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Unit 17 Architecture and Painting*
Architecture and Painting UANIT 17 RCHITECTURE AND PAINTING* Structure 17.0 Objectives 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Architecture under the Delhi Sultanate 17.2.1 New Structural Forms 17.2.2 Stylistic Evolution 17.2.3 Public Buildings and Public Works 17.3 Mughal Architecture 17.3.1 Beginning of Mughal Architecture 17.3.2 Interregunum: The Sur Architecture 17.3.3 Architecture under Akbar 17.3.4 Architecture under Jahangir and Shah Jahan 17.3.5 The Final Phase 17.4 Paintings under the Delhi Sultanate 17.4.1 Literary Evidence for Murals 17.4.2 The Quranic Calligraphy 17.4.3 Manuscript Illustation 17.5 Mughal Paintings 17.5.1 Antecedents: Paintings in the Fifteenth Century 17.5.2 Painting under Early Mughals 17.5.3 Evolution of the Mughal School under Akbar 17.5.4 Developments and Jahangir and Shahjahan 17.5.5 The Final Phase 17.5.6 European Impact on Mughal Painting 17.6 Summary 17.7 Keywords 17.8 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises 17.9 Suggested Readings 17.10 Instructional Video Recommendations 17.0 OBJECTIVES After going through this Unit, you should be able to: • distinguish between the pre-Islamic and Indo-Islamic styles of architecture, • identify major phases of architectural development during the period, • understand the traditions of painting prevalent in the Delhi Sultanate, • learn new structural forms and techniques of Mughal architecture, and • describe the main elements of Mughal painting. * Prof. Ravindra Kumar, School of Social Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi 357 Religion and Culture 17.1 INTRODUCTION Art and architecture are true manifestations of the culture of a period as they reflect the ethos and thought of a society. -
Chronicles of Rajputana: the Valour, Sacrifices and Uprightness of Rajputs
Quest Journals Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science Volume 9 ~ Issue 8 (2021)pp: 15-39 ISSN(Online):2321-9467 www.questjournals.org Research Paper Chronicles of Rajputana: the Valour, Sacrifices and uprightness of Rajputs Suman Lakhani ABSTRACT Many famous kings and emperors have ruled over Rajasthan. Rajasthan has seen the grandeur of the Rajputs, the gallantry of the Mughals, and the extravagance of Jat monarchs. None the less history of Rajasthan has been shaped and molded to fit one typical school of thought but it holds deep secrets and amazing stories of splendors of the past wrapped in various shades of mysteries stories. This paper is an attempt to try and unearth the mysteries of the land of princes. KEYWORDS: Rajput, Sesodias,Rajputana, Clans, Rana, Arabs, Akbar, Maratha Received 18 July, 2021; Revised: 01 August, 2021; Accepted 03 August, 2021 © The author(s) 2021. Published with open access at www.questjournals.org Chronicles of Rajputana: The Valour, Sacrifices and uprightness of Rajputs We are at a fork in the road in India that we have traveled for the past 150 years; and if we are to make true divination of the goal, whether on the right hand or the left, where our searching arrows are winged, nothing could be more useful to us than a close study of the character and history of those who have held supreme power over the country before us, - the waifs.(Sarkar: 1960) Only the Rajputs are discussed in this paper, which is based on Miss Gabrielle Festing's "From the Land of the Princes" and Colonel James Tod's "Annals of Rajasthan." Miss Festing's book does for Rajasthan's impassioned national traditions and dynastic records what Charles Kingsley and the Rev. -
Top 200 Questions of History
