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03 ALTAVISTA.Indd Clara Altavista Il palazzo di villa nella cultura architettonica genovese tra XIV e XVI secolo During the 15th century there was a gradual reorganization of the formal and distributional structure of the Genoese villa; its main components — the residential block, the tower and the loggia — so far relatively independent from each other and distinguished by differentiated roofs, go through a process of increasing integration. This is what happens at Thomatis Palace where the loggia is coordinated with the main volume and assumes a key role as a distribution core. Around the end of the century, transformations were increasingly accompanied by the use of Florentine classic elements mixed with traditional forms. Just as the palace visible in the background of St. George and the dragon of Francesco Sacchi in which a loggia with a pediment and Tuscan columns introduces a tower- like palace with battlements and corbels. Even more advanced solutions can be found in the houses of the Cattaneo family in Albaro, the Fieschi in Carignano. Especially in the palace of Niccolo Lomellini an L shaped monumental loggia with capitals from the Sangallo workshop can be found, which will constitute the focal issue in the further renovation wanted by Andrea Doria. È nell’Italia illustrata di Flavio Biondo che si vances. Et tout autour desdites maisons sont les cessivamente le residenze di villa particolarmen- ha un ritratto fedele del Genovesato intorno alla beaux jardins4. te importanti8. In ragione delle loro qualità e ri- metà del Quattrocento1. In un passo dell’opera, La consistenza rilevata da d’Auton, sebbene esa- cercatezza compositiva i palazzi di villa avrebbe- l’umanista non mancava di registrare esplicita- gerata, individua con chiarezza un fenomeno ro finito per divenire, al pari delle residenze ur- mente la quantità degli insediamenti e le qualità peculiare della cultura residenziale genovese già bane, il manifesto pubblicitario delle fortune architettoniche delle costruzioni, descrivendo la dalla fine del XIII secolo. economiche e politiche dei loro committenti9. Arrivando dal mare, la continuità visiva del co- Erette in ambiti geografici sui quali alcuni tra i contrada tutta, non solo quello che è nel piano presso al mare, ma quanto le sue valli, et i suoi colli struito tra la città e i borghi costieri di Levante più autorevoli casati cittadini, come quelli degli si stendeno […], piena di bellissimi palazzi, e d’al- (Albaro, Sturla, Quarto, San Fruttuoso) e di Po- Adorno, Spinola, Giustiniani, Fregoso (o Cam- tri vaghi e sontuosi edificii2. nente (Fassolo, Granarolo, San Pier d’Arena, pofregoso)10 e Lomellini potevano vantare an- Cornigliano, Pegli, Multedo), sin lungo le val- cora antichi diritti feudali11, queste residenze Ciò che Biondo sottolinea è l’eccezionale con- li interne dei fiumi Polcevera e Bisagno5, dove- extraurbane erano sorte seguendo quei principi tinuità residenziale tra la città murata e i suoi va certamente sorprendere i viaggiatori dell’epo- di contiguità insediativa tra famiglie alleate che dintorni, apprezzati nella loro densità abitati- ca e costituire un elemento caratteristico del ge- rappresentavano il portato su scala territoriale di va e nella qualità architettonica degli edifici ta- nius loci. Non a caso il vedutista genovese Cristo- quanto era avvenuto all’interno della città forti- li da eguagliare la stessa città. Quelle medesime foro de Grassi aveva rappresentato tale estensio- ficata nell’organizzazione demo-topografica del- “marmoreæ atque auratae domus, quocunque ne con dovizia di particolari nella sua Veduta di le consorterie medievali prima e degli alberghi […] sparsæ”3 tra litorale e valli già ampiamen- Genova la quale, seppur realizzata nel 1597, il- poi12. Fondato intorno a un ricco e potente ca- te celebrate da Francesco Petrarca, sembrano in lustrava il panorama dei primi anni Ottanta del sato che accoglieva una folta schiera di parenti Biondo prendere persino più vita. Quattrocento (fig. 2)6. e sodali, sotto l’egida di un medesimo cognome Anche nel diario di viaggio di Luigi XII di Fran- D’altro canto, anche le esigue fonti fiscali geno- e vessillo, l’istituto dell’albergo — cancellato nel cia, scritto dal cronista francese Jean d’Auton nel vesi, come i registri della Gabella Possessionum, 1576 con la riforma delle Leges Novae — impo- 1502, le residenze genovesi di villa assumono rilevavano un elevato numero di edifici di villa neva la condivisione delle strategie politiche e, grande rilevanza e vengono persino censite nel che, nel 1414, risultavano essere più di 500, con soprattutto, dell’ambito urbano di residenza13. numero. 