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The English East India Company and Trade in Coromandel, 1640-1740

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The English East India Company and Trade in Coromandel, 1640-1740 The English East India Company and Trade in Coromandel, 1640-1740 A S Shngreiyo Rs. 250/- ISBN: 978-93-86785-02-2 First Edition: New Delhi, 2017 Copyright 2017, A S Shngreiyo All rights reserved Published and Printed by ISARA SOLUTIONS B-15, VikasPuri, New Delhi 110018 DEDICATED TO To Prof. Yogesh Sharma CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgement ................................................................................................ iii Chapter 1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2 Growth and Expansion of Trading Ports ............................................. 20 Chapter 3 The Role of Chief Merchants and their Trading Activities under the English East India Company ................................................................................. 44 Chapter 4 The Free Merchants of Madras and their Commercial Activities under the English East India Company ........................................................................... 71 Chapter 5 Portuguese Assistance to the English East India Company ................. 96 Chapter 6 The English Company ‘Country Trade’ with Burma .......................... 120 Chapter 7 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 142 Glossary: 1 ...................................................................................................... 147 Appendix-l ...................................................................................................... 149 Appendix-2 ..................................................................................................... 153 Appendix-3 ..................................................................................................... 156 Appendix-4 ..................................................................................................... 158 Appendix-5 ..................................................................................................... 159 Appendix-6 ..................................................................................................... 165 Appendix: 7 .................................................................................................... 168 Appendix: 8 .................................................................................................... 224 Bibliography ................................................................................................... 225 Abstract After the English Company, establish their factory firmly at Madras in 1640, the English start to acquire villages in the nearby countryside. This policy deals with the three local rulers. Firstly, with the dwindling Vijayanagar Empire till 1650, secondly with the Golconda till annexation by the Mughal' s in 1687. The setting up of factory in the coast became one of the major concerns for the English Company, as they had to dispose their goods and procure the local products especially the textiles, which cannot be done in a single year where they have to wait the long season. Here the role of local chief merchants played an important role to help with the English Company. The English official working for the Company were very few but there were many free merchant‟s especially from Europe who came to stay under the protection of the English flag. They play a crucial role to evolve and to compete with others European states. Many merchants were recorded as „free merchants‟ in the Records of Fort St. George. Most of these merchants did trade mostly in the Southeast Asia. They were very rich and influential in the Madras Council where sometimes there decision taken as final approval. Some of them were like John Affleck, Charles Metcalf, Daniel Chardin etc. Most of them owned ships and trade mostly in the spices archipelago. Another factor that consolidates the English establishment was absorbing the Portuguese who were a century ahead in the maritime trade as they have already settle in Coromandel from sixteen century. The English trade in the Manila was under the Portuguese who both profit in this unofficial alliance. From 1620s the spices archipelago was under the Dutch Company (VOC) but they cannot control in the vast maritime trade. The spices reach the Burma Coast, in some way; the English trade with the Burmese Coast was unique as the highest number of ships sail and arrive from these coasts. The Home Director were not keen to maintain from the past failure but they continue to demand Burmese goods at the same time the official privately trade illicitly by the Governors of Madras along with officials without the approval from the Home Director‟s. Page i Page ii Acknowledgement I have no words to express how much I thank to those who constantly guided me during my research work in the last five years. The foremost person whom I am greatly indebted is my Supervisor Prof Yogesh Sharma. He was tireless with suggestions and continually reminded me of my mistakes, which made the work proceed in the right direction. In spite of his busy schedule, he never refuses to meet me and guide me in right direction. He is invaluable to me. Thank you so much Sir. I also want to thank Sir Pius M. C Malekandathil, Sir Arvind Sinha, and Dr. Jangkhomang Guite who gave all the suggestions and guidance related to my topic in my research work. I am also very indebted to the University Grants Commission (UGC), for giving me Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship, without this financial assistance, my research won't be completed. I am also very grateful to the Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, for the constant sympathy and assistance. My sincere gratitude to the staff of JNU, Central Library; Centre for Historical Studies, Library, JNU, New Delhi; National Archive of India, New Delhi; Vidya Jyoti Library, Delhi; Central Secretariat Library, New Delhi, for their constant assistance during the course of my research. Thank you once again to all of you. New Delhi: A. S Shangreiyo Page iii Page iv Chapter 1 Introduction The seed of the ambitious ruler, King Dom Joan II (1485-1495) of Portugal was harvest by his successor Dom Manuel II (1496-1521), as they had been the first European nation to get a foothold in India by displacing the traditional Arab merchants. The coming of Portuguese into the Indian Ocean completely change the pattern of peaceful trading system into a violent competent maritime one. After they landed at Calicut on 20 May 1498, the Portuguese began to concentrate to build an empire by capturing the important trading posts in the Indian Ocean; the trading posts were later turn into fort. These were Mozambique, Hormuz, Diu, Daman, Bombay, Goa, Cochin, Ceylon, Nagapatam, San Thome, Malacca and Macao. The commercial interest of the Portuguese was essentially concerned with the export of pepper and spices from Cochin in the Malabar Coast and the Malay Archipelago, and Coromandel textiles were use as the principal article of exchange in the spice trade. However, in 1580 when Portugal came under the hands of Spanish Habsburgs, all cordial relations with the Dutch ceased. The Dutch utilized the situation created by the defeat of the Great Armada to send out expedition in the vast eastern ocean. In 1605, the Dutch pinnace ‘Delft’ anchored at Masulipatnam and established a factory there under Yassacx Eyloff. Soon as the Dutch landed at Masulipatnam, the Portuguese empire had begun to wane in the Indian Ocean. The Dutch settlements came up at Nizamapatnam, Devanampatnam, (Tegnapatnam) and Pulicat. The fear of the Dutch domination of the spice trade in Europe led a group of London merchants to apply to the Crown for a monopoly charter for the East India trade. The request was grant and on 31 December 1600, was born the „Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies.‟ The Charter was grant for “the Honour of our Nation, the Wealth of our People, the Increase of Our Navigation, and the Advancement of lawful traffic” and invested the company with the exclusive monopoly of trade to the East Indies, and provided for its management: a Governor and twenty-four members. Full powers were given to the freemen to meet as often as necessary to „make reasonable laws, constitutions, Orders, and ordinances, necessary and convenient for the good administration of the Company.1 The English Company in 1610 accepted the offer of two Dutchmen, Peter Floris and Lucas Antheunis, to help for expedition 1 Khan, S. A, (1923). The East India Trade in the XIIth Century, p. 2. Page 1 to the Coast of Coromandel. The two Dutchmen‟s proposal was not only offered an opportunity to establish a factory at Masulipatnam for supplying the Company's factory with the Coromandel cloths, but also with the prospect of employing its trading capital in the country trade for three years before returning to England. The commercial ability of Floris and Antheunis and the wisdom of the English Company's decision to accept their plans were prove when the Globe, which sailed in 1611, returned in 1615 with a rich cargo after trading successfully on the Coromandel Coast and in Siam.2 The relation with the Dutchmen came to more and more experiment when the Dutch East India Company came out with a proposal that the English East India Company enter into a union with the Dutch by creating a common stock, which could also be use for the common benefit in trade and defence in the East Indies. The
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