Top 200 Questions of History Top 200 Questions of History 1. Twenty Point Programme was launched in 1975 by – Indira Gandhi 2. The famous Quit India Resolution was passed on? August 8, 1942 3. Which university can be considered as an epitome of education in the Gupta Dynasty? Nalanda University 4. During the Mughal period, which trader was the first to come to India? Portuguese 5. Akbar’s guardian teacher was – Bairam Khan 6. International boundary between India and Pakistan is demarcated by – Radcliffe Line 7. The Dal Khalsa was founded by? Kapur Singh 8. The Governor-General was given the power to issue ordinances by the act of? Indian Councils Act ,1861 9. The High Commissioner for India in the United Kingdom must be appointed by __________? The Government of India 10. As per Act of 1919 the lower house of the Central Legislature was known as __________? Legislative Assembly 11. Who had become the first Governor-General of India after independence? Lord Mountbatten 12. What was the type of marriage in the Vedic period in which, in place of the dowry, there was a token bride price of a cow and a bull? Arsa Top 200 Questions of History 13. Who was the Greek ambassador in the court of Chandragupta Maurya? Megasthanes 14. Who constructed the 84 thousands Stupa? Ashoka 15. Jahangir (1605–1627 AD) was the ruler of which dynasty? Mughal 16. Who pioneered the guerrilla warfare methods? Shivaji 17. UNESCO Cultural World Heritage site Humayun Tomb’s construction completed in – 1572 AD 18. In Akbar's regime, _____ was the military head. -
Non-Western Art History the Art of India 3
Non-Western Art History The Mughal Empire 1526 - 1707 The Art of India 3 End End 1 Art of India 3 2 Art of India 3 The Mughal Empire Established by Babur, a Muslim from Central Asia, in 1526 with the help of the rulers of Persia (modern Iran) Expanded by his grandson, Akbar (r. 1556-1605), who conquered northern and central India and laid the real foundation for the empire The Mughals, during most of their dominance, were known for strong central government and tolerance of all religions Portrait of Akbar, The Mughals grew very wealthy from trade with Europeans, the by Manohar, Ottoman Empire (Turks) and along the Silk Road 16th century, Hermitage Museum The empire expanded into part of southern India under Aurangzeb (r. 1658-1707), but declined after 1707 Source: The Art of the Mughals, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, The Metropolitan Museum of Art End End 3 Art of India 3 4 Art of India 3 Akbar Hears a Petition, by Manohar, c. 1604, H: 10 inches, India, Freer & Sackler Galleries Akbar Hears a Petition, by Manohar, c. 1604, H: 10 inches, India, Freer & Sackler Galleries End End 5 Art of India 3 6 Art of India 3 1 Basic Beliefs of Islam Monotheistic - a belief in only one God, Allah, who is omnipotent. The overall purpose of humanity is to serve Allah, to worship him alone and to construct a moral lifestyle The Koran or Qu’ran is the holy book of Islam, the written revelation from Allah to the prophet Muhammad in the 6th century. -
Mughal Period: Akbar
MUGHAL PERIOD: AKBAR (1556 -1605 CE) Mughal Shield This magnificent shield belongs to Emperor Akbar. It bears the inscription ‘Buland Ikbal Shahanshah Akbar Year A.H. 1002’. The decorations on the shield run in three circular bands around the sun in the centre .The outer band around the centre has a bold meandering pattern. The next band has representations of the twelve Zodiac signs. The name of each sign is mentioned in the oval panel next to it. This shield is only one of its kind and displayed in Chhatrapati Shivaji Vastu Sanghralaya, Mumbai. Jalal – ud- din Akbar, also known as Akbar ‘The Great’ was the third Mughal emperor after Babur and Humayun. Akbar was 13 years old when he ascended the throne. At that time Delhi was the capital which he later shifted to Fatehpur Sikri. Akbar proclaimed the throne in the midst of a war against Sikander Shah of the Sur dynasty. Akbar was a commander of the stature who built the largest army in the history of the Mughal Empire. The Mughal army resembled a city on the move. TWO FAMOUS BATTLES FOUGHT BY AKBAR 1. Second Battle of Panipat 2. Battle of Haldighati Battle of Panipat During his early reign Akbar fought the battle of Panipat to reclaim his capital when he had been away to subdue the forces of Sher Shah‟s dynasty who were the biggest threats at that time. Akbar defeated Sikander Shah Suri easily but when he was away, Hemu defeated the Mughal forces in Delhi. Akbar‟s army met Hemu‟s forces in Panipat and hence started the second battle of Panipat between Akbar and Hemu. -
