The most important person in the world is ‘I’. The person whom we see in the mirror is none else but one who stands in front of the mirror. If you change, the mirror image will also change. That is the crux of the matter. It is you who have to change before you want to bring about a change in others. The story of the saint who advises the mother of a boy to come after fifteen days and after another fifteen days exhorts us to change ourselves, before we can chane others. All changes start from ourselves. Change yourself and the world will change. ‘Hum badlenge jag badlega’. The tragic fact is that we have been crying hoarse to get others to change, but we ourselves don’t want to change. When we change, things automatically change, concentrate on your yourself. “I am starting with the man in says—He asks—can you be the remember that no body in this world the mirror. I am asking him to change change that you want to see in the owes us any responsibility to help us his ways. And no message could environment ? Then ask yourself— in any thing, much less in helping us have been any clearer. If you want to can you be the full expression of non- to change ourself. As the local people make the world a better place, take a violence ? Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru say—you can see the heaven only look at yourself and then make the writes—Peace is not a relationship of when you die yourself. change.” —S. Garrett and G. Ballard nations. It is a condition of mind. The whole universe is a mani- Lasting peace can come only to festation of Divine Discontent. If you As charity begins at home, so the peaceful people. A world change can or I have that discontent, then there is change begins with the self. If you be brought about only by the changed an urge to do something. In case I or cannot change yourself, how can you people. In the words of Eller Wiesel— you are not content with ourself, expect others to change ? If I can not Mankind must remember that peace there will be no urge to change. Good become as I would like to be, what is not God’s gift to his creatures. It is wishes or good words are least useful reason have I to ask others to become our gift to each other. Change is in things like bringing about any as I like or say. To a sick physician, not brought about by any outside change in any thing, much less in our it is rightly said—physician heal- agency. It comes from within, by the personality. thyself. One who can not heal him- person him/herself. Everything in An old illustrative story is often self, how can he be expected to heal nature changes by itself. It is effort- told. A lady with her son went to a others ? There is a saying in India— less, as the cells forming our outer saint and requested him to do some- Do not believe these four persons—a form are changing every moment. thing so that her son may give up the young ascetic, a sickly physician, a But to bring about any change in our habit of taking too much of sugar. man, who claims to be a warrior, but personality, we have to make efforts The saint, after a pause asked her to has a wound on his back, and a and do so constantly. The world or come after a fortnight. The lady did chemist who goes from door to door for the matter of that nobody seems so. But the saint sent her back asking and claims to change copper and iron to be changing as everybody wants her to come after 15 days. This time, into gold. others to change. As Mark Twain the saint said something to the child Upanishads tell us that we are all says jocularly that Truth is a precious and in a few days, the mother was differentiated forms of one Reality. commodity, so nobody wants to part happy to see the desired change in We have to believe in that Reality with it and wants others to do so. The the boy. She went to the saint and without seeing it, as we do believe in result, no truth is to be seen in our asked him why he did not give his electricity without being able to see behaviour and the society. We tend to advice to the boy when she had gone it. Our relationships and mutual depend on others for every good for the first and the second times. sympathies give us the feeling that thing or the thing we would like to The saint said—‘‘I myself was we are some how joined or linked have, and we fail to do so and feel addicted to the habit of taking in together. So we have to see ourselves miserable about it. We must remem- extra sugar. I took a month’s time to as we see others. We have to do unto ber that dependence on others is a give up the habit, before I had any others as we wish to be done by potential cause of miseries. Those cheek to ask your son to do so.’’ them. It is not enough to say that we who depend on others better die at As Henry Davis Thoreau said