Vertebrate and Vascular Plant Inventories

Home , Agave decipiens, Alabama waterdog, Aluterus heudelotii, Antennarius, Anthaenantia, Aristida stricta

National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Natural Resource Program Center

A Summary of Biological Inventory Data Collected at Gulf Islands National Seashore Vertebrate and Vascular Plant Inventories

Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/GULN/NRTR—2010/398

Gulf Islands National Seashore

Rana sphenocephala at GUIS

Trachemys scripta elegans at GUIS

Coluber constrictor priapus at GUIS

ON THE COVER Gulf Islands National Seashore is a park rich in natural resources. There are sparkling blue waters, magnificent snowy-white beaches, fertile coastal marshes, and beautiful winding nature trails. Gulf Islands National Seashore includes barrier islands located immediately south of the Gulf Coastal shoreline.NPS photos.

A Summary of Biological Inventory Data Collected at Gulf Islands National Seashore Vertebrate and Vascular Plant Inventories

Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/GULN/NRTR—2010/398

Gulf Coast Network National Park Service 646 Cajundome Blvd. Room 175 Lafayette, LA 70506

November 2010

U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public.

The Natural Resource Data Series is intended for the timely release of basic data sets and data summaries. Care has been taken to assure accuracy of raw data values, but a thorough analysis and interpretation of the data has not been completed. Consequently, the initial analyses of data in this report are provisional and subject to change.

All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner.

Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government.

This report is available from the Gulf Coast Network Inventory and Monitoring Program website: http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/guln/networkhome/reports.cfm and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/NRPM).

Please cite this publication as:

Gulf Coast Network 2010. A summary of biological inventories conducted at Gulf Islands National Seashore: Vertebrate, and vascular plant inventories. Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/GULN/NRTR—2010/398. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado.

NPS 635/106082, November 2010

Contents Page

Contents ...... iii

Tables ...... iv

Introduction ...... 1

Methods...... 1

Results and Discussion ...... 2

Discussion ...... 23

Monitoring ...... 23

Management ...... 23

Literature Cited ...... 24

NPSpecies https://science1.nature.nps.gov/npspecies/web/main/start Feb 4, 2009 ...... 24

Appendix A. NPSpecies Data Dictionary ...... 25

iii

Tables Page

Table 1. Count of organisms by Park Status categories at GUIS (NPSpecies 2009)...... 2

Table 2. Count of organisms by Abundance categories at GUIS (NPSpecies 2009)...... 3

Table 3. Count of organisms by Residency categories at GUIS (NPSpecies 2009)...... 3

Table 4. Count of organisms by Nativity categories at GUIS (NPSpecies 2009)...... 3

Table 5. Non-native plants occurring at Gulf Islands National Seashore with an Invasive Species Impact Rank (I-Rank). NatureServe 2009...... 5

Table 6a. Organisms on the park’s local list for Mississippi which possess a designated conservation status (State Status, State Rank, Federal Status or TNC Global Rank)...... 15

Table 6b. Organisms on the park’s local list for Florida which possess a designated conservation status (State Status, State Rank, Federal Status or TNC Global Rank)...... 18

Introduction

Park managers are directed by federal law and National Park Service (NPS) policies to know the status and trends in A natural resource inventory the condition of natural resources under their stewardship in is an extensive point-in-time order to fulfill the NPS mission of conserving parks effort to document the unimpaired. The National Park Service established the presence, location or condition Inventory and Monitoring Program (I&M) in 1992 to of a resource, including the provide funding, technical assistance, and coordination for status of plants, animals, and more than 270 parks to complete 12 basic natural resource abiotic components such as inventories and to begin monitoring the status and trend of water, soils, landforms, and park natural resources. As part of this effort, the I&M climate. Monitoring differs Program’s Gulf Coast Network (GULN) completed several from an inventory in adding inventories of the vertebrate species and vascular plants at the dimension of time, with the Gulf Islands National Seashore (GUIS). These efforts general purpose of detecting included cataloging all existing data, followed up by changes or trends in a resource additional field investigations. The primary purpose of these over time. inventories was to document the presence of resources in parks, and to assess and document the current condition and knowledge of natural resources in the parks. This report provides a summary of results. Results are also briefly discussed within the context of future inventory efforts, long-term monitoring, and management.

Methods

Prior to the initiation of any field investigation, an effort was made to assemble extant data on species occurrence at GUIS. This included searches of reference databases and vouchers, as well as a site visit to the park. Based on these investigations, inventories for several vertebrate and vascular plant groups at GUIS were determined to be incomplete. Consequently, inventories of fish (Bennett and Wilborn 2006), amphibians and reptiles (Mohrman and Qualls 2008), and vascular plants (Urbatsch 2009) were conducted on the park. The bird and mammal lists for the park was determined to be relatively complete, so no new inventories were conducted, but the species lists are summarized in this report along with the new inventories.

NPSpecies is the National Park Service's master Recent inventory reports for GUIS are database for documenting the occurrence and available on the GULN website at status of species in more than 270 national park http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/guln/. units containing significant natural resources. Data gathered from the initial reviews at GUIS and recent inventories were organized and entered in NPSpecies. Organism names were linked to the available evidence (reference, observation and/or voucher), quality checked, and made ready for review by individuals with expertise in the various taxa groups. The purpose of these reviews was to assign a park status (e.g., Present in Park, Probably Present, False Report, etc.) and complete a series of checklist fields for each organism (i.e., abundance, residency, nativity and cultivation). Upon completion of this step, data were considered certified and uploaded to a master, online version of NPSpecies on the NPS resource management application website (http://NRInfo.gov). This site

is currently restricted to NPS users and contractors, and records flagged as "sensitive" are not visible to users without edit permissions.

Results and Discussion

Searches for past data and completion of recent inventory efforts resulted in 104 references, 9,733 vouchers, and 2,375 observations being entered into NPSpecies for GUIS. Based on a review of this evidence, 1,681 organisms were categorized as Present in Park or Probably Present (Table 1). An additional 467 organisms were categorized as Unconfirmed or Encroaching. Unconfirmed organisms were included on the park list primarily due to historic and/or weak evidence supporting its existence on the park. Encroaching species includes those organisms known to occur in the region, but that are unlikely to occur on the park, at least presently.

Currently 1,516 of the parks total 2,218 organisms are documented as Present in Park. Additionally, the percentage of total organisms Present in Park is 68%. However, if both categories, Present in Park and Probably Present are combined, then the number of documented organisms rises to 1,681. The percentage of Present in Park and Probably Present of total organisms is 76%. Thus, based on current data, the percentage of documented organisms occurring in GUIS is likely between 68 and 76%. The I&M goal was to document as many organisms occurring in the park as possible, be them previously unidentified, encroaching, possibly present, or Present in Park.

Table 1. Count of organisms by Park Status categories at GUIS (NPSpecies 2009). Park Status1 Bird Fish Mammal Amphibian Reptile Vascular Plant Total Present in Park 314 287 41 22 57 795 1516 Probably Present 1 121 2 - 2 39 165 Encroaching ------0 Unconfirmed 5 153 38 21 27 223 467 Historical - 1 1 3 4 3 12 False Report - 18 1 3 1 35 58 1 Refer to Appendix A for definitions of Park Status categories.

Of the 2,218 organisms documented, reviewers assigned a general abundance category (e.g. Abundant, Common, Uncommon, Rare, and Occasional) to 1,455 (66%) (Table 2). Reviewers believed additional information was needed before an abundance category could be assigned to the remaining 763 (34%) organisms (e.g. Unknown, Not Accounted for).

Table 2. Count of organisms by Abundance categories at GUIS (NPSpecies 2009). Abundance Category1 Bird Fish Mammal Amphibian Reptile Vascular Plant Total Abundant 24 29 3 9 7 27 99 Common 88 123 14 6 9 111 351 Uncommon 77 67 11 4 11 236 406 Rare 62 14 8 - 7 421 512 Occasional 63 17 5 1 1 - 29 Unknown - 37 - 2 22 - 61 Not Accounted for 6 293 42 27 34 300 702 1 Refer to Appendix A for definitions of Abundance categories.

Residency values (e.g. Breeder, Resident, Migrant, and Vagrant) were assigned for 636 organisms with the exception of 1582organisms that were categorized as unknown or not accounted for (8 birds, 328 fish, 42 mammals, 31 amphibians, 78 reptiles). Unknown and Not Accounted for residency values were assigned primarily because it was unclear as to whether or not the organism bred on the park. Also, residency was not established for the 1,095 vascular plants because residency values do not apply to vascular plants.

Table 3. Count of organisms by Residency categories at GUIS (NPSpecies 2009). Residency Category1 Bird Fish Mammal Amphibian Reptile Vascular Plant Total Breeder 91 234 31 17 12 - 385 Resident 86 4 2 - 1 - 93 Migratory 80 10 3 - - - 93 Vagrant 55 4 5 1 - - 65 Unknown 2 35 - 4 44 - 85 Not Accounted for 6 293 42 27 34 1095 1497 1 Refer to Appendix A for definitions of Residency categories.

GUIS’s local list includes 144 non-native organisms (i.e., 6 % of total). Of the 144 non-native organisms, there are 3 birds, 2 fish, 1 amphibian, 1reptile, 5mammals and the remaining 127 are vascular plants. In addition 148 fish, 39 mammals, 1 amphibian, 3 reptiles, and 2 vascular plants were assigned a nativity of unknown due to park status of unconfirmed and false reports.

Table 4. Count of organisms by Nativity categories at GUIS (NPSpecies 2009). Nativity Category1 Bird Fish Mammal Amphibian Reptile Vascular Plant Total Native 317 430 34 47 87 966 1881 Non-Native 3 2 10 1 1 127 144 Unknown - 148 39 1 3 2 193 Not Accounted for ------1 Refer to Appendix A for definitions of Nativity categories.

NatureServe, in cooperation with The Nature Conservancy and NPS, developed a protocol to rank the impact of non-native invasive vascular plants (Morse et al. 2004). Through a series of standardized questions, non-native species are evaluated and assigned an Invasive Species Impact Rank (I-Rank) based on impact to native species and natural biodiversity. I-Ranks are categorized as high, high/medium, height/low, medium, medium/low, medium/insignificant, low, low/insignificant, or insignificant. Fourteen of the non-native vascular plants on GUIS’s local list

received an overall I-Rank score from NatureServe containing high (Table 5). All are known to occur in the park (i.e., Present in Park).

Table 5. Non-native plants occurring at Gulf Islands National Seashore with an Invasive Species Impact Rank (I-Rank). NatureServe 2009. Common Management Names Species Overall I-Rank Ecological Impact1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary A pest even in its native range, Imperata cylindrica alters ecosystem processes, community structure, and community composition.Creaing a dense tall grass layer and thatch, it alters natural fire regimes to more severe fires and can drastically reduce native plant species diversity, especially in communities characterized by short, diverse herbaceous layers. It may also displace native species via allelopathy. It can destroy habitat for gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) and indigo snakes (Drymarchon corais couperi). I. cylindrica threatens a number of rare communities, such as sand hills and longleaf pine- wiregrass savannas. Reproduces vegetatively and by small wind-born alang-alang, blady seed, and rapidly resprouts from even small pieces of cut rhizome. grass, cogon grass, Control methods combine cutting and herbicide treatments that have cogongrass, kunai, Imperata high impact on non-target species. Requires many years of paillotte, santintail cylindrica High High High management to achieve control. Aggressive weed tree of the southeastern U.S. and also spreading in California. Capable of transforming important natural communities ranging from coastal prairies, marshes, and bottomland forests, into monospecific Chinese tallow forests. Alters soil chemistry such that the tallow tree Triadica sebifera High High High/Medium species may be self-perpetuating once established common water hyacinth, common water-hyacinth, floating water hyacinth, floating water hyacinth, jacinthe d'eau, Water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes, is considered by many to be the jacinto de agua, Eichhornia "world's worst weed," even though it's range does not spread water hyacinth crassipes High High/Medium High throughout the U.S.

Common Management Names Species Overall I-Rank Ecological Impact1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary Hypochaeris radicata is widespread across the U.S. It occurs mainly on disturbed sites. However, it has invaded several montane and subalpine communities in Hawaii and is favored by feral pigs there, which dig up large areas searching for the roots. In California, it is widespread in coastal grasslands and wetlands and has been observed to replace native plants. Apparently most impacts to biodiversity are in Hawaii and California but more information is needed. Hypochaeris radicata strongly competes with native species common cat's-ear, and forms extensive colonies that shade out native grasses and forbs, false dandelion, and prevent the establishment of shrubs and trees. Hypochaeris frogbit, gosmore, radicata has aggressive reproductive characteristics including hairy cat's ear, producing over 2000 achenes per plant, and regenerating rapidly from hairy catsear, Hypochaeris the crown of the taproot after fire. More information about its spotted catsear radicata High/Low High/Low Unknown management difficulty is needed. Lolium pratense occurs in every U.S. state except Hawaii. It is a tall coarse perennial grass that grows in heavy clumps and often forms dense stands that may crowd out native species. It produces allelopathic substances that inhibit the growth of competing plants. Lolium pratense is planted for pasture, hay, and erosion control. It has established in abandoned fields, meadows, pastures, roadsides, grazed woods, levees, stream banks, and in open natural communities such as prairies and glades. Apparently it usually occurs in disturbed areas and has negative impacts on biodiversity in a small portion of the area it has invaded but more information is needed. Lolium pratense is slow to establish but once the clumps are formed it is difficult to eradicate. Mechanical methods are virtually useless in controlling it Meadow Fescue Lolium pratensis High/Low Medium/Low High/Low because of the thick root system and vegetative reprouting. mimosa, mimosa tree, powderpuff Often a plant of human-disturbed areas (roadsides, etc.), but also tree, silk tree, affects naturally scoured riparian areas and forest edges. It is having silktree Albizia julibrissin High/Low High/Low Medium/Low some serious impacts on biodiversity in parts of the southeastern U.S.

Common Management Names Species Overall I-Rank Ecological Impact1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary Plantago lanceolata is very widespread. It occurs in every U.S. state and the District of Columbia. It occurs on all of the main Hawaiian islands except Hihau and Kahoolawe. Plantago lanceolata commonly occurs in disturbed areas such as roadsides, waste places, and pastures as well as in manicured areas such as lawns, gardens, and cultivated fields. However, it can also invade native grasslands. In the San Francisco area of California, it occurs in coastal grasslands and is outcompeting native species including at least one plant species of conservation significance. It may also impact biodiversity in Hawaii in buckhorn plantain, subalpine shrubland and mesic forest communities. Plantago English plantain, lanceolata rapidly colonizes open areas and forms dense swards that lanceleaf crowd out native vegetation and prevent the establishment of native Indianwheat, species. It has seeds that may remain viable in the soil for 10 years. It lanceleaf plantain, is not known to invade intact vegetation but more information is narrowleaf plantain, Plantago needed. More information is also needed about its negative impacts ribgrass, ribwort lanceolata High/Low High/Low High/Low across the region and its trends. Nandina domestica, or Heavenly Bamboo, is a common garden ornamental that is escaping from cultivation in the southeastern United States and invading natural areas. This species has invaded states along the Atlantic coast from Virginia south to Florida and west to Texas. It has invaded natural areas in Florida, Alabama, Georgia and Texas. This small shrub is reported to be forming dense groves in some parts of Florida where it is displacing native vegetation including two rare native species. It does appear to be spreading at least locally in Florida and Texas. N. domestica produces many bright red berries that are attractive to birds that disperse the seeds. Overall, this species appears to be quite problematic in Florida, however, throughout much heavenly bamboo, of its generalized range it doesn't appear as aggressive. It should nanten, sacred Nandina certainly be watched given that it occurs in both wet and drier habitats, bamboo domestica High/Low High/Medium Unknown including floodplains and woodlands.

Common Management Names Species Overall I-Rank Ecological Impact1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary Panicum repens has long rhizomes and forms dense monocultures that displace native species. It is particularly problematic in and near wetlands along the gulf coast. Habitats it invades include coastal beaches, the shores of lakes and ponds, grassland, riparian habitats, wetland margins, shallow water bodies, marshes, coastal swales, and wet disturbed sites. It is also a problem in non-natural areas such as golf courses, citrus groves, sugarcane fields, and irrigation canals. couch panicum, Panicum repens spreads vegetatively and even small fragments can creeping panic, establish and quickly form dense stands. Panicum repens is common panic rampant, in Florida and along the gulf coast but rare in other southeastern torpedo grass, states. It is also established on 4 Hawaiian islands. It is apparently not torpedograss, High/ yet naturalized in California. Management of Panicum repens is wainaku grass Panicum repens Medium Medium/Low High/Medium difficult. Repeated herbicide treatment is necessary. Johnson grass has been shown to severely inhibit pioneer grass species which normally appear in abandoned fields and can persist in almost pure stands for many years. The massive size (up to 3 m tall) of this plant creates difficulties for the establishment of other plants and rapid growth of rhizomes also provides the plant with a competitive edge over other species. It is one of the most frequently listed noxious aleppo milletgrass, weeds in the U.S. and occurs throughout the entire southern half of the herbe de Cuba, country. The plant is self-pollinated, aggressive, and wind dispersed Johnson grass, though humans often disperse it during field cultivation. Although it can Johnson grass, colonize undisturbed sites as a pioneer species, it is often found in old sorgho d'Alep, fields or previously cultivated areas. Control is difficult and costly and, sorgo de alepo, Sorghum High/ although some selective herbicides have been developed, such zacate Johnson halepense Medium Medium/Low High/Medium treatment usually impacts natives. Chinese honeysuckle, Lonicera japonica can have extremely negative consequences for Japanese Lonicera High forest communities and forest structure. Few effective control methods honeysuckle japonica /Medium Medium High/Medium known.

Common Management Names Species Overall I-Rank Ecological Impact1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary A climbing fern established in the southeastern United States (mostly on the coastal plain, NC to e. TX, south to FL and north to s. AR) and in Hawaii (big island and Oahu); invades a variety of habitats including mesic upland forests, mesic to wet flat woods, bottomland forests, cypress swamps, hydric hammocks, and riparian communities. Most problematic along the Gulf coast and in Florida. Although generally scattered throughout the landscape, it sometimes occurs in dense infestations where it can form mats that smother native understory vegetation. In some of these dense infestations, mats ascend to the upper vegetation layers to smother tall shrubs and trees, which can eventually result in complete dominance of the habitat. High-climbing fronds can function as fire ladders, conducting fire into the canopy where it can kill native dominants. Spreads by rhizomes and spores; spores dispersed long distances by wind and contamination. Spreading south through Florida. Control can be achieved by pulling vines from the trees and treating them with a foliar herbicide; it is generally considered difficult. In general, Lygodium japonicum is not considered to be as serious of a threat to entire forests as its congener Japanese climbing Lygodium High/ L. microphyllum; however, L. microphyllum currently has a much fern japonicum Medium High/Medium Medium smaller U.S. range, established only in central and southern Florida. Ligustrum sinense alters community structure and composition by creating a dense shrub layer that shades plant species in lower layers. It threatens the globally rare and federally endangered plant Schweintz's sunflower (Helianthus schweinitzii). It is reported as invasive in six Southeastern states, where it can infest pinelands, hammocks, river and stream floodplains, lake shores, edges of swamps and marshes, bottomland forests, and woodlands. L. sinense Chinese privet, produces large quantities of fruit, which are eaten by birds. It may be common chinese Ligustrum High/ controlled in three to five years using a combination of mechanical and privet sinense Medium Medium Low chemical treatments. Impacts of this species largely occur at the native species level except where stands are dense and prevent native forest regeneration. This species spreads/carries disease that kills native red mulberry, itself considered an endangered species in Canada. White mulberry also hybridizes readily with native red mulberry and, with time, could eliminate native genetic strains and come to replace native red mulberry in the United States. It is already distributed throughout most of the United States except the southwest and Alaska but is considered particularly invasive in the northeast and Wisconsin. It is easily spread by birds and mammals and has moderate capability of mulberry, white High/ invading undisturbed areas. Control is not difficult although success mulberry Morus alba Medium Medium/Low Medium/Low over time has not been evaluated.

Common Management Names Species Overall I-Rank Ecological Impact1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary Brassica juncea is a widespread exotic species known from every state in the US, including Hawaii, the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. This species is a crop plant grown as a vegetable or for oil. It is not clear, however, that it has invaded natural habitats or conservation areas. It has escaped to waste places, fields, road sides and other disturbed areas. The Plant Conservation Alliance alien list notes that it occurs in a natural area in Lake Mead National Park, Nevada (2003). The park website does not mention this species on it plant list. This species is a noxious week in Michigan, Oklahoma and Massachusetts, however, there isn't evidence to suggest that this species spreads into conservation areas. No reports to that effect were found. Also, the Michigan Flora says "[It is] much less common than often supposed (or Chinese mustard, misidentified!), perhaps declining as a result of sticter control of India mustard, agricultural seed quality (reducing contaminants) and improved Indian mustard Brassica juncea Insignificant Unknown Unknown cultivation methods. Bromus catharticus is found in waste places, open, generally disturbed rescue brome, places, lawns, gardens, roadsides, ditch banks, and small grain winter rescue grass, crops. Labeled as a plant species that spreads in or near disturbed rescuegras, Bromus areas and are not presently considered a threat to native plant rescuegrass catharticus Insignificant Unknown Unknown communities. Stellaria media is an extremely widespread and common species in the United States and throughout the world. It prefers cooler, more humid climates, tolerating very low temperatures and shade but being notably sensitive to drought. It is found predominantly in open disturbed areas (e.g. lawns, gardens, and agricultural fields, roadsides) and additionally in more grassland-like communities and in (often disturbed) upland forests. This species is a prolific seed producer and can continue reproduction through the winter in many areas of the U.S., allowing it to reach high abundances. However, it is not a strong competitor and does not appear to have significant effects on the composition of natural communities. Additionally, this species appears dependent chickweed, upon continual or periodic soil disturbance and is replaced by perennial common communities when the disturbance ceases. Mechanical management chickweed, nodding Low/ methods are not very effective, but the species can be controlled by chickweed Stellaria media Low Insignificant Medium/Low some commonly-used herbicides. Planted for forage and soil improvement. Mainly found in disturbed areas especially pastures, old fields, roadsides, and waste areas. Fixes nitrogen and is highly competitive on infertile sites but is usually common overgrown by other pioneers in a few years. It can thrive in some lespedeza, Kummerowia Medium/ prairies and open woodlands. Scattered throughout most of the Japanese clover striata Low Low Insignificant eastern U.S. but apparently having low impacts in most areas.

