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Title of project; atoms. A numb
Application of E3CA (Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical betv/een chemi
Analysis) to radiation chemistry and biological molecules. higher extent
!:S to all elemen
Research Institute; light first a
Institute of Physics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. especially in
applied to s
Chief scientific investigator; hemoglobine
Professor Kai Siegbahn valuable inf(
active sites
Period of contract: development
I97I-OI-OI—I973-I2-3I • investigatioi
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A major 'i'--'. -• taken in 197
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^ fine focuss Scientific Background and Scope of Fro.ject geometrical Already in the early stages of the development of positron se electron spectroscopy it became clear that it is possible project was to study the electronic structure of atoms in molecular the aim of systems. The molecular influence is observed as chemical chemistry a shifts of the atomic core electron levels, whereof the method was given the name ESCA (Electron Spectroscopy for Experimenta Chemical Analysis). Moreover, it v/as possible to interpret The ex the shifts in terms of effective charges on the observed follows: atoms. A number of useful correlations have been established The sa between chemical shifts and atomic charges. ESCA is to a chromatized higher extent than most other spectroscopic methods applicable electrons a to all elements of the periodic oystem, in particular to the given by light first and second row elements. This makes ESCA interesting
especially in organic chemistry, and at an early stage it was
applied to some large biological molecules such as insuline, where hv is
hemoglobine aiid cytochrome C. ESCA turned out to give electron ii
valuable information of the valence state and reactivity at the function C(
active sites in these systems. At that time the experimental high power
development was by far not yet completed and these preliminary emission ti
investigations could be made only with considerable efforts for (8000 rpm)
a few systems. However, it was clear that a substantial improve- the emitte<
ment in experimental performance could be reached within the analyzer,
limit of existing technology. plane onto are í'irst A major step in the necessary instrumental development was towards a taken in 1970 when the design of the prototype of the new registered generation ESCA instruments started. It comprises several system. earlier not exploited technical improvements, such as mono-
chromatization of the X-rays, a high power X-ray tube with a Durin fine focussing electron gun and a rotating anode, an improved geometrical arrangement in the source compartment and a new
positron sensitive multidetector system. The scope of this
project was to further develop the experimental technique with
the aim of making E3CA a more general method also in bio-
chemistry and radiation chemistry.
Experimental methods
The experimental technique can shortly be described as
follows:
The sample to be studied is irradiated by a beam oi' mono-
chromatized soft X-ray photons. By the photoelectric process
electrons are emitted with a characteristic energy, E, .
given by
where hv is the photon energy, B_ is the binding energy of the
electron in the isth level and í is a spectrometer work
function constant. The monochromatic X-rays are created in a
high power X-ray tube consisting of a fine focussing high
emission two stage electron gun (15 kV/400 mA) and a high speed
(8000 rpm) water cooled rotating anode. The kinetic energy of
the emitted electrons is measured by a spherical electrostatic
analyzer. After 180 the electrons are focussed in a focal
plane onto a position sensitive electron detector. The electrons
are first multiplied by a factor of 10 and then accelerated
towaras a phosphor screen. The resulting light pulses are
registered by a vidicon tube connected on-line to a computer
system.
During the course of this project also the first steps were taken to extend the ESCA technique to molecular and liquids. The possibility of making ESCA studie3 of liquid systems have met particularly strong interest among organic chemists. A new sample handling system was developed by which
the liquid was introduced as a well collimated beam in the sample compartment. This also demanded that effective
differential pumping was introduced.
Results
The new prototype instrument was brought into operation
at the end of 1972. The expected improvement in resolution
was achieved. The width of the exciting AlKa- radiation was
reduced from 0.8 eV to 0.2 eV. In addition, the X-ray
satellites and the continuum bremsstrahlung were effectively
eliminated. Hereby the signal-to-background ratio was
considerably improved. Compared to previous instruments the
total intensity was increased by a factor of 100. In
particular, the new much higher sensitivity made possible the
study of large molecules in the gas phase. A vapour pressure
of > 10 torr at a temperature of < 150° С is sufficient and
hence a majority of common organic compounds are available
for the study in the gas phase. As an example we may mention
the study of the charge-transfer complex pyridine-iodomono-
chloride where ESCA as the first spectroscopic method could
establish the amount of transferred charge in the bond. This
is particularly interesting since charge-transfer type of
bonding is frequently found in biological systems.