are interconnected, we are different the time of birth, it is said. Has the once—things do not change, we aspects of one—the universal con- person in the mirror any right to change, “We can say when we sciousness. Srimad Bhagwat Gita in happiness, while the person on the change, things automatically change. chapter ten, gives a clear concept of other side of the mirror is waiting to If you want to see a change, con- unity. Many are sceptic about the take a chance like you. Happiness centrate on your ownself. This unity concept. How can it be trans- comes from independence, which one advice, the person in the mirror has lated into real life ? The answer to has to achieve oneself. No one else given me more than once. You, too, this lies in what Mahatma Gandhi would do it for you. All of us need to have it.” ●●● Modern India / 5

The Advent of European Commerce

By about 1500 AD. Portuguese ● During his tenure he maintained competition with Moors for the Important ports of Malabar friendly relations with Vijay control of trade in the Indian ocean Coast by the close of the Nagar. became irresistible. On account of fifteenth century the geographical position of their 1. Cochin—Best of all the ports. Albuquerque’s aims in India Kingdom, the Portuguese had become 2. Quilon—Carried trade with China 1. To control Red Sea, Persian Gulf. the natural gardens of Christendom and Arabs. 2. Establishment of a Portuguese against the Moors of Africa. Impelled 3. Cranganore—Virtually Head quarter on the west coast. by religious fervour and by crusading independent. 3. Destroy Arab merchandise in the zeal, the Portuguese brought all their 4. Cannanore—Virtually Fort east and Malaya Peninsula. latent energies to serve the cause of independent commerce and colonisation. Prince Nuno Da Cunha (1529-38) : Henry the Navigator, promoted mari- Alvarez Cabral ● time exploration and visualised the Captured Diu from the Sultan of ● Seized an Arab vessel and founding of a maritime empire. He Gujarat. fitted out several expeditions. Within presented it to Zamorin. ● Captured Mombasa on the Afri- twenty years of his death, the Portu- ● The Arabs stormed Portuguese can coast. guese had proceeded beyond the factory during his period. ● Established factories at San delta of Niger. Bartholomew Dias, ● He secured the friendship of thome (Madras) and Hughli who followed him, prepared the way Cannanore and Cochin. (Bengal). for Vasco da Gama. His voyage is one of the main landmarks of geo- ● Vasco da Gama during second Joa De Castro (1545-48) : graphical exploration and removed voyage demanded the banish- ● The last important governor. all doubts as to the possibility of ment of every muslim resident ● His successors made no further reaching India by sea. from Calicut. conquest. (A) The Portugese ● Loposoares destroyed all the ● parts which were under Arab The Asiatic empire of The first efforts were made by influence. Portugal was divided into three Portuguese. independent precidencies ● Francisco de Almeida Prince Henry of Portugal encou- 1. Viceroy at Goa. ● The first Portuguese governor in raged voyages for the discovery 2. Governor of Mozambique India appointed on a three year of the sea route to India. 3. Governor of Malacca ● Bartholomew Diaz reached term. Cape of Good Hope in 1487. ● He built fortresses at Cochin, ● The Portuguese monopoly of the ● Vasco da Gama succeeded in Cannanore, Kilwa and Anja- Indian ocean continued till 1595. reaching India in 1498. diva. ● Sri Lanka were the first to revolt ● Vasco da Gama landed at ● Almeida was defeated in the against Portugal. Calicut on 21 May, 1498 which battle of Chaul by a confedera- ● An English naval fleet under is a landmark in the history of tion of the rulers of Egypt, Midelleton defeated Portuguese India’s Maritime trade. Turkey and Gujarat (January in 1611. ● 1508). Vasco da Gama reached the ● By a treaty the Portuguese reco- ● Malabar coast. Almeidia defeated the Trio in the gnised the right of the English to battle of Diu (Feb. 1509). reside and trade in all their Important Portuguese eastern possessions 1654. to visit India Albuquerque (1509-1529) : ● In 1560 the Portuguese establi- 1. Vasco da Gama—1498 ● Conquered Goa from Adil Shahi shed the inquisition which burnt Sultan of Bijapur in Feb. 1510. 2. Alvarez Cabral—1500 or punished cruelly the unbe- 3. Lopo Soares—1503 ● He encouraged settlers to marry lievers and all those who were 4. Francisco de Almeida—Sept. Indian women. dangerous to the faith in the eyes 1505 ● During his reign Malacca. of the priests. 5. Albuquerque—1509 Ormuz and Aden served as ● The Portuguese church was 6. Nuno da Cunha—1529 Strategic points for Portuguese orgainsed by St. Francis Xavier 7. Joa de Castro—1545 shipping. who came to Goa in 1542.

