steven thanks for your eloquent and stimulating tify quantum leaps in spending on the Amer- Aftergood of the American Federation of contribution to the lunch discussion with ican defense establishment, and of course Scientists, a leading advocate of government the new National Research Council Board on covert CIA. We will be paying for that build- openness in Washington. Science, Technology, and Economic Policy up for the rest of our lives. The State Department, for example, re- last Friday. Needless to say, I think you are tains the right to withhold information that absolutely right about the significance of the [From the Washington Post, Apr. 30, 1995] would ‘‘seriously and demonstrably under- long-standing intelligence failure in assess- DEPARTMENT OF SECRECY mine ongoing diplomatic activities of the ing the Soviet economy and the Soviet mili- THE INVISIBLE BUREAUCRACY THAT UNITES United States.’’ Under this standard the CIA- tary effort. While I do not concur with your ALIENATED AMERICA IN SUSPICION in-Guatemala story would almost certainly Galbraithian view of economics as a failed profession, this has to be one of the great (By Jefferson Morley) still be secret and two American women would still be wondering who murdered their failures of economics—right up there with Scapegoating is a time-honored spring husbands. the inability of economists (along with ev- sport in Washington. Professionals of the eryone else) to find a remedy for the Great pastime are already in fine mid-summer For now, the effect of Clinton’s order is expected to be modest. Depression of the 1930’s. form on Topic A: Who is responsible for the On your specific arguments: In 1985 Paul Oklahoma City bombing? Skillful soundbites ‘‘I don’t think it’s going to make much dif- ference,’’ said retired Lt. Gen. William Samuelson was relying on the CIA estimates, indict various culprits: Right-wing talk so that this is not an independent piece of radio, the NRA, lone nuts and (the ever-reli- Odom, the former director of the National evidence. For every quotation you can give able) ’60s counterculture. Security Agency and a skeptic of openness from people like Lawrence Klein, you can But while the theories fly, the All-Stars of efforts. Odom recalled that a similar direc- find a counter-argument in the writings of the Washington blame game somehow over- tive from President Carter in 1978 had little Friedman, Hayek, Stigler and many others. look one of the leading suspects in the minds effect on how he, Odom, actually classified All three have been amply rewarded for their of the American people: the Department of information for the government at the time. efforts with the Nobel Prize, the National Secrecy. Aftergood praised Clinton’s directive as a Medal of Science, and the esteem of their There is no official department of secrecy, distinct improvement over the old secrecy colleagues (with the conspicuous exception complete with Cabinet officer and official rules but added ‘‘I just hope we are at the be- of your former neighbor on Francis Avenue). seal. But there is the functional equivalent: ginning of a reform process, not the end.’’ They deserve a lot of credit for the positions the federal bureaucracy that keeps the gov- That will depend, in part, on what the pub- they took in the 1930’s all the way up to the ernment’s secrets. It consists of the offices lic, the president and Congress learn from and archives in the Pentagon, the intel- 1980’s and they are getting it. Oklahoma City. It seems to me that it is better to address ligence agencies, the FBI, the Bureau of Al- Is the bombing the work of isolated mad- cohol Tobacco and Firearms and other fed- the issue of international economic assess- men with no connection to the larger politi- ments within your framework of post-Cold eral agencies that classify and guard all cal culture? Or is it a warning of the patho- sorts of information considered too sensitive War recoversion that Galbaith’s entertaining logical possibilities opened up when the fed- to be shared with the American public. The but wrong-headed view of economics as a eral government loses the faith of its people? connection between this empire of informa- failed profession. Given the importance of These questions are especially pertinent tion and the Oklahoma City bombing is not economic assessments of the Soviet Union, it obvious but it is real. for people working within the secrecy sys- is almost incredible that the U.S. govern- First, the Department of Secrecy is a sig- tem. Most of them do not hide wrongdoing ment established an in-house monopoly on nificant presence in American society and from the American people. The information these assessments. The principal academic politics. Viewed on an organizational chart, they guard is often legitimately secret: mili- centers for research in this area at Columbia the federal secrecy system is bigger than tary codes, the names of law enforcement in- and Harvard were allowed to wither away. many Cabinet agencies. According to a formants, the U.S. position in international Over the past decade, Frank Holzman of Washington Post report last year, the se- trade talks and the like. Tufts and the Russian Research Center at crecy system keeps an estimated 32,400 peo- But they shrug off the widespread mistrust Harvard has been a lonely voice in opposi- ple employed full-time—more than the Envi- of their work at their own peril. With the tion to the CIA view. ronmental Protection Agency