Common Management Names Species Overall I-Rank Ecological Impact1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary Nerium oleander is widely recognized for its extremely poisonous qualities. Therefore it is often considered a 'bad' plant. There is also some anecdotal evidence on gardening forums that the "red" and "white" oleanders are very invasive. Given the over 400 cultivars of N. oleander, it is not surprising that a range of seed viability and establishment within gardens exists. Despite these two characteristics, it is virtually unknown from natural areas, colonizing primarily along stream banks and riparian corridors. There is no recommended oleander Nerium oleander Low/Insignificant Low/Insignificant High/Low method for removal at this time. Alternanthera philoxeroides can alter ecosystem processes such as water flow, levels of dissolved oxygen, and rates of sedimentation. It severely impacts community structure and composition, creating a new dense layer that outcompetes other species for light. A. philoxeroides invades a wide variety of aquatic communities and some adjacent terrestrial habitats. Its reproductive strategies and dispersal by water alligator weed, currents and human activities also contribute to its overall invasiveness alligator weed, pig Alternanthera rank. Management using herbicide treatments require more than five weed philoxeroides Medium High/Medium Medium years to achieve control. Lolium perenne occurs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. It is used as a lawn and pasture grass. Lolium perenne often escapes on roadsides and in disturbed areas. It also invades grasslands, meadows, and vernal pools, especially in California. Apparently most of its negative impacts on biodiversity are in California. Lolium perenne can spread quickly and forms dense swards that displace native species. It threatens a federally threatened butterfly in serpentine grassland in California because it displaces the butterfly's primary larval food plant. Depending on environmental conditions, Lolium perenne may behave as an annual, biennial, short-lived perennial, or perennial. Seed production is prolific. Several management techniques are effective in controlling Lolium perenne including burning, mowing, italian ryegrass, grazing, and herbicides. Lolium perenne includes both Lolium perenne perennial rye grass, Medium/ ssp. multiflorum (often called L. multiflorum) and Lolium perenne ssp. perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne Medium Medium Insignificant perenne

Common Management Names Species Overall I-Rank Ecological Impact1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary Lespedeza cuneata may alter ecosystem processes by reducing water availability, fixing nitrogen on nutrient-poor sites, and altering sedimentation patterns in rocky areas along rivers. It alters community structure and composition by forming a dense monotypic herb layer that reduces plant and invertebrate diversity. Allelopathic, it can also suppress forest regeneration. In addition, it is a known threat to globally rare communities and plant species on river scour prairies in West Virginia. L. cuneata is found in half the continental U.S. and Hawaii. Expanding within the western edge of its range, it is spread by seed in wildlife plantings and accidental introduction into native seed mixes. It also spreads vegetatively, and benefits from disturbance, including fire. Seed bank may be viable for up to twenty years. Once Chinese lespedeza, Lespedeza established, the possibility for eradication is very low, requiring more sericea lespedeza cuneata Medium Medium Medium than five years of management. Established in California and in the southeast, where it seems to be most problematic in southern/coastal Georgia and northern Florida. Recently discovered and currently spreading rapidly in native riparian communities of California, where it is a cause of significant concern. In addition to riparian communities and moist disturbed areas, this species has been documented from a variety of other wetland types (predominantly in the southeast), including freshwater and tidal marshes, reverie sand and gravel bars, savannahs and open wet pinelands, and swamps (incl. coastal swamps). This species forms dense thickets which can suppress and replace native vegetation; thickets often have no understory and create conditions favoring the continued regeneration and dominance of this species. These thickets Sesbania can also influence river ecosystem processes such as water flow, rattlebox, rattlebox punicea Medium Medium Medium/Low frequency and intensity of flooding, and bank erosion. There are two varieties of Echinochloa crus-galli with the typical variety causing more concern to natural areas than var. oryxicola. However, barnyard grass, given its status as a pioneer species, it is unlikely to persist at a site barnyard grass, once disturbance ceases. A high proportion of invaded sites are cockspur, associated with agriculture. A further twist is associated with ongoing Japanese millet, evolution in E. crus-galli, a population (outside U.S.) has evolved a large barnyard Echinochloa Medium/ Low/ mechanism that allows it to survive colder temperatures. This grass, water grass crusgalli Insignificant Insignificant Unknown population should be watched for signs of invasion.

Common Management Names Species Overall I-Rank Ecological Impact1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary Poa annua occurs in every U.S. state and is apparently widespread within each state. Poa annua is often a lawn and garden weed and is also characteristic of unstable and disturbed situations. In addition to manicured areas it also occurs on roadsides, waste ground, trails in woods, clearings, shores, and stream banks. In Kentucky, it is listed as a lesser threat which is defined as an exotic plant species that seems to principally spread and remain in disturbed corridors and does not readily invade natural areas. Poa annua occurs in Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Grand Canyon National Park, and Channel Islands National Park. In Grand Canyon National Park, it occurs in areas that have been disturbed within the last 10 years, is associated with early successional species, and shows little or no invasion of annual blue grass, native communities. It is not considered to be a strong competitor with annual bluegrass, Medium/ Medium/ established plants. Apparently its impacts on native species are low walkgrass Poa annua Insignificant Insignificant High/Low but more information is needed. black medic, black medic clover, black medick, hop clover, hop medic, nonesuch, yellow Medicago Medium/ Medium/ Although common throughout the US, Medicago lupulina tends to trefoil lupulina Insignificant Insignificant Unknown inhabit disturbed areas like roadsides, pastures and lawns. This taxon is much less well studied than the more common Melilotus species, and therefore there is much more uncertainty about its effects annual yellow in the US. It is widespread, but may not be advancing beyond its sweetclover, Indian Medium/ Low/ current distribution. But either way, management techniques specific to sweet-clover Melilotus indicus Insignificant Insignificant High/Low this taxon are unknown. It is unknown if this taxon is present in natural areas. It does spread from original plantings in cultivated situations, suggesting the probability that the taxon occurs outside of cultivation. However, it is Lagerstroemia Medium/ Medium/ not associated with significant negative effects, either at an ecosystem crape myrtle indica Insignificant Insignificant Unknown level or by a high current range. This common weed appears to be so ubiquitous that no one notices it pimpernel, scarlet Anagallis Medium/ Medium/ Medium/ anymore. It is unlikely to be affecting ecosystems, communities or pimpernel arvensis Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant individual species. This tall perennial grass can cause a fire hazard with its flammable pampas grass, material. It slows the establishment of tree seedlings in forests. It silver pampas occurs in 11 states in the US and has the highest reported impacts in grass, Uruguayan California and Hawaii. Due to increased seed production opportunities, pampas grass, this plant is spreading at least in California. It is somewhat hard to Uruguayan pampas Cortaderia Medium/ manage due to its extensive root system, but can be controlled by grass selloana Low Low Unknown digging out.

Common Management Names Species Overall I-Rank Ecological Impact1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary Bermuda grass, chiendent pied-de- poule, common Bermuda grass, A circumglobal species, Cynodon dactylon is limited in distribution in devil grass, grama- the US to areas with warm temperatures. Locally able to invade seda, manienie, Cynodon Medium/ disturbed sites, areas with persistent native vegetation are probably motie molulu dactylon Low Medium/Low High/Medium not under threat by this taxon. Trifolium repens (white clover) is extremely widespread in the United States. It was introduced c. 1700 and has high economic importance as a forage plant, in addition to other uses such as erosion control, cover cropping, and wildlife plantings. Although establishing best in disturbed and open sites, it can invade a variety of native species habitats, including grasslands/meadows, heathlands, deciduous woodlands, boreal forest, riparian areas, and coastal beaches. T. repens is a nitrogen-fixing species, but it should not significantly alter nutrient cycling because of its preference for fertile soils and low biomass per area. Its greatest impacts likely result from its stoloniferous, mat-forming habit, which may interfere with Dutch clover, ladino Medium/ Medium/ establishment of native species, potentially including at least one clover, white clover Trifolium repens Low Medium/Low Insignificant endangered species (running buffalo clover, Trifolium stoloniferum). chinaberry, Melia azedarach used to be widely planted for ornamental or for Chinaberry tree, harvest for its medicinal properties. It has since escaped and Chinaberrytree, naturalized which has caused at least one state (FL) to ban it, although Indian lilac, lelah, it is still sold elsewhere in the US. It appears most often on disturbed paraiso, pride of Medium/ soils, however it can invaded floodplain and marsh communities, and India, white cedar Melia azedarach Low Medium/Low Medium/Low can crowd out native species. Ligustrum japonicum is a tall shrub that is widely planted as a hedge, particularly in the south. It is apparently having fewer impacts than some other privets in the U.S. but has become established in scattered locations in the southeastern states and California. It can form dense thickets and outcompete native plants. Habitats it invades include river bottoms, open woods, bluffs, and disturbed sites. It is still available for Ligustrum sale and has very abundant seeds. It resprouts readily when damaged. Japanese privet japonicum Medium/ Low Medium/Low High/Low Control is moderately difficult.

1 A subcategory of Overall I-Rank score that addresses organism’s negative impacts on native plant and animal populations and communities. 2 A subcategory of Overall I-Rank score that addresses difficulty of control. If information (as evidenced by protocol questions answered) is sufficient to eliminate at least two of the four possible I-Ranks, but insufficient to narrow the I-Rank to a single value, a range I-Rank (e.g. High/Medium) is assigned.

A total of 78 organisms (Table 6a) on GUIS’s local list currently meet at least one of the following criteria:

• Listed on Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Parks (MDWFP) list of rare biota (http:// www.mdwfp.com/museum/downloads/tandelist.pdf/). • Listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service under the auspices of the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended • Ranked as Critically Imperiled or Imperiled at the global level by NatureServe and its network of member programs

Table 6a. Organisms on the park’s local list for Mississippi which possess a designated conservation status (State Status, State Rank, Federal Status or TNC Global Rank).

TNC Park State State Federal Global Common Name Scientific Name Status 1 Status 2 Rank 3 Status 4 Rank 5 BIRDS Haliaeetus Present in Bald Eagle leucocephalus Park LE S1B,S2N DM G4 Charadrius Present in Piping Plover melodus Park LE SZN T G3 Mycteria Present in Wood Stork americana Park LE SZN G4 Present in Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Park LE SZN DM G4 Pelecanus Present in Brown Pelican occidentalis Park LE S1N E G4 Red-cockaded Present in Woodpecker Picoides borealis Park LE S1 G3 Present in Least Tern Sterna antillarum Park LE S3B E G4T2Q Pelecanus Present in White Pelican erythrorhynchos Park S2N G3 MAMMALS American Black Ursus Present in Bear americanus Park LE S1 G5 West Indian Trichechus Present in Manatee manatus Park LE SZ E G2 Red Wolf Canis rufus Historic E G1Q Peromyscus Perdido Key Beach polionotus Present in Deermouse trissyllepsis Park E G5T1 North Atlantic Right Eubalaena Whale glacialis Unconfirmed G1 Balaenoptera Sei Whale borealis Unconfirmed G3 Balaenoptera Blue Whale musculus Unconfirmed G3G4 Balaenoptera Probably Fin Whale physalus Present G3G4 Megaptera Humpback Whale novaeangliae Unconfirmed G3 Physeter Present in Sperm Whale macrocephalus Park G3G4

Gervais' Beaked Mesoplodon Whale europaeus Unconfirmed G3 TNC Park State State Federal Global Common Name Scientific Name Status 1 Status 2 Rank 3 Status 4 Rank 5 Rafinesque's Big- Corynorhinus eared Bat rafinesquii NA S3B, S3N G3G4 Myotis Southeastern Myotis austroriparius Unconfirmed S1B, S1N G3G4 Peromyscus Santa Rosa Beach polionotus Present in Deermouse leucocephalus Park G5T1 Glaucomys Carolina Northern sabrinus Flying Squirrel coloratus Unconfirmed G5T1 REPTILES Eastern Indigo Drymarchon Probably Snake corais couperi Present LE S1 G4T3 Southern Hog- nosed Snake Heterodon simus Unconfirmed LE SH G2 Pituophis melanoleucus Black Pinesnake lodingi Unconfirmed LE S2 G4T3 Present in Loggerhead Caretta caretta Park LE S1B,SZN T G3 Present in Green Turtle Chelonia mydas Park LE SZN T/E G3 Eretmochelys Present in Hawksbill imbricata Park LE SZN G3 Kemp's Ridley Sea Lepidochelys Present in Turtle kempii Park LE S1N E G1 Dermochelys Present in Leatherback coriacea Park LE SZN E G2 Yellow-blotched Graptemys Map Turtle flavimaculata Unconfirmed LE S2 G2 Gopherus Present in Gopher Tortoise polyphemus Park LE S2 T G3 Alligator Present in American Alligator mississippiensis Park SAT Diamondback Malaclemys Terrapin terrapin pileata NA S2 G4T3Q FISH Acipenser oxyrinchus Present in Gulf Sturgeon desotoi Park LT S1 T G3T2 Present in Alabama Shad Alosa alabamae Park LE S1 G3T2 Notropis Present in Ironcolor Shiner chalybaeus Park LE S2 G4 Saltmarsh Present in Topminnow Fundulus jenkinsi Park LE S3 G3 Etheostoma Bayou Darter rubrum False Report LT S1 G1 Present in Pearl Darter Percina aurora Park LE S1 G1 Frecklebelly Probably Madtom Noturus munitus Present LE S2 G3 Menidia Probably Texas Silverside clarkhubbsi Present G1 Macrhybopsis Present in Speckled Chub aestivalis Park G3G4

Pteronotropis Present in Bluenose Shiner welaka Park S3 G3G4 TNC Park State State Federal Global Common Name Scientific Name Status 1 Status 2 Rank 3 Status 4 Rank 5 Ctenogobius Spottail Goby stigmaturus Unconfirmed G2 Percina Probably Southern Logperch austroperca Present G3 Stargazing Darter Percina uranidea Unconfirmed G3 Epinephelus Present in Warsaw Grouper nigritus Park G3 Smalltooth Sawfish Pristis pectinata Historic G1G3 Atractosteus Present in Alligator Gar spatula Park S2 G3G4 AMPHIBIANS Frosted Flatwoods Ambystoma Salamander cingulatum Unconfirmed G2G3 Black Warrior Necturus Waterdog alabamensis Unconfirmed G2 VASCULAR PLANTS Godfrey's Chrysopsis Present in Goldenaster godfreyi Park G2 Chrysopsis Cruise's gossypina ssp. Present in Goldenaster cruiseana Park G5T2 Florida Through- Eupatorium wort anomalum Unconfirmed G2G3 Helianthus debilis Present in Beach Sunflower ssp. debilis Park G5T2T4 Beach Sand- Paronychia Present in squares erecta Park G3G4 Paronychia Present in Pineland Nailwort patula Park G3G4 Probably Ware's Hairsedge Bulbostylis warei Present G3G4 Mohr's Three-awn Present in Grass Aristida mohrii Park G1 Calamovilfa Present in Curtiss' Sandgrass curtissii Park G3 Schizachyrium Present in Gulf Bluestem maritimum Park G3G4Q Pieris Present in Climbing Fetterbush phillyreifolia Park G3 Lachnocaulon Present in Engler's Bogbutton engleri Park G3 Lachnocaulon Probably Small's Bogbutton minus Present G3G4 Euphorbia Present in Summer Spurge discoidalis Park G3?Q Sensitive Joint- Aeschynomene vetch virginica False Report G2 Florida Milkpea Galactia floridana Unconfirmed G3G4 Lupinus Gulf Coast Lupine westianus Unconfirmed G3 Present in Shortleaf Pink Sabatia brevifolia Park G3G4 Present in Tracy's Sundew Drosera tracyi Park G3G4

Whitetop Sarracenia Pitcherplant leucophylla Unconfirmed G3 TNC Park State State Federal Global Common Name Scientific Name Status 1 Status 2 Rank 3 Status 4 Rank 5 Polygonella Present in Largeleaf Jointweed macrophylla Park G3 Pensacola Crataegus Hawthorn lacrimata Unconfirmed G3 Coast Ground- Physalis Present in cherry angustifolia Park G3G4 Coastal-sand Helianthemum Present in Frostweed arenicola Park G3 Florida Scrub Helianthemum Frostweed nashii False Report G3?

A total of 98 organisms (Table 6b) on GUIS’s local list currently meet at least one of the following criteria:

• Listed on Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FFWCC) list of rare biota (http:// www.fnai.org/bioticssearch.cfm). • Listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service under the auspices of the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended • Ranked as Critically Imperiled or Imperiled at the global level by NatureServe and its network of member programs

Table 6b. Organisms on the park’s local list for Florida which possess a designated conservation status (State Status, State Rank, Federal Status or TNC Global Rank).

TNC Park State State Federal Global Common Name Scientific Name Status 1 Status 2 Rank 3 Status 4 Rank 5 BIRDS Present in Osprey Pandion haliaetus Park LS S3S4 G5 Present in Little Blue Heron Egretta caerulea Park LS S4 G5 Present in Reddish Egret Egretta rufescens Park LS S2 G4 Present in Snowy Egret Egretta thula Park LS S3 G5 Present in Tricolor Heron Egretta tricolor Park LS S4 G5

Charadrius Present in Snowy Plover alexandrinus Park LT S1 G4 Charadrius Present in Piping Plover melodus Park LE S2 T G3 American Haematopus Present in Oystercatcher palliatus Park LS S2 G5 Mycteria Present in Wood Stork americana Park LE S2 E G4 Present in Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Park LE S2 DM G4 Southeastern Falco sparverius American Kestrel paulus NA LT S3 G5T2T3

TNC Park State State Federal Global Common Name Scientific Name Status 1 Status 2 Rank 3 Status 4 Rank 5 Present in Black Skimmer Rynchops niger Park LS S3 G5 Present in Least Tern Sterna antillarum Park LT S3 E G4 Pelecanus Present in Brown Pelican occidentalis Park LS S3 E G4 Present in White Ibis Eudocimus albus Park LS S4 G5 Red-cockaded Woodpecker Picoides borealis Unconfirmed LS S2 E G3 Athene Present in Burrowing Owl cunicularia Park LS S3 G4T3 Haliaeetus Present in Bald Eagle leucocephalus Park S3 DM G5 Pelecanus Present in White Pelican erythrorhynchos Park G3 MAMMALS North Atlantic Right Eubalaena Whale glacialis Unconfirmed LE S1 E G1 Balaenoptera Sei Whale borealis Unconfirmed LE G3 Balaenoptera Probably Fin Whale physalus Present LE G3G4 Megaptera Humpback Whale novaeangliae Unconfirmed LE G3 Physeter Present in Sperm Whale macrocephalus Park LE G3G4 Peromyscus Perdido Key Beach polionotus Present in Deermouse trissyllepsis Park LE S1 E G5T1 Eastern Chipmunk Tamias striatus Unconfirmed LS S2 G5 Trichechus Present in West Indian Manatee manatus Park LE S2 E G2 Red Wolf Canis rufus Historic SX E G1Q Balaenoptera Blue Whale musculus Unconfirmed G3G4 Gervais' Beaked Mesoplodon Whale europaeus Unconfirmed G3 Rafinesque's Big- Corynorhinus eared Bat rafinesquii NA S2 G3G4 Myotis Southeastern Myotis austroriparius Unconfirmed S3 G3G4 Peromyscus Santa Rosa Beach polionotus Present in Deermouse leucocephalus Park S1 G5T1 Glaucomys Carolina Northern sabrinus Flying Squirrel coloratus Unconfirmed G5T1 REPTILES Alligator Present in American Alligator mississippiensis Park LS S4 SAT G5 Eastern Indigo Drymarchon Probably Snake corais couperi Present LT S3 LT G3 Present in Red Cornsnake Elaphe guttata Park LS S2 G5T2Q

TNC Park State State Federal Global Common Name Scientific Name Status 1 Status 2 Rank 3 Status 4 Rank 5 Present in Loggerhead Caretta caretta Park LT S3 T G3 Present in Green Turtle Chelonia mydas Park LE S2 E G3 Kemp's Ridley Sea Lepidochelys Present in Turtle kempii Park LE S1 E G1 Alligator Snapping Macroclemys Present in Turtle temminckii Park LS S3 G3G4 Dermochelys Present in Leatherback coriacea Park LE S2 E G2 Gopherus Present in Gopher Tortoise polyphemus Park LT S3 T G3 Eretmochelys Present in Hawksbill imbricata Park LE S1 E G3 Southern Hog-nosed Snake Heterodon simus Unconfirmed S2 G2 Pituophis melanoleucus Black Pinesnake lodingi Unconfirmed G4T3

Yellow-blotched Map Graptemys Turtle flavimaculata Unconfirmed G2 Diamondback Malaclemys Terrapin terrapin pileata NA G4T3Q FISH Acipenser Atlantic Sturgeon oxyrinchus False Report LS S1 G3 Acipenser oxyrinchus Present in Gulf Sturgeon desotoi Park LS S1 T G3T2

Pteronotropis Present in Bluenose Shiner welaka Park LS S3S4 G3G4 Saltmarsh Present in Topminnow Fundulus jenkinsi Park LS S2 G3 Etheostoma Probably Harlequin Darter histrio Present LS S1 G5 Menidia Probably Texas Silverside clarkhubbsi Present G1 Present in Alabama Shad Alosa alabamae Park G3

Macrhybopsis Present in Speckled Chub aestivalis Park G3G4 Ctenogobius Spottail Goby stigmaturus Unconfirmed S2 G2 Etheostoma Bayou Darter rubrum False Report G1 Present in Pearl Darter Percina aurora Park G1 Percina Probably Southern Logperch austroperca Present S2 G3 Stargazing Darter Percina uranidea Unconfirmed G3

TNC Park State State Federal Global Common Name Scientific Name Status 1 Status 2 Rank 3 Status 4 Rank 5

Epinephelus Present in Warsaw Grouper nigritus Park G3 Smalltooth Sawfish Pristis pectinata Historic G1G3 Atractosteus Present in Alligator Gar spatula Park S3 G3G4 Probably Frecklebelly Madtom Noturus munitus Present G3 VASCULAR PLANTS Godfrey's Chrysopsis Present in Goldenaster godfreyi Park LE S2 G2 Chrysopsis gossypina ssp. Present in Cruise's Goldenaster cruiseana Park LE S2 G5T2 Eleocharis Beaked Spikerush rostellata False Report LE S1 G5 Calamovilfa Present in Curtiss' Sandgrass curtissii Park LT S3 G3 Lupinus Gulf Coast Lupine westianus Unconfirmed LT S3 G3 Calycanthus Present in Sweet-shrub floridus Park LE S2 G5 Threadleaf Sundew Drosera filiformis False Report LE S1 G4 Drosera Present in Spoonleaf Sundew intermedia Park LT S3 G5 Whitetop Sarracenia Pitcherplant leucophylla Unconfirmed LE S3 G3 Polygonella Present in Largeleaf Jointweed macrophylla Park LT S3 G3 Eupatorium Florida Through-wort anomalum Unconfirmed S3 G2G3 Helianthus debilis Present in Beach Sunflower ssp. debilis Park G5T2T4 Paronychia Present in Beach Sand-squares erecta Park S3 G3G4 Paronychia Present in Pineland Nailwort patula Park S3 G3G4 Probably Ware's Hairsedge Bulbostylis warei Present G3G4 Mohr's Three-awn Present in Grass Aristida mohrii Park G1 Schizachyrium Present in Gulf Bluestem maritimum Park G3G4Q Pieris Present in Climbing Fetterbush phillyreifolia Park G3 Lachnocaulon Present in Engler's Bogbutton engleri Park G3 Lachnocaulon Probably Small's Bogbutton minus Present G3G4 Aeschynomene Sensitive Joint-vetch virginica False Report G2 Florida Milkpea Galactia floridana Unconfirmed G3G4 Present in Shortleaf Pink Sabatia brevifolia Park G3G4 Tracy's Sundew Drosera tracyi Present in G3G4

TNC Park State State Federal Global Common Name Scientific Name Status 1 Status 2 Rank 3 Status 4 Rank 5 Park Crataegus Pensacola Hawthorn lacrimata Unconfirmed G3 Physalis Present in Coast Ground-cherry angustifolia Park G3G4 Coastal-sand Helianthemum Present in Frostweed arenicola Park G3 AMPHIBIANS Frosted Flatwoods Ambystoma Salamander cingulatum Unconfirmed LS S2 E G2G3 Black Warrior Necturus Waterdog alabamensis Unconfirmed G2G3

1 Refer to the Appendix for definitions of Park Status categories. 2 The official endangerment status the state heritage program has assigned to this species. T – Threatened : Any species or subspecies that is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future. E – Endangered : Animal: Any species or subspecies of wildlife whose prospects of survival or recruitment within the state are in jeopardy or are likely to become so within the foreseeable future. LE – endangered : A species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. D - Deemed in Need of Management : Any species or subspecies of nongame wildlife which should be investigated in order to develop information relating to populations, distribution, habitat needs, limiting factors, and other biological and ecological data to determine management measures necessary for their continued ability to sustain themselves successfully. SP - Species Protected : It shall be unlawful to take, capture, kill, or attempt to take, capture or kill; possess, sell, trade for anything of monetary value, or offer to sell or trade for anything of monetary value, the following nongame wildlife species (or any parts or reproductive products of such species) without a scientific collection permit or written permit from the Commissioner, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, which shall specifically state what the permittee may do with regard to said species. S - Special concern : any species or subspecies that is uncommon, or has unique or highly specific habitat requirements or scientific value and therefore requires careful monitoring of its status. 3 State Rank S1– Extremely rare and critically imperiled in the state with five or fewer occurrences, or very few remaining individuals, or because of some special condition where the species is particularly vulnerable to extirpation. S2– Very rare and imperiled within the state, six to twenty occurrences and less than 3000 individuals, or few remaining individuals, or because of some factor(s) making it vulnerable to extirpation. S3– Rare and uncommon in the state, from 21 to 100 occurrences. S4– Widespread, abundant, and apparently secure within the state, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery, and is of long-term concern. SH– Of historical occurrence, i.e., known to occur in the past, with the expectation that it may be rediscovered. 4U.S. Endangered Species Act: Current status of the taxon as designated or proposed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) or the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, and as reported in the U.S. Federal Register in accordance with the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended. E– Listed endangered, denotes a taxon that is threatened by extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. T– Listed threatened, denotes a taxon that is likely to become an endangered species in the foreseeable future. DM– Delisted taxon, recovered, being monitored for first five years.

