AIR FORCE OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 2014 TECHNICAL STRATEGIC PLAN
1 Message from the Director Dr. Patrick Carrick Acting Director, Air Force Office of Scientific Research Our vision is bold: The U.S. Air Force dominates I am pleased to present the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) Technical Strategic Plan. AFOSR is air, space, and cyberspace the basic research component of the Air Force Research DISCOVER through revolutionary Laboratory. For over 60 years, AFOSR has directed the basic research. Air Force’s investments in basic research. AFOSR was an early investor in the scientific research that directly enabled capabilities critical to the technology superiority of today’s Our mission is challenging: U.S. Air Force, such as stealth, GPS, and laser-guided We discover, shape, and weapons. This plan describes our strategy for ensuring that champion basic science we continue to impact the Air Force of the future. that profoundly impacts the Our basic research investment attracts highly creative SHAPE future Air Force. scientists and engineers to work on Air Force challenges. AFOSR builds productive, enduring relationships with scientists and engineers who look beyond the limits of today’s technology to enable revolutionary Air Force capabilities. Over its history, AFOSR has supported more than 70 researchers who went on to become Nobel Laureates. Three enduring core strategic Furthermore, AFOSR’s basic research investment educates new scientists and engineers in goals ensure that AFOSR stays fields critical to the Air Force. These scientists and engineers contribute not only to our Nation’s committed to the long-term continued security, but also to its economic vitality and technological preeminence. technological superiority I am honored to be the Director of the AFOSR. The challenges that the Air Force confronts will of the Air Force. forever be changing. AFOSR will respond to meet those challenges. CHAMPION • We identify opportunities for significant scientific advancements and breakthrough research around the world.
• We rapidly bring to bear on these opportunities the right researchers and resources in the interest of fostering revolutionary basic research for Air Force needs.
• We enable the Air Force to exploit these opportunities through transitioning revolutionary science and technology to DOD and industry.
12 23 Introduction Elements of Strategy
AFOSR is a mission agency. Its goals – to This first strategic goal is the foundational discover, shape, and champion basic science element for AFOSR. If as an organization that profoundly impacts the future Air Force it identifies opportunities well, the other Today’s U.S. Air Force dominance is the direct result of more than – are unique within the Air Force and among two strategic goals can be addressed well. 60 years of investment in the sciences and technologies that governmental funding agencies. They are Identification of where a research revolution underlie air and space power and information production and inextricably tied to the mission and strategic may develop is the most difficult of the three priorities of the entire Air Force and are goals. It is inherently the most risky and it use. This broadly based investment ranges from focused research, necessarily based on the plans and programs of commands the most resources and energy. enabling rapid development of specific systems and capabilities, AFRL. to the most basic research in existing and emerging sciences. Input into decisions Continuing commitment to comprehensive investment provides AFRL leads the discovery, development, and integration of affordable technologies that Program Officers and leadership determine the Air Force with a technological edge that manifests itself in our assure at all times and in all engagements the how and where to look for breakthrough current preeminent air, space, and information systems. dominance of our aerospace forces. AFRL research opportunities. They consider the must consider broad spectrums of time, place, current and projected technological needs of and operation, ranging from rapid response the Air Force and the full scope of research The Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) directs the to meet today’s warfighter needs to far-term reported on, in progress, and planned investment of Air Force’s basic research funds into subjects that transformational research and development throughout the world. AFOSR acquires the reveal, define, and explore emerging scientific concepts and that prepares the air Force for the challenges knowledge it needs on the technological assesses their applicability to tomorrow’s Air Force. AFOSR is that will emerge in the future. As the AFRL status and gaps of the Air Force by direct directorate responsible for directing all basic personal contacts and by studying relevant the directorate within the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) research investments, AFOSR must be keenly publications and declarations from the DOD that focuses exclusively on the future. Across the Air Force there attuned to transformational research across the and the Air Force (primarily the Chief Scientist, is a shared vision of reliance on and demand for technological globe and its relations to the needs and plans of the major commands, and AFRL). To assure the current and future Air Force. the information is current, accurate, and superiority. AFOSR’s vision and mission have the unique feature complete, AFOSR maintains relationships with of focusing on revolutionary, transformational basic research, The processes AFOSR follows in making its its stakeholders, exchanging information and producing today’s breakthrough science for tomorrow’s Air Force. investment decisions, intent on maximizing ideas regularly. The knowledge accumulated their impacts, are based on the three strategic informs decisions on the broad subjects of goals. AFOSR must seek out and support the research on which to focus and whom to hire Fulfilling our three core strategic goals best, most transformational basic research with as Program Officers. ensures the AFOSR remains a constant the greatest potential for impact on the future and capable custodian of the long-term Air Force. This objective requires, first and An example of the input that informs AFOSR foremost, that AFOSR’s Program Officers be decisions is shown in Table 1, which was technological future for the Air Force, assigned appropriate responsibilities and that compiled from “Air Force Research Laboratory the Department of Defense (DOD), and they be provided with the support necessary Capability-Based Science and Technology the country. This document addresses for them to take steps that will, over time and Strategy 2030” and “Global Horizons: United over a broad set of portfolios, create the Air States Air Force Global Science and Technology how AFOSR identifies which activities Force of the future. The main considerations Vision.” These documents and many others to fund, the thought processes that that assemble and unleash an effective technical reflect substantial agreement as to the various underlie allocation of resources, and what workforce and underlie its investment decisions trends that are driving change worldwide steps are taken, in which directions, to support are described below. and that will impact the Air Force and the U.S. military in the coming years. Other published transitioning research results. Details of the processes that Identify opportunities guidance on science and technology that is drive transitions are discussed further in AFOSR’s Strategic for significant scientific relevant to AFOSR is shown in the Reference Business Plan. advancements and section. breakthrough research around the world
34 4 5 Table 1. Major Global Trends Expected to Impact the Air Force
Asymmetric Engagement Persisting Asia Rising The number of failed and failing states may expand. Those Projected to reach a combined population of 2.7 billion marginalized and disenfranchised as a result of history, people by 2020, China and India have among the geography, globalization, and urbanization will not world’s highest growth rates in economic and military confront those they perceive as oppressors directly. strength. This trend could portend the re-emergence of a peer competitor. U.S. Technological Edge Declining Urbanization Accelerating The rest of the world is developing. Because The ongoing largest migration in history places of growing populations, improvements populations and power centers in complex, confined in education, expanding economies, and environments that “can degrade or reduce the ambitions of (comparative) power throughout effectiveness of high-technology weapons; communication the world, “it is unlikely our nation will continue to systems; and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) have the science and engineering edge it capabilities.” once enjoyed.” Globalization and Interdependence Increasing Military Use of Space Expanding
“Economic, financial, industrial, and information globalization represent the The unrestricted use of space as a domain that enables us leading edge of market forces driving us toward a more interdependent to see, hear, locate, and communicate on a global scale is global framework of political and ideological engagement.” Alliances and essential to operations. Proliferation of assets and debris and partnerships will evolve, and probably in aggregate expand over time. rise of directed-energy weapons imperil our capabilities. Cyberspace Ubiquitous to Operations, while Cyber Resource Competition Emerging Threats Exploding
Availability of energy and vital resources for the world Information technology, advanced and ubiquitous as a whole must be considered in forming military communications, and unfettered use of the electromagnetic technology strategy. spectrum have been great strengths in terms of enhancing the security, connectivity, and sensory abilities of our nation— but embedded in our reliance is also a great weakness, should Economic Environment Evolving it be denied.
