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REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE UNIVERSITE D’ORAN FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE LA NATURE ET DE LA VIE DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIOLOGIE VEGETALE MEMOIRE DE MAGISTER Spécialité : Physiologie Végétale Option : Physiologie Des Stress Chez Les Plantes Thème Abelmoschus Réponse hormonale des graines du gombo ( esculentus . L) sous stress salin Présenté par: Melle YAKOUBI Fatima Devant le jury: Soutenue le 09 Octobre 2014 BENNACEUR Malika Pr Présidente Université d'Oran TSAKI Hassini MCA Examinateur Université d’Oran CHAFI Mohamed El Habib MCA Examinateur Université d'Oran BELKHODJA Moulay Pr Rapporteur Université d'Oran Année universitaire : 2013 – 2014 Résumé La salinité est l’une des principales contraintes environnementales limitant la production agricole, en effet son action néfaste peut se manifester à tous les stades de développement de la plante notamment la germination. De ce fait, l'apport exogène de certaines phytohormones pourrait améliorer la germination des graines lorsqu'elles sont soumises au stress salin. Cette étude a pour objectif d’évaluer l’action de l’acide gibbérellique (GA3) et de l’acide abscissique (ABA) sur le processus de la germination des graines du gombo (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) soumises à une contrainte saline. Dans ce cadre, les graines sont mises à germer dans des solutions de NaCl à 100 mM.l -1, de GA3 et d’ABA à des concentrations de 5 µM.l -1 et 10 µM.l -1, des combinaisons NaCl/ GA3, NaCl/ABA, ABA/GA3 sont aussi testées pour déceler des solutions à notre attente. Le tout est entreposé dans une étuve à 28°C pendant une période de 7 jours. Dans une première étape, la germination du gombo est suivie à travers la précocité de la germination, la cinétique, la vitesse et le taux final de la germination; dans la seconde étape, nous apprécions la réponse des plantules en mesurant la longueur de la radicule, les poids frais et sec, ensuite la teneur en eau. Les résultats montrent que le NaCl réduit significativement la précocité et la vitesse de la germination des graines du gombo sans pour autant influencer son taux final, par contre le chlorure de sodium agit de façon négative sur la croissance radiculaire, le poids frais et la teneur en eau des plantules du gombo. L’application du traitement au GA3 a atténué l’effet retardateur du NaCl sur la germination des graines du gombo, de plus le GA3 a agit de façon positive sur la longueur radiculaire, le poids frais et la teneur en eau des plantules du gombo. L’apport hormonal à l’ABA n’a pas pu être efficace dans l’induction de la tolérance à la salinité, ainsi le GA3 apporté à la solution d’ABA a contrecarré l’effet dépressif de l’ABA sur la germination des graines du gombo. Mots clés : Abelmoschus esculentus L., acide abscissique (ABA), acide gibbérellique (GA3), germination, NaCl, phytohormones, salinité. Abstract Salinity is one of the principal environmental constraints limiting the agricultural production; however its harmful action can be appearing at all stages of plant development in particular germination. Therefore the exogenous application of some phytohormons might improve germination of seeds when they are subjected to salt stress. This study aims to evaluate the action of the gibberellic acid (GA3) and the abscissic acid (ABA) on germination process of okra seeds ( Abelmoschus esculentus L.) stressed with salt. In this context, the seeds were germinated in NaCl solutions at 100 mM.l -1, GA3 and ABA at concentrations of 5 µM.l -1 and 10 µM.l -1; NaCl/GA3, NaCl/ABA, ABA/GA3 combinations were also tested to identify solutions apt to our expectation. The whole tested seeds were put in a drying oven at 28°C for a period of 7 days. In first step, the seed’s germination was followed through precocity, kinetic, speed and final rate of germination; in second step, we appreciated the response of seedlings to different treatments by measuring the length of the radicle, fresh and dry weights, and then the water content. The results show that NaCl reduced precocity and speed of germination without influencing its final rate; on the other hand the sodium chloride acted in a negative way on the radical growth, the fresh weight and the water content of the seedlings. The application of GA3 treatment mitigated the retarding effect of the NaCl on the seeds germination; moreover the GA3 acted in a positive way on the radical length, the fresh weight and the water content of the seedlings. Hormonal input of ABA wasn’t effective to induce the salinity tolerance, thus the GA3 added to ABA solution counteracted the depressive effect of ABA alone on germination. Key words : Abelmoschus esculentus L., Abscisic acid (ABA), germination, gibberellic acid (GA3), NaCl, phytohormons, salinity. ا-,(" ھ إ(ى ا'&$ت ا$#" ا ! ا ج ارا، و ا ارة أن ث /. !ا(0 , ا1$ت 4 ذ2 ا ش . و4 إ:" 4'9 ا!,ت ا1$" ا8ر/" 7 6 إش ا$;ور 1! 'ض =/د ا- . ف ھ;ه اراB" إA &@ 0 (9 ا?GA3) 2-$) و(9 اA- (ABA) 2664E -" إش 4;ور ا$!" (.F (Abelmoschus esculentus L !0 ا-,(" . ھ;ا ا6ق، و:'F ا$;ور F$1 ا0 ا" : J-,ر اI,د,م (J4 (NaCl 100 !