Life Story of Maharana Pratap August 2017 Savior of Liberty and Self-Respect
Life Story of Maharana Pratap August 2017 Savior of Liberty and self-respect, ‘Hindua Suraj’ - Maharana Pratap ‘Shesha naag sir sehas paye, dhar rakhi khud aap, Ik bhala ri nok pai, thay dhabi partap!’ – Ram Singh Solanki Meaning: Shesh –the remainder, that which remains when all else cease to exist. Naag - Serpent. Shesha Naag is said to hold the planets of the universe on his hoods. He has to use his thousand hoods to protect and stabilize the unstable earth. But, Oh Pratap! You stabilized and protected the entire motherland, solely on the tip of your spear. Where the Snake God held the Earth on its thousands of heads; there, Oh! Brave Maharana Pratap, you have not only held your land on the tip of your spear but also used the strength of your spears to protect it. Maharana Pratap was the hundred and fourth heir of the great Sun dynasty ‘Suryavansh’. The Kings of erstwhile India were divided into two dynastic categories namely ‘Suryavanshi’ and ‘Chandravanshi’ based on the Sun and Moon Gods respectively. Mythological texts and manuscripts also refer to these two dynasties in which the ‘Suryavanshi’ Kings hold greater significance. This ‘Suryavansh’ dynasty was later known as ‘Rughavansh’ dynasty tracing its ancestry to ‘Surya’ the Sun God. The incarnation of Lord Rama, destroyer of the malevolent demon Ravana also occurred in the ‘Suryavanshi’ dynasty and it is believed that the Kingdom of Mewar originated from Luv, the elder son of Rama. This dynastic tradition continued with the birth of the popular King Guhaditya/Guhil in 568 CE and the dynasty was thus referred to as ‘Guhilvansh’/’Guhilot’ with ‘Rawal’ as its title. -
Battle of Haldighati
Battle of Haldighati March 13, 2021 In News: The Battle of Haldighati was a battle fought on 18 June 1576 between Maharana Pratap and the Mughal emperor Akbar’s forces. W Background of Battle of Haldighati In 1572, the first emissary sent was Jalal Khan Qurchi.He failed to convince Pratap to accept the overlordship of the Mughals and returned disappointed. In 1573, Raja Man Singh of Amer was sent by Akbar, he also failed to convince. In Oct. 1573, Akbar made another attempt and dispatched Raja Bhagwant Das, the Kachhwaha chief. Bhagwant Das was more successful than his predecessors Pratap agreed to send his son Amar Singh(Umra) to Mughal court. But Pratap did not agree to personal presence at the mughal court, which was deemed unsatisfactory by Akbar. A final emissary, Todar Mal, was also sent to Mewar but returned without any favourable outcome. Battle of Haldighati Akbar deputed Raja Man Singh against Maharana Pratap, who had set up the capital at Kumbhalgarh from Gogunda. Raja Man Singh setup his base at Mandalgarh. On 18th of June 1576, battle commenced at Haldighati, around 23 kms north of Gogunda. Rana Pratap was assisted by Hakim Khan Sur of Suri dynasty, Bhim Singh of Dodia, Ramdas Rathor (son of Jaimal, who defended Chittor), Bida Mana and his clansmen of Jhala. However, the forces of Rana Mewar were outnumbered against the imperial mughal forces and the Mughal forces defeated Rana Pratap in the battle of Haldighati. Rana Pratap however, escaped from the battle field and took shelter at Koliyari a hilly town in the west of Gogunda (southern Mewar). -
Riding Through Change History, Horses, and the Restructuring of Tradition in Rajasthan