Modern India / 7 / 2 ● Portuguese started ‘Cartaze sys- ● The Dutch has a credit to disloge Portuguese Gifts to India tem’ by which Indian ship sail- the Portuguese from India’s 1. The cultivation of Tobacco ing to a destination had to buy maritime trade. 2. The first printing press in India ● pass from Portugal authorities. (1556) The credit for making Indian ● The Portuguese settlements in 3. The cultivation of potato textiles the premier export from Bengal was 1. Satgaon 2. Chitta- 4. The first scientific work on Indian India goes to Dutch. gong 3. Hughli. medicinal plants ● Commodities other than cloths, exported by the Dutch were St. Francis Xavier (B) The Dutch Indigo, Salt peter and Bengal Known as Apostle of the Indies The Dutch established a business raw silk. converted— company and started trade with 1. Paravars—The Fisherman tribe Eastern countries in 1602 A.D., the Dutch Factories in Bengal living on coromondel coast company was named, the United 1. Pipli : Abandoned it 2. Mukkuvas—Fisherman living on of the 2. Chinsura (1663) Malabar coast. Netherlands. The company was 3. Qasim Bazar granted the right of : (a) to carry the 4. Patna Important Portuguese Writers trade, (b) wage wars, (c) acquire ● They built Fort Gustavus at 1. Duarle Barbosa territories, (d) conclude treaties and 2. Gaspar Correa (e) fortify places. Chinsura. 3. Diago do Couto ● The first Dutch expedition which 4. Bros de Albuquerque Dutch Seats of Government reached the East Indies was led 5. Dom Joao de Castro 1. Pulicat (1617-1689) by Cornelius Houtman (1596). 6. Garcia de Orta 2. Negapatam (1689-) ● Linschoten was pioneer in the matter of the discovery of com- Reasons for the decline of Portugal Settlements in India mercial possibilities in East power in India ● The first permanent factory was (Particularly India). 1. Portugal was won over by Spain set up at Masulipatam (1605). ● The Dutch settlement at Deva- in 1580 A.D. Phillip II of Spain ● They found a factory at Pulicat nam patnam later came to be neglected Portugese dominions (1610) after seeking permission known as the famous Fort St. in India. from the king of Chandragiri. David in English occupation. ● 2. The religious policy proved ● From 1617, the Chief of the The factory at Pulicat was forti- disastrous for them Pulicat came to be known as the fied and came to be known as Dutch Governor in India. Fort Geldria. Fact File ● The Dutch factory at Nagal Reasons for the Decline Vasco da Gama had, even during Wanche was destroyed by the 1. Rise of English naval power his first voyage, excited the jealousy Mughals. against the Dutch. of the Arab merchants of the East ● Van den Broecke organised 2. The authority was highly cent- African ports. It quickly spread to the Dutch factories at Bombay, ralised. Arab and Moplah traders of the Ahmedabad, Agar, Burhanpur 3. There was no headquarter in Malabar Coast. At Calicut, he India. Every matter was con- encountered violent and open opposi- and Broach (1620). tion from the muslim merchants and ● In Bengal the first Dutch factory trolled from Batavia (Presently part of Indonesia). only the armed guards of the zamorin was established at Pipli. protected the Portuguese from their 4. The officers of the company fury. Dutch Factories at became corrupt. Coromandel Coast ● The Dutch company first of all 3. No efficient person to carry the 1. Masulipatam conquered JAVA in 1619 and unfinished work of Albuquerque. 2. Pettapoli then effectively controlled the 4. The Portuguese administration 3. Devanampatam English competition in the had become corrupt. 4. Tirupapuliyar Malaya Archipelago (1623) by the infamous massacre of 5. They suffered a major setback at 5. Pulicat 6. Negapatam Englishmen at Amboyna. the hands of the Mughals. 7. Porto Novo (C) The English 6. Rise of other European trading 8. Sadraspatam powers viz. the English, French, 9. Golcunda Towards the close of Queen Dutch. 10. Nagal Wanche Elizabeth I region, the merchants of England became interested in 7. They discovered Brazil and so 11. Palakollu 12. Drakshram voyages to the east because of its they concentrated their attention 13. Bimlipatam wealth and being of the prospects of towards it, neglecting India. their Dutch rival.