Inconsistent, but overall strong growth throughout developing New Technologies Emerging world and slowing of growth in the U.S. and the developed world, coupled with rising costs of military personnel and History has shown that we usually underestimate systems, elevate economic considerations to paramount significantly the impact of emerging technologies. position for development of new technologies. This is particularly true of technologies that are so new that their influence cannot be reliably predicted.
56 67 Reflective Optical Limiter Elements of Strategy The Air Force has been seeking a way to protect pilot’s eyes and aircraft sensors from being damaged by intense laser pulses. Initially, the concept of gradually darkening sunglasses that protect the wearer’s eyes when AFOSR makes investments in research with they step into bright sunlight, but quickly return to their normal potential for application beyond today’s Only In-person prevailing assessments of Air Force needs communication can state when indoors, was pursued, but no version could darken in order to capture truly transformational establish the relationships needed to quickly enough to ameliorate short laser pulses. With funding scientific breakthroughs that have the identify and evaluate the most-compelling from AFOSR, collaborative research potential to profoundly change the Air Force. opportunities for investment and can assure undertaken by physicists from the AFRL Transformational advances often occur where knowledge is current and extensive. Because Sensors Directorate and Wesleyan they are not expected, and so AFOSR focuses AFOSR’s investments significantly influence University, conceptualized the Reflective on early recognition of unexpected advances the development of new fields of study, rapid Optical Limiter to address this threat via in science and technology, emerging scientific identification of opportunities is essential. a periodic layered structure with an embedded breakthroughs, and disruptive technologies. Truly transformational research can come from balance nonlinear layer within the lens. Such a Decision makers anywhere. AFOSR must look broadly across its investment layered structure acts as a self- all perceived future Air Force technological across subjects of protecting power limiter. At low This search for transformational opportunities needs through the lens of transformational research based on intensity of the incident light, the is carried out primarily by AFOSR’s Program change and across the entire world of science its best understanding entire stack is highly transmissive, Officers. They are required to be intimately and technology. To maintain vigilance of the of future trends in science and but when the input power familiar with advances in their technical subjects evolution of science across the globe and to technology and of the projected exceeds a certain level, the needs of warfighters. It must balance and to be active participants in their research exploit any scientific advances, if and when stack becomes highly reflective communities. They are selected on the basis of appropriate, AFOSR maintains three overseas its investments among research their technical capabilities and because they offices: the Asian Office of Aerospace Research enterprises: domestic universities and over a broad frequency range, have evinced entrepreneurial approaches to their and Development (AOARD) in Tokyo, the laboratories, AFRL’s laboratories, small regardless of the angle of jobs, have built programs, and have pioneered European Office of Aerospace Research and businesses, and foreign universities and incidence. The advances in research. The organization must be Development (EOARD) in London, and the laboratories. It must consider the extent to excessive radiation structured and processes must be designed to Southern Office of Aerospace Research and which other agencies, inside and outside is reflected back to support the search for transformational research Development (SOARD), in Santiago, Chile. These DOD, are investing in similar activities and space, rather than and to allow the Program Officers to succeed in offices support direct interchanges with the assure that its investments are appropriately being asorbed nurturing it once found. world’s scientific and engineering community, coordinated with those agencies. It must also consider by the limiter. the Air Force’s need to develop and support its own staff through participation in a wide range of This prevents Management of technical portfolios, from meetings and development of a large number of of excellent researchers and world-class research facilities. overheating conception through evolution to transition, working relationships. is a creative enterprise. It must be supported AFOSR inherently addresses difficult technical problems. Some and adequately in each phase to allow multiple Rapidly bring to bear advances, especially in rapidly changing fields such as information destruction inputs to be synthesized into uniquely crafted science, may require only months to achieve success and move of the research portfolios that will shape the progress of the right researchers to transition. Others may require decades of consistent support. limiter. diverse fields. Baseline requirements for AFOSR’s and resources on these The questions to answer on researchers, resources, and results are programmatic staff include digital access to a opportunities in the interest these: (1) What research to support? (2) Where to support it and high-quality technical library (including data- of fostering revolutionary why? (3) How much funding is needed and is leverage possible? mining capabilities), assignment of duties to basic research for Air Force (4) How long to fund the research? (5) How can success be appropriate parties (administrative burdens are determined? (6) If successful, what is required to ensure transition best born by administrative staff), and means needs to the Air Force, DOD, or industry? to engage substantively the relevant research communities. Mechanisms of engagement Identification of promising opportunities for What: necessarily include direct personal contact at investments in research must be comprehensive conferences, workshops, program reviews, and and informed by an understanding of the The main consideration for deciding what to fund was site visits. Personal contact is supplemented by strategic directions of the Air Force, AFRL, discussed in the context of Strategic Goal 1: the need to support various electronic means of communication, but and the DOD as a whole. Within the two transformational research that could lead to a breakthrough, in a the latter cannot replace the former. overarching guidelines—opportunity in research field that is expected to be relevant to the Air Force at some future and applicability to the Air Force—AFOSR must time. AFOSR management works with other AFRL personnel and
78 89 Elements of Strategy its stakeholders and follows published guidance because other agencies take the lead. There are U.S. universities; and in-house capabilities and productivity within AFRL. It focuses to determine, to the extent it can, what is most also fields of research in which funds among considerable attention on the research communities it affects. One measure of likely to be relevant. Major emphasis is placed on agencies are combined by agreement, so that success is the arc of a community, roughly its ascent or decline. To the extents research where AFOSR can have a significant each agency reaps maximum benefits. The possible, AFOSR seeks to build and grow vibrant research communities and, impact, where support from other sources is Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and in some cases and over periods that may vary widely, eventually to wean the missing or inadequate. Engineering coordinates basic research investment communities from AFOSR’s funding. across the services when there is considerable Where: overlap of interests. Enable the Air Force to exploit these Decisions on how in aggregate to distribute How long: opportunities at the appropriate time through funding among research at domestic universities and laboratories, in-house research at AFRL, Individual projects typically run for three to five transitioning revolutionary science to DOD, and foreign universities and laboratories are years. Many projects are, of course, renewed. technology incubators, and industry influenced by many factors. Because the U.S.