and the De- government generating so many secrets each I believe that the importance of economic partment of Education combined. According year—an estimated 6.3 million in 1993—and intelligence is increasing greatly with the to the Office of Management and Budget, the continuing revelations about governmental much-discussed globalization of the U.S. bureaucracy of secrets may cost as much as abuses of power, the line between the para- economy. However, the cloak-and-dagger $16 billion a year to run. noia of a few and legitimate fears of the model is even more inappropriate to our new Second, mistrust of the government and its many gets harder to draw. economic situation than it was to the suc- many secrets is now raging out of control. A few years ago, the notion that the U.S. cessful prosecution of the Cold War that has The assumption that the government is not government had, over the course of several just concluded. The lessons for the future accountable for its actions is now the norm. decades, routinely conducted dangerous radi- seem to me to be rather transparent. The It is an article of faith among many on the ation experiments on thousands of unwitting U.S. government needs to invest a lot more religious and paramilitary right (including, Americans would have been regarded by in international economic assessments. Sec- apparently, one of the bombing suspects in most reasonable people as unfounded, if not ond, it should reject the CIA monopoly custody) that the federal government has ridiculous. Today, thanks to the aggressive model and try to create the kind of intellec- not been held accountable for the 1993 raid in release of long-secret documents by Sec- tual competition that now prevails between Waco which left 85 people dead. retary of Energy Hazel O’Leary, the radi- CBO and OMB on domestic policy, aided by Liberals and the left were angered but not ation experiments are cold, disturbing his- Brookings, AEI, the Urban Institute, the surprised by the recent revelations about the torical fact. Kennedy School, and many others. CIA in Guatemala. In the name of protecting O’Leary’s leadership shows that full disclo- An important subsidiary lesson we can its ‘‘sources and methods,’’ the agency shielded from justice the Guatemalan colo- sure of embarrassing material is not politi- learn from the failure of the CIA Soviet as- nel who is the leading suspect in the murder cal or institutional suicide. In fact, the De- sessments is the importance of ‘‘sunshine’’. of an American innkeeper and the husband of partment of Energy, by all accounts, enjoys Although economic intelligence is always an American lawyer. more credibility on Capitol Hill and with the going to be sensitive to somebody, it should Robert McNamara’s memoirs are an infuri- public for coming clean. be carried out in full sight of the public, in- ating reminder to moderates that the veil of We don’t know what other abuses of gov- cluding the professional peers of the intel- secrecy allowed utterly respectable main- ernmental power, if any, the secrecy system ligence analysts. I hope that the new Na- stream Washington officials to send thou- is hiding. But we do know that a citizenry tional Research Council Board can contrib- sands of American boys to slaughter in a dis- without access to its own history has no ute to the post-Cold War re-conversion of our astrous and still-divisive war. guarantee of democratic accountability. And economic intelligence establishment in a In the movie theaters of America, the most as long as democratic accountability is in positive way. As I see it, this is a daunting treacherous, evil Hollywood villains often doubt, the citizenry, not just government of- task. To use a medical analogy, this will re- work inside the Department of Secrecy. Pop- fice buildings, will remain vulnerable. quire something more like a ‘‘life style’’ ular movies like ‘‘Outbreak’’ and ‘‘Clear and change than a simple remedy for a chronic Present Danger’’ routinely depict senior offi- EXHIBIT 2 disease. cials in Washington as smooth-talking HARVARD UNIVERSITY, JOHN F. KEN- I hope that you can find the time to criminals who think nothing of betraying NEDY SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT, present your perspective on this issue to the May 8, 1995 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S 6271 policy community, say in the form of an ar- forth the members of the National Se- If we had the vehicle in place to have ticle for Public Interest. This would be an in- curity Council and then designates oth- total financial disclosure, the CIA teresting opportunity to bring your ideas ers, including the Director of Central could immediately have begun to about post-Cold War conversion to a specific Intelligence and the Chairman of the check on this lifestyle to see if there problem of great importance to the national interest. Joint Chiefs of Staff, as officials who was something that was not right. With best regards, are not members but may attend and Clearly, it was not right the way Al- Yours sincerely, participate as the President directs. I drich Ames was living. And we found DALE W. JORGENSON. believe that is also the appropriate role out later it was because he was receiv- Mrs. HUTCHISON addressed the for the DCI with respect to the Cabi- ing millions of dollars from the Rus- Chair. net. sian Government for secrets that he The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- Mr. Deutch was asked these