Riding Through Change History, Horses, and the Restructuring of Tradition in Rajasthan By Elizabeth Thelen Senior Thesis Comparative History of Ideas University of Washington Seattle, Washington June 2006 Advisor: Dr. Kathleen Noble CONTENTS Page Introduction……………………………………………………………………… 1 Notes on Interpretation and Method History…………………………………………………………………………… 7 Horses in South Asia Rise of the Rajputs Delhi Sultanate (1192-1398 CE) Development of Rajput States The Mughal Empire (1526-1707 CE) Decline of the Mughal Empire British Paramountcy Independence (1947-1948 CE) Post-Independence to Modern Times Sources of Tradition……………………………………………………………… 33 Horses in Art Technical Documents Folk Sayings and Stories Col. James Tod Rana Pratap and Cetak Building a Tradition……………………………………………………………… 49 Economics Tourism and Tradition Publicizing Tradition Breeding a Tradition…………………………………………………………….. 58 The Marwari Horse “It's in my blood.” Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….. 67 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………… 70 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. District Map of Rajasthan…………………………………………………… 2 2. Province Map of India………………………………………………………. 2 3. Bone Structure in Marwari, Akhal-Teke and Arab Horses…………………. 9 4. Rajput horse paintings……………………………………………................. 36 5. Shalihotra manuscript pages……………………………………………….... 37 6. Representations of Cetak……………………………………………………. 48 7. Maharaj Narendra Singh of Mewar performing ashvapuja…………………. 54 8. Marwari Horses……………………………………………………………… 59 1 Introduction The academic discipline of history follows strict codes of acceptable evidence and interpretation in its search to understand and explain the past. Yet, what this discipline frequently neglects is an examination of how history informs tradition. Local knowledge of history, while it may contradict available historical evidence, is an important indicator of the social, economic, and political pressures a group is experiencing. History investigates processes over time, while tradition is decidedly anachronistic in its function and conceptualization. -
The Battle of Haldighati
GAUTAM SINGH UPSC STUDY MATERIAL – INDIAN HISTORY 0 7830294949 UNIT 94 – UPSC - The Battle of Haldighati India's History : Medieval India : The Battle of Haldighati - 1576 Haldighati The battle of Haldighati has gone down in the annals of Indian history as one which showcased the great valour of the Rajput troops led by their scion Rana Pratap. The result was indecisive, but the battle was truly symbolic of the raw courage, spirit of sacrifice, and loyalty of the Rajputs in their heroic defence of their motherland. Location Haldighati, is a small village in the Aravalli Hills about 44 km north of Udaipur and about 1,839 m. above sea level. Beyond this is Haldighati Pass, a narrow defile almost a kilometre in length, running south to northeast and finally ending in a broad plain. An interesting geographical feature of the pass is its soft yellow soil, which when crumbled resembles the turmeric (haldi), which gives the place its name. It was here that the famous Battle of Haldighati was fought on June 18, 1576 between Maharana PRATAP SINGH of Mewar and the Imperial army of Emperor Akbar of Delhi. The Moghul and the Rajput Haldighati, Battle of (June 18, 1576), a four-hour confrontation between the Imperial forces of Mughal Emperor AKBAR and Maharana PRATAP SINGH I (1572-1597) of Mewar. Despite it being an indecisive battle - an inglorious success of sorts for the Mughals and "a glorious defeat" for Mewar - it has entered the annals as one of the kingdom's most memorable episodes. By the mid 1500s, in his bid to rule all of India, Emperor Akbar had forced all Rajput kingdoms, except Mewar, to become part of his empire. -
The Mughal Empire) (Part – II)
Class – 7 Subject – History & Civics Chapter – 5 (The Mughal Empire) (Part – II) Shah Jahan (1628-1658 AD) The reign of Shah Jahan marks the climax of the Mughal empire. Conquests The Deccan states of Ahmednagar, Bijapur and Golconda had been a source of constant trouble for the Mughals. After annexing Ahmednagar in 1632, the Emperor ordered the states of Bijapur and Golconda to submit to the Mughal authority. The Emperor himself marched to Deccan to seek compliance of his orders. The rulers of Golconda acknowledged the Mughal authority in 1636, but Bijapur submitted only after military action. In the North-West, he was also able to recover Kandahar in 1630, but could not retain it for a long. Cultural Accomplishment Shah Jahan is famous in history for his cultural achievements, especially in the field of architecture. He