85 palatia e 370 domus, mentre nel 1464 il nu- Per la disponibilità delle aree destinate all’edifi-  tissue de la ville [de Gennes …] est ung bourg mero dei palatia era giunto a più di 1357. Prima cazione, gli insediamenti extra moenia avrebbe- nommé Besaigne, et au dehors de celu y bourg, di allora, con i termini palacium o palatium era- ro in un certo senso accelerato la tendenza all’ag- et dedans la fermeure, au long et au coustau de no state designate le sedi pubbliche cittadine, gregazione topografica e al raggruppamento so- la montaigne, sont quattre ou cincq mille mai- ma nel tempo il vocabolo aveva finito per indica- ciale già sperimentato in città, manifestando sons fortes, et chasteaulx imprenables, tou encloz de lad ite montaigne et de la mer. Et dans les sei- re dapprima gli edifici privati di città caratterizza- la consuetudine a erigere il palazzo di villa “in gneu chans de Gennes tiennent leurs trésors et che ti da notevoli peculiarità architettoniche e suc- quella parte della campagna che meglio si con- 26 Opus Incertum (2019) pp. 26-39 | ISSN 2239-5660 (print) ISSN 2035-9217 (online) © The Author(s) 2019. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0). If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. DOI: 10.13128/opus-10898 www.fupress.com/oi Il palazzo di villa nella cultura architettonica genovese tra XIV e XVI secolo Clara Altavista Voglio ringraziare Mauro Mussolin e Leonardo Pili per faccia alla posizione dell’abitazione urbana del- tiv che avrebbe condotto alla progressiva valoriz- l’aiuto fondamentale. Il primo repertorio sui palazzi di villa genovesi con analisi critiche e storiografiche è il Catalogo del- lo stesso padrone”, in modo quasi sincronico a zazione della loggia terminale. Diventata un ele- le ville genovesi, a cura di E. De Negri, C. Fera, L. Grossi Bian- quanto andava teorizzando in quegli stessi anni mento irrinunciabile e qualificante di questa ti- chi, E. Poleggi, Borgo San Dalmazzo 1967. Nel saggio di Em- mina De Negri è introdotta la definizione di “palazzo di villa Leon Battista Alberti nel De re aedificatoria14. pologia architettonica, la loggia finiva per costi- pre-alessiano”, per indicare gli edifici residenziali suburbani eretti sino all’arrivo in Genova di Galeazzo Alessi nel 1548. Da un punto di vista compositivo, la pratica co- tuire parte integrante e cardine dell’intera orga- In questo scritto, al contrario, si vuole affermare come il ‘pa- lazzo di villa genovese’ sia stato in realtà un fenomeno di lun- struttiva genovese del XV secolo, fondata su nizzazione planivolumetrica, tanto da subordi- ga durata, anche se non abbastanza indagato perché oscura- esperienze e tradizioni culturali autoctone matu- nare la disposizione degli ambienti circostanti e, to dalla fortuna e dalla risonanza del modello alessiano che ne rappresentava di fatto una critica, cfr. E. De Negri, Intro- rate prevalentemente dalla metà del secolo pre- soprattutto, della scala, generalmente costituita duzione all’Architettura della Villa Genovese, in Catalogo del- 15 le ville… cit., pp. 33-46. Studi successivi sono stati Le ville del cedente , sembrava avere orientato la costruzio- da una rampa unica allineata all’asse longitudi- Genovesato, a cura di P. Marchi, I-IV, Genova 1984-1987, che ne dei palazzi di villa verso una progressiva inte- nale dell’edificio17. aggiorna il catalogo precedente con rilievi architettonici, e i saggi di Lauro Magnani (ai quali si rimanda), che indagano grazione del corpo rettangolare dell’edificio (ec- Rappresentazioni di logge armoniose, che pote- il rapporto tra architettura di villa e paesaggio, spingendosi si- no al XVII secolo, dei quali L. Magnani, Il tempio di Venere. cezionalmente a ‘L’) con gli elementi caratteri- vano aver dato ispirazione formale, figurano nel- Giardino e villa nella cultura genovese, Genova 20053 costitu- stici del portico inferiore e della loggia superio- le opere di alcuni pittori attivi nel Genovesato e isce il caposaldo. 1 Per Genovesato si intende quell’area che, oltre gli attuali li- re sovrapposta. Questa combinazione originava, in Liguria a partire dalla seconda metà del Quat- miti comunali, va da Bogliasco nel Levante sino a Voltri nel Ponente e si estende nel relativo entroterra vallivo sino al mas- con le sue numerosissime variazioni, un reper- trocento. Se la loggia dipinta nella Natività di simo crinale appenninico. torio interessante e variegato di forme e caratte- Luca Baudo (fig. 3), espressione di un classici- 2 F. Biondo, Roma ristaurata et Italia illustrata di Biondo da Forlì. Tradotte in buona lingua volgare per Lucio Fauno, Vene- ri architettonici, oltre che di tecniche costruttive, smo di matrice padana, non trova riscontro diret- zia 1543, ff. 70, 72. 18 3 F. Petrarca, Itinerarium ad sepulcrum Domini nostri Jesu che nel tempo si sarebbero mostrati sempre più to nel costruito contemporaneo , la loggia pre- Christi ad Johannem de Mandello, herausgeben von J. Reu- aggiornati rispetto ai contemporanei modelli to- sente nell’Annunciazione di Carlo Braccesco19 fsteck, Stuttgart 1999. “Quis non ex alto turres ac palatia mi- rabatur atque arte perdomitam naturam, rigidos colles cedro scani e, pertanto, inevitabilmente legati al reper- (fig. 4), rappresentata ancora attraverso un lin- Bromioque atque olea vestitos et sub altis rupibus edes mar- moreas, nulli secundas regie, nullis urbibus non optandas”, torio classico.
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