ques- was giving to them from our CIA. So ator from Texas is recognized. tions in our Intelligence Committee we need the basic information. Mrs. HUTCHISON. Mr. President, I hearing on his nomination regarding Mr. Deutch said, and promised, that am always happy to yield to the senior the Cabinet status of the Director of he would make sure that every person Senator from New York, because I al- Central Intelligence. He assured the who works for the CIA, who willingly ways enjoy hearing what he has to say. committee that he would hold to the comes to work for the CIA, will give Mr. President, the importance of in- proper standard of conduct and that he basic financial disclosures. I think that telligence gathering for our Nation is would not allow policy to influence in- is going to be a very important tool for at a critical juncture. Never has it been telligence judgments and not allow in- us to show that there is an account- as important as it is today that we telligence to interfere in the policy ability in the CIA and that an Aldridge have foreign intelligence gathering ca- process. Ames case will not as easily be re- pabilities, particularly because we are That is a very important distinction peated and, if it is repeated, that we now facing a time when weapons of that the new Director has adopted and will have the ability to go in imme- mass destruction, nuclear, chemical which I think is very important for us diately and see what the assets are and biological, are being made in dif- to keep—the separation between intel- that have been disclosed and if some- ferent parts of the world. Even worse, ligence gathering and policymaking. thing seems to be amiss. the weapons that transport those weap- The committee is going to be sensitive So these are two areas that I am sat- ons are also being developed in dif- to any indication that this standard is isfied that Mr. Deutch is going to ad- ferent parts of the world. There is an not being met, but I believe the make- dress, and he has already given me his urgent need for us to know where those up of the Cabinet is the responsibility word that there is going to be financial weapons are and where the capabilities of the President. That is not within our disclosure among the CIA employees are to transport those weapons, either mission in confirmation. And, there- and people who are working for the CIA within their own theater or over to our fore, I hope the standards that we have under contract. country. discussed will be adhered to, both by So in conclusion, Mr. President, I So, there is no question in my mind the President and by the new Director support Secretary Deutch for the role that we must have a strong foreign in- of Central Intelligence. of Director of Central Intelligence. telligence gathering capability. We I brought up two major issues in This is one of the most important also have a problem. That is we need a committee that I thought were impor- nominations that we will have before leader and we need a focus and we need tant. First, a closer working relation- us this year, because this agency needs a mission for the people who are in our ship with the oversight committees in such direction. I believe Mr. Deutch intelligence gathering operations right Congress, the Intelligence Committee can provide that direction. I have now. We have had several mishaps. The in the Senate, and the one in the worked with him as a member of the Aldrich Ames case is one that has been House. I think it is most important Armed Services Committee in his ca- talked about on this floor and it is one when you have a covert operation pacity as Deputy Secretary of Defense. that is very troubling to us, even which, of course, intelligence gathering I find him to be a person of integrity. today. Many people feel this traitor is, to have an even more strong rela- I respect his judgment, and I think he was not dealt with in a way that will tionship and communications network did a fine job as Deputy Secretary of show there is an accountability when a with the oversight committees that Defense. I think he is the person to ful- drastic mistake happens. can assess the judgments that are fill this mission at this very important The lack of management account- being made in these covert operations. time in our intelligence gathering reor- ability did demonstrate, by recent It is good for Congress and it is good ganization. events in Guatemala, the lack of infor- for the intelligence gathering, as well. I think we must take our responsibil- mation that the oversight committees It is very important that we have an ity in confirming him, to do this in a had about the situation in Guatemala. oversight and we have the ability to swift and timely manner. We have had The escalation of terrorism all over the make judgments by the duly elected of- five DCI’s in the last 10 years. This world is causing an ongoing need for us ficials in the U.S. Congress when we agency needs leadership. We need some to have intelligence-gathering capabili- are dealing with such sensitive intel- reorganization. We need a mission, and ties. ligence matters. we need to make sure that we are using So, we do need a person who can take So I talked to the new Director-des- our assets efficiently and well so that control of our central intelligence- ignate about that. And he agreed to- everyone in our country is secure so gathering operation, lift the morale of tally that we needed to have that line that we have the information