Modern India / 8 ● A group of merchants organised ● In 1688 two pirateships captured (D) The French an East India Company under few Mughal ships in the red sea. the title of “The Governor and The ‘Compagnie des Indes The Mughal Governor of Surat Orientales’ was formed in France in Company of Merchants of reacted against Sir John Child. London Trading into the East 1664 at the instance of the minister ordered that the Colbert in the reign of Lousis XIV. Indies.” The company was English should be treated as granted a Charter by the Queen While the English company was a enemies. Many Englishmen were private commercial venture, the to trade in the East for the period made prisoners and illtreated. of 15 years. French company was created, Lastly John Child Sue for peace financed and controlled by the state. ● The Charter was granted on on very humiliating terms. ● 31 December, 1600. (a) All money due to the Mughal In 1667 the first French factory ● Initially the company was active subjects from the company was established at Surat by in the spice and pepper trade should be paid immediately. Francois Caron. only. (b) Compensation in lieu of ● The important French The third expedition of the com- Mughal suffering. Governors in India pany was directed towards India. (c) John Child should leave India 1. Francois Martin (died in 1706) ● William Hawkins presented within nine months. 2. Chevaliar Hebert (1708-1713, Jahangir with a letter from ● In 1633, the Mughal Governor 1715-1718) James I and stayed at his Court of Orissa gave the English 3. Lenoir (1721-1723, 1726-1735) from 1608 to 1611. permission to establish factories 4. Benoit ● Captain Middleton got the at Hariharpur, Balasore, Pipli. 5. Dumas permission for the first time to ● trade at Surat (1611). In 1667, the English received a 6. Dupleix farman 7. Godeheu ● Sir James Thomas Roe man- ‘ ’ to trade in Bengal from emperor Aurangzeb. 8. De Leyrit aged to obtain rights to trade in ● Gujarat from emperor Jahangir. In 1701, Emperor Aurangzeb 9. Count de Lally ordered the general arrest of all ● The factory at Surat attained high ● The site of Pondicherry was the Europeans in India. degree of reputation through the obtained from Sher Khan Lodi ● The most important event was efforts of Downton, Best, Ald- (Governor of Valikondapuram) worth, Thomas Roe. the English diplomatic mission by Francois Martin (director of led by John Surman to the Court ● Madras was founded by the Masulipatam factory). of Forrukhsiyar in 1715, which English in 1639. obtained a great of three famous ● The famous site of Chandra- British Settlement in Bengal ‘farmans’ to the officers in nagar in Bengal was obtained by Four Stages Bengal, Gujarat and Hydera- the Mughal Governor Shayista bad. 1. 1633-1663—Peaceful trade under Khan in 1690. Mughal Protection. Mughals Concession to ● Francois Martin was the first 2. 1663-1685—Trade hampered by English in 1717 French Director General in India. quarrels 1. Bengal—(a) Exempted custom ● A famous fortress named Fort 3. 1685-1690—Position in a state of duties in lieu of Rs. 3000 per flux Louis was erected at Pondich- annum erry. 4. 1690 onwards—English sett- (b) Allowed to rent additional rent ● lement took a definite shape. near Calcutta. In 1719 the ‘United Compagnie 2. Hyderabad—Comapny’s old priv- des Indes’ was formed in order grew strong ilege of freedom from dues in to save the French factories from because of able English trade was retained. gradual decline. Governors 3. Gujarat—At Surat the company exempted from custom duties in French Settlements in India 1. Thomas Pitt (1698-1709) lieu of an annual payment of Rs. 1. Surat—1667 2. Edward Harrison (1711-1717) 10000. 2. Masulipatam—1669 4. Bombay—The Coins of Company 3. Joseph Collet (1717-1725) 3. Pondicherry—1673 4. James Macrae (1725-1730) minted here were illegible through out the . 4. Chandranagar—1690 5. Morton Pitt (1730-1735) 5. Balasore 6. Richard Beyon (1753-1744) In 1708 all the rival English 6. Qosim Bazar companies were amalgamated into English Mughal relations one organisation named ‘The United ● The battle of ‘Condore’ is one of ● William Hawkins, Thomas Roe Company of Merchants of England the most important, fought by and captain Middleton secured Trading with the East Indies’ It the English in India. It struck the concessions from emperor was this company which was to first blow to the ascendancy of Jahangir to trade. establish the British empire in India. the French in the Deccan.