modeled his court after the style of the old Persian monarchs. The exquisite takht-e-taus, (the peacock shaped throne) and the celebrated diamond Kohinoor added to the magnificence of his court. The famous Taj Mahal at Agra, the Red Fort and Jama Masjid of Delhi are some of the finest specimens of Mughal architecture of his time. War of Succession Shah Jahan fell seriously ill in 1657. Although he had executed his will and nominated his eldest son Dara as his successor, Shah Jahan’s other three sons decided to contest for the throne. A war of succession began among the four brothers – Dara (the heir designate) who was also governor of Punjab and Delhi, Shuja (governor of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa), Aurangzeb (governor of Deccan provinces) and Murad (governor of Gujarat and Multan). -
Agrasain Boys' School
P a g e | 1 AGRASAIN BOYS’ SCHOOL Affiliated to the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, New Delhi 21/A, AGRASAIN STREET, LILUAH, HOWRAH – 711 204 ANNUAL EXAMINATION - 2020 -21 Time: 2 hrs. Class: VII HISTORY (12-03-2021) F.M.: 80 PART I I. FILL IN THE BLANKS: - (10x1) =10 i. Sher Shah Suri introduced a silver coin called _______. ii. ______ was the de-facto ruler of the Mughal Empire during the reign of Jahangir. iii. Aurangzeb reintroduced the _____ tax. iv. Akbar defeated ______ in the Battle of Haldighati. v. On being evicted by Sher Shah, Humayun sought refuge in ______. vi. In the centre of the Diwan-i-aam was the stunning _____. vii. The new city built by Shah Jahan was ______. viii. Aurangzeb executed _____, son and successor of Shivaji. ix. The _____ was the supreme head of the Mughal administration. x. ______ was Akbar’s regent during his early years. II. WRITE TRUE OR FALSE:- (6x1)=6 i. Raja Todar Mal was the revenue minister of Akbar. ii. Aurangzeb had friendly relation with the Rajputs and the Marathas. iii. Akbar built Ibadat Khana at Fatehpur Sikri. iv. Aurangzeb died in 1707 in the Red fort at Delhi. v. The Mir bakshi was the head of the military department. vi. Sher Shah was defeated by Humayun in the battle of Kannauj. III. NAME THE FOLLOWING:- (5x2)=10 i. The title bestowed upon Mehrunnisa by Jahangir. ii. The meaning of Sul-i-Kul. iii. The book written by Abul Fazl. iv. The Mughal Emperor who ordered the establishment of a translation department. -
India and the World: Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai New Arcs of Knowledge
Transregional Academy November 24–30, 2019 India and the World: Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai New Arcs of Knowledge Program and Abstracts Impressum Claudia Pfitzner, MA (Art Histories and Aesthetic Practices ), Jule Ulbricht, BA (Art Histories and Aes- thetic Practices), Vrinda Agrawal, MA (Tagore National Scholar, Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh) Corporate Design: Plural | Severin Wucher, Berlin Image: Shakuntala Kulkarni, Photo Performance, B/6 Saraswat Co-Op Building, Gamdevi, 2010-12. (c) Shakuntala Kulkarni and Chemould Prescott Road, photograph by Shivani Gupta © 2019 Forum Transregionale Studien India and the World: New Arcs of Knowledge Transregional Academy November 24–30, 2019 Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai Venues Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya 159-161, Mahatma Gandhi Road, Kala Ghoda, Fort, Mumbai 400023, Maharashtra, India [email protected] Jadunath Bhavan Museum and Resource Center/ Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta 10 Lake Terrace Kolkata 700029, West Bengal, India [email protected] Dakshina Chitra Museum East Coast Road Muttukadu, Chennai Chengalpet District 600118, Tamil Nadu, India [email protected] Contact Prof. Dr. Nachiket Chanchani Associate Professor of South Asian Art and Visual Culture, Departments of the History of Art and Asian Languages and Cultures University of Michigan 855 S. University Avenue, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Hannah Baader Academic Program Director Art Histories and Aesthetic Practices Forum Transregionale Studien Wallotstr. 14, 14193