5The rounded NatureServe conservation status, developed by NatureServe and its network of member programs, of a species from a global (i.e., rangewide) perspective, characterizing the relative imperilment of the species. G1=Critically Imperiled, G2=Imperiled, G3=Vulnerable, G4=Apparently Secure, G5=Secure. Refer to for additional information on ranks.

Discussion

It is recognized that a species list will never be 100% complete and accurate any given time. Because most inventories are “point in time” surveys, not every species present may be found during the inventory. However, these new inventories, combined with historical observations give a reasonably complete list of species currently found on the park. In addition, the inventories resulted in the documentation of many new species and will provide baseline information that may of management significance.

While significant strides have been made in documenting the presence of vertebrate species and vascular plants (as noted above), it is anticipated that additional survey efforts will result in an increase in the number of organisms documented on GUIS.

Monitoring

GULN’s current list of high priority vital signs to be monitored at GUIS includes several that related directly to the vascular plant and vertebrate species documented in these recent inventories. These include terrestrial vegetative communities, amphibian & reptile communities, and water quality. Water quality relates directly to the vegetative communities, amphibians, and fish communities. Amphibians are considered good indicators of general ecosystem health due to their ties with both aquatic and terrestrial environments, and sensitivity to environmental stresses. Consequently, amphibians have been selected as a high priority group to monitor in all Gulf Coast Network parks. The baseline inventories have allowed the network to target long- term monitoring protocols to the species of interest on each park.

The potential impact of climate change on park resources has recently become a focus for the National Park Service. Although the impacts are difficult to predict, all vital signs that will be monitored at GUIS are very sensitive to changes in precipitation (timing, amount, and/or frequency) and temperature. The GULN will compile available weather data to use for placing monitoring results in context of changing weather and climate.

Management

Recent inventories have revealed that GUIS supports a diverse array of vascular plants and vertebrates. As noted, the data have been consolidated into NPSpecies for use in park planning and management decisions. An additional step to be taken with these data is identification of management priority species. This would likely include sensitive or rare species, and highly invasive exotics, among others. Additional management recommendations can be found in the specific inventory reports for GUIS.

Literature Cited

Mohrman, T.J. and Qualls, C.P. 2008. Inventory of the Reptiles and Amphibians of the Gulf Island National Seashore: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattisburg, Ms.

Morse, L.E., J.M. Randall, N. Benton, R. Heibert, and S. Lu. 2004. An invasive species assessment protocol: Evaluating non-native plants for their impact on biodiversity. Version 1. NatureServe, Arlington, VA.

NatureServe. 2009. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available http://www.natureserve.org/explorer. (Accessed: June 22, 2010 ).

NPSpecies https://science1.nature.nps.gov/npspecies/web/main/start Feb 4, 2009

Urbatsh, L.E., Ferguson, D.M., and Gunn-Zumo, S.M. 2009. Vascular Plant Inventories of Gulf Island National Seashore (GUIS), Florida and Mississippi: Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La.

Wilborn, R. and Bennett, W.A. 2006. Summary Inventory of Marine and Freshwater Fishes of Gulf Island National Seashore: University of West Florida, Pensecola, Fl.

Appendix A. NPSpecies Data Dictionary

Park Status The current status of each species in Applicable only to organisms with the Local List each park. checkbox checked. The possible values reflect a combination of confidence, and availability and currency of verifiable evidence in NPSpecies. Present in Park Species' occurrence in park is Extremely high confidence that the species is documented and assumed to be currently in the park. A current, verifiable reference, extant. voucher or observation is included in NPSpecies.

Probably Park is within species' range and Very high confidence that the organism is currently Present contains appropriate habitat. in the park. Verifiable evidence may exist in Documented occurrences of the NPSpecies, but is not considered current enough to species in the adjoining region of the elevate the status to Present in Park. Efforts should park give reason to suspect that it be made to obtain current, verifiable evidence in probably occurs within the park. The NPSpecies to elevate the Park Status to “Present in degree of probability may vary within Park”. If reasonable efforts to obtain current, this category, including species that verifiable evidence are unsuccessful, then the Park range from common to rare. Status should be changed to Unconfirmed, Historic, Encroaching or False Report as applicable.

Unconfirmed Included for the park based on weak Any confidence from very low to high that the ("unconfirmed record") or no evidence, organism is currently in the park. Verifiable giving minimal indication of the species' evidence may exist in NPSpecies, but it is not occurrence in the park. considered sufficient enough to elevate the status to Probably Present, nor current enough to elevate the status to Present. Efforts should be made to obtain current, verifiable evidence in NPSpecies to elevate the Park Status to “Present in Park”. If reasonable efforts to obtain current, verifiable evidence are unsuccessful, then the Park Status should be changed to Historic, Encroaching or False Report as applicable.

Encroaching The species is not documented in the Extremely low confidence that the organism is park, but is documented as being currently in the park, but extremely high confidence adjacent to the park and has potential that the organism is currently adjacent to the park. to occur in the park. Verifiable evidence may exist in NPSpecies documenting the occurrence in the park, but it is not current. Potential invasive organisms are good candidates for this Park Status designation, either before they enter a park or after they have been eliminated from a park.

Historic Species' historical occurrence in the Extremely low confidence that the organism is park is documented, but recent currently in the park. Verifiable evidence exists in investigations indicate that the species NPSpecies, but is not current. Extinct, extirpated or is now probably absent. eliminated species are candidates for a Historic Park Status designation.

False Report Species previously reported to occur Extremely low confidence that the organism is within the park, but current evidence currently in the park. Evidence exists in NPSpecies, indicates that the report was based on but it cannot be sufficiently verified. a misidentification, a taxonomic concept no longer accepted, or some other similar problem of interpretation. NA Not Applicable - Park-Status does not The NA value prevents null values from appearing

apply to the scientific name for the in NPSpecies and applies to 2 primary situations: park. 1) An outdated scientific name that is not used in the locale of the park for an organism, but is in NPSpecies for a park because of the inclusion of vouchers, observations or names linked to references. Note that outdated names are reconciled in NPSpecies with the LOCAL CLASSIFICATION system.

2) Vouchers, observations or names linked to references have not been identified at the species level or lower, but are included in NPSpecies with the name of a higher taxonomic rank than the species level. The names of these higher level taxonomic ranks will disappear from NPSpecies if the evidence of the respective name are identified to the species level or lower, and are changed appropriately in NPSpecies. Abundance The current abundance of each Applicable only to organisms with the Local List organism in each park. checkbox checked and a Park Status of "Present". The values attempt to balance abundance with suitable habitat, and temporal/behavioral considerations. In practice, the entered value should apply (although there are numerous exceptions) to the abundance in the most suitable habitat of the organism, and at the time that the organism is engaged in it’s principle behavior in (e.g. breeding, migrating, hibernating, etc.), or most important behavior to, the park. A future generation of NPSpecies will address the coding of Abundance (and associated Residency) to separate out the temporal and behavioral aspects. The Data Source field for Abundance is available to provide a citation that specifically addresses abundance in more detail. Abundant Animals: May be seen daily, in suitable habitat and season, and counted in relatively large numbers. Plants: Large number of individuals; wide ecological amplitude or occurring in habitats covering a large portion of the park. Common Animals: May be seen daily, in suitable habitat and season, but not in large numbers. Plants: Large numbers of individuals predictably occurring in commonly encountered habitats but not those covering a large portion of the park. Uncommon Animals: Likely to be seen monthly in appropriate season/habitat. May be locally common. Plants: Few to moderate numbers of individuals; occurring either sporadically in commonly encountered habitats or in uncommon habitats. Rare Animals: Present, but usually seen

only a few times each year. Plants: Few individuals, usually restricted to small areas of rare habitat. Occasional Animals: Occurs in the park at least once every few years, but not necessarily every year. Plants: Not applicable. Unknown Abundance unknown.

NA Not Applicable – Abundance does not All names on a park’s list that do not have a Park apply to the scientific name in the park. Status of Present should have a Residency of NA. Residency Current residency classification for Applicable only to ANIMALS with the Local List each ANIMAL species in each park. checkbox checked and a Park Status of "Present". The values attempt to balance temporal and behavioral considerations. In practice, the entered value should apply (although there are numerous exceptions) to the residency of the organism at the time that the organism is engaged in its principle behavior (e.g. breeding, migrating, hibernating, etc.) in, or most important behavior to, the park. A future generation of NPSpecies will address the coding of Residency (and associated Abundance) to separate out the temporal and behavior aspects. The Data Source field for Residency is available to provide a citation that specifically addresses Residency in more detail. Breeder Population reproduces in the park.

Resident A significant population is maintained in the park for more than two months each year, but it is not known to breed there. Migratory Migratory species that occurs in park approximately two months or less each year and does not breed there. Vagrant Park is outside of the species' usual range. Unknown Residency status in park is unknown.

NA Not Applicable – Residency does not All names on a park’s list that do not have a Park apply to the scientific name in the park. Status of Present should have a Residency of NA. Nativity Nativity classification for each organism Applicable only to organisms with the Local List for each park. checkbox checked. If the park-status of an organism is not “Present in Park”, then nativity represents the nativity if the organism were eventually confirmed in the park. Native The organism is native, or would be native, to the park (either endemic or indigenous). Non-Native The organism is not native, or would Cultivated organisms as defined under the not be native, to the park (neither Cultivation field are also considered non-native. endemic nor indigenous). Unknown Nativity is unknown relative to the park. NA Not Applicable Applies to names that do not represent organism names for the locale of the park. Cultivation Cultivation classification for each non- Applicable only to organisms with the Local List

native organism in each park. checkbox checked, a Park Status of "Present" or "Probably Present" and a Nativity of Non-Native. Cultivation is intended to distinguish between non- native organisms that were introduced as part of a park’s mission, and non-native organisms that occur in the park naturally. Cultivation was not intended to apply to organisms that are cultivated for landscape purposes and have not persisted into the natural environment, for example plants in gardens or terrariums, or animals in enclosures. In general, NPSpecies was not intended to include controlled, “domestic” organisms. Cultivated A non-native species that is currently cultivated in the park. Persistent A non-native species that persists in the park (either reproducing or non- reproducing) from a previous cultivation in the park. Not Cultivated A non-native species that is not currently cultivated in the park. Unknown A non-native species for which the cultivation in the park is currently unknown. NA Not Applicable – Cultivation does not All names on a park’s list that do not have a Park apply to the non-native scientific name Status of Present or Probably Present and a in the park. Nativity of Non-native should have a Cultivation of NA.

28 Appendix B. Gulf Island National Seashore (GUIS) Local List (NPSpecies 12/15/2009).

Rana pipiens Northern Leopard Frog FR Scientific Name Common Name Park Status1 Rana sphenocephala Southern Leopard Frog PIP Scaphiopus holbrookii Amphibians holbrookii Eastern Spadefoot U Bufo quercicus Oak Toad PIP Ambystoma cingulatum Flatwoods Salamander U Bufo terrestris Southern Toad PIP Ambystoma maculatum Spotted Salamander U Bufo valliceps Gulf Coast Toad U Ambystoma opacum Marbled Salamander U Ambystoma talpoideum Mole Salamander U Bufo woodhousii fowleri Fowler's Toad U Small-mouthed Eastern Cricket Frog, Ambystoma texanum Salamander U Acris crepitans crepitans Northern Cricket Frog FR Ambystoma tigrinum Eastern Tiger Acris gryllus Southern Cricket Frog PIP tigrinum Salamander U Hyla chrysoscelis Cope's Gray Treefrog U Amphiuma means Two-toed Amphiuma PIP Green Tree Frog, Green Desmognathus fuscus Spotted Dusky Hyla cinerea Treefrog PIP conanti Salamander U Hyla femoralis Pine Woods Treefrog PIP Southern Two-lined Eurycea cirrigera Salamander U Hyla gratiosa Barking Treefrog PIP Eurycea guttolineata Three-lined Salamander U Hyla squirella Squirrel Treefrog PIP Eurycea longicauda Hyla versicolor Gray Treefrog PIP guttolineata Three-lined Salamander U Eurycea quadridigitata Dwarf Salamander PIP Pseudacris crucifer Spring Peeper PIP Northern Slimy Southern Chorus Frog, Salamander, Slimy Striped Southern Chorus Plethodon glutinosus Salamander PIP Pseudacris nigrita nigrita Frog PIP Mississippi Slimy Pseudacris ornata Ornate Chorus Frog H Plethodon mississippi Salamander PIP Eleutherodactylus Pseudotriton montanus Mud Salamander H planirostris Greenhouse Frog PIP Pseudotriton montanus Gulf Coast Mud Gastrophryne Eastern Narrow- flavissimus Salamander H carolinensis mouthed Toad PIP Pseudotriton ruber Southern Red vioscai Salamander U Rana areolata Crawfish Frog FR American Bullfrog, Alabama Waterdog, Rana catesbeiana Bullfrog PIP Necturus alabamensis Black Warrior Waterdog U Rana clamitans Green Frog PIP Necturus beyeri Gulf Coast Waterdog U Rana clamitans Notophthalmus clamitans Bronze Frog PIP viridescens Eastern Newt PIP Rana grylio Pig Frog PIP Notophthalmus Rana heckscheri River Frog U viridescens louisianensis Central Newt U

Siren intermedia Chaetura pelagica Chimney Swift PIP intermedia Eastern Lesser Siren U Ruby-throated Archilochus colubris Hummingbird PIP Siren intermedia nettingi Western Lesser Siren U Gallinago delicata Wilson's snipe PIP

1 Accipiter cooperii Cooper's Hawk PIP Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Accipiter striatus Sharp-shinned Hawk PIP Birds Buteo jamaicensis Red-tailed Hawk PIP Aix sponsa Wood Duck PIP Buteo lagopus Rough-legged Hawk PIP Anas acuta Northern Pintail PIP Buteo lineatus Red-shouldered Hawk PIP Anas americana American Wigeon PIP Buteo platypterus Broad-winged Hawk PIP Anas clypeata Northern Shoveler PIP Buteo swainsoni Swainson's Hawk PIP Anas crecca Green-winged Teal PIP Circus cyaneus Northern Harrier PIP American Swallow-tailed Anas discors Blue-winged Teal PIP Elanoides forficatus Kite, Swallow-tailed Kite PIP Anas fulvigula Mottled Duck PIP Haliaeetus Anas platyrhynchos Mallard PIP leucocephalus Bald Eagle PIP Anas rubripes American Black Duck PIP Ictinia misisippiensis Mississippi kite PIP Pandion haliaetus Osprey PIP Anas strepera Gadwall PIP Anhinga anhinga Anhinga PIP Greater White-fronted Ardea herodias Great Blue Heron PIP Anser albifrons Goose PIP Botaurus lentiginosus American Bittern PIP Aythya affinis Lesser Scaup PIP Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret PIP Butorides virescens Green Heron PIP Aythya americana Redhead PIP Casmerodius albus Great Egret PIP Aythya collaris Ring-necked Duck PIP Aythya marila Greater Scaup PIP Egretta caerulea Little Blue Heron PIP Aythya valisineria Canvasback PIP Egretta rufescens Reddish Egret PIP Egretta thula Snowy Egret PIP Branta canadensis Canada Goose PIP Egretta tricolor Tricolored Heron PIP Bucephala albeola Bufflehead PIP Ixobrychus exilis Least Bittern PIP Bucephala clangula Common Goldeneye PIP Yellow-crowned Night- Chen caerulescens Snow Goose PIP Nyctanassa violacea Heron PIP Clangula hyemalis Oldsquaw PIP Black-crowned Night- Nycticorax nycticorax Heron PIP Histrionicus histrionicus Harlequin Duck PIP Lophodytes cucullatus Hooded Merganser PIP Charadrius alexandrinus Snowy Plover PIP Melanitta fusca White-winged Scoter PIP Charadrius hiaticula Common Ringed Plover U Charadrius melodus Piping Plover PIP Melanitta nigra Black Scoter PIP Charadrius Melanitta perspicillata Surf Scoter PIP semipalmatus Semipalmated Plover PIP Mergus merganser Common Merganser PIP Charadrius vociferous killdeer, killdeer plover PIP Red-breasted Charadrius wilsonia Wilson's Plover PIP Mergus serrator Merganser PIP Oxyura jamaicensis Ruddy Duck PIP Haematopus palliatus American Oystercatcher PIP

Ae'o, Black-necked Stilt, Pelecanus Himantopus mexicanus Hawaiian Stilt PIP erythrorhynchos American White Pelican PIP American Golden Pelecanus occidentalis Brown Pelican PIP Plover, American Double-crested Golden-Plover, Lesser Phalacrocorax auritus Cormorant PIP Pluvialis dominica Golden-Plover PIP Podiceps auritus Horned Grebe PIP Pluvialis squatarola Black-bellied Plover PIP Podiceps grisegena Red-necked Grebe PIP Recurvirostra americana American Avocet PIP Podiceps nigricollis Eared Grebe PIP Cathartes aura Turkey Vulture PIP Podilymbus podiceps Pied-billed Grebe PIP Coragyps atratus Black Vulture PIP Wilson's Storm Petrel, Mycteria americana Wood Stork PIP Oceanites oceanicus Wilson's Storm-Petrel PIP Falco columbarius Merlin PIP Puffinus gravis Greater Shearwater PIP Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon PIP Puffinus puffinus Manx Shearwater PIP Falco sparverius American Kestrel PIP Actitis macularia Spotted Sandpiper PIP Fregata magnificens Magnificent Frigatebird PIP Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone PIP Gavia immer Common Loon PIP Bartramia longicauda Upland Sandpiper PIP Gavia pacifica Pacific Loon PIP Calidris alba Sanderling PIP Calidris alpina Dunlin PIP Gavia stellata Red-throated Loon PIP Calidris bairdii Baird's Sandpiper PIP Chlidonias niger Black Tern PIP Calidris canutus Red Knot PIP Gelochelidon nilotica Gull-billed tern PIP White-rumped Larus argentatus Herring Gull PIP Calidris fuscicollis Sandpiper PIP Larus atricilla Laughing Gull PIP Calidris himantopus Stilt Sandpiper PIP Larus delawarensis Ring-billed Gull PIP Calidris mauri Western Sandpiper PIP Lesser Black-backed Calidris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper PIP Larus fuscus Gull PIP Calidris minutilla Least Sandpiper PIP Larus glaucoides Iceland Gull PIP Semipalmated Larus hyperboreus Glaucous Gull PIP Calidris pusilla Sandpiper PIP Larus marinus Great Black-backed Gull PIP Catoptrophorus Larus philadelphia Bonaparte's Gull PIP semipalmatus Willet PIP Larus pipixcan Franklin's Gull PIP Limnodromus griseus Short-billed Dowitcher PIP Rissa tridactyla Black-legged Kittiwake PIP Limnodromus Rynchops niger Black Skimmer PIP scolopaceus Long-billed Dowitcher PIP Stercorarius parasiticus Parasitic Jaeger PIP Limosa fedoa Marbled Godwit PIP Stercorarius pomarinus Pomarine Jaeger PIP Numenius americanus Long-billed Curlew PIP Sterna antillarum Least Tern PIP Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel PIP Sterna caspia Caspian Tern PIP Phalaropus tricolor Wilson's Phalarope PIP Sterna forsteri Forster's Tern PIP Scolopax minor American Woodcock PIP Sterna fuscata Sooty Tern PIP Tringa flavipes Lesser Yellowlegs PIP Sterna hirundo Common Tern PIP Tringa melanoleuca Greater Yellowlegs PIP Sterna maxima Royal Tern PIP Tringa solitaria Solitary Sandpiper PIP Sterna sandvicensis Sandwich Tern PIP Tryngites subruficollis Buff-breasted Sandpiper PIP Morus bassanus Northern Gannet PIP 31

