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Proquest Dissertations MINORITY REPRESENTATION AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION OF ETHNIC MINORITIES: A Case Study of Chinese Canadians in Democratic Canada A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts In Political Science University of Regina By ZHA, Yan Regina, Saskatchewan June, 2009 Copyright 2009: Y. Zha Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-55077-9 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-55077-9 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1+1 Canada UNIVERSITY OF REGINA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH SUPERVISORY AND EXAMINING COMMITTEE Yan Zha, candidate for the degree of Master of Arts in Political Science, has presented a thesis titled, Minority Representation and Political Participation of Ethnic Minorities: A Case Study of Chinese Canadians in Democratic Canada, in an oral examination held on May 4, 2009. The following committee members have found the thesis acceptable in form and content, and that the candidate demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject material. External Examiner: Dr. Henry Chow, Department of Sociology and Social Studies Supervisor: Dr. Yuchao Zhu, Department of Political Science Committee Member: Dr. Joyce Green, Department of Political Science Committee Member: Dr. Dongyan Blachford, Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research Chair of Defense: Dr. Liming Dai, Faculty of Engineering ABSTRACT Citizenship, minority rights and political participation are interrelated critical elements in modern democracy. Citizenship entitles people to basic rights and obligations of members of state. Minority rights, based on the political equality principle, are indispensable to the development of democracy. Successful practice of citizenship and minority rights is achieved through the meaningful political participation of citizens. A comprehensive review of the existing academic studies on the above topics sets the framework of this thesis. Through a case study on Chinese Canadians, this thesis discusses the theories and exercise of political participation of ethnic minorities in Canada. It concludes that the continuing development of Canadian democracy requires the existing participatory democracy be enhanced with increased political equality, multiethnic representation and inclusive politics. A liberal democracy, based on majority rule, adopts political equality to reduce the possibilities of minority's subjection to majority "tyranny". Ethnic minority rights are crucial in the discussion of political equality in the Canadian context where diversity penetrates into social and political spheres in many ways. The political participation of ethnic minorities is a key indication of their exercise of citizenship rights. Chinese Canadians are studied here as a typical case of an ethnic minority group in political participation. Their role in Canadian democracy is unique and important. Prior to the mid 20 century, Chinese Canadians and other Asian Canadian groups were disenfranchised both provincially and federally. Their historical exclusion resulted from anti-Asian racism in Canada. Through decades of struggles for inclusion via advocacy of minority rights, the Chinese group has developed from "aliens" to "participants" with ii improved social-economic status and active political involvement. However, the core values and group identification of voters from the Chinese Canadian community may still differentiate their voting behaviour from that of other groups. The voting behaviour of Chinese Canadians is linked to their political concerns. Despite a continuous increase in the naturalization rate, there has been little improvement in their overall electoral turnout at the federal level. Similar to other ethnic minorities, the Chinese Canadians' ethnicity, possession of social capital, knowledge of politics and socio-economic status are all crucial factors that influence their political participation. But in-group differences do exist between generations and among different social strata, which is partially attributed to differences in immigration experiences. This study emphasizes that the concept of a multicultural citizenship recognizes the distinctiveness of ethnic minority groups in political resources, interests and preferences. Multicultural citizenship encourages the participation of ethnic minority groups in Canada, and it strengthens the main access for ethnic minorities to exercise their citizenship rights. Aiming at the inclusion and empowerment of historically disenfranchised groups, multicultural citizenship can facilitate the citizens' sense of belonging and encourage ethnic voters to become more confident "exerters". Minority participation and a more inclusive politics, such as better parliamentary representation of ethnic minorities in Canada, will provide a healthier political environment for all ethnic groups and will strengthen Canadian democracy. in ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the faculty of the University of Regina for their assistance in developing this thesis, and my family and friends for their support and encouragement. My special gratitude firstly goes to my supervisor, Prof. Yuchao Zhu, for sharing his research experience and academic resources with me. I am indebted to him for his invaluable suggestions on theory, style and the scope of explanatory capability in composing this thesis. Some of the ideas in this thesis were inspired from his lectures and advice. My special thanks also go to Prof. Joyce Green in the Dept. of Political Science and Prof. Dongyan Blachford in the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research at the University of Regina. Their critiques and comments have provided me with opportunities to improve this thesis and with important clues for future studies. I am also grateful for the scholarship and teaching assistantships received from the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research and the Department of Political Science at the University of Regina. The financial assistance from these programs enabled me to concentrate on my study and earn valuable experiences in teaching. I must thank the Dr. John Archer Library and the University of Regina for their bountiful resources that benefited my research, particularly the Data Library at the Archer Library and the Data Liberation Initiative of Statistics Canada for access to relevant statistic resources. Finally, I want to thank my colleagues and classmates for their support and discussion on my thesis topic; my parents and my brother for their love and confidence in me. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Section: Page ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF APPENDICES vii ACRONYMS viii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER TWO: CITIZENSHIP, MINORITY RIGHTS AND POLITICAL 5 PARTICIPATION: MULTICULTURAL CITIZENSHIP IN CANADA 2.1 Citizenship 5 2.1.1 Conception of citizenship 5 2.1.2 Access to citizenship 8 2.1.3 Citizenship rights 10 2.1.4 Ambiguities of citizenship 13 2.1.5 Citizenship and integration 16 2.2 Minorities, Nations, and Ethnic Groups 18 2.2.1 Minority and minorities 18 2.2.2 Nation 21 2.2.3 Ethnic group 22 2.2.4 Distinguishing nation from ethnic group 25 2.3 Political Participation and Representation in Western Liberal Democracies 27 2.3.1 Political participation 28 2.3.2 Representation 29 2.3.3 Proportional representation and differentiated representation 31 2.4 Minority Rights and Multicultural Citizenship in Canada 32 2.4.1 Distinguishing national minorities and ethnic minorities in Canadian context35 2.4.2 Internal restrictions and external protection 36 2.4.3 Multicultural citizenship 37 2.4.4 Political participation and representation of minorities in Canada 39 2.5 Summary 41 CHAPTER THREE: CHINESE CANADIANS AND DEMOCRATIC
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