Modern India / 9 (E) The Danes A Swedish East India Company Governors of was organised in 1731 but it did not A Danish factory was founded in Dutch East India Company rose to prominence. 1616. The other factories established by them included Tranquebar (1620) 1. Van Reede—Transferred the H.Q. The later Seventeenth and early from Nagalwanche to Negapatam eighteenth century was the golden and Serampore (1755). The Danes period of Indian trade with Europe. sold their settlements to the English 2. Van Ravesteyn—Sent to Surat to obtain farman from Emperor The prosperity proved to be short in 1845. Jahangir lived and soon led to the colonial Portuguese Factories in India 3. Van Coen—Governor General of supremacy of India. Calicut, Cochin, Cannanore, Kilva, Batavia Arjadiva, Goa, Malacca, Aden, 4. Pieler Van den Broecke—Got the Important Battles of Ormuz, Quilon, Daman and Diu, permission to start a provisional Portuguese Chittogang, Satgong, Hughli. factory at Surat. 1. Battle of Calicut—Cabral was 5. Van Goens—Captured Cra- defeated by Arabs (1500) nganore, Completed the Dutch 2. Battle of Cranganore (1503)— Gerald Aungier, the English conquest of Malabar Loposoares destroyed all forts of Governor of Bomay Arab influence 1. Regarded as true founder of 3. Battle of Chaul (1508)—The Bombay’s Greatness Important Dutch Ports and combined army of Egypt, Turkey 2. Fortified the citadel and con- Commodities Imported from and Gujarat defeated Portuguese. structed a dock other Places 4. Battle of Diu (1509)—Almeida defeated the triple Alliance. 3. Made Bombay a safe asylum for 1. Bantam—Textiles woven in spe- all merchants and manufacturers. 5. Battle of Goa (1510)—Portuguese cial patterns captured Goa. 4. Freedom of religion was given to 2. Batavia—Textiles, rice, diamo- 6. Rebellion of Shri Lanka—1580 the citizens. nds, slaves 7. Battle of Bombay—English com- 5. He revived old panchyat system. 3. Masulipatam—Indigo mander (1611) Middleton defeated 6. Made Bombay the best naval Portuguese army 4. East Archipelago—Sandalwood, station on the Indian coast. 8. Battle of Swally—English defe- pepper 7. Saved English lives and properties ated portuguese (1616) 5. Japan—Copper during Shivaji’s second sack of 9. Emeror Jahangir destroyed their Surat. 6. China—Tatenag and textiles settlement at Hugli (1632) Points to Remember

● Vasco da Gama started his ● The fanatic religious policy of ● The Englishmen were brutally voyage from Lisbon in 1497. the Portuguese was responsible massacred by the Dutch in the ● The Portuguese allied them- for their rapid downfall. Battle of Amboyna (1623). ● The Portuguese were responsible ● selves with the rulers of Hon- Thomas Roe obtained the right of crippling the Indian Navy for navar, Bankipur and Bhatkal to trade in Gujarat for East India their benefits. against Bijapur. Company. ● Bartholomio Diaz accompanied ● Cochin was the best of all ports Cabral to India. on the Malabar coast. ● Christopher Columbus started ● The trade was carried on to with his voyage in 1494 to explore the route to India. China, Arabia and other countries ● from the port of Quilon. Dutch occupied Malacca in 1641. ● The chief of the factory at ● Portugal’s initial objective was Golcunda was also the com- to capture the spice trade of the pany’s agent in the Court of east. Qutub Shahi ruler. ● ● The Dutch expelled the Portu- The chief articles of import to gese from Sri Lanka (1638 to the Coromandel coast were 1658). spices, sandal wood and pepper. ● Alfonso de Albuquerque can be ● The Dutch occupied Cape of called the real founder of the Good Hope in 1652. Portuguese empire in India. ● Goa was made the seat of ● The Dutch conquered Java Bishop in 1538. Island in 1619 A.D.

Modern India / 10 OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

01. Which of the following is regar- (D) The defeat of Spanish 14. Where did the English open their ded as the real founder of Armada by the British first factory in the South in 1611 ? Portuguese power in India ? (U.P.P.C.S. 2001, I.A.S. 98) (A) Pedro Cabral (A) Madras 09. Match the following— (B) Almeida (a) Pondicherry (B) Trichonapally (C) Vasco da Gama (b) Goa (C) Masulipatam (D) Alfonso de Albuquerque (c) Tranquebar (D) Pulicat 02. Of the various Europeans who (d) Nagapattinam came to India, whose missionary 15. Who said about the English 1. French activities were more important company in Bengal that it is “A than commerce ? 2. Portuguese company of base, quarelling (A) Dutch (B) Portuguese 3. Donish people and foul dealers ?” 