- !,ل ، ھ!,ن اJ4 GA3 ,1 5 و 10 !و !,ل و(9 اJ4 (ABA) 2664E 5 و 10 !و !,ل ، ا0 اGA3/ABA ، GA3/NaCl ، ABA/NaCl "$J اF-'B أ ?د ا-,ل ,7'1 . و:. ا0 ن F 28 در/" !#," ة 7 أم . LM,ة أوA، $. إ$ت ا$!" ! NMل ا$ ا ش، (J" ا ش، وا6" وا'ل اO1 =ش؛ اL8,ة اQ"، &ر اB?4" اNRت 4&س ط,ل ا ?;، اEوزان ا?" واLز/"، @ !,ى اء . F14 اWO1 أن J-,ر اI,د,م أدى إM A ا ش و اX8ض B" إش 4;ور ا$!" دون أن A- Y !' اJ ، O1-,ر اI,د,م أ A- $-B , ا ?;، ا,زن اLزج و !,ى اء NZت ا$!" . ,ا/ ھ!,ن اXM GA3 ,1] ! اE اMY -,ر اI,د,م -A إش 4;ور ا$!"، 4 :" إA أن GA3 أ 0R4 إ?A- 4 , ا?;، ا,زن اLزج و!,ى اء NZت ا$!" . L$\ ا'Nج B4'ل ا!,ن ABA @ ' 6 أ ا-,(" و4 ا'Nج GA3/ABA أظ دور ھ!,ن اGA3 ,1 اIي - اA- ABA 0 $-6 إش 4;ور ا$!" . ات ا : ا-,("، ا ش، ا!,ت اJ ،"$1-,ر اI,د,م، Abelmoschus esculentus L، (9 اABA ) 2664E)، ھ!,ن اGA3 ) ,1)، . Remerci ement Merci au Bon Dieu de m’avoir donné le courage, la volonté ainsi que la conscience pour que je puisse terminer mes études et réaliser cette thèse. Le présent travail est réalisé au laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale. Université d’Oran. J’adresse mes plus vifs remerciements aux membres du jury qui ont accepté d’évaluer ce modeste travail. Sincère remerciements à mon encadreur M. BELKHODJA Moulay . Professeur à l’université d’Oran pour ses précieux conseils, sa grande disponibilité et ses judicieuses orientations. Qu’il trouve ici ma profonde reconnaissance et mon immense respect. Je tiens à remercier Mme BENNACE UR Malika. Professeur à l’université d’Oran d’avoir accepté de présider le jury qu’elle trouve dans ces quelques mots l’expression de ma sincère gratitude. Merci à M. TSAKI Hassini et M.CHA FI Moha med El Habib , MCA à l’université d’Oran qui m'ont fait l'honneur d'avoir accepté d’examiner ce modeste travail. Je tiens à vous exprimer mes sincères reconnaissances. Sincère remerciements à Melle ACHOUR , Mme BIDAI , Melle BABOU et Mme BELALJ avec lesquelles j’ai eu le plaisir de travailler, de débattre et d’échanger sur la science. Un grand merci à tous les chercheurs du laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale qui ont pu m’aider de près ou de loin afin d’accomplir ce travail. Dédicace Louange à Dieu tout puissant, pour sa miséricorde. C’est lui qui nous a créé, c’est lui qui nous a donné le savoir, c’est grâce à lui que le fruit de mon travail est entre vos mains et je le dédie à : • La plus merveilleuse de toutes les femmes au monde, celle qui m’a transmis sa générosité, celle qui m’a appris à pardonner, à aimer et à donner le meilleur de moi ; MAMAN • Mon père qui m’a soutenu durant toutes mes années d’études et qui m’a appris à compter sur moi-même, qu’il me soit permis aujourd’hui de t’assurer mon profond amour et ma grande reconnaissance ;Papa, laisse-moi te témoigner ma profonde gratitude à travers ce modeste travail. • A la mémoire de mon grand père YAKOUBI Lakhdar. • A ma grand-mère Dehiba. • A mes sœurs adorées : Fatiha, Meryem, Aicha et Kaouter, je vous souhaite une vie pleine de bonheur et de réussite. • A mes adorables frères : Moussa et Mohamed, que Dieu vous bénisse et comble votre vie de bonheur et de réussite. • A mes oncles et tantes. • A mes chères amies : Dalila, Khadidja, Fatima, Raja, Sihem, Sarra, Ahlem, Soumaya. • A tous les membres du laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale. • A tous mes professeurs qui m’ont transmis le savoir, la curiosité et la persévérance. LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS NaCl : Chlorure de Sodium ABA : Acide abscissique GA3 : L’acide gibbérellique GAs : Les gibbérellines % : pourcentage µM.l -1 : micro mole par litre mM.l -1 : Milli mole par litre g.l -1 : gramme par litre cm : centimètre mm : millimètre °C : Degré Celsius FAO : Food and Agriculture Organization Cv : Coefficient de vélocité Tm : Temps moyen de germination PF : Poids Frais PS : Poids Sec TME : Teneur Moyenne en Eau V/V : Volume par Volume Fig : Figure SPSS : Statistical Package of Social Science APG II : Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II LISTE DES FIGURES Fig.1 - Influence des conditions environnementales sur le développement, la dormance et la germination de la graine………………………………………………………………8 Fig.2 - l’acide gibbérellique (GA3)……………………………….……………………….9 Fig.3 - l'acide abscissique (ABA)…………………………………..……………………..11 Fig.4 - Répartition géographique des espèces du genre Abelmoschus ……………………18 Fig.5 - Le gombo : a- graines, b- plante en fleur, c- fruit…………………………………19 Fig.6 - Production du gombo dans le monde………………………………………..…….22 Fig.7 - a : Disposition des graines en boîte de Pétri ; b : photo indiquant
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    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UME films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter 6ce, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard m ar^s, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zed) Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES GARDENS AND LANDSCAPES Volume I DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by Denise Wiles Adams, B.S.
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