Sula dactylatra Masked Booby PIP Carduelis pinus Pine Siskin PIP Sula leucogaster Brown Booby U Carduelis tristis American Goldfinch PIP Ajaia ajaja Roseate Spoonbill PIP Carpodacus mexicanus House Finch PIP Carpodacus purpureus Purple Finch PIP Eudocimus albus White Ibis PIP Chondestes grammacus Lark Sparrow PIP Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis PP Coccothraustes Columba livia Rock Dove PIP vespertinus Evening Grosbeak PIP Columbina passerina Common Ground-Dove PIP Black-throated Blue Streptopelia decaocto Eurasian collared-dove PIP Dendroica caerulescens Warbler PIP Zenaida asiatica White-winged Dove PIP Dendroica castanea Bay-breasted Warbler PIP Zenaida macroura Mourning Dove PIP Dendroica cerulea Cerulean Warbler PIP Ceryle alcyon Belted Kingfisher PIP Dendroica coronata Yellow-rumped Warbler PIP Coccyzus americanus Yellow-billed Cuckoo PIP Dendroica discolor Prairie Warbler PIP Coccyzus Dendroica dominica Yellow-throated Warbler PIP erythropthalmus Black-billed Cuckoo PIP Dendroica fusca Blackburnian Warbler PIP Crotophaga sulcirostris Groove-billed Ani PIP Dendroica magnolia Magnolia Warbler PIP Grus canadensis Sandhill Crane PIP Black-throated Gray Fulica americana American Coot PIP Dendroica nigrescens Warbler PIP Gallinula chloropus Common Moorhen PIP Dendroica palmarum Palm Warbler PIP Laterallus jamaicensis Black Rail PIP Dendroica pensylvanica Chestnut-sided Warbler PIP Dendroica petechia Yellow Warbler PIP Porphyrula martinica Purple Gallinule PIP Dendroica pinus Pine Warbler PIP Porzana carolina Sora PIP Rallus elegans King Rail PIP Dendroica striata Blackpoll Warbler PIP Dendroica tigrina Cape May Warbler PIP Rallus limicola Virginia Rail PIP Black-throated Green Rallus longirostris Clapper Rail PIP Dendroica virens Warbler PIP Bombycilla cedrorum Cedar Waxwing PIP Dolichonyx oryzivorus Bobolink PIP Certhia americana Brown Creeper PIP Euphagus Cistothorus palustris Marsh Wren PIP cyanocephalus Brewer's Blackbird PIP Cistothorus platensis Sedge Wren PIP Geothlypis trichas Common Yellowthroat PIP Polioptila caerulea Blue-gray Gnatcatcher PIP Guiraca caerulea Blue Grosbeak PIP Thryothorus ludovicianus Carolina Wren PIP Helmitheros vermivorus Worm-eating Warbler PIP Troglodytes aedon House Wren PIP Icteria virens Yellow-breasted Chat PIP Troglodytes troglodytes Winter Wren PIP Baltimore Oriole, Corvus ossifragus Fish Crow PIP Icterus galbula Northern Oriole PIP Cyanocitta cristata Blue Jay PIP Icterus spurius Orchard Oriole PIP Agelaius phoeniceus Red-winged Blackbird PIP Junco hyemalis Dark-eyed Junco PIP Ammodramus maritimus Seaside Sparrow PIP Limnothlypis swainsonii Swainson's Warbler PIP Nelson's Sharp-tailed Melospiza georgiana Swamp Sparrow PIP Ammodramus nelsoni Sparrow PIP Melospiza lincolnii Lincoln's Sparrow PIP Ammodramus Melospiza melodia Song Sparrow PIP savannarum Grasshopper Sparrow PIP Mniotilta varia Black-and-white Warbler PIP Cardinalis cardinalis Northern Cardinal PIP 32

Molothrus ater Brown-headed Cowbird PIP Xanthocephalus Molothrus bonariensis Shiny Cowbird PIP xanthocephalus Yellow-headed Blackbird PIP Oporornis agilis Connecticut Warbler PIP Zonotrichia albicollis White-throated Sparrow PIP Oporornis formosus Kentucky Warbler PIP Zonotrichia leucophrys White-crowned Sparrow PIP Oporornis philadelphia Mourning Warbler PIP Hirundo fulva Cave Swallow PIP Parula americana Northern Parula PIP Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow PIP Passerculus Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Cliff Swallow PIP sandwichensis Savannah Sparrow PIP Progne subis Purple Martin PIP Passerella iliaca Fox Sparrow PIP Riparia riparia Bank Swallow PIP Passerina ciris Painted Bunting PIP Stelgidopteryx Northern Rough-winged Passerina cyanea Indigo Bunting PIP serripennis Swallow PIP Rose-breasted Tachycineta bicolor Tree Swallow PIP Pheucticus ludovicianus Grosbeak PIP Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike U Pheucticus Lanius ludovicianus Loggerhead Shrike PIP melanocephalus Black-headed Grosbeak PIP Catharus fuscescens Veery PIP Eastern Towhee, Catharus guttatus Hermit Thrush PIP Pipilo erythrophthalmus Rufous-sided Towhee PIP Catharus minimus Gray-cheeked Thrush PIP Piranga ludoviciana Western Tanager PIP Catharus ustulatus Swainson's Thrush PIP Piranga olivacea Scarlet Tanager PIP Hylocichla mustelina Wood Thrush PIP Piranga rubra Summer Tanager PIP Sialia sialis Eastern Bluebird PIP Pooecetes gramineus Vesper Sparrow PIP Turdus migratorius American Robin PIP Protonotaria citrea Prothonotary Warbler PIP Baeolophus bicolor Tufted Titmouse PIP Quiscalus major Boat-tailed Grackle PIP Parus carolinensis Carolina Chickadee PIP Quiscalus quiscula Common Grackle PIP Anthus rubescens American Pipit PIP Seiurus aurocapillus Ovenbird PIP Passer domesticus House Sparrow PIP Seiurus motacilla Louisiana Waterthrush PIP Regulus calendula Ruby-crowned Kinglet PIP Seiurus noveboracensis Northern Waterthrush PIP Regulus satrapa Golden-crowned Kinglet PIP Setophaga ruticilla American Redstart PIP Sitta canadensis Red-breasted Nuthatch PIP Spiza americana Dickcissel PIP Sitta carolinensis White-breasted Nuthatch PIP Spizella passerina Chipping Sparrow PIP Sitta pusilla Brown-headed Nuthatch PIP Spizella pusilla Field Sparrow PIP Dumetella carolinensis Gray Catbird PIP Sturnella magna Eastern Meadowlark PIP Mimus polyglottos Northern Mockingbird PIP Orange-crowned Oreoscoptes montanus Sage Thrasher PIP Warbler PIP Vermivora celata Sturnus vulgaris European Starling PIP Vermivora chrysoptera Golden-winged Warbler PIP Toxostoma rufum Brown Thrasher PIP Vermivora peregrina Tennessee Warbler PIP Ixoreus naevius Varied Thrush PIP Vermivora pinus Blue-winged Warbler PIP Contopus sordidulus Western Wood-Pewee U Vermivora ruficapilla Nashville Warbler PIP Contopus virens Eastern Wood-Pewee PIP Wilsonia canadensis Canada Warbler PIP Elaenia martinica Caribbean Elaenia PIP Wilsonia citrina Hooded Warbler PIP Empidonax flaviventris Yellow-bellied Flycatcher PIP Wilsonia pusilla Wilson's Warbler PIP Empidonax minimus Least Flycatcher PIP 33

Barn Owl, Common Empidonax virescens Acadian Flycatcher PIP Tyto alba Barn-Owl PIP Myiarchus cinerascens Ash-throated Flycatcher PIP Great Crested Scientific Name Common Name Park Status1 Myiarchus crinitus Flycatcher PIP Fish Pyrocephalus rubinus Vermilion Flycatcher PIP Atlantic sturgeon, Gulf Sayornis phoebe Eastern Phoebe PIP Acipenser oxyrinchus sturgeon FR Tyrannus dominicensis Gray Kingbird PIP Acipenser oxyrinchus Tyrannus forficatus Scissor-tailed Flycatcher PIP desotoi Gulf sturgeon PIP Tyrannus tyrannus Eastern Kingbird PIP Albula vulpes bonefish PIP Tyrannus verticalis Western Kingbird PIP Halosaurus guentheri deep sea spiny eel U Vireo altiloquus Black-whiskered Vireo PIP Amia calva bowfin PIP Vireo bellii Bell's Vireo PIP Anguilla rostrata American eel PIP Vireo flavifrons Yellow-throated Vireo PIP Bathycongrus dubius dubious conger U Vireo gilvus Warbling Vireo PIP Paraconger Vireo griseus White-eyed Vireo PIP caudilimbatus margintail conger U Vireo olivaceus Red-eyed Vireo PIP Rhynchoconger flava yellow conger U Vireo philadelphicus Philadelphia Vireo PIP Gymnothorax Blue-headed Vireo, nigromarginatus blackedge moray PIP Vireo solitarius Solitary Vireo PIP Caribbean ocellated Colaptes auratus Northern Flicker PIP moray, moray eel, Dryocopus pileatus Pileated Woodpecker PIP ocellated moray, spotted Gymnothorax ocellatus moray PP Melanerpes carolinus Red-bellied Woodpecker PIP honeycomb moray, Melanerpes Red-headed Gymnothorax saxicola ocellated moray PIP erythrocephalus Woodpecker PIP freckled pike-conger, Red-cockaded freckled pikeconger, Picoides borealis Woodpecker U Hoplunnis macrura silver conger U Picoides pubescens Downy Woodpecker PIP Bascanichthys Picoides villosus Hairy Woodpecker PIP bascanium sooty eel PIP Yellow-bellied snapper eel, stippled Sphyrapicus varius Sapsucker PIP Echiophis punctifer spoon-nose eel PP Caprimulgus carolinensis Chuck-will's-widow PIP Myrophis punctatus speckled worm eel PIP Caprimulgus vociferus Whip-poor-will PIP Ophichthus gomesii shrimp eel PIP Chordeiles acutipennis Lesser Nighthawk PIP Ophichthus puncticeps palespotted eel PP Chordeiles minor Common Nighthawk PIP Ophichthus rex king snake eel U Synaphobranchus Asio flammeus Short-eared Owl PIP oregoni cutthroat eel U Athene cunicularia Burrowing Owl PIP Ijimaia antillarum jellynose U Bubo virginianus Great Horned Owl PIP Labidesthes sicculus brook silverside PIP Membras martinica rough silverside PIP Megascops asio Eastern Screech-Owl PIP mississippi silverside, Strix varia Barred Owl PIP Menidia audens Mississippi silverside PP

inland silverside, Carcharhinus leucas bull shark PIP Menidia beryllina tidewater silverside PIP Carcharhinus limbatus blacktip shark PIP Menidia clarkhubbsi Texas silverside PP Negaprion brevirostris lemon shark PIP Menidia menidia Atlantic silverside PIP Rhizoprionodon Menidia peninsulae tidewater silverside PIP terraenovae Atlantic sharpnose shark PIP Parasudis truculenta longnose greeneye U chain catshark, chain Bathypterois viridensis spiderfish U Scyliorhinus retifer dogfish U Saurida brasiliensis largescale lizardfish U Sphyrna lewini scalloped hammerhead PIP Synodus foetens inshore lizardfish PIP Sphyrna mokarran great hammerhead PIP Synodus intermedius sand diver U Sphyrna tiburo bonnethead, shovelhead PIP Synodus poeyi offshore lizardfish U Florida smoothhound, bluntnose lizardfish, Mustelus norrisi narrowfin smooth-hound U Trachinocephalus myops snakefish U Hydrolagus alberti Gulf Chimaera FR Opsanus beta Gulf toadfish PIP Alabama shad, Gulf Opsanus pardus leopard toadfish PP Alosa alabamae shad, Ohio shad PIP Opsanus tau oyster toadfish PIP blue herring, golden shad, green herring, Porichthys plectrodon Atlantic midshipman PIP river herring, skipjack, Porichthys porosissimus Atlantic midshipman PIP skipjack herring, skipjack Platybelone argalus keeltail needlefish U Alosa chrysochloris shad PP Atlantic needlefish, silver Brevoortia gunteri finescale menhaden PP Strongylura marina gar PIP Gulf menhaden, Strongylura notata redfin needlefish PIP Brevoortia patronus largescale menhaden PIP Strongylura timucu longjaw, timucu PIP American gizzard shad, eastern gizzard shad, Tylosurus crocodilus houndfish PP gizzard shad, hickory Prognichthys gibbifrons bluntnose flyingfish U shad, mud shad, Hemiramphus Dorosoma cepedianum skipjack PIP brasiliensis ballyhoo PIP Dorosoma petenense threadfin shad PIP American halfbeak, false Atlantic red herring, silverstripe halfbeak, Maray, red-eye round Hyporhamphus meeki Meek's halfbeak PP Etrumeus teres herring, round herring PP Atlantic silverstripe scaled herring, scaled Hyporhamphus halfbeak, halfbeak, Harengula jaguana sardine PIP unifasciatus silverstripe halfbeak PIP Harengula pensacolae scaled sardine PIP Oxyporhamphus dwarf herring, dwarf micropterus smallwing flyingfish PP Jenkinsia lamprotaenia round herring U Corniger spinosus spinycheek soldierfish PP Opisthonema oglinum Atlantic thread herring PIP Hoplostethus Atlantic roughy, western Sardinella anchovia Spanish sardine PIP occidentalis roughy U round sardinella, Carcharhinus acronotus blacknose shark PP Sardinella aurita Spanish sardine PIP Carcharhinus brevipinna spinner shark PIP Anchoa cubana Cuban anchovy U Carcharhinus isodon finetooth shark PIP

broad-striped anchovy, Notropis edwardraneyi fluvial shiner U Anchoa hepsetus striped anchovy PIP Notropis longirostris longnose shiner PP dusky anchovy, Notropis maculatus taillight shiner PP Anchoa lyolepis shortfinger anchovy PIP Notropis petersoni coastal shiner PP Notropis rafinesquei Yazoo shiner PP Anchoa mitchilli bay anchovy PIP Notropis stilbius silverstripe shiner PP Anchoa nasuta longnose anchovy FR Notropis texanus weed shiner PIP flat anchovy, Poey's Anchoviella perfasciata anchovy PIP Notropis volucellus mimic shiner PP camiguana anchovy, Opsopoeodus emiliae pugnose minnow PP Engraulis eurystole silver anchovy PIP Pimephales notatus bluntnose minnow PIP Carpiodes carpio river carpsucker PIP Pimephales vigilax bullhead minnow PIP quillback, quillback Pteronotropis Carpiodes cyprinus carpsucker PIP hypselopterus sailfin shiner PIP Carpiodes velifer highfin carpsucker PIP Pteronotropis signipinnis flagfin shiner PIP Erimyzon oblongus creek chubsucker PP Pteronotropis welaka bluenose shiner PIP Erimyzon sucetta lake chubsucker PP Semotilus atromaculatus creek chub PP Semotilus thoreauianus Dixie chub PP Erimyzon tenuis sharpfin chubsucker PIP sheepshead minnow, Hypentelium nigricans northern hog sucker PIP Cyprinodon variegatus sheepshead pupfish PIP Minytrema melanops spotted sucker PP Cyprinella callistia Alabama shiner PIP goldspotted killifish, Floridichthys carpio ocellated killifish U Cyprinella camura bluntface shiner PP Adinia xenica diamond killifish PIP Cyprinella lutrensis red shiner PIP Fundulus auroguttatus banded topminnow PP Cyprinella venusta blacktail shiner PIP Fundulus catenatus northern studfish U Cyprinella whipplei steelcolor shiner PIP Fundulus chrysotus golden topminnow U Hybognathus hayi cypress minnow PP Fundulus cingulatus banded topminnow PIP Hybopsis amblops bigeye chub U Fundulus confluentus marsh killifish PP Hybopsis winchelli clear chub U northern starhead Luxilus chrysocephalus striped shiner PIP topminnow, starhead Lythrurus atrapiculus blacktip shiner PP Fundulus dispar topminnow PIP Lythrurus bellus pretty shiner PP Fundulus escambiae russetfin topminnow PIP Lythrurus fumeus ribbon shiner PIP Fundulus grandis Gulf killifish PIP Lythrurus roseipinnis cherryfin shiner PIP Fundulus heteroclitus mummichog PP Lythrurus umbratilis redfin shiner PIP Fundulus jenkinsi saltmarsh topminnow PIP Macrhybopsis aestivalis speckled chub PIP Fundulus majalis striped killifish U Nocomis leptocephalus bluehead chub FR Fundulus notti bayou topminnow PP Notemigonus Fundulus olivaceus blackspotted topminnow PIP crysoleucas golden shiner PIP Fundulus pulvereus bayou killifish PIP Notropis ammophilus orangefin shiner PP Fundulus similis longnose killifish PIP Notropis atherinoides emerald shiner PIP Leptolucania ommata pygmy killifish PIP Notropis baileyi rough shiner PP Lucania parva rainwater killifish PIP Notropis buccatus silverjaw minnow PP mosquitofish, western Gambusia affinis mosquitofish PIP Notropis chalybaeus ironcolor shiner PIP 36

Gambusia holbrooki eastern mosquitofish PIP bluespotted cornetfish, dwarf livebearer, least Fistularia tabacaria tobacco trumpetfish U Heterandria formosa killifish U Macrorhamphosus Poecilia latipinna sailfin molly PIP scolopax longspine snipefish U Elops saurus ladyfish PIP Anarchopterus criniger fringed pipefish PIP Megalops atlanticus tarpon PIP Campichthys galei Gale's pipefish FR grass pickerel, redfin or grass pickerel, redfin Cosmocampus albirostris whitenose pipefish PP Esox americanus pickerel PP Cosmocampus elucens shortfin pipefish PP Esox niger chain pickerel PIP lined seahorse, spotted Bregmaceros cantori striped codlet U Hippocampus erectus seahorse PIP Urophycis cirrata Gulf hake PP Hippocampus hudsonius lined seahorse PIP southern codling, dwarf seahorse, little Urophycis floridana southern hake PIP seahorse, pygmy spotted codling, spotted Hippocampus zosterae seahorse PIP Urophycis regia hake PIP Micrognathus crinigerus fringed pipefish U Bathygadus macrops bullseye grenadier U opossum pipefish, Caelorinchus hollowsnout grenadier, Microphis brachyurus shorttailed pipefish PIP caelorhincus saddled grenadier U Syngnathus floridae dusky pipefish PIP Caelorinchus carminatus soldier fish FR Syngnathus fuscus northern pipefish FR Caelorinchus carribaeus blackfin genadier U Syngnathus louisianae chain pipefish PIP Caelorinchus occa swordsnout grenadier U Syngnathus pelagicus sargassum pipefish PIP Coryphaenoides Syngnathus scovelli Gulf pipefish PIP zaniophorus thickbeard grenadier U Syngnathus springeri bull pipefish PIP glasshead grenadier, Alopias vulpinus thresher shark U Hymenocephalus italicus silver rattail U Antennarius ocellatus ocellated frogfish PP American straptail big-eyed frogfish, Malacocephalus grenadier, western Antennarius radiosus singlespot frogfish PIP occidentalis softhead grenadier U Antennarius striatus striated frogfish PIP common Atlantic sargassum frogfish, grenadier, smooth Histrio histrio sargassumfish PIP Nezumia aequalis grenadier U painted anglerfish, Nezumia cyrano common grenadier FR Chaunax pictus redeye PP Squalogadus modificatus tadpole whiptail U Lophius gastrophysus blackfin goosefish U Trachonurus sulcatus bristly grenadier U Dibranchus atlanticus Atlantic batfish U Trachonurus villosus furry whiptail U Halieutichthys aculeatus pancake batfish PIP Merluccius bilinearis silver hake FR Ogcocephalus corniger longnose batfish PP Steindachneria argentea luminous hake U Ogcocephalus cubifrons polka-dot batfish PIP Gadella maraldi gadella U Ogcocephalus Pacific cornetfish, red declivirostris slantbrow batfish PP cornetfish, smooth Ogcocephalus nasutus shortnose batfish PIP Fistularia petimba flutemouth PP Ogcocephalus pantostictus spotted batfish PP

black mullet, gray mullet, blackmouth bass, Mugil cephalus striped mullet PIP Synagrops bellus blackmouth cardinalfish U silver mullet, white Mugil curema mullet PIP Synagrops spinosus keelcheek bass U fat cresecnt moon Apogon affinis bigtooth cardinalfish U Bolinichthys distofax lanternfish U Apogon aurolineatus bridle cardinalfish U Bolinichthys Apogon supralateralis stubby lanternfish U pseudomaculatus twospot cardinalfish PP Diaphus dumerilii lanternfish U Chasmodes bosquianus striped blenny PIP Chasmodes saburrae Florida blenny PIP Hygophum benoiti Benoit's lanternfish U Hypleurochilus Myctophum affine metallic lanternfish U geminatus crested blenny PIP Notoscopelus Hypleurochilus multifilis featherduster blenny PP resplendens patchwork lampfish U Hypsoblennius hentz feather blenny PP Neoscopelus Hypsoblennius ionthas freckled blenny PIP macrolepidotus blackchin lampfish U Dasyatis americana southern stingray PIP Parablennius marmoreus seaweed blenny U Dasyatis sabina Atlantic stingray PIP African pompano, Alectis ciliaris threadfin U Dasyatis say bluntnose stingray PIP Caranx bartholomaei yellow jack PP bonnetray, spotted eagle Aetobatus narinari ray PIP Caranx crysos blue runner PP Rhinoptera bonasus cownose ray PIP Caranx fusus blue runner, blue runner U Caranx hippos crevalle jack PIP Gunterichthys longipenis gold brotula PP Atlantic pearlfish, Caranx latus horse-eye jack PIP Carapus bermudensis pearlfish U Chloroscombrus Atlantic bearded brotula, chrysurus Atlantic bumper PIP Brotula barbata bearded brotula U Decapterus punctatus round scad PIP Lepophidium brevibarbe blackedge cusk-eel PP Hemicaranx Lepophidium jeannae mottled cusk-eel PP amblyrhynchus bluntnose jack PP Lepophidium Oligoplites saurus leatherjack, leatherjacket PIP profundorum fawn cusk-eel U Selar crumenophthalmus bigeye scad PIP Ophidion grayi blotched cusk-eel U Selene setapinnis Atlantic moonfish PP Ophidion holbrooki bank cusk-eel PIP Selene vomer lookdown PIP Ophidion josephi crested cusk-eel PP Seriola dumerili greater amberjack PIP Ophidion selenops mooneye cusk-eel U almaco jack, Pacific Ophidion welshi crested cusk-eel U Seriola rivoliana amberjack PP Rhincodon typus whale shark U banded rubberfish, Seriola zonata banded rudderfish PIP Leptoderma macrops grenadier smooth-head U Trachinotus carolinus Florida pompano PIP Talismania oregoni Harfin smooth-head U Trachinotus falcatus permit PIP Xenodermichthys copei bluntsnout smoothhead U Trachurus lathami rough scad PP Argentina striata striated argentine U Ambloplites ariommus shadow bass PP Acanthurus chirurgus doctorfish PP Ambloplites rupestris rock bass PIP