4. Dutch (C) Danes (D) English (A) Mir Jumla Code : (B) Shaista Khan 03. The battle of ‘Swali Hole’ was (a) (b) (c) (d) fought between which of the (A)4321 (C) Murshi Quli Khan following countries ? (B)2413 (D) Aliwardi Khan I. Portugal II. Netherland (C)3214 III. France IV. Britain 16. The nickname of English East (D)1234 (A) I and II (B) II and III India Company was— (C) I and IV (D) III and IV 10. The term ‘Interpolers’ was used (A) Bob Company by the— 04. Who was the founder of the (B) Sam Company French East India Company ? (A) Danish (B) French (C) Tom Company (A) Colbert (B) De La Haye (C) English (D) Dutch (D) John Company (C) Duplex (D) Dumas 11. From whom was Goa acquired 17. Which of the following state- 05. The Danes sold all their settle- by Albu querque ? ment is false with regard to the ments in India to— (A) Bijapur (B) Golkunda Dutch interest and activities in (A) The Portuguese (C) Berar (D) Bidar India ? (B) The Dutch 12. Arrange the following in proper I. They treated the local inhabi- (C) The English chronological order— tants cruelly and exploited them (D) The French I. Formation of Dutch East 06. ‘Calicoes’ stood for Indian— India Company II. They did not get involved in (A) Indigo (B) Textiles II. Formation of French East the politics (C) Cotton (D) Spices India Company III. They became the carrier of III. Formation of the Swedish trade between India and the 07. The Portuguese established a Islands of the Far East number of factories in India. East India Company Which of the following was not IV. Formation of the English IV. Many attempts were made one of them ? East India Company by them to monopolise the (A) Bombay (B) Masulipatam (A) I, II, IV, III channels of trade between India and the west. (C) Bassein (D) Salsette (B) IV, I, II, III (A) I, II, III (B) II, III, IV 08. On which occasion did the Port- (C) II, I, IV, III (C) I, III, IV (D) I, II, IV ugese handed over Bombay to (D) III, II, I, IV English ? 13. The Dutch who discovered 18. Which of the following state- (A) Marriage of Charles II with commercial possibilities in India ment is false ? the Portuguese princess and whose book caused sensa- Catherine of Braganza (A) The lease of Madras in 1639 tion in the western world is— was obtained by the English (B) By the treaty of Ax la Chap- (A) Jan Pietyoovan Coen elle from the ruler of Chandra- (B) Huyghen van Linschoten giri (C) As a result of Portugal’s independence from the con- (C) William Barents (B) Colbert founded the French trol of Spain (D) Houtman East India Company

Modern India / 11 (C) The ‘Blue Water Policy’ 25. Name of state which granted the (C) Aurangzeb associated with Albuquer- ‘Golden Farman’ to the Dutch to (D) Farrukhsiyar que trade freely on payment of only 32. The Dutch Christened the fact- 500 ‘Pagodas’ per annum as (D) The Portuguese power was ory at Pulicat as St. Geldria, in duty was— not organised on commer- honour of— cial lines (A) Gingee (A) Van Berchem, the director 19. Who founded Calcutta in 1690 ? (B) Ikkeri general of the Coromandel (A) Almeida (C) Chandragiri factories (B) Albuquerque (D) Golcunda (B) Daniel Havart, the author of (C) Job Charnock 26. Bombay emerged as a leading the account of Dutch fac- (D) Lins Choten port on the western coast on acc- tories on the Coromondel ount of its— coast 20. The Dutch fort called Geldria (C) Van Reede, the incharge of was to eated at— (A) Immunity from Maratha invasions the Coromandel Governm- (A) Golkunda (B) Goa ent (B) Natural harbour (C) Pune (D) Pulicat (D) Van Coen, the Governor 21. What was the reason of Mughal (C) Improved administration General of Batavia (D) All of the above wrath towards the English com- 33. The immediate aim of the pany ? 27. Name the state which granted English East India Company est- (A) Unreasonable demands of the ‘Golden Farman’ to Holland ablished in 1600 was— the Mughal official to trade freely on payment of (A) To exploit the Indian coasts (B) The French pirates 500 ‘PAGODAS’ a year as duty (B) The acquisition of the spices (C) Interlopers was— and pepper of the Eastern (D) Arrongant attitude of the (A) Golcunda archipelago company’s officials (B) Bijapur (C) To trade in Muslin and 22. Tick the greatest failure of (C) Berar textiles Aurangzeb in contributing the (D) Ahmadnagar (D) None of them rise of the European powers in 34. Name of Governor of Bombay India— 28. Which of the following was not the Dutch factory on the who is regarded as the true I. He failed to understand the Coromondel coast ? founder of Bombay’s greatness— political and military implic- (A) Porto Novo (A) Ropt ations of the fortified facto- (B) Sir John Child ries (B) Sadraspatam (C) Gerald Aungier (C) Ngalwanche II. He could not stop the (D) Job Charnock exercise of administrative (D) Masulipatam 35. The Bengal presidency was authority by the Europeans 29. Which Portuguese Governor in their settlements constituted in 1700; who became decisively defeated the Bijapur its first President— III. He permitted the Dutch and forces which advanced againt (A) Job Charnock English to use their military Goa ? (B) Sir Charles Eyre power against Portuguese (A) Albuquerque (C) Captain William Heath IV. He thought that the Euro- (B) Almeida pean companies were only (D) Major Hector Munroe (C) Cabral commercial in nature 36. Who among the following (D) Joa de Castro (A) I, II (B) II, III, IV Englishmen tried to obtain from (C) I, III, IV (D) I, IV 30. Name the son of the great Akbar a ‘Firman’ for trade in Portuguese Governor, who supp- Gujarat ? 