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Class Xii History Chapter 6, 7 CLASS XII HISTORY CHAPTER 6, 7 CHAPTER 6 TEACHER THE MUGHAL COURT: VEZHOSALU RUHO RECONSTRUCTING HISTORIES VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION Q1. Who was the author of Akbarnama? Ans: Abul Fazal was the author of Akbarnama. Q2. What was the language of Babarnama? Ans: Chagatai Turkic. Q3. Who was the writer of Massir-i-Almgiri? Ans: Muhamad Saqi Mustaid Khan. Q4. What is calligraphy? Ans: Calligraphy is a visual art related to writing. Q5. Write the name of founder of Sayyid dynasty. Ans: Sayyid Khizr Khan. Q6. What do you know about ‘Sarkars’? Ans: Division of provinces into a number of unit was called Sarkars. Q7. Who was the main source of income of Mughal empire? Ans: The main source of income of Mughal empire was the tax on the produce of the peasantry. III. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION-I Q1. Name the dynasty which ruled India during 1414-1451. Who was the founder of this dynasty? Ans: Sayyid dynasty ruled India during 1414-1451. Sayyid Khizar Khan was the founder of this dynasty. Q2. Who was the founder of the Lodhi dynasty? Ans: Bahlol Lodhi was the founder Lodhi dynasty. Q3. What were the effects of the first battle of Panipat? Ans: Lodhi dynasty came to an end and marked the beginning of the Mughal empire. Q4. Name the famous battle which Humayun fought with Sher Shah Suri. Ans: The battle of Chausa and Kanauj. Q5. Where did the coronation ceremony of Akbar take place? Ans: The coronation ceremony of Akbar took place at Agra. Q6. What was Jharokha Darshan? Ans: The Mughal rulers used to pay a visit to their court where they show themselves to their subjects every morning and this is called as Jharokha Darshan. Q7. What is the meaning of Diwan-i-khas and Diwan-i-Aam? Ans: Diwan-i-khas means a hall of private audience and Diwan-i-Aam means a hall of public audience. Q8. Why did Emperor Akbar dismiss Bairam Khan? Ans: Emperor Akbar dismiss Bairam Khan because of his authoritarian ways and for hatching a conspiracy to overthrow him. Q9. Why did Mahabat Khan rise in revolt in the time of Jahangir? Ans: Mahabat khan rose in revolt in time of Jahangir because of Nur Jahan’s predominance who wish to undermine his position and bring him to knees. Q10. What was the cause of conflict between Nurjahan and Prince Khurram (Shah Jahan)? Ans: Succession was the cause of conflict between Nurjahan and Prince Khurram. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION-II Q1. Describe the process of manuscript production in the Mughal Court. Ans: The Mughal Chronicles are a valuable source of information about the various facts of Mughal history. It also give the impression that people were prosperous and happy. During the Mughal rule, all the books were manuscript which were hand written and were produced in the imperial kitabkhana. It was a scriptorium, that is a place where the emperor’s collection of manuscripts were preserved and new text were produced. Many people were involved in the creation of a manuscript in the Kitabkhana. For example, paper makers prepared the folios of the manuscript, scribes or calligraphers copy the text, gilders illuminate the pages from the textbook, and binders fasten the individual folios together and put cover on it. The finished manuscript was considered a precious object. Q2. What were the achievements of Abul Fazal? Ans: The achievements of Abul Fazal were:- i) Abul Fazal wrote Akbarnama, Ain-i-Akbari and Ruqat-i-Abul-i-A=Fazal. ii) Akbarnama is the leading authority for narrative events of Akbar’s reign. iii) Abul Fazal was widely read in Arabic, Persian, Greek philosophy and Sufism. iv) He was a fine and forceful debater and an independent thinker who forcefully opposed the views of the Muslim orthodox. v) Being impressed by his such qualities, Akbar appointed him as his adviser and spokesman of his policy. Q3. Assess the role played by women in the imperial household in the Mughal empire. Ans: The imperial household was a place where the near and distance relatives and female servant live. The domestic work of the Mughal came to be known as Harem. It is a well known fact that the Mughal rulers were fond of keeping more than one wife. Thus, there were many wives who received monthly allowances in cash, supplemented with gifts according to their status. Many important begums like Nur Jahan, Jahanara and Roshanara etc. played a very important role in controlling the essential financial resources. They contribute in building of architectural progress, Jahanara help her father in founding new capital, Shahjahanabad. The bazaar of Chandni Chowk, the main centre of trade in Shahjahanabad was also designed by Jahanara. Q4. Describe the order of precedence at the court of Shah Jahan. Ans: The officers, courtiers and soldiers stood in strict order awaiting the appearance