- There is a continuous balancing act between based university research establishment is by support of new activities and continued funding Most successes in research are proclaimed proudly and disseminated widely, and yet far the strongest in the world and because, like of existing work, taking into account progress transitions of results to various stages of technological development do not always all Federal science funding agencies, AFOSR is of current work, transition of current work into occur. The success rate of transitions is determined by the results in question, the committed to maintaining our national strength an applied research or application phase, and extents to which they are understood and are clearly articulated, the receptivity and to producing the nation’s next generation worldwide opportunities in emerging science. and resources of potential transition partners, and the quality of communications of scientists and engineers, well over 90% of Internal reviews and allocation of resources by between the various parties. AFOSR’s Program Officers and managers influence funds are spent within the United States. AFOSR AFOSR’s Director assure introduction of new each of these factors, and they serve as agents to link researchers with partners for invests in foreign research when it is unique and subjects and portfolios. development. it complements that found domestically. It strives to develop strong relationships with its cadre of How successful: As a strategic necessity, AFOSR must ensure results from the research it funds are foreign researchers to promote exchanges of disseminated within appropriate communities of science and technology, are expressed information and ideas and to seed transnational Research portfolios are assessed throughout the clearly (re-expressed, if necessary, so as to be understandable by a broad swath of partnering. year. AFOSR holds an annual review of its entire the community), and, when warranted, are provided directly to possible transition research portfolio. Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) partners. The same skill set and knowledge base that support AFOSR’s Program How much: reviews are convened every two years to assess Officers and managers in pursuit of Strategic Goal 1 (identify in what to invest) the distribution of investments and the progress provide ability to understand and assess transition possibilities for research results. The economic constraints on AFOSR are severe. made and promise offered by each portfolio under The same entrepreneurial spirit motivates and mobilizes efforts to transition results. AFOSR maximizes the impact of its funding examination. The recommendations made by the by disciplined buying and by leveraging its SABs have significant influence on evolutions of Trusted personal relationships are often required to move from research investments whenever possible. The first set of and distributions within portfolios. In addition, by one party to technology development by another. The most common questions to be asked in this context addresses each Program Officer holds a yearly program transition partners for AFOSR are the other Technology Directorates in AFRL. how much money is needed to provide review, which assures exchange of current, vital Close relationships are maintained on all aspects of AFOSR’s activities and the other reasonable assurances that significant advances information among the assembled researchers Technology Directorates’ needs and goals. Transitioning from basic research to applied can be made. The second set addresses what and allows the Program Officers to determine the research or technology development is simply one more reason the Technology Directorates research other agencies are funding. Many courses of their investments, to make informed work together closely. other governmental agencies, inside and outside decisions on future funding, to change course DOD, fund basic research that could potentially (when appropriate), and to forge alliances and Some research breakthroughs may best be transitioned to entities other than impact the future Air Force. The responsibility build teams of research groups. Over the long those within AFRL. Many examples exist of moving from basic research directly to for understanding and dealing with the term, the primary metric for success is the evidence industry or the Air Force user community. It is vital AFOSR maintain relationships overlap of AFOSR’s interests with those of other of transformational impact on the Air Force. In with these key stakeholders. As noted above, they also help inform AFOSR’s agencies resides at both the Program Officer the near term, obvious measures of research search for breakthroughs in research and its investment decisions. Having them and management levels. They coordinate with output apply, although they can never supply participate broadly in AFOSR’s activities and maintaining substantive their counterparts in other funding agencies and definitive answers to questions of investment dialogue greatly increase the chances of successful transition. balance their investments accordingly. There are success. AFOSR tracks major awards garnered by fields of research of obvious or likely importance its principal investigators, along with publications, to the Air Force in which AFOSR invests modestly presentations, and patents; graduation rates in
109 10 11 Organizational Structure High-Energy Solid-State Lasers and Technical Focus High-energy solid-state lasers require gain materials that are RT not currently available through single-crystal growth methods. Organizational Structure AFOSR This has led to research into transparent ceramics to satisfy Technical RTA the requirements of larger, more powerful solid-state lasers. AFOSR functions within a worldwide research Directorates AFOSR has led the Department of Defense in collaborating community that is changing rapidly and Dynamical with leading laboratories in Japan involved with the profoundly. It is committed to responding quickly Systems and Control RTB development of transparent ceramics. Through and forcefully to consequential change and Quantum and this collaborative effort, which began in to applying wisely the resources necessary to Asian Office of Aerospace Non-equilibrium 2005, power densities achievable advance science and technology for the Air Force. Research and Development (IOA) Processes with transparent ceramics have Its Program Officers work together for synergy RTC European Office of Aerospace Research Information, 3 across technical areas and with colleagues in improved from 1kW/cm to and Development (IOE) Decision, 3 AFRL and the broader community so that its 1.2MW/cm in 2012. Advanced processing International Office Arlington (ION) and Complex techniques developed by World Labo, Ltd, are investments at the basic research level can help Networks support other investments in basic and applied Southern Office of Aerospace Research taking ceramic powders and turning them into RTD composite laser waveguides capable of high subjects. AFOSR’s location near the nation’s and Development (IOS) Complex capital promotes efficient information exchange, Materials and power densities with excellent thermal collaboration, and sharing of resources with Restructuring of AFOSR, primarily going Devices characteristics. These materials are counterparts in other governmental agencies. from three to five divisions and integrating enabling the next generation of solid- these divisions are expected the international offices, was based on RTEstate laser systems. This engagement with to be in place for at least three Dynamical AFOSR has long been among the most adaptable improving coordination with academia and the Japan in laser gain material of federal funding agencies. To become even years to support continuity and consistent Systems and broader research community and promoting fundamental research more so and to engage more effectively the collaboration. The research Departments are access to all levels of leading foreign and Control research organizations it supports and influences, a flexible construct that can evolve rapidly in domestic research institutions. paves the path to higher it revamped its structure in early FY13. AFOSR’s response to significant shifts in the scientific efficiencies, thus program management enterprise is now environment. Departments can close or Reorganization of the enterprise did not change the enabling future organized into divisions, each of which is led by consolidate, as needed, and new Departments number or natures of the international offices. It did meld military applications a Chief who reports to a Director. The Directors can be created with comparative ease. Their them into a single entity with a single Director. Better at light speed. and Chiefs are responsible for integrating and Chiefs serve for two years. Frequent exchange integration of programs was sought and achieved. The IO executing the organization’s technical strategy. of managers grows executive talent and