23. Which European power called lemented the letters of his (A) Ralph Fitch the port of Chittagong as the father— ‘Porto Grande’ or the grand (B) John Middenhall (A) Bras de Albuquerque port ? (C) Sir Thomas Roe (B) Bras de Almeida (A) French (B) Portuguese (D) Thomas Stephens (C) Bras de Cabral (C) English (D) Danes (D) Bras de Lapo Soares (R.C.S. 2000) 24. The English Governor who was 31. Which Mughal emperor conqu- 37. Which one of the following expelled by Aurangzeb was— ered Golcunda to mark the gave per- (A) De la Haye decline of the Dutch Coromandel mission to East India Company (B) Sir John Child Government ? to build a factory at Surat ? (C) Dumas (A) Jahangir (A) Jahangir (D) Aungier (B) Shahjahan (B) Shahjahan

Modern India / 12 (C) Farrukhsiyar (D) The Governor and company 49. Where was the first ever fort (D) Bahadur Shah II of merchants of London erected by any European power Trading into the East Indies in India ? 38. Who among the following issued (U.P.P.C.S. Sub. 2001) the founding Charter of the (A) Cochin English East India Company ? 43. Who was the first Indian ruler to (B) Calicut (A) Henry VIII welcome Vasco da Gama ? (C) Maosaulipattam (B) Elizabeth I (A) Daulat Rao Scindia (D) Goa (C) James I (B) Chanda Saheb (M.P.P.S.C. 2000) (C) Zamorin (D) Charles I 50. The commercial objective of the (D) Muzaffar Jung (I.A.S. 99) Portuguese in India was to— (R.A.S./R.T.S. 1999) 39. The first Danish Trade pact was (A) Capture territories on the signed at Tranquebar in the 44. Name the Mughal emperor who western coast year— issued firman, permitting East (B) Capture trade of textiles and India Company to trade with spices (A) 1620 (B) 1630 India ? (C) 1660 (D) 1616 (C) Oust Arabs and the Persians (A) Babar from India’s maritime trade 40. Match the following— (B) Humayun (D) Capture trade of pepper and List I (C) Akbar other superior spices (a) Hawkins (D) Jahangir (I.A.S. 2003) (b) Thomas Roe (R.A.S./R.T.S. 1999) (c) Manucci 45. The first English factory was Answers With Hints (d) Ralph Fitch estabished in India at— 1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (A) 5. (C) List II (A) Surat (B) Hughli 6. (B) 7. (B) 8. (A) 9. (D) 1. 1615 2. 1608 (C) Bombay (D) Madras 10. (C) The term interpoler was used by 3. 1585 4. 1658 (M.P.P.S.C. 1999) East India Company for the ‘Free Code : merchants’ who traded independently 46. Among European traders the in Asia inspite of the monopoly of (a) (b) (c) (d) Portuguese remained unsuccess- the company. (A)2143 ful in India because— 11. (A) 12. (B) 13. (B) 14. (C) 15. (B) (B)1243 (A) They had no sea port 16. (D) 17. (A) (C)2134 (B) Their Naval power was 18. (C) The policy was followed by (D)1234 weak Almeida. Under this policy the idea of establishing an empire in India (I.A.S. 2001) (C) Ruler of Kochin strongly resisted them was discarded. 41. Which of the following statem- 19. (C) 20. (D) 21. (C) 22. (A) 23. (B) (D) Due to their religious ents correct about is not William fanatism the Indian rulers 24. (B) 25. (D) 26. (D) 27. (A) Hawkins ? became their enemies 28. (D) Portonovo—Centre of cotton weaving. (A) He could not speak Turkish (M.P.P.S.C. 2000) Language Sadraspatam—Centre of Textiles (B) He reached Agra in the 47. The East India company secured Nagalwanche—Indigo Court of Jahangir with a the ‘Golden firman’ from which Palakollu—Dyeing letter written by king James ruler ? 29. (D) 30. (A) I to emperor Akbar (A) Jahangir 31. (C) 32. (A) 33. (B) 34. (C) 35. (B) (C) The name of his vessel was (B) Sultan of Golcunda 36. (B) He came to India in 1599. He Hector (C) Ruler of Chandragiri was a businessman from London who came to India by land route. (D) He had a considerable expe- (D) Mughal emperor Farukh- 37. (A) 38. (B) 39. (A) 40. (A) 41. (A) rience in the Levant siyar 42. (D) 43. (C) 44. (D) 45. (A) 46. (D) (U.P.P.C.S. Sub. 2001) (M.P.P.S.C. 2000) 47. (B) East India Company secured the 42. Intially the name of British East 48. Who was the first representative golden firman in 1632 which ensured India Company was— of English Company to reach the safety and prosperity for their trade. (A) A British company to trade court of Jahangir ? 48. (C) Captain William Hawkins jour- with India (A) Sir Thomas Roe neyed from Surat to the Mughal court in 1608 but failed to get (B) A company of Merchants of (B) Sir Henry Middleton permission to establish a factory at London (C) Captain Hawkins Surat. (C) A company of Private (D) Captain Best 49. (A) 50. (D) Merchants of London (M.P.P.S.C. 2000) ●●●

