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Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa

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Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa / l l .4 * '« . r , \ 0 ■•_ ' k p > . * S i - Türk denizcilik tarihinin efsane ismi A legendary name in Turkish naval history BARBAROS HAYREDDIN PAŞA By TURGAY TUNA * ■?-V ; Visual materials HAKAN BİNGÖL / PRINT PHOTOBANK TURKEY «kf the spring of 1538 the largest armada ever known was In *** 7 « lAtl Id, being formed, consisting of 600 ships belonging to Spain, nanmasının Akdeniz’deki en önemli madalyası (solda). Matrakçı Nasuh’un ‘Süleyman­ the Holy Roman Empire, Venice, Portugal, Genoa, the deniz üssü olarak bilinen Yunan name’ adlı eserinden, Paşa'yı Kanuni Sultan Vatican, Florence, Malta and other European states. Holy sularındaki Preveze’yi topa tut­ Süleyman’ın huzurunda gösteren minyatür Roman Emperor Charles V appointed Andrea Doria, the muş, limanda demirli gemiler­ (altta). / A medal struck in commemorati­ on of Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa (left). A most celebrated admiral of 16th century Europe, as com- den bir kısmı da sulara gö­ miniature by Matrakçı Nasuh in the Sü­ mander-in-chief of the fleet. The main objective of this mülmüştü. Bunun üzerine leymanname showing Barbaros great Christian armada was to destroy the Ottoman fleet Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa, j Hayreddin Paşa being received by under the command of Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa, yirmi parçadan oluşan bir fi- | ; Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent Governor of Algeria and High Admiral of the Ottoman loyu donanma komutanların- ! (below). Empire, since the fleet's supremacy In the Mediterranean dan Turgut Reis’in emrine ve­ was a serious threat to the European countries. At the rerek, keşif için ton Denizi’ne of Zanta (the modem Zakinthos) beginning of September 1538 the fleet gathered in the gönderdi. Turgut Reis, lon Ada- ’ in the southern Ionian Islands he Ionian Sea in readiness for a major attack. The news soon ları’nm güneyindeki Zanta Adası r obseived a fleet of 40 vessels belong­ reached Istanbul, and the Ottoman government informed açıklarına ulaştığında, Haçlı donan­ ing to the Christian armada. News was Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa who was with the fleet at the masına ait kırk parçadan oluşan filoyu crnlnm Tuna sent back to Barbaras, who led the Ottoman island of Euboea In the Aegean. görerek düşmanın konumunu Barbaros’a iletti, fleet from Euboea around the Morean coast Andrea Doria launched a bombardment of Preveza, a port alınan haber üzerine Osmanlı donanması Ağrıboz’dan çı­ to the naval base at Methoni. in what is now western Greece and which at that time was kıp Mora kıyılarını takip ederek güneydeki Modon üssüne Learning of the approach of the enemy, the most important Ottoman naval base in the geldi. Onun yaklaştığını öğrenen Andrea Doria da, Preveze Andrea Doria lifted the siege of Preveza and Mediterranean, sinking some of the Turkish ships anchored kuşatmasına son vererek, donanmasını kuzeyde yer alan withdrew northwards to Corfu. Meanwhile in the harbour. Barbaras Hayreddin Paşa sent a reconnais­ Korfu’ya doğru çekti. Bunun üzerine Osmanlı donanması the Ottoman fleet sailed north to Preveza at sance fleet of 20 vessels under the command of Turgut da Arta Körfezi’nin kuzeybatı ucunda yer alan ve girişi dar the northwest extremity of the Gulf of Reis into the Ionian Sea, and when he arrived off the island bir boğazdan oluşan Preveze deniz üssüne girerek demir Amvrakikos and through the narrow