that we the wonderful people who work there, of communication, and I think it has need to keep that freedom, independ- and put an accountability into the sys- been reiterated by every person who ence, and liberty that we have. tem. We also need someone who can has spoken on the floor today, and So I am supporting Mr. Deutch for make it more efficient. As we are most certainly every member of the this very purpose. I wish him well. It is downsizing our budget we need to make committee. going to be a very tough job. I hope sure that we have a mission, that we The second issue that was very im- that he will work with Members of are using our assets in the most effi- portant to me was complete financial Congress who want him to succeed, and cient way. disclosure of every person who works we do. For all of our country, we must So we need someone to come in and at the CIA and every contractor who is succeed with this new Director. show that leadership. I believe John working on CIA projects. I felt this was Thank you, Mr. President. I yield the Deutch is that person. I think the important because one of the obvious floor. President has made a good decision. things that was missed in the Aldrich Mr. KERRY. Mr. President, I am There are some issues that must be Ames case was a high-living lifestyle pleased to join my colleagues today to dealt with. First, I must say I disagree by Aldrich Ames and his family, clear- urge confirmation of John Deutch as with the President giving Cabinet rank ly one that could not be shown to have Director of Central Intelligence. As a to the Director of Central Intelligence. been supported by a person on the sal- permanent resident of Belmont, MA, The National Security Act of 1947 sets ary of Aldrich Ames. and having a lifelong involvement in S 6272 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE May 8, 1995 the Massachusetts community, John sions of, intelligence.’’ He added that plain exactly where he is headed and Deutch is a neighbor and a man who he sees ‘‘four significant dangers to our what he would like to do. has built a national and international national security and the social and During his confirmation hearing, I reputation as a leader and as a forceful economic well-being of our citizens.’’ heard Dr. Deutch speak of bringing in a and effective professional. I described He cites major regional conflicts; the new generation of leaders at the CIA, him publicly, not long ago, as ‘‘superb spread of weapons of mass destruction; streamlining imagery operations, and and first rate’’, and I reiterate that de- international terrorism, crime, and getting to the root of problems inside scription today, without hesitation and drug trafficking; and the present nu- the Operations Directorate. with renewed respect and continued clear danger that still exists in Russia Mr. President, John Deutch brings confidence in his extraordinary ability. and the Russian republics as they move with him a demonstrated track record Let me add a few words about the toward democracy. of achievement in both government task he will face and the talent he will I also see the new Director of Central and academia. He is widely respected bring to the position of Director of Intelligence moving, as he said he within the defense community for his Central Intelligence. The world is un- would, to improve the support that the performance as Secretary Perry’s dep- doubtedly changing. It will continue to intelligence community gives to law uty at the Pentagon and within the sci- change more quickly, perhaps, than at enforcement agencies in areas of nar- entific community for his tenure at the any other time in our history. We are cotics trafficking, international crime, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. seeing old threats and new threats and terrorism. I agree with his assess- I believe he is more than equal to the emerge in a shifting political and eco- ments and I am confident he will move task of restoring luster to the CIA. nomic atmosphere that will test our re- expeditiously to address the continuing As a member of the Armed Services solve and challenge our leadership. threat of the proliferation of weapons Committee, I have worked with John Mr. President, John Deutch is un- of mass destruction, and particularly Deutch, and I have seen firsthand the doubtedly up to the challenge, and he the emerging threat of terrorist at- quality of his work and his conscien- is a leader for his time. There is no tacks with these weapons. I see the tious commitment to our national de- question about that. He understands new Director re-defining and establish- fense and to the men and women who the critical task that he will face, and ing new standards for the proper role serve our country. the importance of facing it with re- for the intelligence community in the Finally, Mr. President, as a Senator solve, strength, and a firm hand. He areas of economic intelligence, and ad- from Virginia, I’m pleased that Dr. has proven that he knows the need and dressing the issue of making informa- Deutch understands the distress of tal- has the expertise to address what we tion, when appropriate, more readily ented Agency personnel and alumni available by lowering classifications or all acknowledge are operational and who have watched the CIA and other through declassification. And I see the administrative problems at the CIA. As intelligence branches endure a rough Director of Central Intelligence he will new