previous geographical boundaries that separated AOARD, International There are currently five AFOSR research divisions, promotes introduction of vibrant new ideas and EOARD, SOARD, and the International Office in Arlington which are called Departments, and four approaches. That all Chiefs report to a single Science IOS international divisions. Reporting to the Director Director who is focused fulltime on the scientific inhibited collaboration at times and induced inefficiencies Program Southern of the Basic Science Program Office (RT) are: part of AFOSR ensures proper coordination and in several business practices. The fully integrated Inter-national Office Office balance of portfolios and resources among the Science Program Office considers the world as a whole and Dynamical Systems and Control (RTA) Departments. makes its investments without the artificial need Quantum and Non-equilibrium to balance them among offices. The international divisions work within IOA Processes (RTB) environments quite different from the domestic Technical Focus Information, Decision, and Complex Asian Office ION counterparts. They, too, are changing rapidly, Arlington but the dimension of time impacts AFOSR’s Networks (RTC) AFOSR often helps new fields of research IOE VA international programs as much on a personal Complex Materials and Devices (RTD) emerge and cohere. Our investments often feed European level as a technological one. Creation and Energy, Power, and Propulsion (RTE) into drafting of guidance from the Air Force and Office cultivation of strong international programs DOD. We also receive guidance and adapt to it. Some of the and collaborative research portfolios require major external input that went into departmental structure and Their current portfolios and plans are discussed considerable accumulated experience and below. Reporting to the Director of the International development of trusted relationships with the Program Officer portfolios can be summarized briefly. Since Science Program Office (IO), who is parallel with RT, researchers and research leaders. The number of AFOSR’s Technical Strategic Plan was last written, the following primary are: overseas offices has been fixed for years and will guidance was addressed by AFOSR. remain so for the foreseeable future. The Chiefs of
1211 1213 Organizational Structure and Technical Focus
Air and Space Superiority Dynamical Systems and Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Control Department (RTA) Technology Horizons: Among the many areas of science and technology Global Mobility called out for emphasis, the two given highest priority were autonomous The Dynamical Systems and Control Department systems and enhanced human performance/human-machine interaction. Global Strike leads for AFOSR the discovery and development Autonomous-systems research retains strong support with AFOSR, with Command and Control of the fundamental and integrated science one portfolio focusing on it and others supporting it. Support for human that advances future air and space flight. Its performance and integration with machines has expanded, including reshaping broad goal is to discover and exploit the critical It states “What has radically changed is how the the sociocultural portfolio. fundamental science and knowledge that will Air Force performs these missions.” Informed by shape the future of aerospace sciences. Emphasis the current set of missions, AFOSR discovers and Energy Horizons: Energy storage and generation remain small parts of AFOSR’s is placed on establishment of the foundations supports research that can lead to further radical overall portfolio. We decided to invest in the few areas that need our funds, such necessary to advance integration or convergence changes in how the Air Force will perform its as high-temperature superconductivity, and decided to watch developments of the scientific disciplines critical to maintaining missions. coming from agencies that invest large amounts in research in the associated technological superiority. fields. The Department of Energy is, of course, the main funder. Strong Lists of six or seven technologies programs are also in place in the Army and Navy and the National Science DOD: The central research direction for this division on which to focus were released. The list Foundation, and for challenges specific to the Air Force, at the 6.2 and higher aims at meeting basic research challenges related from ASD(R&E) maps better to 6.1 research: levels. We note that although innumerable opportunities exist to advance the to future air and space flight. Programs center metamaterials, nanotechnology, quantum Air Force’s storage and use of energy, the future for energy supply appears to on mathematics, fluid flow and control, and information processing, synthetic biology, be decidedly more optimistic than when Energy Horizons was released. structural mechanics and prognosis. In addition, cognitive neuroscience (brain science), and the Test and Evaluation portfolio supports these social technologies. All appear in one or more Cybervision 2025: Among the many fields this document recommends for subjects and enabling materials, hypersonics, AFOSR portfolios, but we have not ramped up increased effort were software (including validation and verification), quantum methods, sensors and electromagnetics, and information significantly in subjects that already receive and social computing. AFOSR reinvigorated and reshaped its software portfolio and data fusion. strong support from other agencies. There are and continues to invest strongly in quantum sciences. Social computing falls large national initiatives in nanotechnology, within existing portfolios and continues to receive significant support from the Mathematics: The goals of portfolios in this synthetic biology, and brain science. AFOSR International Office. subject include discovering mathematical helped launch the fields of metamaterials and algorithms and developing computational quantum information science and it continues to Global Horizons: Global Horizons was released only a few months before techniques that provide more-accurate, reliable, support them. Social technologies offer immense this document was written. There has been too little time for it to affect and efficient algorithms for modeling and promise, and AFOSR recently restructured the AFOSR’s overall portfolio significantly. The main subjects it covers—materials simulation and design of complex systems for portfolios that address them. science, biotechnology, autonomous systems, knowledge discovery, and the Air Force, with radical cost and turn-time social technologies—are all supported by AFOSR. improvements; developing optimization and The subjects in which AFOSR plans to invest are discrete mathematics for solving large, complex described in considerable detail in our Broad Other Air Force guidance: The Air Force Science & Technology Plan 2011 problems in support of future Air Force science Agency Announcements. The main one— lists the following subjects for increased effort, largely in 6.2 and 6.3 research and and engineering, command and control systems, Research Interests of the Air Force Office of development: improve the sustainment, affordability and availability of legacy systems; logistics, and battlefield management; and Scientific Research¬—and a number of narrowly reduce cyber vulnerabilities while emphasizing mission assurance; support the developing mathematical theory and algorithms focused ones are updated and released yearly. needs of the nuclear enterprise; develop the autonomous system technologies based on the interplay of dynamical systems They can be found at: envisioned in “Technology Horizons;” develop human performance and control theories with the aim of developing augmentation technologies envisioned in “Technology Horizons;” provide innovative synergistic strategies for the design, robust situational awareness to enhance decision-making; enable long-range http://www.wpafb.af.mil/afrl/afosr/ analysis, and control of AF systems operating in precision strike; and reduce energy dependency. Each of these subjects is uncertain, complex, and adversarial environments. These announcements indicate the decisions addressed substantively in AFOSR’s current portfolio and its plans. Recently made based on guidance, input from colleagues published “Global Vigilance, Global Reach, Global Power for America” notes Because of recent advances in and innumerable technical sources, and our that the core functions of the Air Force have remained essentially unchanged the field and per compelling assessments of opportunity. More details on the since its inception: needs identified by the plans of the five Arlington-based Departments Air Force, the subjects follow.
