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Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies International Journal of Oceanography and Hydrobiology Volume 50, No. 2, June 2021 pages (198-219) ISSN 1730-413X eISSN 1897-3191 Distribution of Didymosphenia, Gomphonema and Gomphosphenia diatoms (Bacillariophyta) in Turkish inland waters by Abstract 1, 2 In this study, a total of 53 taxa were identified from Cüneyt Nadir Solak *, Agata Z. Wojtal , 13 catchments in Turkey. Gomphonema affine var. 3 1 Mateusz Rybak , Elif Yılmaz rhombicum E.Reichardt, G. angusticephalum E.Reichardt & Lange-Bertalot, G. calcifugum Lange-Bertalot & E.Reichardt, G. elegantissimum E.Reichardt & Lange-Bertalot, G. exilissimum (Grunow) Lange-Bertalot & E.Reichardt, G. graciledictum E.Reichardt, G. italicum var. densistriatum Levkov, Mitic-Kopanja & E.Reichardt, G. linearoides Levkov, G. megolobrebissonii D.A.Chudaev, Kociolek DOI: 10.2478/oandhs-2021-0018 & M.A.Golobova, G. minusculum Krasske, G. minutum Category: Original research paper f. syriacum Lange-Bertalot & Reichardt, G. reediae Levkov, Mitic-Kopanja & E.Reichardt, G. sarcophagus Received: June 10, 2020 W.Gregory, G. subcapitatum (Grunow) E.Reichardt Accepted: December 15, 2020 & Levkov and Gomphosphenia holmquistii (Foged) Lange-Bertalot were recorded for the first time in Turkey. Of the identified taxa, Didymosphenia geminata (Lyngbye) 1Dumlupinar University, Science & Art Faculty, M.Schmidt, Gomphonema acuminatum Ehrenberg, G. affine Kützing, G. angustatum (Kützing) Rabenhorst, Biology Department, 43000 Kütahya, G. augur Ehrenberg, G. micropus Kützing, G. minutum Turkey (C.Agardh) C.Agardh, G. olivaceum (Hornemann) Brébisson, 2 G. parvulum (Kützing) Kützing and G. truncatum Ehrenberg Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish are common in the waters. G. angustius E.Reichardt, Academy of Sciences, Al. A. Mickiewicza 33, G. insignaffine Reichardt, G. insigne W.Gregory, G. italicum 31-120 Kraków, Poland Kützing, G. laticollum E.Reichardt, G. pumilum var. rigidum 3 E.Reichardt & Lange-Bertalot, G. stonei E.Reichardt, Department of Agroecology, Institute of G. supertergestinum E.Reichardt and G. vibrio Ehrenberg Agricultural Sciences, Land Management have been recently recorded from the Turkish waters. and Environmental Protection, University of The genus Gomphosphenia in Turkey has so far been Rzeszów, ul. Ćwiklińskiej 1A, represented only by G. grovei (M.Schmidt) Lange-Bertalot. 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland Key words: diatoms, taxonomy, distribution, freshwater, new records, Turkey * Corresponding author: [email protected] online at www.oandhs.ug.edu.pl ©2021 Cüneyt Nadir Solak et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies, VOL. 50, NO. 2 | JUNE 2021 199 Didymosphenia, Gomphonema and Gomphosphenia in Turkish waters 1. Introduction studies on inland waters in Turkey, only Didymosphenia genimata was reported from different parts of Anatolia Many diatom genera belong to the order (Solak et al. 2012). This taxon is considered a harmful Cymbellales. These include many widely distributed invasive organism in lotic systems worldwide and can and common genera, e.g. Didymosphenia M.Schmidt, reach the level of nuisance in its native range (Ector Gomphoneis Cleve, Gomphonema Ehrenberg, & Blanco 2009). The largest genus Gomphonema is Gomphopleura Reichelt ex Tempère, Gomphosinica common in Turkish waters. A total of 75 taxa were Kociolek, You, X.Wang & Q.Liuand, and Reimeria recorded in Turkish freshwater diatom flora, with Kociolek & Stoermer. Of these, the following genera G. angustum, G. constrictum, G. olivaceum, G. pala were selected for our research: Didymosphenia, and G. parvulum being among the most frequently Gomphonema, and Gomphosphenia. The genus reported species (Solak et al. 2012; Solak & Wojtal 2012). Didymosphenia was described from Streymoy Island Until this publication, Gomphosphenia grovei was the (the North Atlantic Faroe archipelago) in 1819 by only Gomphosphenia species reported from Turkish Lyngbye. The genus is relatively small and currently waters (Solak et al. 2012; Maraşlıoğlu & Gönülol 2019; includes 31 species recognized worldwide (Kociolek Taşkın et al. 2019). et al. 2019). Almost half of these species have been The current study provides an introduction to the recently described (Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot variability of selected gomphonemoid genera in the 2014). Gomphonema Ehrenberg is a large genus (over phytobenthos of some springs, small streams, large 500 taxa listed in Kociolek et al. 2019), distributed rivers, shallow and deep lakes in the Meriç-Ergene worldwide, e.g. in South America (Metzeltin & (1), Marmara (2), Susurluk (3), Kuzey Ege (4), Gediz Lange-Bertalot 2007), North America (Kociolek (5), Antalya (6), Akarçay (7), Sakarya (8), Konya (9), & Kingston 1999), Asia (Lange-Bertalot & Genkal Kızılırmak (10), Yeşilırmak (11), Eastern Black Sea (12), 1999; Karthick et al. 2011), Europe (Reichardt 1999; and Euphrates–Tigris (13) catchments of the Anatolian Levkov 2016), and Africa (Kociolek & Stoermer 1991; Peninsula. Spaulding & Kociolek 1998), and is found in a wide variety of freshwater habitats. This genus is also 2. Materials and methods widespread in Turkish inland waters (Solak et al. 2016). The environmental ranges of some taxa are clearly defined and are therefore used in biomonitoring 2.1. Study area work (e.g. Lange-Bertalot et al. 2017; Bąk et al. 2012). Gomphosphenia Lange-Bertalot is represented by a In geographical terms, Turkey is considered a very small group of known diatoms (16 taxa in Kociolek bridge between Europe and Asia. Central Anatolia et al. 2019). is a plateau (ca. 1000–1200 m a.s.l.) surrounded by The area of Turkey is very heterogenous due to narrow coastal plains and bordered by the Black Sea varied geological and climatic conditions. There are Mountains to the north and the Taurus Mountains to seven climate zones in Turkey, namely the Marmara the south. The eastern part of the Anatolian Peninsula region, the Aegean–Western Mediterranean region, is a high mountain landscape. The highest peak of the Black Sea region, Inner Anatolia, the Eastern Turkey is Mount Ararat (5137 m a.s.l.). The mountains Anatolian region, the South–Eastern Anatolian region, that run parallel to the coasts cause great climatic and the Eastern Mediterranean region. The average variability in Turkey. The northern region of the Black annual temperature amplitude ranges from 7.2°C in Sea is primarily affected by the cold, dry Siberian the Eastern Anatolian region to 18.7°C in the Eastern High Pressure System, while the Mediterranean Mediterranean region. Annual precipitation ranges climate prevails in the southern part (Solak et al. from 417.5 mm in the Eastern Anatolian region to 2012; Kuzucuoğlu et al. 2019). There are two closed 1175.8 mm in the Black Sea region. The diversity of catchments in Turkey: Konya and Lake Van. The Konya climatic conditions is due to the mountain chains catchment comprises several brackish lakes, while the in the region of Black and Mediterranean seas and largest soda lake is located in the Lake Van catchment. the perpendicular position of the mountain system Large cities with high population density are located in the Aegean Sea. Didymosphenia genimata was in Western Anatolia, while Eastern Anatolia has much orginally known from lakes and streams at northern lower population density. As a result of this and greater latitudes, from habitats with low levels of nutrients industrialization, most polluted rivers are located in and low temperature. In recent decades, however, Western Anatolia, while Eastern Anatolia has more it has spread massively to lowland areas (Spaulding natural systems (Gaziantep in Southeastern Anatolia et al. 2005a, b; Ector & Blanco 2009). With regard to is an exception). A total of 125 samples were collected Journal owner: Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Poland 200 Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies, VOL. 50, NO. 2 | JUNE 2021 Cüneyt Nadir Solak, Agata Z. Wojtal, Mateusz Rybak, Elif Yılmaz from 13 different river catchments in Western Anatolia University of Szczecin and Carl Zeiss Axio Imager A2 at (Gediz, Meriç–Ergene, Kuzey Ege, Marmara, Sakarya the University of Rzeszow in Poland. and Susurluk), Inner Anatolia (Akarçay, Kızılırmak and Diatoms were identified according to Krammer Konya), the Mediterranean (Antalya), Eastern Anatolia & Lange-Bertalot (1986, 1991), Reichardt & (Euphrates–Tigris) and the Black Sea (Yeşilırmak and Lange-Bertalot (1991), Reichardt (1999, 2009, 2015), Eastern Black Sea) in Turkey between 2009 and 2019 Lange-Bertalot et al. (2003), Van de Vijver & McBride (Table 1; Fig. 1). (2003), Kulikovskiy et al. (2016), Levkov et al. (2016), and Kociolek et al. 2019. The morphological data provided 2.2. Sample collection (length, width, number of striae in 10 µm) for each taxon are based on our own measurements. Samples were collected from different substrates in different waterbodies. Epilithic samples were collected 2.4. Distribution of diatoms by removing submerged stones and brushing them with a toothbrush. Epipelic samples were collected The distribution of each taxon in Turkey is using a pipette aspirator and epiphytic samples presented according to Maraşlıoğlu & Gönülol (2019) were collected from macrophytes [Chara vulgaris L., and Taşkın et al. (2019). Taxa reported from Turkey with Stuckenia pectinalis (L.) Börner]. Some submerged parts a value of at least 10% are
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