channel 1538 yılının ilkbaharında tarihin gelmiş geçmiş en büyük donanması oluşturulu­ yordu; İspanya, Almanya, Venedik, Porte­ kiz, Ceneviz, Vatikan, Floransa, Malta gibi Avrupa devletlerine ait 600 gemiden mey­ dana gelen bu büyük Haçlı donanmasının başına Almanya İmparatoru Charles Quint — ¿¡i tarafından Andrea Doria getirtildi. Doria, 16. yüzyıl Avrupası’nın en büyük amirali olarak biliniyordu. Bu büyük donanmanın asıl amacı, Cezayir Beylerbeyi, Kaptanıder- ya Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa komutasında­ ki Osmanlı donanmasını ortadan kaldır­ maktı. Donanma, Avrupa ülkeleri için Ak­ deniz sularında büyük bir tehdit oluşturu­ yordu. 1538 yılının Eylül ayı başlarında, Haçlı donanmasına ait gemiler büyük bir saldırı için lon Denizi’nde toplanmaya baş­ ladılar. Kötü haber çok geçmeden İstan­ bul’da divanıhümayuna, oradan da Ağrı- boz’da bulunan Barbaros Hayreddin Pa- Kaptanıderya Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa'nın İstanbul, Deniz MUzesi'nde sergilenen portresi (üstte). Osmanlı Bahriyesi Nice Limanı'nda. Matrakçı Nasuh’un ‘Süleymanname’ adlı eserin­ den (sağda). / High Admiral Barbaros Hayreddin Paja’s por­ trait at the Naval Museum (above). The Ottoman fleet in Nice harbour from a miniature by Matrakçı Nasuh in the Süleymanname (right). 16 17 SKYLIFE EYLÜL SEPTEMBER 2001 SKYLIFE EYLÜL SEPTEMBER 2001 into Preveza Harbour. This was what Andrea Doria had been hoping for. He had predicted that the Turkish fleet would avoid a battle in the open sea against the superior forces of the Christian fleet, which had three times the number of vessels. With the Ottoman fleet trapped at Preveza a Christian victory was certain. On Friday 27 September Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa gathered his captains to discuss the enemy’s strategy and decide upon their own. In view of the superiority of arms of the Christian fleet, he proposed to take the inltla- Nigârl’nin Barbaros portresi, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi (üstte). Kaptanıderya ve Cezayir Beylerbeyi Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa’nın forsunun bir örneği (üstte sağda). ‘Gazavât-ı Hayreddin Paşa’nın son sayfaları, İU Kütüphanesi (altta). Nigâri’s portrait of Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa (above). The standard of Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa, high admiral and governor of Algeria (above right). The last pages of Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa’s account of his life, enti- >>v tled Gazavât-ı Hayreddin Paşa, from the manuscript in oAi*-' ¿A j j -sVA j" '- 3 . - İ s İstanbul University Library (right). y j - ~ ' .\ , - attı. Amiral Andrea Doria’nın da istediği a * * * buydu. Yapmış olduğu plana göre Türk jj' % ş ^ V * '-* * yu donanması, güç bakımından daha üstün olan Haçlı donanmasına karşı açık denizde bir savaşa girmekten çekinerek, Preveze’de .V\«^ hapis kalacaktı. Haçlı donanması, Türk do­ nanmasından üç kat daha güçlü konumday­ dı. Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa, 27 Eylül Cuma y y i J f?.& ■>>J günü amirallerini etrafında topladıktan sonra y * -->v - yaptığı görüşmelerde karşılarındaki düşmanın stratejisini, silah üstünlüğünü göz önüne ala- rak, Preveze’den çıkıp bu güçlü armadaya hücum five and sail out of Preveza to the attack. He argued that edilmesini önerdi. Ona göre, en büyük avantajları the Turkish fleet had the advantages of greater manoeu­ Türk gemilerinin üstün hareket kabiliyeti ve Türk vring ability and longer range guns. That night the toplarının menzil üstünlüğü idi! O gece, bütün do­ Ottoman fleet made its preparations and set out before nanma hazırlanarak, 