1314 1415 Organizational Structure and Touch-sensitive plastic skin heals itself Technical Focus In the last decade, there have been major advances in synthetic skin, but even the most effective self-healing materials had major drawbacks—until now. An AFOSR- of multiscale/multiphysics approaches, the funded team of Stanford chemists and engineers created the first synthetic mathematics of uncertainty, handling dynamic data protective barrier material that is sensitive to touch, capable of healing itself streams, while incorporating autonomous learning, quickly and repeatedly at room temperature, and can also send the distributed multi-agent control under constrained brain precise information about pressure and temperature. The conditions, including pursuit and surveillance, Quantum and researchers succeeded by combining two ingredients to quantum control and vision-based control, and Non-Equilibrium get the self-healing ability of a plastic polymer and the human-robot teams are being expanded. Each Processes conductivity of a metal; a plastic consisting of long of the decisions to expand follows guidance from Department (RTB) Technology Horizons, Global Horizons, and DOD. chains of molecules joined by hydrogen bonds — the Success in these new efforts will enhance greatly This division leads the basic research that generates relatively weak attractions between the positively charged region the fidelity with which we can compute real-world the fundamental knowledge needed to advance of one atom and the negatively charged region of the next--these scenarios. U.S. Air Force operations, both from the perspective dynamic bonds allow the material to self-heal. The molecules of sensing, characterizing, and managing the easily break apart, but then when they reconnect, the Flow Interactions and Control: The goals of operational environment, as well as developing bonds reorganize themselves and restore the structure these portfolios include supporting foundational advanced devices that exploit novel physical of the material after damage occurs. To this research examining aerodynamic interactions of principles to bring new capabilities to the Air Force. resilient polymer, the researchers added tiny laminar/transitional/turbulent flows with structures, Core research of enduring importance to the Air rigid or flexible, stationary or moving; and, at the Force is categorized in three broad areas: particles of nickel, which increased its intersection of gas dynamics, thermophysics, mechanical strength. The result was a and chemistry, understanding and predicting polymer with uncommon characteristics. Fundamental Quantum Processes: This Ultrashort pulse (USP) laser-matter interactions research energy transfer between the kinetic, internal, and includes exploration and understanding of a focuses on the most fundamental process in nature, Whereas most plastics are good chemical modes and to exploit this knowledge to wide range of atomic, molecular, and optical the interaction of light with the basic constituents insulators, this is an excellent shape macroscopic flow behavior. Fundamental phenomena, including strongly coupled electronic of matter. Research explores opportunities accessible conductor. The result: a self- understanding is used to develop integrated phenomena that occur in complex materials in all by means of the three key distinctive features of USP laser pulses: healing “skin” that is far closer control approaches to intelligently modify the flow physical phases. high peak power, large spectral bandwidth, and ultrashort temporal interaction to some advantage. Subjects receiving to the original than any duration. The high peak powers allow techniques for novel material increased emphasis include looking to the natural previous effort. Plasma Physics and High Energy Density processing (e.g., machining, patterning), intense laser pulse atmospheric world for insight into expanding our knowledge Nonequilibrium Processes: This area includes propagation, and concepts for sources of secondary photons (e.g., of aerodynamics, multiphysics-based studies, a wide range of activities characterized by X-rays), and particle beams. The large spectral band- new studies on fine-scale surface effects, and the processes that are sufficiently energetic to require widths make USP lasers suitable for applications requiring high temporal science and challenges of flight to speeds greater the understanding and managing of plasma and spectral precision, such as telecommunications, optical clocks, than Mach 10. The goals and subjects for growing phenomenology, including the nonlinear response time and frequency transfer, spectroscopy, and arbitrary waveform support match well guidance from Technology of materials to large electric and magnetic fields. generation. Lastly, light pulses of ultrashort duration allow for Horizons, Energy Horizons, and Global Horizons. stroboscopic probes aimed at resolving attosecond electronic motion. Optics and Electromagnetics: This area Structural Mechanics and considers all aspects of producing, modifying, Quantum information science (QIS) research utilizes entirely novel Prognosis: This portfolio focuses on computation and receiving complex electromagnetic and quantum resources that were simply not experimentally accessible of deformations, deflections, and internal forces electro optical signals, as well as their propagation before, such as quantum superposition and entanglement. It is now or stresses within structures, either for design or through complex media, including adaptive possible to generate, manipulate, control, and measure these particular for performance evaluation of existing structures. optics and optical imaging. Programs identified quantum states in various physical platforms. QIS will enable a range Future Air Force needs drive this portfolio toward for enhancement because of recent cutting-edge of exciting new capabilities for the Air Force, including: a revolutionary emphasis on novel, enabling structures, multiscale scientific breakthroughs and potential impact on computational paradigm that will likely lead to the creation of modeling and prognosis, and complex structural AF future capabilities are Ultrashort Pulse Laser- computing devices capable of efficiently solving problems that cannot dynamics. Consistent with advances in algorithms Matter Interactions, Quantum Information Science, be solved on a classical computer; ultra-secure communication and computational power, modeling and and Biophysics. capabilities; greatly improved sensors with potential impact for precision prediction studies have expanded.
1516 1617 Organizational Structure and Technical Focus navigation, underground structure search, disseminate large quantities by the Air Force. Subjects of focus include integrated science that provides novel options and improved radar imaging; discovery of of information rapidly, machine and human cognition and learning, that increase operational flexibility and novel materials and new phases of matter with while assuring secure the primary objective of which is to maximize performance relevant to the Air Force. A key extraordinary properties, such as supersolids. operation of all systems. the ability of machines to conduct higher-level emphasis is the establishment of the foundations The information cognitive activities with quantifiable risk, and necessary to advance the integration or Biophysics research seeks insights into physics portfolios enable measuring and modeling how of individuals convergence of the scientific disciplines critical by studying biological problems. The field of the ability to collect, make decisions and are influenced both in small to maintaining technological superiority. biophysics has produced spectacular insights into disseminate, and groups and culturally. Topics receiving increased The Department carries out its ambitious investment include neuro-computational mission through the leadership of a global, the interactions within cellular systems and into integrate information cognition, bio-inspired computing machines, how these interactions are regulated. AFOSR through mathematical multidisciplinary research community to identify robust decision-making and classification, trust research to support and foster new scientific biophysics research includes, but is not limited characterization and in autonomous systems, human-like robot to, negentropy, stochastic processes (covering assessment the most discoveries that will ensure future innovations to interactions, and influence effects (including of transform the Air Force of the future. dynamics), bio-molecular imaging, bioelectricity, appropriate information for a weapons on populations). These subjects were electromagnetic stimulation, electronic range of mission-critical tasks; called out in Technology Horizons and Global The Complex Materials & Devices Department communications, and quantum biology. The to develop algorithms to Horizons. focuses on meeting the basic research challenges focus of AFOSR’s biophysics research is not simply collect and decompose by leading the discovery and development of to better understand the physics of biological critical sensing information Complex Networks: This thrust area focuses on mathematically representing networks fundamental science and engineering across system, but to gain an understanding of this and enable techniques materials, devices, and systems: physics that may be exploited for novel solutions that bridge physical of all kinds, including communications and computation at all levels of content, protocol, to known challenges. Potential impacts include domains such as Structural and Functional Materials: The the design and operation of new computers electromagnetics and and architecture. This mathematically unified representation is meant to measure, focus is on complex materials, microsystems based on knowledge garnered from bioelectricity methods in navigation; represent, resource, and secure and structures by incorporating hierarchical and quantum biology research and the ability to analyze and exploit the critical infrastructures for Air design of mechanical and functional properties to image materials below the