Enneacanthus gloriosus bluespotted sunfish PIP Neoepinnula americana American sackfish U banded sunfish, Ruvettus pretiosus oilfish U diamond sunfish, little Enneacanthus obesus sunfish PP Eucinostomus argenteus spotfin mojarra PIP Lepomis auritus redbreast sunfish PIP Eucinostomus gula silver jenny PIP Lepomis cyanellus green sunfish PIP Eucinostomus lefroyi mottled mojarra U Lepomis gulosus warmouth PIP Gerres cinereus yellowfin mojarra PIP Lepomis humilis orangespotted sunfish PIP Gobiesox strumosus skilletfish PIP Lepomis macrochirus bluegill PIP Bathygobius soporator frillfin goby PIP Lepomis marginatus dollar sunfish PIP Bollmannia communis ragged goby U Lepomis megalotis longear sunfish PIP Ctenogobius boleosoma darter goby PIP Lepomis microlophus redear sunfish PIP Ctenogobius shufeldti freshwater goby PIP redspotted sunfish, Ctenogobius stigmaticus marked goby PIP Lepomis miniatus scarlet sunfish PP Ctenogobius stigmaturus spottail goby U Lepomis punctatus spotted sunfish PIP Micropterus punctulatus spotted bass U Evorthodus lyricus lyre goby PIP Gobioides broussonnetii violet goby PIP Micropterus salmoides largemouth bass PIP Pomoxis annularis white crappie PIP Gobionellus boleosoma darter goby PIP Pomoxis nigromaculatus black crappie PIP highfin goby, sharptail Nile mouthbreeder, Nile Gobionellus hastatus goby, slim goby PIP Oreochromis niloticus tilapia PIP highfin goby, sharptail Coryphaena hippurus dolphin, dolphinfish PIP Gobionellus oceanicus goby, slim goby PIP Gobiosoma bosc naked goby PIP Dactyloscopus moorei speckled stargazer PP Dactyloscopus Gobiosoma longipala twoscale goby PIP tridigitatus sand stargazer PP Gobiosoma robustum code goby PIP Echeneis naucrates sharksucker PIP Microgobius carri Seminole goby PP Echeneis neucratoides whitefin sharksucker PP Microgobius gulosus clown goby PIP Everglades pygmy Microgobius thalassinus green goby PIP Elassoma evergladei sunfish PP Conodon nobilis barred grunt U Okefenokee pygmy Haemulon aurolineatum tomtate PP Elassoma okefenokee sunfish PIP Haemulon macrostomum Spanish grunt U Elassoma zonatum banded pygmy sunfish PIP Haemulon plumierii white grunt PIP Dormitator maculatus fat sleeper PIP Orthopristis chrysoptera pigfish PIP largescaled spinycheek Eleotris amblyopsis sleeper PP Pomadasys corvinaeformis roughneck grunt U Eleotris picta spotted sleeper PIP Atlantic sailfish, bayonet Erotelis smaragdus emerald sleeper PP fish, Indo-Pacific sailfish, Gobiomorus maculatus Pacific sleeper FR Istiophorus platypterus sailfish PP Chaetodipterus faber Atlantic spadefish PIP Kyphosus sectatrix Bermuda chub PP Epigonus pandionis black mullet U Bodianus pulchellus spotfin hogfish U Lepidocybium Halichoeres bivittatus slippery dick PIP flavobrunneum escolar U 39

Lachnolaimus maximus hogfish U Etheostoma histrio harlequin darter PP Xyrichtys novacula pearly razorfish PP Etheostoma lynceum brighteye darter PP Paraclinus fasciatus banded blenny PP Etheostoma nigripinne blackfin darter PP Lobotes surinamensis Atlantic tripletail, tripletail PIP Lutjanus analis mutton snapper PIP Etheostoma nigrum johnny darter PIP Etheostoma parvipinne goldstripe darter PIP schoolmaster, Etheostoma proeliare cypress darter PIP Lutjanus apodus schoolmaster snapper PIP Etheostoma rubrum bayou darter FR northern red snapper, Etheostoma rupestre rock darter PP Lutjanus campechanus red snapper PIP Etheostoma stigmaeum speckled darter PIP gray snapper, grey Lutjanus griseus snapper PIP Etheostoma swaini Gulf darter PIP Lutjanus synagris lane snapper PIP Etheostoma whipplei redfin darter PIP Pristipomoides Etheostoma zonale banded darter U aquilonaris wenchman U Percina aurora pearl darter PIP Rhomboplites Percina austroperca southern logperch PP aurorubens vermilion snapper PIP Percina maculata blackside darter PP Caulolatilus intermedius anchor tilefish U Percina nigrofasciata blackbanded darter PP Microdesmus Percina ouachitae saddleback darter FR lanceolatus lancetail wormfish U Percina sciera dusky darter PP Microdesmus longipinnis pink wormfish PP Percina shumardi river darter PP Morone chrysops white bass PIP Percina suttkusi Gulf logperch U Morone saxatilis rockfish, striped bass PIP Percina uranidea stargazing darter U Mullus auratus red goatfish U Percina vigil saddleback darter PP Upeneus parvus dwarf goatfish PP duckbill flathead, Nomeus gronovii man-of-war fish PP Bembrops anatirostris longnose duckbill U Opistognathus banded jawfish, longjaw goby duckbill, goby macrognathus jawfish, spotfin jawfish PP Bembrops gobioides flathead U Opistognathus Polydactylus octonemus Atlantic threadfin PIP maxillosus mottled jawfish U Polydactylus virginicus barbu PP Ammocrypta beanii naked sand darter PIP Holacanthus Ammocrypta bifascia Florida sand darter PIP bermudensis blue angelfish PP Ammocrypta vivax scaly sand darter PIP Abudefduf saxatilis sergeant major PIP Etheostoma asprigene mud darter PP Stegastes fuscus dusky damselfish U Etheostoma caeruleum rainbow darter PIP Stegastes variabilis cocoa damselfish PIP Etheostoma chlorosoma bluntnose darter U Pomatomus saltatrix bluefish PIP Etheostoma colorosum coastal darter PP Priacanthus alta short bigeye U Etheostoma davisoni Choctawhatchee darter PIP Priacanthus arenatus Atlantic bigeye U Etheostoma edwini brown darter PIP Pristigenys alta short bigeye U Etheostoma fusiforme swamp darter U Rachycentron canadum cobia PIP Etheostoma gracile slough darter PP Nicholsina usta emerald parrotfish PP Sparisoma radians bucktooth parrotfish PP 40

Bairdiella chrysoura silver perch PIP Gonioplectrus hispanus Spanish flag PP Cynoscion arenarius sand seatrout PIP Hemanthias leptus longtail bass U Cynoscion nebulosus spotted seatrout PIP Mycteroperca bonaci black grouper PP Cynoscion nothus silver seatrout PIP Larimus fasciatus banded drum PP Mycteroperca microlepis charcoal belly, gag PIP Mycteroperca phenax scamp PIP Leiostomus xanthurus spot PIP jewsharp drummer, Serraniculus pumilio pygmy sea bass PIP Menticirrhus americanus southern kingfish PIP Serranus atrobranchus blackear bass PP Serranus phoebe tattler PP Menticirrhus focaliger Gulf minkfish PIP Menticirrhus littoralis Gulf kingfish PIP Serranus subligarius belted sandfish PIP Gulf minkfish, northern Archosargus Menticirrhus saxatilis kingfish PIP probatocephalus sheepshead PIP Micropogonias undulatus Atlantic croaker PIP Calamus arctifrons grass porgy PIP Pareques umbrosus cubbyu U Calamus proridens littlehead porgy PP Pogonias cromis black drum PIP Diplodus holbrookii spottail pinfish PIP Sciaenops ocellatus red drum PIP Lagodon rhomboides pinfish PIP Stellifer lanceolatus star drum PIP Stenotomus caprinus longspine porgy PIP bullet mackerel, bullet Sphyraena barracuda great barracuda PIP tuna, long corseletted Sphyraena borealis northern sennet PIP Auxis rochei frigate mackerel PP Sphyraena guachancho guaguanche PIP false albacore, little tuna, Sphyraena picudilla southern sennet PIP Euthynnus alletteratus little tunny PIP Peprilus burti Gulf butterfish PIP chub mackerel, common harvestfish, northern mackerel, Pacific chub harvestfish, northern mackerel, Pacific Peprilus paru harvestfish PP Scomber japonicus mackerel U Peprilus triacanthus butterfish FR Atlantic Spanish Atlantic cutlassfish, Scomberomorus mackerel, Spanish Australian hairtail, maculatus mackerel PIP Trichiurus lepturus largehead hairtail PIP Bathyanthias mexicanus yellowtail bass U Astroscopus y-graecum southern stargazer PIP Centropristis ocyurus bank sea bass PP Gnathagnus egregius freckled stargazer U Centropristis Kathetostoma albigutta lancer stargazer PP philadelphica rock sea bass PIP Lycenchelys bullisi eelpout U Centropristis striata black sea bass PIP Aphredoderus sayanus pirate perch PIP Cephalopholis fulva coney U Ichthyomyzon gagei southern brook lamprey PIP Diplectrum bivittatum dwarf sand perch PIP Achirus lineatus lined sole PIP Diplectrum formosum sand perch PIP Gymnachirus texae fringed sole PIP Epinephelus Trinectes maculatus hogchoker PIP flavolimbatus yellowedge grouper U Symphurus civitatium offshore tonguefish PIP Epinephelus morio red grouper PIP Symphurus Epinephelus nigritus warsaw grouper PIP diomedeanus spottedfin tonguefish U

marginated tonguefish, smoothhead margined tonguefish, Scorpaena calcarata scorpionfish PP Symphurus marginatus slender tonguefish U Scorpaena dispar hunchback scorpionfish U Symphurus piger deepwater tonguefish U Scorpaena ergastulorum red scorpionfish FR Symphurus plagiusa blackcheek tonguefish PIP Setarches guentheri deepwater scorpionfish U Ancylopsetta dilecta three-eye flounder U Bellator militaris horned searobin U Ancylopsetta Peristedion quadrocellata ocellated flounder PIP ecuadorensis armored searobin U Citharichthys macrops spotted whiff PP Peristedion gracile slender searobin U Citharichthys spilopterus bay whiff PIP alligator searobin, prickly Cyclopsetta chittendeni Mexican flounder PIP Peristedion greyae searobin U Cyclopsetta fimbriata spotfin flounder PIP Peristedion miniatum armored searobin U Etropus crossotus fringed flounder PP Prionotus evolans striped searobin U Etropus microstomus smallmouth flounder FR Prionotus longispinosus bigeye searobin PIP Etropus rimosus gray flounder PP Prionotus ophryas bandtail searobin PP Paralichthys albigutta Gulf flounder PIP Prionotus paralatus Mexican searobin PP Paralichthys lethostigma southern flounder PIP Paralichthys Prionotus roseus bluespotted searobin U squamilentus broad flounder PIP blackfin searobin, Prionotus rubio blackwing searobin PIP Syacium gunteri shoal flounder PIP Syacium micrurum channel flounder U Prionotus scitulus leopard searobin PIP Prionotus stearnsi shortwing searobin PP Syacium papillosum dusky flounder PIP Poecilopsetta beani deepwater dab U Prionotus tribulus bighead searobin PIP Polymixia lowei beardfish U Atractosteus spatula alligator gar PIP smalltooth sawfish, wide shortnose gar, spotted Pristis pectinata sawfish H Lepisosteus oculatus gar PIP Anacanthobatis folirostris leaf-nose leg skate U Lepisosteus osseus longnose gar PIP Dipturus teevani Caribbean skate U Lepisosteus platyrhincus Florida gar PIP Fenestraja Gulf of Mexico pygmy Lepisosteus spatula alligator gar PIP sinusmexicanus skate, Gulf skate U Ariopsis felis hardhead catfish PIP Caribbean skate, prickly Bagre marinus gafftopsail catfish PIP Raja teevani brown ray U Galeichthys felis sea catfish PIP Raja texana roundel skate PIP white bullhead, white Rhinobatos lentiginosus Atlantic guitarfish PIP Ameiurus catus catfish PIP brook trout, charr, salter, Ameiurus melas black bullhead PIP Salvelinus fontinalis sea trout FR Ameiurus natalis yellow bullhead PIP Cephalacanthus spinarella flying gurnard PIP Ameiurus nebulosus brown bullhead PIP Dactylopterus volitans flying gurnard U Ictalurus furcatus blue catfish PIP Aploactis aspera dusky veveltfish FR channel catfish, graceful Pontinus longispinis longspine scorpionfish U Ictalurus punctatus catfish PIP barbfish, goosehead Noturus funebris black madtom PIP Scorpaena brasiliensis scorpionfish PP 42

Sphoeroides parvus least puffer PIP Noturus gyrinus tadpole madtom PIP Sphoeroides spengleri bandtail puffer U Noturus hildebrandi least madtom U Sphoeroides testudineus checkered puffer U Noturus leptacanthus speckled madtom PIP Narcine bancroftii lesser electric ray PIP Noturus miurus brindled madtom PP Narcine brasiliensis lesser electric ray PIP Noturus munitus frecklebelly madtom PP Xenolepidichthys Noturus nocturnus freckled madtom PIP dalgleishi spotted tinselfish U Pylodictis olivaris flathead catfish PIP Cyttopsis rosea red dory U blackbelly dogfish, American john dory, Etmopterus hillianus Caribbean lanternshark U Zenopsis conchifera buckler dory U fringefin lantern shark, Scientific Name Common Name Park Status1 Etmopterus schultzi fringefin lanternshark U Mammals green lantern shark, Odocoileus virginianus white-tailed deer PIP Etmopterus virens green lanternshark U domestic dog, domestic Squalus cubensis Cuban dogfish U Canis familiaris dog (feral) PIP Gonostoma elongatum longtooth anglemouth U Canis latrans coyote PIP Yarrella blackfordi stareye lightfish U Canis rufus red wolf H Polyipnus asteroides shortspine tenplate U Urocyon common gray fox, gray cinereoargenteus fox PIP diaphanous hatchetfish, black fox, cross fox, red Sternoptyx diaphana transparent hatchetfish U Vulpes fulva fox, silver fox U Sloan's fangfish, Sloan's Vulpes vulpes red fox PIP viperfish, Sloane's Chauliodus sloani viperfish U Felis catus domestic cat PIP Stomias affinis scaly dragonfish U Felis concolor mountain lion U Balistes capriscus gray triggerfish PIP Lynx rufus bobcat PIP Mephitis mephitis striped skunk PIP burrfish, porcupinefish, eastern spotted skunk, Chilomycterus schoepfii striped burrfish PIP Spilogale putorius spotted skunk FR balloonfish, hairy Diodon holocanthus porcupinefish PP Lutra canadensis river otter PIP Mustela frenata long-tailed weasel U Aluterus heudelotii dotterel filefish U Mustela vison American mink, mink PIP Aluterus schoepfii orange filefish PIP Cantherhines pullus orangespotted filefish U California sea lion, Monacanthus ciliatus fringed filefish PP Zalophus californianus California sealion U common raccoon, Stephanolepis hispidus planehead filefish PIP northern raccoon, pygmy filefish PP Stephanolepis setifer Procyon lotor raccoon PIP Acanthostracion American black bear, scrawled cowfish PIP quadricornis Ursus americanus black bear PIP Lactophrys trigonus trunkfish FR black right whale, Lactophrys triqueter smooth trunkfish U Eubalaena glacialis northern right whale U Lagocephalus laevigatus smooth puffer PP Balaenoptera minke whale, northern Sphoeroides dorsalis marbled puffer U acutorostrata minke whale U Sphoeroides nephelus southern puffer PIP Balaenoptera borealis sei whale U

Nycticeius humeralis evening bat PIP Balaenoptera edeni Eden's whale U Pipistrellus subflavus eastern pipistrelle U Balaenoptera musculus blue whale U Rafinesque's big-eared Balaenoptera physalus fin whale, finback whale PP Plecotus rafinesquii bat U Megaptera novaeangliae humpback whale U Didelphis virginiana Virginia opossum PIP common dolphin, mole shrew, northern saddle-backed dolphin, short-tailed shrew, short- short-beaked common Blarina brevicauda tailed shrew U dolphin, short-beaked bee shrew, least shrew, saddle-backed dolphin, little short-tailed shrew, short-beaked Cryptotis parva small short-tailed shrew U Delphinus delphis saddleback dolphin U Scalopus aquaticus eastern mole, topos PIP Feresa attenuata pygmy killer whale U Sylvilagus aquaticus swamp rabbit PIP Globicephala Sylvilagus floridanus eastern cottontail PIP macrorhynchus short-finned pilot whale PIP Homo sapiens human, man PIP grampus, Risso's Grampus griseus dolphin U Castor canadensis american beaver, beaver PIP Orcinus orca killer whale, orca U Myocastor coypus coypu, nutria PIP Pseudorca crassidens false killer whale U southeastern pocket Stenella coeruleoalba striped dolphin PP Geomys pinetis gopher U Stenella frontalis Atlantic spotted dolphin PIP Microtus pinetorum pine vole, woodland vole U long-snouted spinner Mus musculus house mouse PIP Stenella longirostris dolphin, spinner dolphin U Neotoma floridana eastern woodrat U Steno bredanensis rough-toothed dolphin U Ochrotomys nuttalli golden mouse U bottlenose dolphin, Ondatra zibethicus muskbeaver, muskrat PIP Tursiops truncatus bottlenosed dolphin PIP Oryzomys palustris marsh rice rat PIP Kogia breviceps pygmy sperm whale PIP Peromyscus gossypinus cotton mouse U Kogia sima dwarf sperm whale U Peromyscus polionotus oldfield mouse U Physeter macrocephalus sperm whale PIP Peromyscus polionotus Santa Rosa beach Gervais' beaked whale, leucocephalus deermouse PIP Mesoplodon europaeus Gervais's beaked whale U Peromyscus polionotus Perdido Key beach Cuvier's beaked whale, trissyllepsis mouse PIP goose-beaked whale, Rattus norvegicus Norway rat PIP Ziphius cavirostris goosebeak whale U Rattus rattus black rat PIP Reithrodontomys Tadarida brasiliensis Brazilian free-tailed bat PIP humulis eastern harvest mouse U Eptesicus fuscus big brown bat PIP Lasiurus borealis eastern red bat, red bat U Sigmodon hispidus hispid cotton rat PIP Glaucomys sabrinus Carolina northern flying Lasiurus cinereus hoary bat U coloratus squirrel U Lasiurus intermedius northern yellow bat U Lasiurus seminolus Seminole bat PIP Glaucomys volans southern flying squirrel PIP eastern gray squirrel, Myotis austroriparius southeastern myotis U Sciurus carolinensis gray squirrel PIP little brown bat, little eastern fox squirrel, fox Myotis lucifugus brown myotis U Sciurus niger squirrel PIP 44

Tamias striatus eastern chipmunk U Southern Hog-nosed Antillean manatee, Heterodon simus Snake U Caribbean manatee, Lampropeltis calligaster Florida manatee, rhombomaculata Mole Kingsnake U manatee, West Indian Lampropeltis getula Common Kingsnake PIP Trichechus manatus manatee PIP Lampropeltis getula holbrooki Speckled Kingsnake PIP long-nosed armadillo, Lampropeltis triangulum Dasypus novemcinctus nine-banded armadillo PIP elapsoides Scarlet Kingsnake U 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Masticophis flagellum Coachwhip PIP Natrix rhombifer Diamondback Reptiles rhombifer watersnake FR alligator, American Salt Marsh Water Alligator, Florida Nerodia clarkii Snake, Saltmarsh Snake PIP alligator, gator, Louisiana alligator, Green Water Snake, Alligator mississippiensis Mississippi alligator PIP Mississippi Green Water Nerodia cyclopion Snake PIP Ophisaurus attenuatus Eastern Slender Glass longicaudus Lizard U Plain-bellied Water Nerodia erythrogaster Snake PIP Ophisaurus ventralis Eastern Glass Lizard PIP Nerodia fasciata Southern Water Snake PIP Carphophis amoenus Florida Green Water helenae Midwest Worm Snake U Nerodia floridana Snake PIP Cemophora coccinea Scarlet Snake PIP Nerodia sipedon Cemophora coccinea pleuralis Midland Water Snake U coccinea Florida Scarlet Snake PIP Nerodia taxispilota Brown Water Snake PIP Cemophora coccinea Rough Green Snake, copei Northern Scarlet Snake U Opheodrys aestivus Rough Greensnake PIP Coluber constrictor Racer PIP Pituophis melanoleucus Coluber constrictor lodingi Black Pine Snake U latrunculus Black-masked Racer PIP Regina rigida sinicola Gulf Crawfish Snake U Coluber constrictor Rhadinaea flavilata Pine Woods Snake U priapus Southern Black Racer PIP Brown Snake, Dekay's Ring-necked Snake, Brown Snake, DeKay's Diadophis punctatus Ringneck Snake PIP Storeria dekayi Brownsnake H Drymarchon corais couperi Eastern Indigo Snake PP Red-bellied Snake, Storeria occipitomaculata Redbelly Snake PIP Elaphe guttata Corn Snake, Cornsnake PIP Southeastern Crowned Rat Snake, Texas Tantilla coronata Snake PIP Elaphe obsoleta Ratsnake PIP Thamnophis proximus Western Ribbon Snake U Farancia abacura Thamnophis sauritus Eastern Ribbon Snake PIP reinwardtii Western Mud Snake U Farancia erytrogramma Thamnophis sirtalis Common Garter Snake PIP erytrogramma Rainbow Snake U Rough Earth Snake, eastern hog-nosed Virginia striatula Rough Earthsnake U Heterodon platyrhinos snake H Virginia valeriae elegans Western Earth Snake U 45

Harlequin Coralsnake, carey, Hawksbill, Micrurus fulvius Northern Coral Snake PIP Eretmochelys imbricata hawksbill sea turtle PIP Mediterranean Gekko, Atlantic ridley, Atlantic Mediterranean House ridley sea turtle, Kemp's Hemidactylus turcicus Gecko PIP Ridley, Kemp's ridley Eastern Fence Lizard, Lepidochelys kempii sea turtle PIP Fence Lizard, Plateau common snapping turtle, Sceloporus undulatus Lizard, Prairie Lizard PIP Chelydra serpentina Snapping Turtle PIP Anolis carolinensis Green Anole PIP Macroclemys temminckii alligator snapping turtle PIP Eumeces anthracinus Leatherback, pluvialis Southern Coal Skink U leatherback sea turtle, Eumeces egregius Mole Skink H Dermochelys coriacea leatherback turtle, tinglar PIP Eumeces fasciatus Five-lined Skink U river cooter PIP Southeastern Five-lined Chrysemys concinna Eumeces inexpectatus Skink PIP Chrysemys floridana Florida cooter U Chrysemys picta dorsalis Southern Painted Turtle U Eumeces laticeps Broad-headed Skink PIP Ground Skink, Little Chrysemys scripta Slider PIP Scincella lateralis Brown Skink PIP Deirochelys reticularia Chicken Turtle PIP Cnemidophorus sawback turtle, Yellow- sexlineatus Six-lined Racerunner PIP blotched Map Turtle, Agkistrodon contortrix Graptemys flavimaculata yellow-blotched sawback U contortrix Southern Copperhead PIP Graptemys pulchra Alabama Map Turtle U Agkistrodon piscivorus Cottonmouth PIP Malaclemys terrapin Diamondback Terrapin PIP Agkistrodon piscivorus Pseudemys concinna River Cooter PIP conanti Florida Cottonmouth PP Pseudemys floridana Common Cooter PIP Agkistrodon piscivorus common box turtle, leucostoma Western Cottonmouth PIP Terrapene carolina Eastern Box Turtle PIP Agkistrodon piscivorus Trachemys scripta Common Slider, slider PIP piscivorus Eastern Cottonmouth PIP Trachemys scripta Eastern Diamond- elegans Red-eared Slider PIP backed Rattlesnake, common mud turtle, Eastern Diamondback Kinosternon subrubrum Eastern Mud Turtle PIP Crotalus adamanteus Rattlesnake PIP Crotalus horridus Razor-backed Musk atricaudatus canebrake rattlesnake U Sternotherus carinatus Turtle H Sternotherus minor Pigmy Rattlesnake, peltifer stripeneck musk turtle U Sistrurus miliarius Pygmy Rattlesnake PIP Sternotherus odoratus Common Musk Turtle U Sistrurus miliarius Dusky Pigmy barbouri Rattlesnake U Gopherus polyphemus Gopher Tortoise PIP Sistrurus miliarius Carolina Pigmy Gulf Coast Smooth miliarius Rattlesnake PIP Apalone mutica calvata Softshell Turtle U Loggerhead, loggerhead Caretta caretta sea turtle PIP Gulf Coast Spiny Apalone spinifera aspera Softshell Turtle U common green sea Chelonia mydas turtle, Green Sea Turtle PIP 46