The first spectra from liquids in E3CA were recently
recorded. Especially interesting is that now compounds in Papers Publ: solutions and chemical reactions such as the formation of complexes can be studied. The technique is still under development and a number of improved "liquid cells" are presently being tested. 2. Electron Siegbahn "Encyclo; Conclusions McGraw-H; The results on the prototype instrument showed that
this was the correct line to proceed. Therefore, last
year we started to develop the completed version of the
new generation of ESCA instruments. The design philosophy 4» Perspect Siegbahn has been to extend the performance of each component to a "Electro. Publ. Co practical limit, mainly set by physical reasons. The 5. Molécula intensity can hereby be enhanced by an additional factor Gelius, : 2 "Electro of 10 and the resolving power can be further improved. Publ. Co
Two instruments of this kind are under construction. The
first one is planned to be brought into operation by the
end of this year. With this instrument the aira of this 7. Chemica: project will be reached of developing ESCA as a method for Gelius, Allison work also on biological molecules. J. Elec
8. Electroi Siegbahi "Atomic Plenum
9. ESCA st gas pha Gelius, Faraday
10. Theory Gelius, UÜIP-81
11. ESCA aj and lee Khodey< Chem. Papers Published on Work under the Contract.
1. The ESCA spectra of benzene and the iso-electronic series, thiophene, pyrrole,and furan. Gelius, U., Allan, C.J., Johansson, G., Siegbahn, H., Allison, b.A. and Siegbahn, K. Physica Scripta ¿, 237 (1971).
2. Electron spectroscopy. Siegbahn, K. "Encyclopedia of Science and Technology" p. 585. McGraw-Hill Third Edition 1971*
3. The electronic structure of carbon suboxide from ESCA and ab initio calculations. Gelius, U., Allan, C.J., Allison, D.A. Siegbahn, H. and Siegbahn, K. Chera. Phys. Lett. J_l» 224 (1971).
4. Perspectives and problems in electron spectroscopy. Siegbahn, K. "Electron Spectroscopy". Ed. D.A. Shirley, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam 1972, p. 15»
5. Molecular orbitals and line intensities in SSCA spectra. Gelius, Ü. "Electron Spectroscopy". Ed. D.A. Shirley. North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam 1972, p. 311»
6. Molecular spectroscopy by means of ESCA. V. Boron compounds. Allison, D.A., Johansson, G., Allan, C.J. Gelius, U., Siegbahn, П., Allioon, J. and Siegbahn, K. J. Electron Spectrosc. J_, 269 (1972/73).
7. Chemical shifts in ESCA and ffiffi. Gelius, П., Johansson, G., Siegbahn, H., Allan, C.J., Allison, D.A., Allison, J. and Siegbahn, K. J. Electron Spectrosc. J_, 285 (1972/73).
8. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. Siegbahn, 1С. "Atomic Physics", Vol. 3. Ed. S.J. Smith and G.K. Walters. Plenum Publ. Co., New York 1972, p. 493.
9. ESCA studies of molecular core and valence levels in the gas phase. Gelius, U. and áiegbahn, K. Faraday Discussions of the Chemical Society _54_, 257 (1972).
10. Theory of binding energies and chemical shifts in ESCA. Gelius, U. ÜÜIP-819 (March 1973).
11. ESCA applied to high temperature molecular beams of bismuth and lead. Khodeyev, Y.S., Siegbahn, H., Hamrin, K. and Siegbahn K. Chem. Phys. Lett. ЛЭ., 16 (1973). 12. A high resolution E5CA instrument with X-ray monochromator for gases and solids. Gelius, U., Basilier, E., Gvensson, S., Bergmark, T. and Siegbahn, K. UUIP-817 (April 1973).
15» Design principles in electron speetroscopy, V/annberg, В., Gelius, Ü. and Siegbahn, K. ÜUIP-918 (April 1973)*
14. Molecular spectroscopy by means of ESCA. Gelius, Ü. Acta Univsrsitatis Upsaliensis 242 (197?)« (Thesis)
15» Electron spectroscopy - a new way of looking into matter. Siegbahn, K. Endeavour ¿2, 51 (1975).
16. ESCA applied to liquids. Siegbahn, H. and Siegbahn, K. J. Electron Spectrosc. ¿ (1975)-
17* Pyridine-iodoroonochloride. A charge transfer complex studied by ESCA. Kostad, Asbj., Svensson, S., Hilsson, R», Basilier, E., Gelius, U., Nordling, C. and Siegbabn, K. Chem. Phys. Lett. 23, 157 (1973).