Director, like every other director patch. He is, in my judgment, the right face two daunting managerial tasks: of a Federal agency, looking for ways man at the right time to restore dig- First, he must try to restructure the to economize and streamline the oper- nity and respect to deserving and hard- U.S. intelligence community at a time ations at CIA to give us more for our working public servants working in the when many believe there is no longer a tax dollars. Intelligence Community. need—nor the funds—for the level of in- From all we’ve heard about John Mr. President, I have high hopes for telligence activity to which we became Deutch, I believe he has the experience, Dr. Deutch’s tenure at the CIA, and I accustomed during the cold war. He the expertise, the professionalism, the urge my colleagues to support his nom- will have to balance proper and appro- reputation, the perseverance, the quali- ination. priate intelligence activity with in- fications and the integrity to do the Mr. President, I yield the floor. creasing congressional and public scru- job, and I urge my colleagues to con- tiny of scarcer and scarcer tax dollars. firm his nomination. NOMINATION OF JOHN M. DEUTCH TO BE THE Second, in the wake of recent events Thank you, Mr. President, and I yield DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE at the CIA, he will have to look criti- the floor. Mr. NUNN. Mr. President, I am cally at internal operations and move THE NOMINATION OF JOHN DEUTCH TO BE pleased to support the nomination of quickly to rebuild morale, public trust, DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE John M. Deutch to be the Director of and confidence while maintaining the Mr. ROBB. Mr. President, I would Central Intelligence. The nomination integrity of America’s intelligence ca- like to add my voice in support of the of Dr. Deutch, who presently serves as pability. As far as restructuring the in- nomination of Dr. John Deutch to be the Deputy Secretary of Defense, has telligence community, I believe John Director of Central Intelligence. This received the unanimous, bipartisan Deutch has one very important advan- nomination is extremely important, support of the Senate Select Commit- tage over many who could have been Mr. President, because the Central In- tee on Intelligence. This strong support chosen to serve. He is not an architect telligence Agency is at a crossroads reflects Dr. Deutch’s outstanding of either the current intelligence sys- and I believe John Deutch has what its qualifications, including his first-rate tem or the processes that have been going to take to redirect the Agency’s performance as Deputy Secretary of put into place. He is a fresh face, a new course during its next few crucial Defense and Under Secretary of De- voice, a real leader with the talent and years. fense for Acquisition. the foresight to succeed. There is no question that strong I have had the opportunity to work Now, as far as what Secretary Deutch leadership is critical for the CIA to be closely with Secretary Deutch, both in will face at the CIA, operationally and able to transform the Agency’s mission my prior capacity as chairman of the administratively, there is a need to act into one that provides policymakers Armed Services Committee and in my expeditiously to turn things around with timely, useful, and target-specific current role as ranking minority mem- even if it means significant personnel intelligence. CNN can cover the world; ber. He has made an outstanding con- changes, and I am confident that John the CIA needs to bring greater atten- tribution at the Department of De- Deutch has the necessary judgment tion and resources to bear on countries fense, and is well-qualified to serve as and will to quickly act in the best in- and issues that represent a threat to the Director of Central Intelligence. terest of the Agency and the Nation. our national security interests. Secretary Deutch came to the De- Mr. President, the American intel- Dr. Deutch was brutally frank in his partment of Defense following a long ligence community will be well served assessment of CIA successes and fail- and distinguished academic and gov- by the experience and leadership of ures, and refreshingly candid about ernment career. His positions in aca- John Deutch who rightfully observed what he would like to accomplish as demia included service as provost and in his statement to the Intelligence DCI. His candor was unusual, since institute professor at the Massachu- Committee that ‘‘changing intelligence nominees normally go out of their way setts Institute of Technology. His prior priorities, as well as intelligence fail- to avoid categorical statements about Government experience included serv- ures, dictate that we carefully re-ex- agendas and work plans. Dr. Deutch, in ice on the staff of the Office of the Sec- amine the need for, and specific mis- contrast, went out of his way to ex- retary of Defense during the early May 8, 1995 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S 6273 1960’s, and as Under Secretary of En- creasingly citizens are needing and United States the capacity, the Presi- ergy during the late 1970’s. In addition, asking for information that will enable dent the capacity, through his United he served on the Defense Science Board them to judge whether or not their tax Nations, our U.N. Ambassador, the and on many other advisory boards dollars are being well spent. I would ability to make the argument to keep over the years. argue that this condition of being un- the sanctions still tightening around In 1993, he was nominated by Presi- able to disclose sometimes puts us in a the nation of Iraq. dent Clinton and confirmed by the Sen- position of not being able to give citi- In both cases, the United States of ate to serve as the Under Secretary of zens information or having them say, America received benefit. Who knows Defense for Acquisition. When Bill ‘‘Now I understand why we are doing what the cost to the world would have Perry became the Secretary of Defense this, and I believe we are in fact get- been had North Korea been permitted in 1994, Dr. Deutch was nominated and ting our money’s worth.’’ to continue building its nuclear capa- confirmed to his current position as I would like as a consequence to iden- bility or had the sanctions been Deputy Secretary of Defense. tify for citizens two recent events that dropped from Iraq, a nation that con- I have known Secretary Deutch per- were publicly disclosed. And for the in- tinues to exhibit dangerous tendencies, sonally for many years, including the formation of citizens, it is the Presi- indeed dangerous actions. periods of his service in the Depart- dent of the United States who has the I cite those two amongst the latest ment of Energy and during his tenure controlling authority both to make a that have been disclosed publicly be- at MIT. His entire career—both in aca- classification decision and to make a cause citizens deserve to get enough in- demia and in Government service—has declassification decision. That decision formation upon which they can make a been devoted to developing creative is spelled out in statute. It is not a de- decision about whether or not we are and thoughtful approaches to national cision that can be made by either the either sort of captive to the intel- defense and intelligence policy issues. Congress, in the absence of changing ligence community, as is very often Secretary Deutch has compiled as the law, or an individual Member of suspected by many who are not on this solid record in the Department of De- Congress. But two recent disclosures, Intelligence Committee, and perhaps fense as a strong manager. He has probably, I suspect, disclosed by a deci- other citizens as well, that we in fact served the Nation well, not only in the sion made by the President to make are looking at these successes, insist- management of internal Department of the disclosure, underscore the impor- Defense functions, but also as the DOD tance of this intelligence effort. ing upon accountability, trying to as- official with primary responsibility for The first was that the United States sess the threats in the world and orga- interface with the intelligence commu- of America presented to the U.N. Secu- nize our intelligence efforts to meet nity. He knows how to solve problems, rity Council clear and present evidence those threats, to maintain the capabil- make clear decisions, and address that North Koreans were engaged in a ity to keep the United States of Amer- pressing issues. On the Armed Services policy, a strategy, an active effort to ica as safe as is humanly possible. Committee, we have appreciated his acquire nuclear capacity. We could say Let me, in addition, Mr. President, breadth of knowledge, his candor, and that they were, and people did or did point out that there are two things Mr. his willingness to engage in dialog. He not believe it. They mostly said, ‘‘Well, Deutch is going to be addressing which also has a good sense of humor, which maybe that is just the United States in some ways are a consequence of both he uses to put difficult issues in per- just sort of hung up again.’’ Because we our successes and at times our failures spective—a quality that will be most had the intelligence capacity, we pre- of the past. useful in his new position. sented information—in this case, im- The first is, many of the threats that The intelligence community faces ages—to the Security Council, and the we are now dealing with are threats many difficult challenges in the post- Security Council sees clearly North that are a consequence, sort of a resid- cold war era, particularly in the after- Korea is building nuclear capability ual, of the cold war. The proliferation math of the Ames espionage matter. and the Security Council takes actions threat on the nuclear, biological, and The Oklahoma City tragedy under- supportive of the United States’ effort chemical is a threat that came as a scores the dangers of terrorism in the to make certain that North Korea does consequence of our building capacity modern world. The tensions in the Per- not become a nuclear nation. and the Soviets’ building capacity. sian Gulf and North Asia, as well as the Again, with the use of images dis- This proliferation threat is a very real problems faced by the States of the closed to the public, our Ambassador to threat, and we are having to now take former Soviet Union, are but a few of the United Nations, Madeleine the sort of residual problem of the cold the difficult challenges facing the in- Albright, at the direction of the Presi- war and move it to the top of the list telligence community. John Deutch dent of the United States, at the time knowing that the bombing in Okla- has the experience and background to when the French and the Russians were homa City would be magnified several take on these challenges. I strongly weakening in their resolve in regard