28 Eylül Cumartesi sabahı gü­ daybreak on the morning of Saturday 28 September. A neş doğmadan önce Preveze few hours after sunrise the two Boğazı’ndan çıkıp üssü terk | fleets came face to face. The etti ve güneş doğduktan bir­ Ottoman fleet was divided into kaç saat sonra iki donanma three squadrons, the ships in the karşı karşıya saf tuttu. Os- centre commanded by Barbaros manlı donanması üç kanada Hayreddin Paşa, those to the right bölünmüştü. Orta kanattaki by Salih Reis, and those to the left gemilere Kaptanıderya Bar­ by Şeydi Ali Reis. Turgut Reis baros Hayreddin Paşa, sağ remained behind in command of kanattaki gemilere Salih Reis, the reserve ships. All three sol kanattaki gemilere ise Ottoman squadrons began firing Şeydi Ali Reis komuta edi­ on the Christian fleet, and within yordu. Turgut Reis ise arka­ a few hours half were sunk. At da yer alan yedek kuvvetle­ this unexpected defeat, Andrea rin başındaydı. Osmanlı do­ Doria decided to cut his losses nanması karşılarında toplan­ and made a rapid withdrawal. The mış bulunan Haçlı gemilerini Battle of Preveza, one of the üç koldan top ateşine tuta­ largest in naval history, thus ended rak büyük bir taarruza geçti with the victory of Barbaros ve birkaç saat içinde de ge­ Hayreddin Paşa. milerin yarısını Akdeniz’in Bom in 1473 Barbaras Hayreddin sularına gömdü. Amiral And- Paşa began life at sea on pirating rea Doria hiç beklemediği bu durum karşısında da­ expeditions along the coast of North Africa with his ha fazla kayıp vermemek için savaş alanını süratle elder brother Oruç Reis, winning fame and notoriety terk ederek, geride kalan sağlam gemilerini topla­ throughout the Mediterranean, and conquering most of yıp Arta Körfezi’nden uzaklaştı. Denizcilik tarihinin Algeria, which was subsequently ruled first by Oruç and Hüsnü Tengüz’ün ‘Osmanlı Bahriyesi’nin Mazisi’ adlı kitabından Osmanlı Bahriyesi’ne ait kıyafetler. Osmanlı bahriye askerleri genellikle kırmızı cepken, kısa mavi şalvar ve kırmızı pabuç giyerlerdi (üstte ortada). / Ottoman naval uniforms from Hüsnü Tengüz’s book about the history of the Ottoman navy. Seamen usually wore red jackets, short blue trousers and red shoes (above centre). 2 0 SKYLIFE EYLÜL SEPTEMBER 2001 en büyük savaşlarından biri olarak ka­ bul edilen Preveze Deniz Savaşı da böylece, Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa’nın zaferiyle son bulmuş oldu. 1473 yılında dünyaya gelen Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa, Osmanlı împaratorlu- ğu’nun gelmiş geçmiş en ünlü kaptanı- deryası olarak bilinir. Önceleri, ağabeyi Oruç Reis ile birlikte kuzey Afrika kıyı­ larında korsanlık yaparak doğudan ba­ tıya bütün Akdeniz’de ünlendi. 1528 yı­ lında Cezayir’de kurduğu devleti Os­ manlI İmparatorluğu topraklarına kat­ tıktan sonra imparatorluk donanması- Osmanlı Bahriyesi’nde kürek ve yelkenle hareket eden harp gemileri ve bahriyeye ait kıyafetler. En solda, Osmanlı Bahriyesi’nde kullanılan kalyonlardan göke (Hüsnü Tengüz, ‘Osmanlı Bahriyesi’nin Mazisi’) Ottoman warships, which were propelled by both oars and sails, and naval uniforms. At the far left is a göke, a type of galleon used by the Ottoman navy, as depicted in Hüsnü Tengüz's book about the history of the Ottoman navy. then by Hayreddin. They accepted Ottoman suzerainty in 1519, and in 1533 Hayreddin Paşa was appointed high admiral of the Ottoman fleet by Süleyman the Magnificent. Under his command the Ottoman fleet became the most powerful in the Mediterranean. At the advanced age of 70, Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa won his last and one of his greatest victories at Nice.
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