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Научный Аспект 3-2020 Том 1 Web.Indd УДК 001.8(082) ББК 1 Н 34 Периодичность – четыре раза в год Свидетельство ПИ № ФС 77-48432 ISSN 2226-5694 Cостав ред. коллегии и сведения об учредителе приведены на сайте http://na-journal.ru Н 34 НАУЧНЫЙ АСПЕКТ № 3 2020. – Самара: Изд-во ООО «Аспект», 2020 . – Т1 . – 152 с. Журнал «Научный аспект» является научным изданием и отражает ре- зультаты научной деятельности авторов по различным дисциплинам в области гуманитарных, естественных и технических наук. УДК 001.8(082) ББК 1 Почтовый адрес: 443068 г. Самара, а/я 1674 Официальный сайт: http://na-journal.ru Электронная почта: [email protected] Подписано к печати 12.10.2020. Бумага ксероксная. Печать оперативная. Заказ № . Формат 60×84 /16. Объем 9,12 п.л. Тираж 100 экз. Отпечатано в типографии ООО «Инсома-пресс» 443080, г. Самара, ул. Санфировой, 110 А; тел.: (846) 222-92-40 Содержание ЭКОНОМИКА И МЕНЕДЖМЕНТ Ломакин А. Л., Ильин П. А. Государственное регулирование экономики в целях обеспечения экономической безопасности 7 Серопян Д. Р. Цифровая экономика во внешнеэкономической деятельности 22 Серопян Д. Р. Экспорт продукции из Китая в условиях пандемии 27 Салахов Р. А., Воробьев О. Н. Экономические санкции и государственная политика импортозамещения 31 Довбня Е. И. Нормативное регулирование формирования внешней финансовой отчетности в Российской Федерации 37 Довбня Е. И. Зарубежный опыт применения отчетности в оценке финансового состояния и оценка применимости российскими промышленными предприятиями 40 Федоров А. Е. Конкурентные стратегии рынка на примере ООО «Нарджилия Красноярск» 43 ПРАВО И ОБЩЕСТВО Шевченко В. Е. Уголовно-правовая характеристика преступления, связанного с оскорблением представителя власти 50 НаучНый аспект №3 2020 том 1 Шевченко В. Е. Общая характеристика и квалификация неуважения к суду и иных преступлений против правосудия 57 Шевченко В. Е. Неуважение к суду: проблема квалификации преступления 63 Митин Ю. Д., Куличкин Б. Н. Конституционно-правовое регулирование в сфере безработицы: соотношение проблем данной сферы в РФ, ФРГ, КНР 69 Осипова А. С. Актуальные проблемы выбора наименования юридического лица в Российской Федерации 77 Грабова К. А. Роль компетентности эксперта в арбитражном процессе 84 Четвергов А. В., Абрамов А. Ю., Лиценберг И. И. О классификации судебно-трасологических экспертиз 89 ИСТОРИЯ Швецов Г. П., Ленчук В. Ю. Филипп II Македонский и Третья Священная война 100 Маркарян К. В. Взаимоотношения Османской империи и горских народов в первой половине XVIII века 105 Москальчук Д. А. Беспорядки в Приштине весной 1981 года как начало движения за независимость Косова 109 Коровкин Д. И. Политика правового плюрализма в волостных судах 113 Крылова Э. А. Деятельность нелегального политического кружка в Морском училище в 1870–1871 гг. 116 4 na-journal.ru Содержание Тасилова Н. А., Жаппасов Ж. Е. Strengthening of the state under the rule of Kasym Khan 120 Филлер Т. Ю. Расширение образовательных возможностей Севастополя в 1960-е годы (на примере развития музейной деятельности) 129 Варгина И. Д. Алексей Михайлович: Тишайший царь в Бунташный век 134 Табейкина Е. К., Гильмутдинова А. Э. Религиозный фактор политических конфликтов 140 ПОЛИТОЛОГИЯ Пихтовников Р. Е. Дисфункции основных институтов политической системы США 145 г. Самара 5 ЭКОНОМИКА И МЕНЕДЖМЕНТ УДК 33 Государственное регулирование экономики в целях обеспечения экономической безопасности Ломакин Андрей Леонидович доктор экономических наук, профессор кафедры Экономической безопасности Института права и национальной безопасности Российской академии народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации Ильин Петр Андреевич эксперт кафедры Экономической безопасности Института права и национальной безопасности Российской академии народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации Аннотация: В статье раскрывается понятие обеспечения экономической безопас- ности общества и отдельной личности через государственное участие в экономике. Приведены основные теории, раскрывающие суть государства как «юридического феномена», описывается объективная потребность в непосредственном управлении экономикой в период экономического кризиса. Описывается необходимость обеспечения сбалансированности федерального бюджета как направления обеспечения экономической безопасности государства. Предложен новый подход к формированию доходов федерального бюджета Российской Федерации. Abstract: The article reveals the concept of ensuring economic security of society and individual through state participation in the economy. The basic theories revealing the essence of the state as a “legal phenomenon” are given, the objective need for direct economic management during the economic crisis is described. The necessity of ensuring the balance of the federal budget as