of the emperor. The outer fringe of the hall was shut off by silver railings, and only the mansabdars or commanders of two hundred horses and more were permitted to enter. They stood with their faces turned towards the throne. A place near the pillars was assigned to the privileged mansabdars. On one side stood Qorchis with the royal flags and standards, their backs turned to the wall. At the foot of the throne stood the chief officers of the state, with their files ready to be laid before the emperor. Outside the silver railing, another space was enclosed by wooden railing painted with red lac. In it stood commanders below the rank of two hundred horses, archers, gunners and some servant of the higher mansabdars. Outside the wooden railings stood the menial servants of Amirs and foot soldiers. Q5. Discuss the major features of Mughal provincial administration. How did the central control the central provinces? Ans: For administrative purposes, the Mughal emperor had divided his empire into provinces or subas. The administration in the province was modelled after the central structure and work almost in the same manner. The head of the provincial administration was popularly known as subedar or sipahsalar. Generally experienced and capable favourites of the emperor were appointed to this high post. His important duties were to (a)maintain peace and order in the province,(b) to hold court and administer even handed justice,(c) to encourage agriculture, trade and industry in the province. He was the supreme military commander in the province. He was empowered to punished the disobedient subordinates. But there were certain checks on the powers of the subedars. At least three central ministers viz, diwan, mirbakshi and Sadar-i-Sadur had direct contact with the subedar. The subedar perform his duties according to the instructions of the above mentioned three central ministers. The provincial governor or subedar was a assisted in his work by the provincial diwan, bhakshi and sadar. The centralisation of powers at the centre brought uniformity in the administration of the provinces. The territories of the subordinate chiefs were attached to the provinces. In this way, the provinces contained not only the territories governed directly by the emperor but also the territories of the subordinate chiefs. In the formation of the provinces, the emperor kept in view the historical and geographical factors. After their reorganisation, almost a uniform system of administration was set up in this provinces. It gave such a uniformity to the provincial administration which India had never seen before. Q6. How did Shah Jahan administer justice in his court? Ans: The court routine was varied only on Friday when no court was held. On Wednesday, the king heard appeals and administered justice while sitting in the hall of private audience. The proceedings opened in the presence of judicial officers,muftis and jurists.the Darogah-i-Adalat presented every case individually.Tthe emperor talked to complainants and passed orders in strict accordance with Shara or Muslim law. Q7. Describe the grandeur of the mughal court in the time of Shah Jahan? Ans: The Diwan-I-Aam and the Diwan-i-Khas were in themselves very magnificent buildings but on special days,their beauty was enhanced by gorgeous and tasteful decorations and by extensive illuminations.On the occasions of Nauroz,the accession anniversary, the two Eids, the Shab-i-barat were celebrated with much gusto.The nobles (Amirs) appeared in beautiful clothes under a spacious canopy of brocade.The emperor bedecked with a mass of diamonds ,pearls and jewels sat on his magnificent throne and accepted presents and bestowed honours. The greatest marvel of Shah Jahan’s court was the famous ‘Peacock Throne’ which took seven years to be built. Next to the peacock throne was the celebrated diamond Koh-i-Noor which was presented to Shah Jahan by a noble, Mir Jumla. Q8.How did Shah Jahan treat the foreign envoys at his court? Ans.The emperor treated the Persian envoys with greater esteem and consideration than the envoys of any other Asiatic country. They were loaded with extraordinary favours and gifts.But when the Mughal relations with Iran were strained, the honours and regard enjoyed by the Persian envoys was transferred to those of Turkey. The envoys from Bokhara, samarkhand and Kashgar were also treated with courtesy. The messengers of the European nations, however, were held in contempt. Perhaps Thomas Roe, the only European messenger, was received with due honour. During the reign of Shah Jahan, the Dutch and the English were regarded as petty traders having no political status. LATQI Q1. Describe in outline the political history of India during the reign of Mughal. Ans: The Mughal ruler in India claims descent from Timur and were Turkish by origin.
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