Lilaeopsis chinensis eastern grasswort PIP Scientific Name Common Name Park Status1 Oxypolis filiformis water cowbane PIP herbwilliam, threadleaf Vascular Plants Ptilimnium capillaceum mockbishopweed PIP American water plantain, piedmont mock Alisma subcordatum waterplaintain H Ptilimnium viviparum bishopweed FR grass-leaf arrowhead, Canada sanicle, Sagittaria graminea grassy arrowhead PP Canadian bulltongue, bulltongue Sanicula canadensis blacksnakeroot PIP arrowhead, scythefruit forked scaleseed, Sagittaria lancifolia arrowhead PIP Spermolepis divaricata roughfruit scaleseed PIP Sagittaria mohrii delta arrowhead U bristly scaleseed, bristly- Anethum graveolens dill PIP Spermolepis echinata fruit scaleseed PIP Centella erecta erect centella PIP angelicatree, devil's Chaerophyllum walkingstick, devils procumbens spreading chervil U Aralia spinosa walkingstick PIP chervil, hairy-fruit chervil, Colocasia esculenta coco yam, wild taro U Chaerophyllum tainturieri hairyfruit chervil PIP common duckweed, Chinese parsley, least duckweed, lesser Chinese-parsley, Lemna minor duckweed U Coriandrum sativum coriander PIP Lemna obscura little duckweed PIP Cyclospermum Sabal minor dwarf palmetto PIP leptophyllum marsh parsley PIP cabbage palm, cabbage blueflower eryngo, Sabal palmetto palmetto PIP Eryngium integrifolium simpleleaf eryngo U button eryngo, button Serenoa repens saw palmetto PIP snakeroot, Yuccaleaf annual ragweed, Eryngium yuccifolium eryngo PIP common ragweed, low Hydrocotyle bonariensis largeleaf pennywort PIP ragweed, ragweed, Roman wormwood, whorled short ragweed, small Hydrocotyle prolifera marshpennywort PIP Ambrosia artemisiifolia ragweed PIP floating marsh pennywort, floating Aster adnatus scaleleaf aster U Hydrocotyle marshpennywort, Baccharis angustifolia saltwater false willow U ranunculoides floating pennyroyal PIP Hydrocotyle Baccharis glomeruliflora silverling U sibthorpioides lawn marshpennywort PIP Baccharis halimifolia eastern baccharis PIP manyflower coastalplain marshpennywort, Balduina angustifolia honeycombhead PIP Hydrocotyle umbellata umbrella pennyroyal PIP oneflower whorled marsh Balduina uniflora honeycombhead PIP pennywort, whorled Berlandiera pumila soft greeneyes PIP marshpennywort, Bidens mitis smallfruit beggarticks PIP Hydrocotyle verticillata whorled pennyroyal U Lilaeopsis carolinensis Carolina grasswort PIP 47

beggar's tick, cobbler's pegs, fisi'uli, hairy Coreopsis linifolia Texas tickseed PIP beggarticks, kofe tonga, Coreopsis major greater tickseed U matakaro, Spanish hairy coreopsis, star Bidens pilosa needle, Spanish needles PIP Coreopsis pubescens tickseed U pineland rayless atlantic coreopsis, tall Bigelowia nudata goldenrod PIP Coreopsis tripteris tickseed U star boltonia, white doll's goldenweed, slender Boltonia asteroides daisy, white doll's-daisy U Croptilon divaricatum scratchdaisy PIP Boltonia diffusa var. eclipta, false daisy, diffusa smallhead doll's daisy PIP yerba de tago, yerba de bushy seaoxeye, bushy Eclipta prostrata tajo PIP Borrichia frutescens seaside tansy PIP Elephantopus Carolina elephantsfoot, carolinianus leafy elephantfoot U Carduus lecontei LeConte's thistle U Elephantopus elatus tall elephantsfoot PIP Carphephorus odoratissimus vanillaleaf PIP naked elephantfoot, Elephantopus nudatus smooth elephantsfoot PIP Carphephorus paniculatus hairy chaffhead U Elephantopus devil's grandmother, tomentosus hairy elephantfoot PIP Carphephorus pseudoliatris bristleleaf chaffhead PIP Erechtites hieraciifolia American burnweed PIP Chaptalia tomentosa woolly sunbonnets PIP Philadelphia daisy, Chrysoma Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia fleabane PIP pauciflosculosa woody goldenrod PIP Erigeron quercifolius oakleaf fleabane U Chrysopsis godfreyi Godfrey's goldenaster PIP Daisy Fleabane, prairie Chrysopsis gossypina Erigeron strigosus fleabane, rough fleabane PIP ssp. cruiseana cottony goldenaster PIP Erigeron vernus early whitetop fleabane PIP Chrysopsis gossypina Eupatoriadelphus ssp. hyssopifolia cottony goldenaster PIP fistulosus hollow Joe-pyeweed PIP Chrysopsis graminifolia narrowleaf silkgrass PIP Chrysopsis lanuginosa Lynn Haven goldenaster PIP Eupatorium album white thoroughwort U Eupatorium anomalum Florida thoroughwort U Chrysopsis mariana Maryland goldenaster U Eupatorium capillifolium dogfennel PIP Chrysopsis scabrella coastalplain goldenaster FR Eupatorium glaucescens waxy thoroughwort U Cirsium horridulum yellow thistle PIP Eupatorium incarnatum pink thoroughwort U Cirsium muticum swamp thistle U Eupatorium leucolepis justiceweed PIP Conoclinium coelestinum blue mistflower PIP Eupatorium mohrii Mohr's thoroughwort PIP asthmaweed, flaxleaved bonset, common Conyza bonariensis fleabane, hairy fleabane PIP Eupatorium perfoliatum boneset PIP Conyza canadensis var. Eupatorium pilosum rough boneset PP pusilla Canadian horseweed PIP roundleaf eupatorium, Coreopsis gladiata coastalplain tickseed U Eupatorium rotundifolium roundleaf thoroughwort U Coreopsis grandiflora richweed, snakeroot, var. grandiflora largeflower tickseed PIP Eupatorium rugosum white snakeroot U 48

late eupatorium, Gronovis hawkweed, lateflowering Hieracium gronovii queendevil PIP Eupatorium serotinum thoroughwort PIP common cat's-ear, false slender fragrant dandelion, frogbit, Euthamia caroliniana goldenrod PIP gosmore, hairy cat's ear, hairy catsear, spotted bushy goldentop PIP Euthamia leptocephala Hypochaeris radicata catsear PIP annual trampweed PIP Facelis retusa bigleaf sumpweed, firewheel, Indian blanket, Iva frutescens Jesuit's bark PIP Indianblanket, rosering Iva imbricata seacoast marshelder PIP Gaillardia pulchella gaillardia PIP Krigia caespitosa weedy dwarfdandelion PIP Gamochaeta americana American everlasting U Gamochaeta antillana delicate everlasting PIP Krigia virginica Virginia dwarfdandelion PIP narrowleaf purple Canada lettuce, Florida Gamochaeta calviceps everlasting PIP Lactuca canadensis blue lettuce, wild lettuce U Gamochaeta Florida lettuce, pensylvanica Pennsylvania everlasting PIP Lactuca floridana woodland lettuce PIP spoon-leaf purple Liatris gracilis slender blazing star PIP everlasting, spoonleaf Liatris pilosa shaggy blazing star FR Gamochaeta purpurea purple everlasting PIP Liatris secunda piedmont blazing star PIP Gnaphalium falcatum narrow cudweed FR Liatris spicata dense blazing star PIP bitter sneezeweed, scaly blazing star, scaly Helenium amarum yellowdicks PIP Liatris squarrosa gayfeather U Helenium brevifolium shortleaf sneezeweed U Liatris tenuifolia shortleaf blazing star U Helenium drummondii fringed sneezeweed FR climbing hempvine, southeastern Mikania scandens climbing hempweed PIP Helenium pinnatifidum sneezeweed FR Pityopsis graminifolia narrowleaf silkgrass PIP Helenium vernale savannah sneezeweed U camphor pluchea, swamp sneezeweed, Pluchea camphorata camphor weed U Helianthus angustifolius swamp sunflower U Pluchea foetida stinking camphorweed PIP annual sunflower, marsh fleabane, common sunflower, Pluchea odorata sweetscent PIP sunflower, wild Pluchea rosea rosy camphorweed PIP Helianthus annuus sunflower PIP Polymnia uvedalia yellow-flowered leafcup U Helianthus debilis ssp. Pseudognaphalium debilis cucumberleaf sunflower PIP obtusifolium rabbittobacco PIP Helianthus heterophyllus variableleaf sunflower PIP Carolina desert chicory, Helianthus small woodland Carolina desert-chicory, microcephalus sunflower PIP Pyrrhopappus Carolina false dandelion, carolinianus Carolina false-dandelion PIP Heterotheca graminifolia narrowleaf silk grass PIP blackeyed Susan, Heterotheca pinifolia Taylor county goldaster FR Rudbeckia hirta blackeyedsusan U camphorweed, golden Solidago altissima Canada goldenrod PIP Heterotheca subaxillaris aster PIP

Tillandsia usneoides Spanish moss PIP Solidago fistulosa pinebarren goldenrod PIP Lobelia brevifolia shortleaf lobelia PIP Solidago gigantea giant goldenrod U anisescented goldenrod, Lobelia glandulosa glade lobelia U Solidago odora fragrant goldenrod PIP Claspingleaf Venus'- Solidago sempervirens seaside goldenrod PIP Triodanis biflora looking-glass PIP Solidago stricta wand goldenrod PIP clasping bellwort, field burrweed, field clasping Venus' looking- Soliva sessilis soliva PIP glass, clasping Venus' creeping sowthistle, field lookingglass, clasping sow-thistle, field venuslookingglass, sowthistle, perennial clasping-leaf venus'- Sonchus arvensis sowthistle, sowthistle U looking-glass, common perennial sowthistle, Venus' lookingglass, prickly sowthistle, spiny roundleaved triodanis, sowthistle, spiny-leaf Triodanis perfoliata Venus lookingglass PIP Sonchus asper sow-thistle PIP Wahlenbergia marginata southern rockbell PIP annual sowthistle, Chinese mustard, India common sow-thistle, Brassica juncea mustard, Indian mustard PIP common sowthistle, black mustard, shortpod pualele, sow thistle, Brassica nigra mustard U Sonchus oleraceus sow-thistle PIP Cakile constricta Gulf Coast searocket PIP Stokesia laevis Stokes' aster PIP Cakile edentula American searocket FR Symphyotrichum Coronopus didymus lesser swinecress PIP dumosum var. dumosum rice button aster PIP green tansymustard, Symphyotrichum pinnate tansy mustard, lateriflorum var. pinnate tansymustard, lateriflorum calico aster PIP tansymustard, western Symphyotrichum eastern annual Descurainia pinnata tansymustard PP subulatum saltmarsh aster PIP peppergrass, poorman Symphyotrichum perennial saltmarsh pepperweed, poorman's tenuifolium aster PIP pepper, poorman's- pepperwort, Virginia blowball, common pepperweed, Virginian dandelion, dandelion, peppercress PIP Taraxacum officinale faceclock PIP Lepidium virginicum Verbesina alternifolia wingstem U Polanisia tenuifolia slenderleaf clammyweed PIP Sesuvium maritimum slender seapurslane PIP Verbesina occidentalis yellow crownbeard PIP Sesuvium iceweed, Virginia portulacastrum shoreline seapurslane PIP crownbeard, white Alternanthera alligator weed, Verbesina virginica crownbeard PIP philoxeroides alligatorweed, pig weed PIP Vernonia angustifolia tall ironweed PIP Alternanthera sessilis sessile joyweed U oriental false Amaranthus australis southern amaranth PIP Youngia japonica hawksbeard PIP cottonweed, field Batis maritima saltwort, turtleweed PIP snakecotton, Florida Froelichia floridana snakecotton, plains PIP 50

snakecotton, prairie Boerhavia erecta erect spiderling PIP froelichia American pokeweed, devil's-tongue, common pokeweed, Opuntia humifusa pricklypear PIP inkberry, pigeonberry, poke, pokeberry, Opuntia pusilla cockspur pricklypear PIP Phytolacca americana pokeweed PIP Opuntia stricta erect pricklypear PIP chisme, kiss me quick, Arenaria serpyllifolia thymeleaf sandwort PIP Portulaca pilosa kiss-me-quick PIP Cerastium glomeratum sticky chickweed PIP Ilex ambigua Carolina holly PIP Drymaria cordata chickweed, whitesnow PIP Paronychia erecta squareflower PIP Ilex cassine dahoon PIP Paronychia patula pineland nailwort PIP Ilex coriacea large gallberry PIP Ilex glabra inberry, inkberry PIP catchfly, sleepy Ilex opaca American holly PIP campion, sleepy Ilex vomitoria yaupon PIP Silene antirrhina catchfly, sleepy silene PIP erect dayflower, chickweed, common Commelina erecta whitemouth dayflower PIP chickweed, nodding Commelina virginica Virginia dayflower U Stellaria media chickweed PIP Tradescantia Stipulicida setacea pineland scalypink PIP hirsuticaulis hairystem spiderwort FR Atriplex cristata crested saltbush PIP Tradescantia hirsutiflora hairyflower spiderwort PIP bluejacket, Ohio Halberd-leaved wild Tradescantia ohiensis spiderwort PIP Orache, spear leaved Tradescantia virginiana Virginia spiderwort FR Atriplex hastata Orache FR coastalplain yelloweyed Xyris ambigua grass PIP common lambsquarters, Carolina yelloweyed lambsquarters, Xyris caroliniana grass PIP lambsquarters Xyris difformis var. goosefoot, white difformis bog yelloweyed grass PIP Chenopodium album goosefoot PIP Xyris elliottii Elliott's yelloweyed grass PIP Chenopodium Mexican tea, Mexican- ambrosioides tea PIP Xyris fimbriata fringed yelloweyed grass PP arid goosefoot, aridland savannah yelloweyed goosefoot, desert Xyris flabelliformis grass PP Chenopodium goosefoot, narroleaf Richard's yelloweyed desiccatum goosefoot FR Xyris jupicai grass PIP Salicornia bigelovii dwarf saltwort PIP Xyris laxifolia var. irisleaf yelloweyed Salicornia depressa Virginia glasswort PIP iridifolia grass, yelloweyegrass PIP prickly Russian thistle, Xyris stricta var. obscura Kral's yellow-eyed grass PIP Russian thistle, common yelloweyed Salsola kali tumbleweed H grass, slender Suaeda linearis annual seepweed PIP Xyris torta yelloweyed grass PIP carpetweed, green Cornus florida flowering dogwood PIP Mollugo verticillata carpetweed PIP Boerhavia diffusa red spiderling PIP Nyssa biflora swamp tupelo PIP 51

black gum, black tupelo, Cyperus retrofractus rough flatsedge U Nyssa sylvatica blackgum PIP Cyperus retrorsus pine barren flatsedge PIP Bulbostylis barbata watergrass PIP chaguan humatag, densetuft hairsedge, cocograss, kili'o'opu, Bulbostylis capillaris threadleaf beakseed PIP nutgrass, pakopako, Cyperus rotundus purple nutsedge PIP Bulbostylis ciliatifolia capillary hairsedge PIP stawcolored flatsedge, Bulbostylis warei Ware's hairsedge PP strawcolor flatsedge, Carex albolutescens greenwhite sedge PIP strawcolor nutgrass, Carex atlantica prickly bog sedge PIP strawcolored flatsedge, oval-leaf sedge, oval- Cyperus strigosus strawcolored nutgrass PIP leaved sedge, ovalleaf Cyperus surinamensis tropical flatsedge PIP Carex cephalophora sedge PIP Cyperus virens green flatsedge PIP Carex comosa longhair sedge FR needle spikerush, Carex crus-corvi ravenfoot sedge PIP Eleocharis acicularis needle spikesedge U Carex debilis var. debilis white edge sedge PIP Eleocharis albida white spikerush U clustered sedge, Gulf Coast spikerush, Carex glaucescens southern waxy sedge PIP Eleocharis cellulosa Gulfcoast spikesedge PIP Carex intumescens greater bladder sedge PIP Eleocharis elongata slim spikerush PP Carex lonchocarpa southern long sedge PIP Eleocharis equisetoides jointed spikesedge U jamaica sawgrass, Eleocharis flavescens yellow spikerush PIP Cladium mariscus ssp. Jamaica swamp Eleocharis geniculata Canada spikesedge PIP jamaicense sawgrass PIP Eleocharis melanocarpa blackfruit spikerush PIP inflated-scale flatsedge, Eleocharis Cyperus aggregatus inflatedscale flatsedge PP montevidensis sand spikerush PIP Cyperus compressus poorland flatsedge PP blunt spikerush, blunt Cyperus croceus Baldwin's flatsedge PIP Eleocharis obtusa spikesedge U red-root flat sedge, dwarf spikerush, dwarf redroot flatsedge, spikesedge, little-head Cyperus erythrorhizos redroot nutgrass PP spike-rush, little-head chufa flatsedge, yellow Eleocharis parvula spikerush PIP Cyperus esculentus var. nutgrass, yellow beaked spike-rush, macrostachyus nutsedge PIP beaked spikerush, Cyperus filicinus fern flatsedge PIP Eleocharis rostellata beaked spikesedge FR Cyperus filiculmis Great Plains flatsedge U Eleocharis tuberculosa cone-cup spikerush PIP pale flatsedge, yellow Fimbristylis autumnalis slender fimbry PP Cyperus flavescens flatsedge PIP Fimbristylis caroliniana Carolina fimbry PP Cyperus haspan haspan flatsedge PIP marsh fimbry, saltmarsh umbrella flatsedge, Fimbristylis castanea fimbristylis PIP umbrella plant, unbrella Fimbristylis dichotoma forked fimbry PIP Cyperus involucratus plant PIP Fimbristylis puberula hairy fimbry PIP Cyperus lecontei Le Conte's flatsedge PIP fragrant flatsedge, rusty dwarf umbrella-sedge, Cyperus odoratus flat sedge PIP Fuirena pumila dwarf umbrellasedge PIP Cyperus polystachyos manyspike flatsedge PIP 52

southern umbrellasedge, southern Rhynchospora tracyi Tracy's beaksedge PIP Fuirena scirpoidea umbrellasedge PIP Schoenoplectus hairy umbrella-sedge, californicus California bulrush PIP Fuirena squarrosa hairy umbrellasedge PP Schoenoplectus common threesquare, Hemicarpha micrantha dwarf bulrush U pungens Schoenoplectus PIP Isolepis carinata keeled bulrush PIP Schoenoplectus Kyllinga brevifolia shortleaf spikesedge PIP robustus sturdy bulrush PIP Kyllinga odorata fragrant spikesedge PIP great bulrush, soft-stem Schoenoplectus bulrush, softstem Kyllinga pumila low spikesedge PIP tabernaemontani bulrush PIP long-beaked bald-rush, black bog rush, black Psilocarya corymbifera long-beaked bald sedge U Schoenus nigricans bogrush U Rhynchospora caduca anglestem beaksedge PIP Scirpus americanus three-square bulrush U Rhynchospora Scirpus cyperinus bulrush, woolgrass PIP chapmanii Chapman's beaksedge PIP Scirpus olneyi chairmaker's bulrush U Rhynchospora colorata starrush whitetop PIP Rhynchospora debilis savannah beaksedge PIP Scleria ciliata fringed nutrush PP Rhynchospora divergens spreading beaksedge PIP Scleria georgiana slenderfruit nutrush PIP Scleria triglomerata whip nutrush PIP Rhynchospora elliottii Elliott's beaksedge PIP Rhynchospora Scleria verticillata low nutrush PIP fascicularis fascicled beaksedge PIP Agrostis hyemalis winter bentgrass PIP Rhynchospora filifolia threadleaf beaksedge PIP autumm bentgrass, globe beakrush, globe upland bent, upland Rhynchospora globularis beaksedge PP Agrostis perennans bentgrass U Rhynchospora glomerata clustered beaksedge PIP Muhlenberg Rhynchospora gracilenta slender beaksedge PIP Amphicarpum maidencane, perennial muehlenbergianum goobergrass PIP Rhynchospora Andropogon capillipes chalky bluestem PIP inexpansa nodding beaksedge PIP Rhynchospora intermixta humble beakrush U Andropogon glomeratus bushy bluestem PIP narrowfruit horned Andropogon gyrans var. elliott bluestem, Elliott's Rhynchospora inundata beaksedge PP gyrans bluestem PIP Rhynchospora latifolia sandswamp whitetop FR Andropogon mohrii Mohr's bluestem U Rhynchospora Andropogon ternarius macrostachya tall horned beaksedge PIP var. ternarius splitbeard bluestem PIP Rhynchospora Andropogon virginicus broomsedge, megalocarpa sandyfield beaksedge PIP var. decipiens broomsedge bluestem PIP Rhynchospora Andropogon virginicus microcarpa southern beaksedge PP var. glaucus chalky bluestem PIP Rhynchospora Andropogon virginicus broomsedge, microcephala smallhead beaksedge U var. virginicus broomsedge bluestem PIP Rhynchospora mixta mingled beaksedge PIP Anthaenantia rufa purple silkyscale PIP Rhynchospora nitens shortbeak beaksedge PIP Anthaenantia villosa green silkyscale PIP Aristida gyrans corkscrew threeawn PIP Rhynchospora plumosa plumed beaksedge PIP Aristida longispica slimspike threeawn PP 53

Aristida mohrii Mohr's threeawn PIP toothache grass, Arrowfeather 3-awn, Ctenium aromaticum toothachegrass PP Aristida purpurascens arrowfeather threeawn, Bermudagrass, var. purpurascens longleaf threeawn PIP chiendent pied-de-poule, Aristida purpurascens common bermudagrass, var. tenuispica arrowfeather threeawn PIP devilgrass, grama-seda, Aristida purpurascens Cynodon dactylon manienie, motie molulu PIP var. virgata arrowfeather threeawn PIP crowfoot grass, Durban Dactyloctenium crowsfoot grass, Aristida spiciformis bottlebrush threeawn PP aegyptium Egyptian grass PIP Aristida stricta pineland threeawn PIP Arundinaria gigantea giant cane PIP Danthonia sericea downy danthonia PIP carpetgrass, common Desmazeria rigida ferngrass PIP carpetgrass, Louisiana Dichanthelium aciculare grass, mat grass, ssp. aciculare needleleaf witchgrass PIP narrowleaved Dichanthelium aciculare Axonopus fissifolius carpetgrass PIP ssp. angustifolium needleleaf witchgrass PIP Turkestan beard grass, Dichanthelium aciculare Bothriochloa ischaemum yellow bluestem PIP ssp. Fusiforme needleleaf witchgrass PIP Briza minor little quakinggrass PIP Dichanthelium aciculare needleleaf witchgrass PIP rescue brome, rescue ssp. Neuranthum grass, rescuegras, Dichanthelium Bromus catharticus rescuegrass PIP acuminatum ssp. acuminatum tapered witchgrass PIP Calamovilfa curtissii Florida sandreed PIP Dichanthelium burgrass, common acuminatum ssp. sandbur, field sandbur, fasciculatum western panicgrass PIP konpeito-gusa, sandburr, Dichanthelium se mbulabula, southern acuminatum ssp. Cenchrus echinatus sandbur, vao tui tui PIP implicatum western panicgrass PIP burgrass, field sandbur, Dichanthelium innocent-weed, acuminatum ssp. longspine sandbur, mat lindheimeri Lindhemeri panicgrass PIP Cenchrus longispinus sandbur, sandbur PIP Dichanthelium Cenchrus spinifex coastal sandbur PIP acuminatum ssp. coastal plains Cenchrus tribuloides sanddune sandbur PIP longiligulatum panicgrass PIP slender woodoats, spike Dichanthelium boscii Bosc's panicgrass PIP Chasmanthium laxum uniola PIP Dichanthelium Chasmanthium longleaf spikegrass, chamaelonche cypress witchgrass PIP sessiliflorum longleaf woodoats PIP Dichanthelium Coelorachis tessellata checkered jointtail grass PP commutatum ssp. pampas grass, silver commutatum variable witchgrass PIP pampas grass, Dichanthelium Uruguayan pampas commutatum ssp. grass, Uruguayan equilaterale variable witchgrass PIP Cortaderia selloana pampasgrass PIP

