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Nobelpriset På Svenska Frimärken Av Jan Billgren

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Nobelpriset På Svenska Frimärken Av Jan Billgren Nobelpriset på svenska frimärken av Jan Billgren Sedan lång tid tillbaka utgör Nobelprisen de JAN BILLGREN är född 1936 i Tollarp. mest prestigefyllda utmärkelserna i världen. Han har varit universitetslektor i företags- Det beror bl.a. på att prisen är internatio- ekonomi i Lund. Billgren har författat nella, att de uppgår till ansenliga summor och många artiklar om filateli och posthistoria, att de delas ut under pompa och ståt i Stock- varav ett 20-tal i Postryttaren. holm och i Oslo. Priserna har nu delats ut i Billgren är ansvarig för ämnena Posten, mer än 100 år, sedan1901, i följande katego- posthistoria och filateli i Nationalen- rier: fysik, kemi, medicin, litteratur och fred. cyklopedin, liksom i Svenska Akademiens Sedan 1969 utdelas även ett årligt ekonomi- o rdbok. Ordförande i föreningen pris till Alfred Nobels minne. Postmusei Vänner 2000 - 2011. Nobelpristagare har avbildats på tusen- tals frimärken från många länder runt om i världen. Utrymmet medger inte en redogö- relse för dem alla. Många länder har förstås i S:t Petersburg. År 1842 flyttade hustrun hedrat sina egna pristagare, men även andra Andriette Nobel dit med sina tre söner, Ro- länders pristagare har uppmärksammats. Ett bert, Ludvig och Alfred. Här fick bröderna exempel är Uruguay som 1976 hedrade samt- privatundervisning i humaniora, främst liga 1901 års pristagare, utom fredspristaga- språk, och naturvetenskap. ren. Efter att ha arbetat i faderns firma till- Att samla frimärken med nobelmotiv har sammans med bröderna startade Alfred under många år varit populärt över hela värl- Nobel flera egna företag. Tack vare goda af- den. Särskilda kataloger har getts ut under färer med framför allt olja och sprängmedel årens lopp. I Sverige publicerades den första byggde han under ett 40-tal år upp en avse- i början av 1960-talet av Facit AB. Nobel- värd förmögenhet. Han levde ogift i hela sitt samlandets pionjär i Sverige var Finn Holm- liv och avled den 10 december 1896 i San berg (1900-1984) som skrev många artiklar Remo. Till minne av hans dödsdag delas om detta samlingsområde, speciellt post- Nobelprisen ut detta datum. stämplar med nobelmotiv från hela världen. Nobels berömda och till en början ifrå- gasatta testamente undertecknades i Paris den Alfred Nobel 27 november 1895. Detta, som var den tredje versionen, lämnade endast personliga legat, Den blivande donatorn, Alfred Nobel, föd- tillsammans 1 miljon kr, till släktingarna. I des i Stockholm den 21 oktober 1833. Han föregående version hade 20 procent eller var son till byggmästaren och uppfinnaren drygt det dubbla avsatts till dem. Därför är Immanuel Nobel d.y. (1801-1872). Denne det kanske inte förvånande att släktingarna, skapade sin förmögenhet på 1840-talet ge- främst den äldre brodern Roberts söner Lud- nom affärer i krigsmateriel med tsarregimen vig och Hjalmar samt svärsonen Carl Ridder- JAN BILLGREN Nobelpriset på svenska frimärken 33 stolpe, bestred testamentet, genom att via för folkens för-brödrande och afskaffande eller Roberts måg, Hjalmar Sjögren, lämna in minskning af stående arméer samt bildande och stämningar vid Karlskoga och Stockholms spridning af fredskongresser. tingsrätter. När det gällde att utse pristagare formu- Enligt testamentet hade Alfred Nobel ut- lerade Alfred Nobel sig så här: sett sin sekreterare Ragnar Sohlman och civil- Prisen för fysik och kemi utdelas af Svenska ingenjören Rudolf Lilljequist till testaments- Vetenskapsakademien; för fysiologiska eller medi- exekutorer. Dessa fick stöd av den näst äldste cinska arbeten af Carolinska institutet i Stock- brodern Ludvigs son Emanuel så att testa- holm; för litteratur af Akademien i Stockholm mentet kunde godkännas trots släktingarnas samt för fredsförfäktare af ett utskott som väljas protester. av Norska Stortinget. Prispengarna Prissumman har tack vare god förvaltning av pengarna vuxit avsevärt. Det ursprung- liga kapitalet var 31,5 miljoner kr vilket mot- svarar drygt 2 miljarder kr i dag. Fram till det senaste sekelskiftet hade det vuxit till drygt 3 miljarder kr. Det första svenska frimärke med Alfred Nobels Nobelpriset uppgick de första åren till bild utkom på 50-årsdagen av hans bortgång den 150 000 kr men steg sedan till allt större be- 10 december 1896. lopp; fr.o.m. 2001 delas det ut 10 miljoner kr till den eller de pristagare som får ett av Svårtolkat testamente prisen. Enligt den tolkning som gjorts av tes- tamentet kan ett pris delas mellan högst tre Formuleringarna i testamentet blev också personer. Fredspriset kan också tilldelas en föremål för ingående diskussioner inom den organisation (Nobel använde uttrycket insti- vetenskapliga världen. Bl.a. diskuterades tution). nationstillhörighet och Nobels formulering