to thousand times over were either chemi- urge the Senate to confirm his nomina- sanctions on Iraq, buying into the cal, biological, or nuclear weapons to tion to be Director of Central Intel- Iraqis’ assertions that, ‘‘We are impov- be used in a terrorist effort. ligence. erished now; we don’t have very much This is a very real and present prob- Mr. KERREY addressed the Chair. money; and, no, we are not building lem. It requires the United States of The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. any chemical or biological chemical America to lead. No other nation is DEWINE). The Senator from Nebraska. capability, and we are not really a going to do it. We saw recently, when Mr. KERREY. Mr. President, there militaristic nation. You need not the President put sanctions on Iran, are, to my knowledge, no other Sen- worry about us any longer.’’ our friends in Europe said, ‘‘Well, we ators who wish to speak on this nomi- Our Ambassador presents, in a week- think that’s a bad idea. We want to nation. I will offer a couple of closing long trip to I think 10 or 12 nations, continue to engage with a country comments and then yield time, alert- again, images that are our intelligence that’s involved with terrorism.’’ ing colleagues who are watching of the images to these world leaders on the I do not know what they are going to possibility that we may be yielding Security Council, information clearly do; I suspect wait until something ter- back, and they have not told us they indicating that the Iraqi leader had rible were to happen. Only the United wanted to speak. They could rush over built a $1.2 billion palace, hardly the States of America can lead on that here and say a few words. sort of action taken by a nation that issue, lead trying to get Russia not to In my statement, I indicated, and it was impoverished; second, that chemi- sell nuclear technology to Iran. Only is correct, that one of the problems we cal and biological capability continued the United States of America, I believe, have with our intelligence effort is to be a problem; and that the acquisi- is willing to make the kind of diplo- that as a consequence of needing to tion of Kuwaiti military equipment matic and financial effort necessary to protect security, we are unable—the in- during their occupation of Kuwait was make this world safe in the area of nu- telligence people are unable—to brag being integrated into the Iraqi forces, clear, chemical, and biological weapons about successes, and thus not only is it giving lie to all three of the statements and the terrorism that comes from difficult for us to give credit, but in- made by the Iraqi leader and giving the that. S 6274 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE May 8, 1995 There is a second problem, Mr. Presi- kind. And our citizens are increasingly excluding from the scope of the politi- dent, that our new, hopefully new Di- aware of the contribution of time and cal offense exception serious offenses rector of Central Intelligence is going effort that they have to make to be- typically committed by terrorists, e.g., to have to be dealing with. The distin- come informed about what is going on crimes against a Head of State or first guished Senator from New York in his in Chechnya, what is going on in the family member of either Party, air- comments referenced that, and that is former Yugoslavia, what is going on in craft hijacking, aircraft sabotage, not just a cynicism toward Govern- Mexico, what is going on in places crimes against internationally pro- ment but a precise suspicion that the where they have a difficult time protected persons, including diplomats, CIA is involved in all sorts of things nouncing the name let alone making hostage-taking, narcotics-trafficking, that are bad. That the CIA is possibly decisions about what our foreign policy and other offenses for which the United responsible for the assassination of ought to be. I believe the technologies States and Hungary have an obligation John Kennedy is something that is ac- that we have at our disposal, if we to extradite or submit to prosecution tually honestly believed by some press the envelope judiciously and not by reason of a multilateral treaty, con- Americans who see a conspiracy in in a reckless fashion, can, indeed, help vention, or other international agree- which the Central Intelligence Agency our citizens make decisions and make ment. The United States and Hungary perhaps played some central role. it more likely that government of, by, also agree to exclude from the political We are going to have to face an awful and for the people works both in for- offense exception major common lot of that, Mr. President, and we are eign as well as domestic policy. crimes, such as murder, kidnapping, going to have to face it very squarely Mr. President, no one has traipsed and placing or using explosive devices. and very honestly. As I said earlier, I over to the floor to provide additional The provisions in this Treaty follow am very excited watching the accounts testimony, and I am prepared to yield generally the form and content or ex- of the celebration of the victory in Eu- back what time is remaining and yield tradition treaties recently concluded rope 50 years ago, watching old men re- the floor. by the United States. Upon entry into call the stories of bravery and heroism Mrs. HUTCHISON addressed the force, it will supersede the Convention and sacrifice. I say, with no interest in Chair. for