Modern India / 13

Expansion and Consolidation of British Rule in India

Siraj-ud-daulah took two precau- (A) East India Company and the tionary measures to safeguard him- Nawabs of Bengal self. 1. He seized the huge wealth of Bengal and the Mughal from the Mughal Emperor by Ghasiti Begum. Emperors payment of a large sum of money. 2. Mir Jafar was replaced from the The first English factory in the The farman of Farrukhsiyar in post of ‘Bakshi’ (Commander- interior of Bengal was established in July, 1717 granted the English East in-chief) by his devoted officer 1651 during the viceroyalty of Shuja, India Company privilege to trade Mir Madan. Another faithful the second son of Shahjahan. The duty free in Bengal in lieu of (1) an officer Mohan Lal, was made English men began to trade in Silk, annual payment of Rs. 3000, (2) To ‘Peshkar’ (A post equivalent to Saltpetre and Sugar which were the settle wherever it pleased and (3) to Prime Minister). chief export commodities of Bengal. rent thirty eight villages in the vicinity of Calcutta. Setting things internally, the The English trade was badly suffered Nawab attacked Shaukat Jung who during the reign of Aurangzeb. Mir Alivardi Khan never realized was defeated and killed in the Battle Subedar Jumla, the then of Bengal money forcibly from the people, and of Manihari (Oct. 1756). put severe restrictions on English the mode of collection was not Rupture with the English trade. After the death of Mir Jumla in arbitrary. His attitude towards the 1663, Shayista Khan was appointed European trading companies in Nawab Siraj-ud-daula had four as the new Governor of Bengal under Bengal was restrict and he asserted specific grievances against the whom the English trade prospered his authority over them. But he was English. Soon after the English factories again. not in any way oppresive to them as sprang up at Hughli, Balasore and 1. Englishmen had built strong he realized the importance of en- Qasim Bazar with minor factories at fortifications and dug a large couraging commerce in the interest Patna, Dacca and Raj Mahal. In ditch in the king’s dominion of the state. 1698, Subahdar Azim-us-Shan contrary to the laws of the land. (second son of Muazzam who sat on For him the Europeans were like the 2. The English had abused the the throne as Shah Alam I) gave the bees who would make honey if left in privilege of their ‘dastak’ by Zamindari of the villages of Sutanuti, peace but would sting an intruder to granting them to those who were death. Kalikata and Govindpur to the British not entitled to them which meant in liue of Rs. 1200. Nawab Siraj-ud-daulah and loss of customs revenue for the Within a few years after English Nawab’s treasury. Aurangzeb’s death in 1707, Bengal 3. English had given asylum to became completely independent of Alivardi Khan died on 10th some of the Nawab’s subject in imperial control under Murshid Quli April, 1756, and was succeeded by Calcutta who were political Khan. In Sept. 1717, the Mughal his favourite grandson (daughter’s offenders from Bengal (One of Emperor Farrukhsiyar made him full son) Siraj-ud-daulah, a young man of the offender was Krisna Ballar, Subahdar of Bengal. Murshid 23, whose regime forms a turning son of Raja Rajballav, deputy transferred the capital of Bengal point not only in the history of governor of Decca) against the from Dacca to Murshidabad, which Bengal, but of India as a whole. wishes of Nawab Siraj-ud-daula. was named after him. A month later Siraj had three enemies which Emperor Farukhsiyar issued a farman opposed his succession. 4. The English in Calcutta also granting the English East India (A) His cousin Shaukat Jung, insulted and expelled Siraj-ud- Company permission to trade in Nawab of Purnea who eyed on daula’s messenger Narayan Das. Bengal, free of all duties, on a the Bengal throne Capture of Fort William payment of Rs. 3000 per annum. (B) His maternal aunt, Ghasiti (1756) During the reign of Mohammad Shah Begum, a childless widow which Rangila, in 1741 Alivardi Khan, the had immense wealth kept in the Under such circumstances Siraj- Deputy Governor of Bihar under castle of Motikhil, few miles ud-daula launched the offensive Nawab Sarfaroz Khan, revolted, north of the city of Murshidabad. against the English. On 4th June, killed the nawab, declared his (C) Mir Jafar Ali Khan, the 1756, the factory of the English at independence as the new Subahdar commander-in-chief of the army Qasim Bazar was stormed and looted. of Bengal and got a confirmation was his most formidable enemy. Fort William was besieged and

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