om att det skulle vara de förnämsta presta- tionerna under det gångna året som skulle Svenska Akademien belönas. I testamentet som bestod av fyra När Nobelprisen offentliggjordes den 2 ja- handskrivna blad angavs endast: nuari 1897 var det redan klart vilka instanser Öfver hela min återstående realiserbara för- som skulle dela ut de olika prisen med ett mögenhet förfogas på följande sätt: Kapitalet, af undantag. För litteraturpriset var det inte utredningsmännen realiserade till säkra värdepap- självklart att det var Svenska Akademien som per, skall utgöra en fond, hvars ränta årligen ut- skulle utse pristagaren. Nobel hade ju bestämt delas som prisbelöning åt dem, som under det att det var Akademien i Stockholm som förlupne året hafva gjort menskligheten den skulle dela ut priset. Inom Svenska Akade- största nytta. Räntan delas i fem lika delar som mien utbröt faktiskt en strid om huruvida tillfalla: en del den som inom fysikens område Akademien hade tillräcklig kompetens för att gjort den viktigaste upptäckt eller uppfinning; en utse pristagare från hela världen. Flera av dess del den som gjort den vigtigaste kemiska upp- ledamöter ansåg att Svenska Akademien en- täckt eller förbättring; en del den som gjort den dast skulle ägna sig åt den svenska litteratu- vigtigaste upptäckt inom fysiologiens eller medi- ren som det formulerats i Gustav III:s regle- cinens domän; en del den som inom litteraturen mente från 1786. har producerat det utmärktaste i idealisk rigtning; Redan några dagar senare sammanträf- och en del åt den som har verkat mest eller best fade akademiens ständige sekreterare Carl 34 POSTRYTTAREN 2011 David af Wirsén med Ragnar Sohlman, den tioner som är representativa för sitt lands ene av testamentsexekutorerna. De kände skönlitterära produktion. Förslag till årets varandra sedan tidigare, eftersom Sohlman pristagare ska ha inkommit skriftligen till hade bott hos familjen Wirsén och bland nobelkommittén senast den 31 januari. Un- annat varit sonen Einars extralärare i mate- der våren bearbetas förslagen av kommittén, matik. Vid mötet erbjöds Wirsén att Svenska vars nuvarande ordförande är Per Wästberg. Akademien skulle få dela ut litteraturpriset. I april fastställer akademien en preliminär Denna nyhet lät han brisera vid nästa sam- kandidatlista omfattande 15-20 namn, och manträde i akademien den 14 januari. inför sommaruppehållet brukar listan vara Nu vidtog en kort men intensiv kamp reducerad till cirka fem författare. inom akademien. Wirséns främsta motstån- I oktober träffar Akademien sitt val. För dare var de två historikerna Carl Gustaf att valet ska vara giltigt krävs att någon kan- Malmström och Hans Forsell. De var båda didat får mer än hälften av de lämnade rös- mångåriga ledamöter (inträdesår 1879 respek- terna. Priset ges för livslångt författarskap tive 1881) och ville av främst ideologiska skäl snarare än för ett enskilt verk. inte att akademien skulle medverka. Striden varade fram till ett sammanträde den 28 maj då Wirsén fick med sig 11 ledamöter, däri- bland Gunnar Wennerberg och Carl Snoilsky. Bland de fem som röstade emot (en av de 18 stolarna var vakant) fanns Adolf Erik Nor- denskiöld, en av de få som träffat donatorn personligen. Litteraturpriset Redan inför utdelningen av det första Kallelse till möte om utdelning av 1918 års litteraturpriset utsågs en kommitté, bestående Nobelpris i litteratur, undertecknat av den ständige sekreteraren, Erik Axel Karlfeldt. av Carl David af Wirsén samt fyra ledamö- Detta år delades dock inte litteraturpriset ut. ter: språkmannen Esaias Tegnér d.y., skalden Carl Snoilsky, historikern Clas Theodor Odhner och litteraturhistorikern Carl Rupert Vetenskapsakademien Nyblom. Akademien inrättade också ett Nobelinstitut som anställde ett antal perso- Nominering och val av nobelpristagare i fy- ner kunniga i utländska språk. Från början sik och kemi sköts till största delen av Kungl. engagerades sju experter, däribland en sär- Vetenskapsakademiens nobelpriskommittéer. skilt sakkunnig för historisk litteratur, Karl Varje år inbjuder kommittéerna tusentals Hildebrand. Dessutom skapades redan 1901 vetenskapsmän, ledamöter och universitets- ett särskilt nobelbibliotek i en tiorumsvåning professorer i ett stort antal länder att komma i Ferdinand Bobergs s.k. Vasaborg på Norra in med förslag till priskandidater för det kom- Bantorget (nuvarande LO-borgen). År 1921 mande året. Akademiledamöter och tidigare flyttade biblioteket in i de nuvarande loka- pristagare har också rätt att föreslå kandida- lerna i Börshuset i Gamla stan. ter. Berättigade att föreslå pristagare i littera- De inkomna förslagen granskas av respek- tur är Svenska Akademiens ledamöter, leda- tive kommitté med bistånd av särskilt utsedda möter av andra akademier och samfund med experter. Då kommittéerna gjort sitt val och likartade uppgifter, professorer i litterära
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