the Mutual Delivery of Criminals, disparaging that success—I thrilled in The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- Fugitives from Justice, in Certain that success and am unable to measure ator from Texas. Cases Between the Government of the truly the sacrifice and heroic behavior Mrs. HUTCHISON. We will also yield United States of America and the that was necessary, but it stands in back our time, and I will go forward Austro-Hungarian Empire, signed at stark contrast to an event that oc- and close. Washington, July 3, 1856, with certain curred, oh, I guess about a month or so f exceptions. ago when former Secretary of Defense This Treaty will make a significant McNamara published a mea culpa book REMOVAL OF INJUNCTION OF contribution to international coopera- saying that in 1966 the Secretary of De- SECRECY tion in law enforcement. I recommend fense of the United States of America, Mrs. HUTCHISON. I ask unanimous that the Senate give early and favor- with all the intelligence effort at its consent that the Injunction of Secrecy able consideration to the Treaty and disposal, had actually concluded that be removed from the extradition treaty give its advice and consent to ratifica- the war in Vietnam was unwinable. with Hungary (Treaty Document No. tion. Well, I was there in 1969. I do not re- WILLIAM J. CLINTON. member McNamara saying anything 104–5), transmitted to the Senate by THE WHITE HOUSE, May 8, 1995. about it then. And that kind of a state- the President today; and the treaty ment is the example of the sort of considered as having been read the first f thing, unfortunately, that feeds this time; referred, with accompanying pa- EXECUTIVE SESSION cynicism and this conspiracy theory pers, to the Committee on Foreign Re- and causes people to say that the Gov- lations and ordered to be printed; and ernment really is against rather than ordered that the President’s message trying to be on their side in making be printed in the RECORD. EXECUTIVE CALENDAR their lives not only safe but their lives The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without Mrs. HUTCHISON. As in executive secure as well. It means that we are objection, it is so ordered. session, I ask unanimous consent that going to have to press the envelope a The message of the President is as the Senate immediately proceed to the bit on secrecy. By that I mean we are follows: consideration of the following nomina- going to have to take great care that a To the Senate of the United States: tions on the Executive Calendar en secret is, indeed, necessary to protect With a view to receiving the advice bloc: calendar Nos. 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, the American people rather than pro- and consent of the Senate to ratifica- and 112; further, that the nominations tecting those who are operating, either tion, I transmit herewith the Treaty be confirmed en bloc, the motions to the Director of Operations or other Between the Government of the United reconsider be laid upon the table en sorts of entities. It cannot be that we States of America and the Government bloc; that any statements relating to keep a secret from the American peo- of the Republic of Hungary on Extra- the nominations appear at the appro- ple because we are afraid of what they dition, signed at Budapest on December priate place in the RECORD, the Presi- will do to us if we tell them the truth. 1, 1994. Also transmitted for the infor- dent be immediately notified of the It must be that a secret is being main- mation of the Senate is the report of Senate’s action, and that the Senate tained because we are concerned about the Department of State with respect then return to legislative session. our inability to carry out an important to this Treaty. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without security mission if full disclosure were The Treaty is designed to update and objection, it is so ordered. to occur. standardize the conditions and proce- The nominations considered and con- As I indicated, there is a tremendous dures for extradition between the Unit- firmed en bloc are as follows: capacity in the intelligence commu- ed States and Hungary. Most signifi- THE JUDICIARY nity to help citizens in a very difficult cantly, it substitutes a dual-criminal- Maxine M. Chesney, of California, to be time acquire the information needed to ity clause for the current list of extra- United States District Judge for the North- become informed. When you are born in ditable offenses, thereby expanding the ern District of California. the United States of America, you are number of crimes for which extradition Eldon E. Fallon, of Louisiana, to be United given enormous freedoms at birth and can be granted. The Treaty also pro- States District Judge for the Eastern Dis- should have been told at some point vides a legal basis for temporarily sur- trict of Louisiana. during your public education or up- rendering prisoners to stand trial for Curtis L. Collier, of Tennessee, to be Unit- ed States District Judge for the Eastern Dis- bringing by your parents or upbringing crimes against the laws of the Request- trict of Tennessee. by others, you should have been told ing State. Joseph Robert Goodwin, of West Virginia, that freedom is not free; that a con- The Treaty further represents an im- to be United States District Judge for the tribution has to be made back of some portant step in combating terrorism by Southern District of West Virginia.