diffraction limit, interplay between physical Force and DOD applications. from the nanoscale through the mesoscale, without destroying the material. and software systems; to examine The thrust also aims to ultimately leading to controlled well-understood fundamental issues for assessing systems in use measurements and material or structural behavior capable of terms of secure operations and mission; and to representations to verify dynamic functionality and/or performance Information, Decision, assess information systems from a verification and validate critical characteristics to enhance mission versatility. and Complex Networks and validation standpoint to guarantee infrastructure performance. The research thrust areas include, but are not operations under a variety resource constraints. Advances in network limited to, high-temperature materials, low- Department (RTC) Emphases include studies of big data, high- sciences, as called out in density load-bearing materials, smart/active dimension data, fast approximations, integration several reports from the Chief materials, electronic materials, optical materials, The Information, Decision, and Complex of multiple techniques, synthesis of reasoning Scientist, will be crucial to future optoelectronics, metamaterials, dielectric Networks Department support directly many and computing, and merging of quantitative Air Force operations. and magnetic materials, new classes of high- Air Force priorities, including air and space and qualitative models. All are called out in temperature superconductors, quantum dots, situational awareness, autonomy, command CyberVision 2025 and elsewhere. Guidance Complex quantum wells, and two-dimensional and three- and control, and cyber systems. Key questions within Technology Horizons and Global Horizons dimensional materials. Wide ranges of activities it addresses are how well-understood and motivated and motivates selection of the topics of Materials and environments dictate processes sufficiently structured are the data in the problem and how for growing investment in the portfolios focused & Devices energetic to require understanding of nonlinear interdependent, heterogeneous, and dynamic is on dynamical systems. responses of materials to combined loads under the problem? The programs in the division cluster Department high-energy-density, non-equilibrium extremes. The research thrust also covers multidisciplinary into three sets of portfolios: information, decision Decision Making: This thrust focuses on (RTD) making, and complex networks. approaches for studying, using, discovery of mathematical laws, foundational mimicking, or altering the This division leads the scientific principles, and new, reliable, and robust novel ways that biological discovery and development Information: The Air Force faces ever algorithms that underpin mixed human-machine systems accomplish their of the fundamental and more need to collect, analyze, explicate, and decision making to achieve accurate real-time required tasks. projection and use of knowledge and expertise
1718 1819 Electrically Powered Nanolasers Capable of Operating at Room Temperature Organizational Structure and Co-funded by AFOSR and DARPA, a team at Arizona State University accomplished something that Technical Focus may result in a solution to keep Moore’s Law on track. Moore’s Law is the prediction that, over the long term, the number of transistors embedded on integrated circuits would double about every two years. Shrinking the size of lasers is crucial to development of advanced stimulated mitochondria and solid rocket integrating photonic with electronic components as they propulsion concepts yielding motor propellants infused with performance- become not only smaller, but faster. By placing more lasers greater specific thrust or reduced fuel improving nanoenergetic particles. Specific into the same space, far greater processing speeds are consumption, as well as alternative fuel sources. portfolios with significant investments in this attained—which makes possible the next generation area are Molecular Dynamics and Theoretical of computers. Previous experiments have failed due The research interests and accomplishments Chemistry, Dynamic Materials and Interactions, primarily to overheating. What was of this division are strongly aligned with the and Human Performance and Biosystems, with different this time came down to a recent national emphasis on the development examples of prioritized research themes including matter of thickness--when the team of hypersonic capabilities. The division is the Nanostructures and Catalysis, Energetic Materials, refined the fabrication process and national leader in the development of relevant and Photo-Electro-Magnetic Bio-stimulation. adjusted the thickness of the silicon nitride layer, the heat basic science. In this regard, the division has dissipated far faster—and kept the led the development and sustainment of the Future research in this area will explore the nanolaser in continuous operation. National Hypersonic Foundational Research Plan, critical dynamics of transient molecular-, micro- This success will have a which coordinates the efforts of the Air Force, and meso-scale phenomena within complex significant impact on the further NASA, and the Department of Energy, and has materials under extreme conditions. development and integration been adopted as the DOD basic research plan of nanolasers as it addresses Devices and Systems: In for hypersonics. Additionally, the transition of Energy Conversion and Utilization thermal issues and the role of addition to research into underlying maturing basic research capabilities developed addresses the characterization, modeling and metals in such nanostructures. materials and fundamental physical by the division to application in major technology optimization of dynamic processes that represent Ultimate solutions to such difficult processes, this area considers how they demonstration programs within the Air Force energy transfer within systems of interest to problems will pave the might be integrated into new classes of and DARPA has transformed the industrial state the Air Force. Major areas of emphasis include road toward full integration devices and pursues a fundamental of the art in the prediction of aerothermodynamic fundamental energy conversion mechanisms of photonic and electronic understanding of materials that are not amenable to conventional heating and has led to unprecedented new of combustion in systems, ranging from small micro and nanoscale computational means. Efforts include exploration and understanding capabilities to resolve critical phenomena within unmanned air systems to scramjets, rocket components for use in of a wide range of complex engineered systems and devices, including the Test and Evaluation community. A current motors, and space micro-thrusters, along with various practical chip-scale optical networks, high-frequency/high-speed and low- initiative that integrates contributions from a the identification of fundamental mechanisms applications. power-consumption devices, integrated electronics and photonics, number of portfolios focuses on the discovery, of energy transfer between kinetic, internal, multi-functional/autonomic/self-sustaining systems, and reconfigurable characterization, and exploitation of rate- and chemical modes in the aerothermodynamic systems. This topic includes the discovery of how to mimic existing dependent energy transfer processes in the flows around high-speed air and space vehicles. natural sensory systems, and adds existing capabilities to these interaction between a responsive material surface Specific portfolios with significant investment in organisms for more precise control over their material production. and the extreme conditions of a hypersonic flow. this area include Aerothermodynamics, Energy Conversion and Combustion Sciences, and Energy, Power and Propulsion The research interests are classified into two Space Power and Propulsion, with examples of broad areas: energy extraction and storage; prioritized research themes including Combustion Sciences Department (RTE) energy conversion and utilization. Additionally, Physics, Nonequilibrium Processes, and Shock- the research elements within RTE play a critical Dominated Flows. This division seeks to discover, develop, and transition critical basic research that will role in leading national scientific efforts to realize foster innovation and revolutionary concepts enabling greater operational efficiency hypersonic and biology/neuroscience-derived Future research will examine key energy transfer and reduced resource consumption. The envisioned impacts of this research include, but capabilities. pathways in combustion and nonequilibrium are not limited to, advancements that allow enhanced performance for a given energy flows will shape the emergence of new input or maintained capability with greatly reduced energy investment. Examples of the Energy Extraction and Storage addresses possibilities for flow control application of such advancements include increased fuel efficiency, range, and payload the characterization, synthesis, and utilization and enhanced propulsion for aerospace systems; improved energy yield per mass and controlled energy extraction of fundamental energy sources, ranging from efficiency. from new materials and chemical compounds; and identification and novel molecular configurations to photoelectric