Dichanthelium fingergrass, Henry's dichotomum ssp. crabgrass, kukaepua'a, dichotomum small-fruited panicgrass PIP saulangi, smooth Dichanthelium crabgrass, Southern crab grass, southern dichotomum ssp. nitidum cypress panicgrass PIP crabgrass, tropical Dichanthelium Digitaria ciliaris crabgrass PIP dichotomum ssp. roanokense cypress panicgrass PIP small crabgrass, smooth crab grass, smooth Dichanthelium ensifolium Digitaria ischaemum crabgrass PIP ssp. curtifolium short-leaved panicgrass PIP Digitaria serotina dwarf crabgrass U Dichanthelium ensifolium Digitaria villosa shaggy crabgrass PIP ssp. ensifolium cypress panicgrass PIP desert saltgrass, inland Dichanthelium saltgrass, marsh erectifolium erectleaf panicgrass PIP spikegrass, saltgrass, Distichlis spicata seashore saltgrass PIP Dichanthelium laxiflorum openflower rosette grass PIP barnyard grass, barnyardgrass, Dichanthelium fewanther obscuregrass, cockspur, Japanese oligosanthes Heller's rosette grass PIP millet, large barnyard Dichanthelium ovale ssp. Echinochloa crus-galli grass, watergrass PIP Villosissimum stiff-leaved panic grass PIP Dichanthelium Echinochloa crus- gulf cock's-spur grass, portoricense ssp. pavonis gulf cockspur grass U patulum hemlock rosette grass PIP coast cockspur, coast Dichanthelium cockspur grass, walter's portoricense ssp. Echinochloa walteri barnyard grass PIP portoricense hemlock rosette grass PIP crowsfoot grass, goose grass, goosegrass, Dichanthelium Indian goose grass, hemlock rosette grass PIP sabulorum Indian goosegrass, Dichanthelium manienie ali'I, silver scabriusculum woolly rosette grass U Eleusine indica crabgrass, wiregrass PP

Dichanthelium scoparium velvet panicum PIP Virginia wild rye, Virginia Elymus virginicus wildrye PIP Dichanthelium roundseed panicgrass, Eragrostis elliottii field lovegrass PIP sphaerocarpon roundseed panicum PIP Eragrostis lugens mourning lovegrass PIP Dichanthelium strigosum India lovegrass, Indian ssp. glabrescens roughhair rosette grass PIP love grass, Indian Dichanthelium strigosum Eragrostis pilosa lovegrass PIP var. leucoblepharis roughhair rosette grass U Eragrostis refracta coastal lovegrass PP Eragrostis scaligera tender lovegrass FR Dichanthelium tenue white-margin panicgrass PIP Eragrostis secundiflora red lovegrass PIP Dichanthelium petticoat-climber, purple wrightianum Wright's rosette grass PIP Eragrostis spectabilis lovegrass PIP

Eremochloa ophiuroides centipede grass PIP herbe creole, Hilo grass, Eustachys petraea pinewoods fingergrass PIP hilograss, muhsrasre, little barley, little rehn wei, sour grass, ti Hordeum pusillum wildbarley PIP Paspalum conjugatum grass PIP Hordeum stebbinsii smooth barley FR dallas grass, dallis alang-alang, blady grass, dallisgrass, herbe grass, cogon grass, de miel, herbe sirop, cogongrass, kunai, hiku nua, palpalum Imperata cylindrica paillotte, santintail PIP Paspalum dilatatum dilate, water grass PIP Leptoloma cognatum mountain hairgrass U Paspalum dissectum mudbank crowngrass U Limnodea arkansana Ozark grass, Ozarkgrass PIP knotgrass, knotroot italian ryegrass, Paspalum distichum paspalum U perennial rye grass, Paspalum floridanum Florida paspalum PIP perennial ryegrass PIP Lolium perenne Paspalum Muhlenbergia capillaris hairawn muhly PIP monostachyum gulfdune paspalum PIP Muhlenbergia expansa cut-over muhly PP Paspalum notatum Bahia grass, bahiagrass PIP Panicum amarum var. Paspalum plicatulum brownseed paspalum PIP amarulum bitter panicgrass PIP Paspalum praecox early paspalum PIP Panicum amarum var. amarum bitter panicgrass PIP Paspalum setaceum var. ciliatifolium fringe-leaf paspalum PIP Panicum anceps ssp. Anceps beaked panicgrass PIP Paspalum setaceum var. Panicum anceps ssp. longepedunculatum thin paspalum U rhizomatum beaked panicgrass PIP Paspalum setaceum var. Panicum ciliatum rough-hair witchgrass PP setaceum slender beadgrass PIP fall panic, fall Vasey grass, Vasey's panicgrass, fall panicum, Paspalum urvillei grass, vaseygrass PIP Panicum dichotomiflorum western witchgrass PIP Paspalum vaginatum seashore paspalum PIP maidencane, mountain Phragmites australis common reed PIP Panicum hemitomon panic PP Piptochaetium blackseed needlegrass, Panicum hians gasping grass U avenaceum blackseed speargrass PIP couch panicum, annual blue grass, creeping panic, panic annual bluegrass, rampant, torpedo grass, Poa annua walkgrass PIP torpedograss, wainaku Poa autumnalis autumn bluegrass PIP Panicum repens grass PIP Sacciolepis striata American cupscale PIP Panicum rigidulum ssp. Schedonorus pratensis meadow fescue PIP Pubescens redtop panicgrass PIP Schizachyrium littorale shore little bluestem PP Panicum rigidulum ssp. Schizachyrium rigidulum redtop panicgrass PIP maritimum gulf bluestem PIP bluejoint panicgrass, Schizachyrium Panicum tenerum bluejoint panicum PIP scoparium little bluestem PIP Panicum verrucosum warty panicgrass PIP Setaria glauca yellow foxtail U old switch panic grass, Setaria magna giant bristlegrass PIP Panicum virgatum switchgrass PIP 56

knotroot bristlegrass, foxtail fescue, rat-tail marsh bristle grass, fescue, rat-tailed fescue, marsh bristlegrass, Vulpia myuros rattail fescue PIP Setaria parviflora yellow bristlegrass PIP Vulpia octoflora var. eight-flower six-weeks Indiangrass, yellow glauca grass, sixweeks fescue PIP Sorghastrum nutans indian-grass PIP Vulpia octoflora var. eight-flower six-weeks Sorghastrum secundum lopsided Indiangrass PIP octoflora grass, sixweeks fescue PIP aleppo milletgrass, Vulpia sciurea squirreltail fescue PIP herbe de Cuba, Johnson Chinese honeysuckle, grass, Johnsongrass, Lonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle PIP sorgho d'Alep, sorgo de Lonicera sempervirens trumpet honeysuckle PIP Sorghum halepense alepo, zacate Johnson PIP blue elder, common Atlantic cordgrass, elderberry, elder, saltmarsh cordgrass, Sambucus nigra ssp. elderberry, Mexican Spartina alterniflora smooth cordgrass PIP canadensis elderberry PIP Spartina cynosuroides big cordgrass PIP arrow-wood viburnum, marshhay cordgrass, arrowwood, southern salt meadow cordgrass, Viburnum dentatum arrowwood U Spartina patens saltmeadow cordgrass PIP possumhaw, Viburnum nudum possumhaw viburnum PIP Spartina spartinae gulf cordgrass PP rusty blackhaw, rusty prairie wedgegrass, Viburnum rufidulum viburnum PIP Sphenopholis obtusata prairie wedgescale PIP Valerianella radiata beaked cornsalad PIP Rattail smutgrass, smut Sporobolus indicus grass, smutgrass PIP common persimmon, eastern persimmon, Sporobolus junceus pineywoods dropseed PIP Diospyros virginiana Persimmon PIP poverty dropseed, Sporobolus vaginiflorus poverty grass U Sideroxylon lanuginosum gum bully PIP Sideroxylon reclinatum Sporobolus virginicus seashore dropseed PIP ssp. reclinatum Florida bully PIP Stenotaphrum St. Augustine grass, St. common sweetleaf, secundatum Augustinegrass PIP Symplocos tinctoria sweetleaf PIP coastal pine barren fluffgrass, sweetpepperbush, Tridens ambiguus pinebarren tridens PIP Clethra alnifolia summersweet clethra PIP Purpletop, purpletop buckwheat tree, Tridens flavus tridens PIP Cliftonia monophylla buckwheattree PIP Triplasis americana perennial sandgrass PP Cyrilla racemiflora swamp cyrilla, swamp titi PIP purple sand grass, Ceratiola ericoides sand heath PIP Triplasis purpurea purple sandgrass PIP Gaylussacia frondosa blue huckleberry U Tripsacum dactyloides eastern gamagrass PIP Gaylussacia mosieri woolly huckleberry PIP Kalmia hirsuta hairy laurel PIP common wheat, wheat PIP Triticum aestivum he-huckleberry, Uniola paniculata seaoats PIP Lyonia ligustrina maleberry U Urochloa ramosa dixie signalgrass PIP Lyonia lucida fetterbush lyonia PIP

piedmont staggerbush, doveweed, hogweed, Lyonia mariana staggerbush FR hogwort, woolly croton, Oxydendrum arboreum sourwood PIP Croton capitatus wooly croton PIP Pieris phillyreifolia climbing fetterbush PIP Croton glandulosus vente conmigo PIP Rhododendron mountain azalea, Croton punctatus gulf croton PIP canescens piedmont azalea U Crotonopsis linearis croton Michauxi U Rhododendron flowering spurge, serrulatum hammock-sweet azalea U floweringspurge farkleberry, tree Euphorbia corollata euphorbia U sparkleberry, tree- Vaccinium arboreum huckelberry PIP Euphorbia curtisii Curtis' spurge PIP Euphorbia discoidalis summer spurge PIP Vaccinium corymbosum highbush blueberry U Euphorbia floridana Greater Florida spurge PIP Vaccinium darrowii Darrow's blueberry PIP Vaccinium elliottii Elliott's blueberry PP Euphorbia geyeri Geyer's broomspurge U black highbush Euphorbia polygonifolia seaside spurge U Vaccinium fuscatum blueberry PIP Mascarene Island leaf- Vaccinium myrsinites shiny blueberry PP flower, Mascarene Phyllanthus tenellus Island leafflower PIP Vaccinium stamineum deerberry PIP Vaccinium virgatum smallflower blueberry U Phyllanthus urinaria chamber bitter PIP Gulf Sebastian-bush, Indianpipe, one-flower Sebastiania fruticosa Gulf sebastiana PIP Monotropa uniflora Indian-pipe U queen's-delight, queens Eriocaulon compressum flattened pipewort PIP Stillingia sylvatica delight, Queensdelight PIP Eriocaulon decangulare tenangle pipewort PIP Triadica sebifera tallowtree PIP Lachnocaulon anceps whitehead bogbutton PIP aroma, Ellington curse, Lachnocaulon engleri Engler's bogbutton PIP huisache, kandaroma, Lachnocaulon minus Small's bogbutton PP klu, Klu bush, popinac, Syngonanthus flavidulus yellow hatpins PP sweet acacia, texas slender copperleaf, Acacia farnesiana huisache PIP slender threeseed Indian jointvetch, Acalypha gracilens mercury PIP jointvetch, kat sola, Kat Chamaesyce bombensis dixie sandmat PIP Aeschynomene indica sola, Indian jointvetch PIP northern jointvetch, Chamaesyce cordifolia heartleaf sandmat PIP sensitive joint-vetch, pill-pod sandmat, pillpod Aeschynomene virginica Virginia jointvetch FR Chamaesyce hirta sandmat PIP Aeschynomene viscidula sticky jointvetch PIP Chamaesyce humistrata spreading sandmat PIP mimosa, mimosa tree, hyssop spurge, powderpuff tree, silk Chamaesyce hyssopleaf sandmat, Albizia julibrissin tree, silktree PIP hyssopifolia leafy spurge PIP desert false indigo, large spurge, spotted desert indigobush, Chamaesyce maculata sandmat, spotted spurge PIP dullleaf indigo, false prostrate sandmat, indigo, false indigo-bush, Chamaesyce prostrata prostrate spurge PIP Amorpha fruticosa indigobush, leadplant U Cnidoscolus stimulosus finger rot PIP Amorpha herbacea clusterspike false indigo PIP 58

apios americana, Chinese lespedeza, Apios americana groundnut, potatobean U Lespedeza cuneata sericea lespedeza PIP Baptisia lanceolata gopherweed PIP Lespedeza hirta hairy lespedeza PIP butterflypea, spurred Lupinus diffusus Oak Ridge lupine U Centrosema virginianum butterfly pea PIP Lupinus perennis sundial lupine U partridge pea, Showy Lupinus westianus Gulf Coast lupine U partridgepea, black medic, black Chamaecrista fasciculata sleepingplant PIP medic clover, black partridge pea, partridge- medick, hop clover, hop Chamaecrista nictitans pea PIP medic, nonesuch, yellow Atlantic pigeonwings, Medicago lupulina trefoil PIP Clitoria mariana pidgeonwings PIP burr medick, little Crotalaria pallida var. Medicago minima burclover PIP obovata smooth rattlebox PIP bur clover, burclover, Crotalaria purshii Pursh's rattlebox U California burclover, Crotalaria rotundifolia rabbitbells PIP Medicago polymorpha toothed medick PIP arrow crotalaria, annual yellow Crotalaria sagittalis arrowhead rattlebox U sweetclover, Indian showy crotalaria, showy Melilotus indicus sweet-clover PIP Crotalaria spectabilis rattlebox PIP yellow sweet-clover, illinois bundleflower, Melilotus officinalis yellow sweetclover U Desmanthus illinoensis prairie bundleflower U littleleaf sensitive-briar, hairy small-leaf Mimosa microphylla sensitive brier PIP ticktrefoil, littleleaf yellow neptunia, yellow Desmodium ciliare tickclover U Neptunia lutea puff PIP tickclover, zarzabacoa tropical neptunia, Desmodium incanum comun PIP Neptunia pubescens tropical puff U Desmodium tenuifolium slimleaf ticktrefoil U acha, aka, Japanese Dixie tick trefoil, dixie Pueraria montana var. arrowroot, kudzu, Desmodium tortuosum ticktrefoil PIP lobata nepalem, wa yaka PIP velvetleaf tickclover, Rhynchosia cytisoides royal snoutbean PIP Desmodium viridiflorum velvetleaf ticktrefoil PIP Rhynchosia reniformis dollarleaf U eastern coralbean, Robinia pseudo-acacia black locust PIP Erythrina herbacea redcardinal PIP coffee senna, Galactia floridana Florida milkpea U Senna occidentalis septicweed PIP Galactia microphylla littleleaf milkpea PIP Sesban emerus danglepod U Galactia mollis soft milkpea U Sesbania drummondii poisonbean PIP Galactia regularis eastern milkpea PIP bigpod sesbania, hemp Galactia volubilis downy milkpea PIP Sesbania herbacea sesbania, peatree PIP water honeylocust, water Sesbania punicea rattelbox, rattlebox PIP Gleditsia aquatica locust, waterlocust U Sesbania vesicaria bag-pod rattle-bush U Indigofera caroliniana Carolina indigo PIP Sesbania virgata wand riverhemp PIP common lespedeza, Strophostyles helvola trailing wild bean PIP Kummerowia striata Japanese clover PIP 59

slick-seed fuzzy-bean, Quercus laurifolia laurel oak U slickseed fuzzybean, Quercus lyrata overcup oak U Strophostyles leiosperma Smoothseed wildbean PIP runner oak, sand post perennial wildbean, pink Quercus margarettiae oak U Strophostyles umbellata fuzzybean U Quercus marilandica blackjack oak U endbeak pencilflower, Quercus michauxii swamp chestnut oak PIP Stylosanthes biflora sidebeak pencilflower PIP Quercus myrtifolia myrtle oak PIP Tephrosia chrysophylla scurf hoarypea PIP Quercus nigra water oak PIP Tephrosia florida Florida hoarypea U Quercus pumila running oak U Tephrosia spicata spiked hoarypea U Quercus stellata post oak PIP Field (Big-hop) clover, Quercus virginiana live oak PIP field clover, large hop fringe slimpod, fringed clover, lesser hop clover, Amsonia ciliata bluestar, Texas slimpod PIP Trifolium campestre low hop clover PIP Nerium oleander oleander PIP hop clover, smallhop common periwinkle, Trifolium dubium clover, suckling clover PIP Vinca minor lesser periwinkle, myrtle U Trifolium incarnatum crimson clover PIP bluntleaf milkweed, Dutch clover, ladino Asclepias amplexicaulis clasping milkweed U Trifolium repens clover, white clover PIP Asclepias humistrata pinewoods milkweed PIP Vicia dasycarpa winter vetch U Asclepias lanceolata fewflower milkweed U deerpea vetch, Asclepias michauxii Michaux's milkweed PIP Louisiana vetch, slim butterfly milkweed, Vicia ludoviciana vetch PIP Asclepias tuberosa butterflyweed PIP common vetch, garden Cynanchum gulf coast swallow-wort, vetch, slimleaf vetch, angustifolium Gulf coast swallowwort PIP Vicia sativa ssp. nigra vetch PIP Cynanchum scoparium leafless swallow-wort U lentil vetch, sparrow Bartonia verna white screwstem U Vicia tetrasperma vetch PIP narrowleaf rose gentian, deer pea, hairypod Sabatia brachiata narrowleaf rosegentian U Vigna luteola cowpea PIP Sabatia brevifolia shortleaf rose gentian PIP Wisteria frutescens American wisteria PIP slender rose gentian, Zornia bracteata viperina PIP Sabatia campanulata slender rosegentian PIP Allegeny chinkapin, allegheny chinkapin, marsh rose gentian, chinkapin, northern Sabatia dodecandra marsh rosegentian U Castanea pumila catalpa PIP pinewoods rose gentian, Fagus grandifolia American beech PIP Sabatia gentianoides pinewoods rosegentian U Quercus alba white oak PIP Quercus chapmanii Chapman oak PIP Sabatia stellaris rose of Plymouth PIP Quercus falcata southern red oak PIP Gelsemium Carolina jessamine, Quercus geminata sand live oak PIP sempervirens evening trumpetflower PIP Mitreola sessilifolia swamp hornpod PIP Darlington oak, Quercus hemisphaerica Darlington's oak PIP Carolina crane's-bill, Quercus laevis turkey oak PIP Geranium carolinianum Carolina geranium PIP

'ihi, creeping oxalis, Juncus elliottii Elliott's rush PIP creeping woods, Juncus marginatus grassleaf rush PIP creeping woodsorrel, Juncus megacephalus bighead rush PIP oxalis, yellow oxalis, flatleaf rush, manyhead Oxalis corniculata yellow wood sorrel U Juncus polycephalus rush PIP Oxalis debilis var. corymbosa pink woodsorrel PIP Juncus robustus stout rush U Oxalis dillenii Dillen's oxalis U Juncus roemerianus needlegrass rush PIP Oxalis priceae ssp. Juncus scirpoides needlepod rush PIP texana Texas woodsorrel PIP Juncus subcaudatus woodland rush FR Oxalis rubra, windowbox field rush, path rush, Oxalis rubra woodsorrel U poverty rush, slender common yellow oxalis, rush, slender yard rush, erect woodsorrel, sheep Juncus tenuis wiregrass U sorrel, sourgrass, toad Juncus validus roundhead rush PIP sorrel, upright yellow wood-sorrel, upright Heliotropium clasping heliotrope PIP yellow woodsorrel, amplexicaule Oxalis stricta yellow woodsorrel PIP quail plant, salt Heliotropium heliotrope, seaside Myriophyllum parrot feather curassavicum heliotrope PIP proserpinacoides watermilfoil U India heliotrope, Indian marsh mermaid-weed, heliotrope PIP Proserpinaca palustris marsh mermaidweed PIP Heliotropium indicum lesser calamint PIP combleaf mermaidweed, Calamintha nepeta Proserpinaca pectinata mermaidweed PIP Clinopodium coccineum scarlet calamint PIP American witchhazel, Conradina canescens false rosemary PIP Hamamelis virginiana witch-hazel, witchhazel PIP creeping charlie, gill- Liquidambar styraciflua sweetgum PIP over-the-ground, ground Glechoma hederacea ivy, groundivy, haymaids U American sycamore, Platanus occidentalis sycamore PIP Hyptis alata clustered bushmint PIP Hyptis mutabilis tropical bushmint PIP Halophila engelmannii Engelmann's seagrass PP common henbit, Thalassia testudinum turtle grass PIP giraffehead, henbit, American eelgrass, eel- Lamium amplexicaule henbit deadnettle U grass, watercelery PIP Vallisneria americana Monarda punctata spotted beebalm PIP Carya glabra pignut hickory PIP common selfheal, heal Carya illinoinensis pecan PIP Prunella vulgaris all, healall, selfheal U pignut hickory, red Pycnanthemum whiteleaf mountainmint, Carya ovalis hickory U albescens whiteleaf mountianmint PIP Carya pallida sand hickory PIP Pycnanthemum incanum hoary mountainmint U sharp-fruit rush, tapertip azure blue sage, blue Juncus acuminatus rush PIP Salvia azurea sage PIP Juncus coriaceus leathery rush PIP Salvia lyrata lyreleaf sage PIP Juncus dichotomus forked rush PIP Satureja georgiana Georgia savory U Juncus effusus common rush, lamp rush PIP 61