the direction of ensuring the state economic security is described. A new approach to formation of the federal budget revenues of the Russian Federation is proposed. Ключевые слова: Угрозы экономической безопасности, бюджет, государственное участие в экономике, обеспечение экономической безопасности, личность, общество, государство. г. Самара 7 НаучНый аспект №3 2020 том 1 Keywords: Threats to economic security, budget, state participation in the economy, ensuring economic security, individual, society, state. В процессе становления и развития рыночной экономики в Российской Федерации возникает объективная необходимость в создании новых орга- низационных форм ведения хозяйственной деятельности. В силу активного встраивания России в мировые экономические про- цессы в конце ХХ — начале XXI века имеет место трансформация граждан- ского законодательства, характеризующаяся появлением новых форм ор- ганизаций, имеющих целью получение прибыли от своей деятельности. При этом, в силу значительного государственного участия в российской экономике создаваемые организационно-правовые формы юридических лиц в Российской Федерации имеют особенности как на этапе правовой регламентации, так и в процессе хозяйственной деятельности. В настоящее время в силу цикличности мировой рыночной эконо- мики, длительного экономического спада в 2008–2009 гг. и 2014–2019 гг. становятся особенно актуальными вопросы обеспечения безопасности жизненно важных экономических интересов Российской Федерации. В сложившихся условиях предпринимаются особые усилия по обес- печению экономической безопасности, в том числе на законодательном уровне, путем прямого участия государства в экономической жизни об- щества, изыскания новых источников финансирования социальных обя- зательств, разработки новых форм и методов инвестирования временно свободных денежных средств. На уровне «государство» решаются задачи по защите жизненно важных интересов, таких как обеспечение роста эко- номики, повышение устойчивости России к внешним и внутренним эко- номическим угрозам, укрепление экономического суверенитета страны. Процесс становления любого государства происходит одновремен- но с развитием общества. В настоящее время в юридической литературе существует большое количество теорий и подходов к образованию и по- строению государства. Исходя из определения, описанного в Большом юридическом словаре, под государством понимается: «способ организа- ции общества, основной элемент политической системы, организация 8 na-journal.ru Экономика и менеджмент публичной политической власти, распространяющаяся на все общество, выступающая его официальным представителем и опирающаяся на сред- ства и меры принуждения» [1]. Русский юрист Б. Н. Чичерин писал «о древнем государстве» и подчи- ненном положении личности в нем на примере античного мира. Одновре- менно, им был сделан вывод «о новом государстве», относящемся к эпохе нового времени, когда личность начинает предъявлять свои права в обще- ственной жизни, и таким образом государство представляет собой идею «высшего единства общества» Австрийский юрист Г. Кельзен, основатель теории правового норма- тивизма, использовал понятие «государство» для обозначения «общества как такового или же какой-либо особой формы общества» (в широком смысле), либо «какого-либо особого органа или органов общества» (в уз- ком смысле), и считал, что государство должно рассматриваться в качестве юридической, социологической категорий; живого (естественного) орга- низма; нормативного порядка. В качестве «правового феномена» государство представляет собой корпо- рацию, от которой отличается наличием объединения всего общества в це- лом («масштабом нации») и наличием правового порядка. Одновременно, модель отношений между государством и правом в понимании Г. Кельзена представляла собой аналогичную форму взаимодействия личности и права. При социологическом подходе государство представляет собой некую социальную общность с распределением власти по различным органам, существующую независимо от права. В соответствии с идеей «естественного организма» государство рассма- тривалось как естественно-существующий институт, предназначенный для обеспечения благополучия всех членов общества. Согласно идее государства, как «системы норм, нормативного поряд- ка», феномен «государства» имеет политический характер, как следствие, оно создает определенную организацию общества с определенными пра- вилами поведения. Именно государство обладает монополией на насилие, поэтому им определяется порядок применения силы. На разных этапах исторического развития существовали различные подходы к феномену «государства». Во времена Древнего Мира Аристо- г. Самара 9 НаучНый аспект №3 2020 том 1 тель представлял государство, как «самодовлеющее общение граждан, ни в каком другом общении не нуждающееся
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