1920 2021 Revolutionary “Green” Spacecraft Propellant Basic Research Programs In 2015, NASA, for the first time, will fly a space mission utilizing a radically differ ent propellant- one which has reduced toxicity and is environmentally benign. This energetic ionic liquid, or EIL, is quite different from the historically employed hydra- University zine-based propellant, which has significant drawbacks: it is very toxic when in- For over 60 years, AFOSR has expanded scientific Research haled, corrosive on contact with skin, hazardously inflammable, and falls short in knowledge by identifying, supporting, nurturing, providing the propulsive power required for future spacecraft systems. and transitioning basic research opportunities. disciplines. Such In 1998, AFOSR funded research at the Propellants Branch at AFOSR has to date sponsored 73 scientists multidisciplinary research the Rocket Propulsion Division at AFRL’s Aerospace Systems and engineers who have earned Nobel Prizes teams, often involving multiple Intramural Directorate, to find a more benign, yet even more in physics, chemistry, medicine, or economics. universities, accelerate research Basic powerful material to replace hydrazine. Their AFOSR’s basic research investments are executed progress through the cross fertilization efforts were ultimately associated with a joint primarily with U.S. universities and the other AFRL of scientific disciplines. Research government and industry development program, Technology Directorates, but critical components the Integrated High Payoff Rocket Propulsion also occur within businesses, international Defense University Research Technology (IHPRPT) initiative, to improve U.S. organizations, and other Federal agencies. This Instrumentation Program (DURIP): DURIPs Small rocket propulsion systems. With support from section provides an overview of the primary provide equipment grants to universities to Businesses IHPRPT, the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) AFOSR programs and funding mechanisms. enhance current research capabilities or develop and related USAF missile programs, a new ones to support research of Air Force interest. full characterization of a new propellant University Research International class, AF-M315E, was completed. University Centers of Excellence: A The result: the AFOSR- funded Single-Investigator Grants: AFOSR awards Involvement University Center of Excellence (CoE) is defined program provided the synthesis grants to single university researchers pursuing postdoctoral (more than five years as a joint effort among AFOSR, at least one AFRL and characterization work revolutionary scientific breakthroughs in subjects that since Ph.D.) research fellowships of for an EIL that enabled the Technology Directorate, and an outstanding one to three years at Air Force research are identified via its broad agency announcements. university or team of universities to perform experimental USAF fuel, These researchers typically are university professors sites. The SFFP supports academic AF-M315E, to act as a high-priority collaborative research. A CoE should faculty to conduct on-site research leading small teams of graduate students and Future U.S. high-energy density, extend the research capabilities of AFRL and in collaboration with Air Force researchers postdoctoral associates. Businesses and a broad environmentally provide opportunities for a new generation of during the summer months. These two programs Technology range of research laboratories are also eligible for benign, easy-to-handle U.S. scientists and engineers to address Air Force provide opportunities to bring new expertise to single-investigator awards. Workforce replacement for research needs. AFRL and to enhance professional relationships spacecraft hydrazine among Air Force and university researchers. Young Investigator Program (YIP): The YIP fuel. As EIL-based supports scientists and engineers who have received Intramural Basic Research Visiting Scientist Program: AFOSR manages the Visiting Scientist propellants are Ph.D. or equivalent degrees within the previous Program, which provides outstanding U.S. Air Force scientists and developed, they five years and show exceptional ability and promise Laboratory Research Independent will provide lower AFOSR invests in basic engineers with opportunities to conduct for an extended period full-time, for conducting basic research. The objectives of Research Program: cost and safer research at the AFRL Technology Directorates to hands-on research activities in leading U.S. universities or industrial this program are to foster creative basic research in propulsion system address significant scientific challenges and to laboratories. This program is designed to enhance the research science and engineering, to enhance early career operations along develop in-house capabilities and the technical careers and develop the skill sets of Air Force scientists and engineers. development of outstanding young investigators, with greater workforce. Laboratory researchers typically and to increase opportunities for young investigators mission are single investigators or senior investigators Small Businesses flexibility and to incorporate the Air Force mission and related leading small teams of government scientists, faster mission challenges in science and engineering into their postdoctoral associates, and on-site research professional activities and plans. AFOSR manages the Air Force Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) response times. contractors. program. The STTR program is designed to transition ideas from research institutions to the commercial sector, where the technology can benefit the Air Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative Resident Research Programs: AFOSR (MURI): MURI grants complement single- Force and the nation as a whole. This program is similar to the Small Business manages and co-funds the National Research Innovative Research (SBIR) program, but requires official collaboration with a investigator awards by investing in research at the Council Resident Research Associates (NRCRRA) U.S. university, federally funded research and development center, or nonprofit intersections of multiple science and engineering program and the Summer Faculty Fellowship research institution. Program (SFFP). The NRCRRA provides
2122 2223 Basic Research Programs Keeping the Plan Current
International Involvement trained scientists and engineers. AFOSR’s basic AFOSR’s Technical Strategic Plan is intended to guide present activities and future planning. It explains research grants and contracts support each year what AFOSR is as a scientific organization and what it strives to be. To be fully effective, AFOSR’s Single-Investigator Grants and Contracts: approximately 2,000 graduate structure and processes and this plan must be reviewed and updated periodically. Some inputs into AFOSR’s International Office makes awards to students and postdoctoral AFOSR’s plans arrive throughout the year; research progresses and is assessed, new guidance is pro- foreign researchers. As with its domestic awards, associates working under mulgated, budgets change, other agencies announce results and plans, throughout the world new most go to universities and the main goal is to the mentorship of entities are created and new initiatives are launched. support research with potential for revolutionary outstanding university researchers. Through breakthroughs. Awards are also made in support The Departments within AFOSR are examined for number, technical focus, programmatic output, and our Historically Black of conferences and workshops, which are key personnel on a yearly basis. Included in the decision-making processes are gathering and analysis of Colleges/Universities elements of AFOSR’s international engagement. scientific and budgetary metrics. Adjustments are made, as appropriate. In addition to in-house re- and Minority views and studies, AFOSR continues to rely on expert advice. Its Scientific Advisory Board meets every Institutions program, Information exchange two years and various studies and panels are convened to provide AFOSR with independent advice People Programs: we not only support among leading researchers is at the heart of on its status and future. quality research, but successful international engagement. AFOSR’s also increase the number To remain current and seminal, AFOSR’s Technical Strategic Plan is examined in detail yearly. It is International Office manages a variety of of minority graduates in the programs designed to facilitate sharing of rewritten when necessary. We expect significant updates to this plan to be required every fields of science, engineering, and mathematics two to four years. information and to promote collaboration. important to the Air Force. We also participate in The Windows-on-Science Program provides DOD programs specifically targeted at attracting support for foreign researchers to visit Air graduate students and undergraduate students Force researchers for one to a few days. The working in research Windows-on-the-World Program supports AFRL fields of interest to the DOD and the Air Force. researchers to work at foreign sites for a number of weeks or months. The Engineer and Scientist National Defense Science and DISCOVER Exchange Program places AFRL researchers Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) into foreign government laboratories and foreign government researchers into Air Force Fellowship Program: The NDSEG Fellowship laboratories for periods of up to two years. Program is sponsored by AFOSR, the Army Research Office, the Office of Naval Research, International Partnerships: Concentrating and the DOD High Performance Computing international engagement on a specific country Modernization Program. The NDSEG program provides three-year fellowships to U.S. citizens or region may under some circumstances SHAPE or U.S. nationals pursuing Ph.D.s in science and accelerate research advances and impart engineering disciplines of importance to DOD. significant benefits to AFRL. In such cases, the International Office can promote partnering through a variety of mechanisms. It is often Awards to Stimulate & Support found that partnering with, for example, another Undergraduate Research Experiences country’s research funding agency requires (ASSURE) Program: The ASSURE program consistent close coordination, but no influx of supports undergraduate research in DOD- additional funds. relevant disciplines and is designed to increase the number of high-quality undergraduate science and engineering majors who ultimately Future U.S. Technology decide to pursue advanced degrees in these CHAMPION Workforce fields. The ASSURE program emphasizes involvement of students who might not The technological superiority of the Air Force otherwise have access to such research depends on the availability of experienced, well- opportunities.