Iris virginica Virginia iris PIP Scutellaria integrifolia helmet flower PIP white blue-eyed grass, Florida betony, Florida Sisyrinchium albidum white blueeyed grass U Stachys floridana hedgenettle PIP blue eyegrass, blue- American germander, eyed grass, common Canada germander, blue eyedgrass, Candad germander, common blue- germander, hairy Sisyrinchium eyedgrass, narrowleaf Teucrium canadense germander, wood sage PIP angustifolium blue-eyed grass U blue curls, forked coastal plain blue-eyed Trichostema dichotomum bluecurls PIP Sisyrinchium arenicola grass U Avicennia germinans black mangrove U eastern blue-eyed grass, Callicarpa americana American beautyberry PIP Sisyrinchium atlanticum eastern blueeyed grass PIP South American mock needle-tip blue-eyed- Glandularia pulchella vervain PIP Sisyrinchium grass, needletip blue- lantana, largeleaf mucronatum eyed grass U Lantana camara lantana PIP annual blue-eyed grass, frog fruit, sawtooth Sisyrinchium rosulatum annual blueeyed grass PIP fogfruit, turkey tangle, Aletris aurea golden colicroot U Phyla nodiflora turkey tangle fogfruit PIP Aletris lutea yellow colicroot PIP Verbena brasiliensis Brazilian vervain PIP Allium canadense var. Canada garlic, meadow slender verbena, Texas canadense garlic PIP Verbena halei verbena, Texas vervain PIP Allium canadense var. Verbena scabra sandpaper vervain PIP mobilense meadow garlic PIP Calycanthus floridus eastern sweetshrub PIP Atamosco candida autumn zephyrlily U camphor laurel, camphor Crinum americanum seven sisters U Cinnamomum camphora tree, camphortree U Crinum asiaticum poisonbulb PIP Persea borbonia redbay PIP Crinum bulbispermum hardy swamplily FR Persea palustris swamp bay PIP Lilium catesbaei pine lily U Sassafras albidum sassafras PIP Lophiola aurea goldencrest PIP Agave decipiens false sisal U Nothoscordum bivalve crowpoison PIP Yucca aloifolia aloe yucca PIP Zephyranthes grandiflora rosepink zephyrlily PIP Yucca filamentosa Adam's needle PIP Zigadenus densus Osceola's plume U Yucca flaccida Adam's needle PIP Zigadenus glaberrimus sandbog deathcamas U Yucca gloriosa moundlily yucca PIP common water hyacinth, Dioscorea villosa wild yam PIP common water-hyacinth, Lachnanthes caroliana Carolina redroot PIP floating water hyacinth, common goldstar, floating waterhyacinth, eastern yellow star- jacinthe d'eau, jacinto de Hypoxis hirsuta grass PIP agua, lirio acuatico, mbekambekairanga, Hypoxis juncea fringed yellow star-grass PP Eichhornia crassipes water hyacinth PIP glossyseed yellow stargrass, glossyseed yellow Pontederia cordata pickerelweed U Hypoxis sessilis stargrass PIP Smilax auriculata earleaf greenbrier PIP 62

Smilax bona-nox saw greenbrier PIP evergreen bayberry, Smilax glauca cat greenbrier PIP Morella caroliniensis southern bayberry PIP Smilax laurifolia laurel greenbrier PIP Morella cerifera wax myrtle, waxmyrtle PIP Smilax pumila sarsparilla vine PIP purple ammannia, valley bullbriar, common Ammannia coccinea redstem U catbriar, common Ammannia latifolia pink redstem U greenbrier, greenbrier, horsebriar, roundleaf Cuphea carthagenensis Colombian waxweed PIP greenbriar, roundleaf Lagerstroemia indica crapemyrtle PIP Smilax rotundifolia greenbrier PIP Lythrum alatum var. lanceleaf greenbrier, lanceolatum winged lythrum PIP Smilax smallii small greenbrier U Lythrum lineare wand lythrum PIP Smilax walteri coral greenbrier PIP savannah Rhexia alifanus meadowbeauty PIP Linum floridanum Florida yellow flax PP West Indian Linum medium stiff yellow flax PIP Rhexia cubensis meadowbeauty U Linum virginianum woodland flax FR Rhexia lutea yellow meadowbeauty PIP Lycopodiella Maryland alopecuroides foxtail clubmoss PIP Rhexia mariana meadowbeauty PIP Lycopodiella appressa southern bog clubmoss H Rhexia nashii maid Marian PIP Lycopodiella caroliniana var. caroliniana slender clubmoss U Rhexia petiolata fringed meadowbeauty U southern beeblossom PIP Lycopodiella prostrata featherstem clubmoss U Gaura angustifolia Ludwigia alata winged primrose-willow PIP Asimina parviflora smallflower pawpaw PIP Ludwigia alternifolia bushy seedbox, seedbox PIP tulip poplar, tuliptree, wingleaf primrose- yellow poplar, yellow- willow, wingleaf Liriodendron tulipifera poplar PIP Ludwigia decurrens waterprimrose PIP Magnolia grandiflora southern magnolia PIP creeping seedbox, Magnolia virginiana sweetbay PIP cylindricfruit primrose- Hibiscus aculeatus comfortroot PIP Ludwigia glandulosa willow PIP Hibiscus grandiflorus swamp rosemallow PIP Ludwigia hirtella spindleroot U crimsoneyed anglestem primrose- rosemallow, swamp willow, anglestem Hibiscus moscheutos rosemallow PIP Ludwigia leptocarpa waterprimrose PIP Virginia saltmarsh narrowleaf primrose- mallow, Virginia willow, narrowleaf Kosteletzkya virginica saltmarsh willow PIP Ludwigia linearis primrosewillow PIP Malvaviscus arboreus, southeastern primrose- Malvaviscus arboreus wax mallow PIP Ludwigia linifolia willow PIP Carolina bristlemallow, Ludwigia maritima seaside primrose-willow PIP Modiola caroliniana Carolina modiola PIP smallfruit primrose- arrowleaf sida, cuban willow, smallfruit Sida rhombifolia jute, Cuban-jute PIP Ludwigia microcarpa primrosewillow U marsh primrose-willow, Melochia corchorifolia chocolateweed PIP Ludwigia palustris marsh seedbox PIP 63

creeping waterprimrose, round-leaf sundew, floating primrose, Drosera rotundifolia roundleaf sundew U floating primrose-willow, Drosera tracyi Tracy's sundew PIP Ludwigia peploides floating primrosewillow U pitcherplant, yellow hairy primrose-willow, Sarracenia alata trumpets PIP Ludwigia pilosa hairy primrosewillow PIP Sarracenia leucophylla crimson pitcherplant U globefruit primrosewillow, globefruit Sarracenia psittacina parrot pitcherplant U Ludwigia sphaerocarpa primrosewillow FR schreber watershield, savannah primrose- Brasenia schreberi watershield PIP Ludwigia virgata willow U Carolina fanwort, common evening Cabomba caroliniana fanwort U primrose, common common hornwort, evening-primrose, Ceratophyllum coon's tail, coon's-tail, common demersum coontail, hornwort PIP eveningprimrose, Nelumbo nucifera sacred lotus PIP evening primrose American waterlily, (common), hoary American white waterlily, eveningprimrose, king's- Nymphaea odorata white waterlily PIP cureall PIP Oenothera biennis Burmannia biflora northern bluethread U beach evening-primrose, Burmannia capitata southern bluethread U Oenothera drummondii beach eveningprimrose PIP Cleistes bifaria small spreading pogonia PIP narrowleaf evening- coralroot, spring Oenothera fruticosa primrose U Corallorrhiza wisteriana coralroot U seabeach evening- waterspider bog orchid, primrose, seabeach waterspider false Oenothera humifusa eveningprimrose PIP Habenaria repens reinorchid U cut-leaf evening- Platanthera ciliaris yellow fringed orchid PIP primrose, cut-leaved Platanthera cristata crested yellow orchid U evening primrose, cutleaf evening- snake-mouth orchid, primrose, cutleaf Pogonia ophioglossoides snakemouth orchid U Oenothera laciniata eveningprimrose PIP Spiranthes floridana Florida ladies'-tresses U pinkladies, Showy spring ladies'-tresses, evening primrose, showy Spiranthes vernalis upland ladiestresses PIP Oenothera speciosa eveningprimrose U smallflower corydalis, Cymodocea filiformis manateegrass PP Corydalis micrantha smallflower fumewort U Halodule wrightii shoal grass PP Fumaria officinalis drug fumitory U Triglochin striata three-ribbed arrow grass U Papaver somniferum opium poppy PIP Ruppia maritima widgeongrass PIP eastern red-cedar, eastern redcedar, red Drosera brevifolia dwarf sundew PIP Juniperus virginiana cedar juniper PIP Drosera capillaris pink sundew U sand pine, scrub pine, Drosera filiformis threadleaf sundew FR Pinus clausa spruce pine PIP Drosera intermedia spoonleaf sundew PIP

arkansas pine, shortleaf Polygonella gracilis tall jointweed PIP pine, shortleaf yellow Polygonella macrophylla largeleaf jointweed PIP pine, shortstraw pine, Polygonella polygama October flower PIP southern yellow pine, Polygonum Pinus echinata yellow pine PIP hydropiperoides swamp smartweed PIP Pinus elliottii slash pine PIP curltop ladysthumb, Pinus palustris longleaf pine PIP curlytop knotweed, Pinus taeda loblolly pine PIP curlytop smartweed, bald cypress, dock-leaf smartweed, Taxodium distichum baldcypress PIP nodding smartweed, Saururus cernuus lizard's tail, lizards tail PIP pale smartweed, bottlebrush Indianwheat, Polygonum lapathifolium smartweed PIP Plantago aristata largebracted plantain U Pennsylvania knotweed, buckhorn plantain, Pennsylvania English plantain, Polygonum smartweed, pinkweed, lanceleaf Indianwheat, pensylvanicum pinweed U lanceleaf plantain, Polygonum punctatum dotted smartweed PIP narrowleaf plantain, Rumex altissimus pale dock, smooth dock U Plantago lanceolata ribgrass, ribwort PIP Rumex chrysocarpus amamastla PIP broadleaf plantain, Curley dock, curly dock, buckhorn plantain, narrowleaf dock, sour common plantain, great Rumex crispus dock, yellow dock U plantain, rippleseed heartwing dock, Plantago major plantain PIP Rumex hastatulus heartwing sorrel PIP black-seed plantain, blackseed plantain, Rumex obovatus tropical dock PIP Plantago rugelii Rugel's plantain U Rumex orbiculatus greater water dock FR paleseed Indianwheat, Rumex pulcher fiddle dock PIP Plantago virginica Virginia plantain PIP Rumex verticillatus swamp dock PIP wright plantain, Wright's chainfern, netted Plantago wrightiana plantain PIP Woodwardia areolata chainfern PIP Carolina sea-lavender, Virginia chainfern, Limonium carolinianum Carolina sealavender U Woodwardia virginica virginia chainfern PIP Polygala balduinii Baldwin's milkwort U bracken, bracken fern, brackenfern, northern Polygala brevifolia littleleaf milkwort PIP bracken fern, western Polygala cruciata drumheads PIP Pteridium aquilinum brackenfern PIP Polygala curtissii Curtiss' milkwort FR Lygodium japonicum Japanese climbing fern PIP Polygala cymosa tall pinebarren milkwort U Osmunda cinnamomea cinnamon fern PIP Polygala grandiflora showy milkwort PIP Osmunda regalis royal fern PIP Polygala incarnata procession flower PIP Ceratopteris thalictroides watersprite PIP Polygala lutea orange milkwort PIP Pleopeltis polypodioides resurection fern, Polygala nana candyroot PIP ssp. michauxiana resurrection fern PIP Polygala ramosa low pinebarren milkwort PIP Chinese brake, ladder Eriogonum tomentosum dogtongue buckwheat PIP Pteris vittata brake PIP 65

Crataegus lacrimata Pensacola hawthorn U Thelypteris kunthii Kunth's maiden fern PIP Crataegus viridis green hawthorn PIP eastern marsh fern, Photinia pyrifolia red chokeberry PIP marsh fern, meadow Thelypteris palustris fern PIP Prunus angustifolia Chickasaw plum PIP pimpernel, scarlet Prunus caroliniana Carolina laurelcherry PIP Anagallis arvensis pimpernel PIP black cherry, black Anagallis minima chaffweed PIP Prunus serotina chokecherry PIP Samolus parviflorus water-pimpernel U Pyracantha koidzumii Formosa firethorn PIP heavenly bamboo, Rosa laevigata Cherokee rose PIP Nandina domestica nanten, sacred bamboo PIP prickly Florida Carolina coralbead, blackberry, sawtooth Carolina snailseed, Rubus argutus blackberry PIP Cocculus carolinus redberry moonseed PIP Rubus cuneifolius sand blackberry U leatherleaf clematis, Rubus trivialis southern dewberry PIP sweet autumn Cephalanthus buttonbush, common virginsbower, yam- occidentalis buttonbush PIP Clematis terniflora leaved clematis PIP poor joe, poorjoe, rough meadow buttercup, tall Diodia teres buttonweed PIP Ranunculus acris buttercup FR Diodia virginiana Virginia buttonweed PIP Ranunculus platensis prairie buttercup PIP bedstraw, catchweed Ranunculus sceleratus bedstraw, cleavers, var. sceleratus cursed buttercup PIP cleaverwort, goose Elaeagnus multiflora cherry silverberry FR grass, scarthgrass, Berchemia scandens Alabama supplejack U sticky-willy, stickywilly, Jersey tea, jerseytea, Galium aparine white hedge PP New Jersey tea, new licorice bedstraw, wild Ceanothus americanus jersey tea U Galium circaezans licorice, woods bedstraw U Ampelopsis arborea peppervine PIP Galium hispidulum coastal bedstraw PIP Ampelopsis cordata heartleaf peppervine PIP blunt-leaf bedstraw, American ivy, fiveleaved bluntleaf bedstraw, Parthenocissus ivy, Virginia creeper, Galium obtusum bristly bedstraw PIP quinquefolia woodbine PIP Galium pilosum hairy bedstraw PIP Vitis aestivalis summer grape U dye bedstraw, stiff Vitis cinerea var. cinerea graybark grape PIP Galium tinctorium marsh bedstraw PIP muscadine, muscadine Hedyotis caerulea Quaker-ladies FR Vitis rotundifolia grape PIP Houstonia procumbens roundleaf bluet PIP fox grape, frost grape, Houstonia pusilla tiny bluet U Vitis vulpina wild grape PIP Mitchella repens partridgeberry PIP American mangrove, flat-top mille graines, mangrove, red Oldenlandia corymbosa flattop mille graines PIP Rhizophora mangle mangrove FR Licania michauxii gopher apple PIP clustered mille graines, Sedum pulchellum widowscross FR Oldenlandia uniflora oneflower oldenlandia PIP Itea virginica Virginia sweetspire PIP Richardia brasiliensis tropical Mexican clover PIP

South American conespur bladderpod, Richardia humistrata Mexican clover PIP Utricularia gibba humped bladderwort PIP Richardia scabra rough Mexican clover U Utricularia juncea southern bladderwort PIP slender false Utricularia radiata little floating bladderwort U Spermacoce tenuior buttonweed PIP Utricularia subulata zigzag bladderwort PIP Populus heterophylla swamp cottonwood U Ligustrum japonicum Japanese privet PIP Salix nigra black willow PIP Chinese privet, common Phoradendron Ligustrum sinense chinese privet PIP leucarpum oak mistletoe PIP Osmanthus americanus devilwood PIP Acer floridanum Florida maple U Agalinis fasciculata beach false foxglove PIP Acer rubrum var. rubrum red maple PIP Agalinis filifolia Seminole false foxglove PIP Acer rubrum var. saltmarsh false foxglove, trilobum red maple PIP Agalinis maritima seaside gerardia U Rhus copallinum flameleaf sumac PIP Agalinis purpurea purple false foxglove U Rhus toxicodendron eastern poison oak U slender-leaf false eastern poison ivy, foxglove, slenderleaf Toxicodendron radicans poison ivy, poisonivy PIP Agalinis tenuifolia false foxglove U smooth yellow false Toxicodendron eastern poison ivy, Aureolaria flava foxglove PIP toxicodendron poison ivy, poisonivy U downy yellow false Toxicodendron vernix poison sumac PIP Aureolaria virginica foxglove PIP Aesculus pavia red buckeye PIP coastal waterhyssop, chinaberry, Chinaberry herb of grace, herb-of- tree, Chinaberrytree, Bacopa monnieri grace PIP Indian lilac, lelah, American bluehearts, paraiso, pride of India, Buchnera americana bupleurum U Melia azedarach white cedar PIP Gratiola hispida rough hedgehyssop PIP Hercules' club, hercules- roundfruit hedgehyssop, Zanthoxylum clava- club, hercules-club Gratiola virginiana Virginia hedgehyssop PIP herculis pricklyash U Canada toadflax, oldfield Ruellia brittoniana Britton's wild petunia PIP Nuttallanthus canadensis toadflax, oldfield-toadflax U Ruellia caroliniensis Carolina wild petunia PIP limestone wild petunia, Nuttallanthus floridanus Apalachicola toadflax PIP Ruellia strepens limestone wildpetunia PIP Texas toadflax, Texas- Nuttallanthus texanus toadflax PIP Bignonia capreolata cross vine, crossvine PIP Canadian lousewort, common Pedicularis canadensis early lousewort U trumpetcreeper, cow- eastern smooth Campsis radicans itch, trumpet creeper PIP Penstemon laevigatus beardtongue U Polypremum Scoparia dulcis licorice weed PIP procumbens juniper leaf PIP Pinguicula lutea yellow butterwort U Seymeria cassioides yaupon blacksenna PIP Seymeria pectinata piedmont blacksenna PIP Utricularia cornuta horned bladderwort PIP Verbascum virgatum wand mullein PIP

common speedwell, corn bigroot morningglory, speedwell, rock bigroot morninglory, man speedwell, wall of the earth, man-of-the- Veronica arvensis speedwell PIP Ipomoea pandurata earth PIP Ipomoea pes-caprae bayhops PIP neckweed, purslane saltmarsh morning-glory, Veronica peregrina speedwell PIP Ipomoea sagittata saltmarsh morningglory PIP Bonamia humistrata southern dawnflower U clustervine, hairy bearbind, devil's guts, Jacquemontia tamnifolia clustervine PIP hedge bindweed, hedge Stylisma patens coastalplain dawnflower PIP false bindweed, hedge Cuscuta campestris field dodder PIP falsebindweed, Cuscuta compacta compact dodder PIP hedgebell, large Cuscuta gronovii scaldweed U bindweed, old man's bigseed alfalfa dodder, night cap, wild morning large-seed dodder, Calystegia sepium glory PIP largeseed dodder, pretty Carolina ponysfoot, Cuscuta indecora dodder PIP Dichondra carolinensis grass ponyfoot PIP bush-clover dodder, field mile a minute vine, mile- dodder, fiveangled Ipomoea cairica a-minute vine U dodder, lespedeza Mexican morningglory, Cuscuta pentagona dodder PIP red morningglory, standing-cypress, Texas redstar, scarlet Ipomopsis rubra plume PIP morningglory, scarlet Phlox divaricata wild blue phlox U morninglory, starglory, annual phlox, drummond Ipomoea coccinea wooly tidestromia U Phlox drummondii phlox U cotton morningglory, Phlox glaberrima smooth phlox U Ipomoea cordatotriloba sharppod morningglory, var. cordatotriloba tievine PIP Phlox pilosa downy phlox PIP entireleaf morningglory, Carolina desert-thorn, ivy-leaf mornin-glory, Lycium carolinianum Carolina wolfberry PIP ivyleaf morning-glory, Physalis angustifolia coastal groundcherry PIP ivyleaf morningglory, common groundcherry, ivyleaf morninglory, long-leaf ground-cherry, Ipomoea hederacea Mexican morningglory U Physalis longifolia longleaf groundcherry U beach morning-glory, Physalis pendula cutleaf groundcherry U Ipomoea imperati beach morningglory PIP pitted morningglory, grape groundcherry, white morninglory, groundcherry, starhair Ipomoea lacunosa whitestar PIP Physalis viscosa groundcherry U whiteflower beach American black morning-glory, nightshade, purple whiteflower beach nightshade (common), Ipomoea littoralis morningglory FR Solanum americanum smallflower nightshade PIP

apple of Sodom, bull broadleaf cattail, cattail, nettle, Carolina cattail (common), horsenettle, devil's Typha latifolia common cattail PIP tomato, horsenettle, Morus alba mulberry, white mulberry PIP Solanum carolinense sand briar PIP Morus rubra red mulberry PIP green-spot nightshade, small-spike false nettle, Solanum douglasii greenspot nightshade PIP smallspike false nettle, Solanum pseudogracile glowing nightshade PIP Boehmeria cylindrica smallspike falsenettle PIP Solanum ptycanthum black nightshade PIP Parietaria pensylvanica Pennsylvania pellitory PIP buffalobur, buffalobur Helianthemum arenicola coastalsand frostweed PIP nightshade, Colorado Helianthemum bur, horned nightshade, corymbosum pinebarren frostweed U Kansas thistle, Mexican Solanum rostratum thistle, Texas thistle U Helianthemum georgianum Georgia frostweed U Solanum sisymbriifolium sticky nightshade PIP Helianthemum nashii Florida scrub frostweed FR Hypericum coastalplain St. brachyphyllum Johnswort PIP Lechea deckertii Deckert's pinweed FR Hypericum cistifolium roundpod St. Johnswort PIP Lechea minor thymeleaf pinweed U atlantic st. peter's-wort, Lechea mucronata hairy pinweed PIP Hypericum crux-andreae St. Peterswort PIP Lechea pulchella Leggett's pinweed PIP bushy St. Johnswort, Lechea sessiliflora pineland pinweed PIP Hypericum densiflorum dense st. johnswort PIP Lechea tenuifolia narrowleaf pinweed U Drummond St. Hypericum drummondii Johnswort, nits and lice U Lechea torreyi piedmont pinweed U peelbark St. Johnswort, Citrullus lanatus watermelon PIP Hypericum fasciculatum St. Johnswort U field pumpkin, vegetable orangegrass, pinweed Cucurbita pepo marrow PIP Hypericum gentianoides st. johnswort PIP drooping melonnettle, claspingleaf St. Melothria pendula Guadeloupe cucumber PIP Hypericum gymnanthum Johnswort U Passiflora incarnata purple passionflower PIP St. Andrew's cross, St. passionflower, yellow Hypericum hypericoides Andrews cross PIP Passiflora lutea passionflower PIP Hypericum mutilum dwarf St. Johnswort U bog white violet, Viola lanceolata lanceleaf violet PIP Hypericum nitidum Carolina St. Johnswort U Viola X primulifolia primrose violet, violet PIP Hypericum reductum Atlantic St. Johnswort PIP marsh st. john's wort, 1 Virginia marsh St. Park Status refers to the current status of the organism in the Triadenum virginicum Johnswort PIP park, where PIP=Present in Park, PP=Probably Present, narrow-leaf cat-tail, E=Encroaching, U=Unconfirmed, N/A=Not Available, Typha angustifolia narrowleaf cattail FR H=Historic. Southern cat-tail, Typha domingensis southern cattail PIP

The U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) is the nation's principal conservation agency, charged with the mission "to protect and provide access to our Nation's natural and cultural heritage and honor our trust responsibilities to Indian tribes and our commitments to island communities." More specifically, Interior protects America’s treasures for future generations, provides access to our nation’s natural and cultural heritage, offers recreation opportunities, honors its trust responsibilities to American Indians and Alaska Natives and its responsibilities to island communities, conducts scientific research, provides wise stewardship of energy and mineral resources, fosters sound use of land and water resources, and conserves and protects fish and wildlife. The work that we do affects the lives of millions of people; from the family taking a vacation in one of our national parks to the children studying in one of our Indian schools.

NPS 635/106082, November 2010

National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Natural Resource Program Center 1201 Oakridge Drive, Suite 150 Fort Collins, CO 80525 www.nature.nps.gov

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