2324 2425 Nobel Prize Winners References AFOSR has sponsored 73 researchers who went on to become Nobel Laureates. On average, these Laureates received AFOSR funding 17 years prior to winning their Nobel awards.
1955 PHYSICS 1977 CHEMISTRY 1999 CHEMISTRY Polykarp Kusch, Willis Lamb Ilya Prigogine Ahmed Zewail Air Force: sentatives Committee on Armed Services, Subcommit- 1956 PHYSICS 1978 ECONOMICS 2000 CHEMISTRY Alan Heeger, Alan G. MacDiar- tee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities (2012) John Bardeen Herbert A. Simon Global Vigilance, Global Reach, Global Power for mid America (United States Air Force, 2013) 2012 U.S. Marine Corps S&T Strategic Plan 1960 CHEMISTRY 1979 PHYSICS 2000 PHYSICS Willard Libby Sheldon Glashow, Steven Global Horizons: United States Air Force Global Sci- U.S. Army Research Laboratory Annual Review 2012 Weinberg, Abdus Salam Herbert Kroemer 1961 PHYSICS ence and Technology Vision (United States Air Force 2000 MEDICINE Chief Scientist, 2013) U.S. Army RDECOM Strategic Plan FY2012 - FY2019 Robert Hofstadter 1980 CHEMISTRY Science and Technology (S&T) Priorities for Fiscal Walter Gilbert Eric R. Kandel, Paul Greengard 1963 PHYSICS Air Force Materiel Command Strategic Plan 2013 Years 2013-17 Planning (Secretary of Defense, 2011) 2000 PHYSICS Eugene Wigner 1981 PHYSICS Cyber Vision 2025: United States Air Force Cyberspace Naval S&T Strategic Plan (Office of Naval Research, Nicolas Bloembergen, Arthur Jack Kilby 1964 PHYSICS Science and Technology Vision 2012-2025 (United 2011) Schawlow, Kai Siegbahn 2001 PHYSICS States Air Force Chief Scientist, 2012) Charles Townes National Defense Strategy (Department of Defense, 1981 CHEMISTRY Wolfgang Ketterle 1966 CHEMISTRY Energy Horizons: United States Air Force Energy S&T 2008) Kenichi Fukui, Roald Hoffman 2002 ECONOMICS Vision 2011-2026 (United States Air Force Chief Scien- Robert Mulliken tist, 2012) Department of Defense Research & Engineering Stra- 1981 MEDICINE Daniel Kahneman 1967 MEDICINE tegic Plan (Director of Defense Research & Engineer- David Hubel, Thorsten Wiesel 2002 CHEMISTRY US Air Force Global Partnership Strategy 2011 ing, 2007) Ragnar Granit Strategic Plan: Defense Advanced Research Projects 1983 PHYSICS John Fenn 1967 PHYSICS Air Force Science & Technology Plan 2011 (Air Force Agency (2007) Subramanyan Chandrasekhar, 2003 PHYSIOLOGY/MEDICINE Research Laboratory, 2011) Hans Bethe William Fowler Paul C. Lauterbur International Science and Technology Strategy for the 1967 CHEMISTRY Bright Horizons …the Air Force STEM Workforce Stra- United States Department of Defense (Defense Re- 1986 CHEMISTRY 2005 PHYSICS tegic Roadmap (Secretary of the Air Force, 2011) search & Engineering, 2005) George Porter Yuan Lee, Dudley Herschbach, John Hall, Roy Glauber, Theo- 1968 CHEMISTRY John Polanyi dor W. Hansch Technology Horizons: A Vision for Air Force Science & Technology During 2010-2030 (United States Air Other USA: Lars Onsager Force Chief Scientist, 2010) 1987 CHEMISTRY 2005 CHEMISTRY NIST Three-Year Programmatic Plan, FY 2014-2016 1969 PHYSICS Donald Cram Robert Grubbs Air Force Science & Technology Strategy 2010 (2013) Murray Gell-Mann 1988 PHYSICS 2005 ECONOMICS Global Trends 2030: Alternative Worlds (National 1970 MEDICINE Melvin Schwartz Thomas Schelling Other DOD: Intelligence Council, 2012) Ulf von Euler 1990 CHEMISTRY 2006 PHYSICS A Strategy for American Innovation: Securing Our 1972 PHYSICS Elias Corey George Smoot Report of the Defense Science Board Study on Tech- Economic Growth and Prosperity (The White House, John Bardeen, John Schrieffer nology and Innovation Enablers for Superiority in 2011) 1990 PHYSICS 2008 PHYSICS 2030 (2013) 1973 PHYSIOLOGY /MEDICINE Jerome Friedman, Henry Ken- Yoichiro Nambu Empowering the Nation through Discovery and Inno- Nikolass Tinbergen dall Sustaining U.S. Global Leadership: Priorities for 21st vation: NSF Strategic Plan for Fiscal Years 2011-2016 2010 PHYSICS Century Defense (Secretary of Defense, 2012) (2011) 1973 PHYSICS 1992 CHEMISTRY Andre Geim, Konstantin No- Brian Josephson Rudolph Marcus voselov Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on 2011 NASA Strategic Plan Basic Research (2012) 1974 CHEMISTRY 1995 CHEMISTRY 2011 CHEMISTRY U.S. Department of Energy Strategic Plan 2011 Paul Flory Mario Molina Daniel Schechtman Statement Testimony, The Honorable Zachary J. Lem- Assessment of Department of Defense Basic Research nios, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and (National Research Council, 2005) 1976 CHEMISTRY 1996 CHEMISTRY 2012 PHYSICS Engineering Before the United States House of Repre- William Lipscomb Richard E. Smalley David Wineland 1977 PHYSICS 1997 PHYSICS 2013 Physics Philip Anderson, John Van Steven Chu Peter Higgs, Francois Englert Vleck 1998 PHYSICS Daniel Tsui
2526 2627 28