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Home , Grazia Deledda

ONE LANGUAGE SOCIO - CULTURAL TRANSLATION IS NOT NEEDED AUTHOR:

İlhan KARASUBAŞI

Instructor Member Ankara University, Faculty of Language, History and Geography

Department of Western Languages and Literatures, Department of Italian Language and Literature

Abstract The life and traditions of the Sardinians are not prominently prominent, but offer a detailed geographical description and a strong connection with their origins with trusting characters distinguish Grazia Deledda as a writer. The fact that most of his characters are excluded from isolation highlights their silent struggle. Indeed, the fact that Deledda's work focuses on love and suffering, on which feelings of sin and death are based, indicates that her works tend to criticize social values and moral norms rather than people who are victims of such conditions. From the influence of 's realism to Gabriele D'Annunzio's decadentism, his writing style is not too fancy, but despite his groundbreaking role in Italian and World literature, Deledda is a feminist writer, probably because of his tendency to portray women's suffering and suffering as opposed to women's autonomy. has not been accepted as. Cenere as of publication of Elias Portolu (Ashes, 1904); L'edera (The Ivy, 1908); Sino al prisoned (To the Border, 1910); Colombi e sparvieri (Doves and Sparrows, 1912); and the most popular of these, Canne al vento (Reeds in the Wind, 1913) inspired a silent film with . Deledda received an award for "idealistic inspired writings that dealt with life on the island where she was born with plastic clarity and human problems in general with depth and sympathy", while "Già?" she said. ("Already?") While there are many elements that have contributed to the rise of Deledda's popularity, , who had just consolidated his power and founded , expressed his "deep admiration" for the author, and when journalists and photographers began to visit his home in Rome, Deledda initially welcomed them, but eventually got tired of the attention. The fact that his beloved pet crow Checca expresses that this indifference is also related to the discomfort of people constantly coming in and out of the house is an indication that she is a different person. Keywords: Grazia Deledda, Literature in the World Language, Literature and Language, Literature and Socio-Culture, Literature and Psychology

An Ordinary Morning for the in Literature The morning Grazia Deledda won the 1926 Nobel Prize in Literature was no different, both for herself and for other Nobel Prize winners in Literature. The difference was the psychology of the person who would receive the award. So, to make it indistinguishable from the previous day in Rome shrubs are evil was Grazia Deledda. By sharing a crowded house with her husband, adult sons and nephew, she maintained her already threatened daily routine of writing. Deledda continued the same schedule seven days a week: a late breakfast, a few hours of reading, lunch, then la pausa (nap), and finally a few hours of writing in the afternoon.

A Different Author for Literary Works Translations Italian writer Grazia Deledda's (1871-1936) works nor how the success of the world-system perspective cannot be explained by focusing on a single arbitrator is moderate. And a number of interconnected networks combined additive as members of the spread of a work is recorded as results are obvious.1 Jansen and Wegener (2013), the concept was proposed by multiple interpreting by , according to 'turn the collaborative nature of the' emphasized and "discover how interaction effect at various stages leading to the translated text translators, they negotiate and control that they 'for stressed nation - trans Grazia Deledda's works differ in terms of world literature as it is closely related to the issue of literary mediation (2013, p.5). Moreover, the related term translation addresses literary translation rather than literary mediation. In other words, examining the works of this author from the point of view of literary circulation requires a different perspective.2 It would not be wrong to suggest that a combination of social network analysis and field theory could be used to explain the situation and present a more nuanced picture. This is Deledda's path to international sanctification.3 Italian Nobel Prize winner Grazia Deledda has been focused on the translation issue nation - highlighting the impact on cross-border movement, and primarily as a writer seems important example in this area. Because, as different from the previous and next, Grazia Deledda, a universalism that does not need to translate as if you had written underneath. There needs to be a productive way of understanding how a combination of field theory and social network analysis is interpreted in this way despite linguistically differing elements in semi-peripheral domains of world literature.4 In all of analysis, Deledda's worldwide of success you have to work on the center of the languages (English, French, German) translation is not only effective in the target culture, language support, nor cultural network linked the effort is not needed subject. Mediators connecting Sweden and . These approaches are identified, identified, and analyzed to gain a better understanding of the traits that are crucial for successful connections in the literary semi-environment. But this author is very different in terms of these variables. Literature, national, how to overcome cultural and linguistic boundaries? This question is a very important one that all readers and writers should ask and examine even for each work. How can a work go beyond its borders and present a plus-dimensional perspective globally, even universally? It is understandable that mathematics is a universal language, but how can this be possible in literary works? That's exactly what Grazia has accomplished for Deledda. Scholarly answers to this current research question often emerge from two opposing methodological perspectives: either adopting a micro perspective, emphasizing efforts made through single

1 According to Kjell Espmark, a member of the , various studies show that Grazia Deledda was the only one among the Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature in the 1920s who 'had a consistently negative decision' (1986, p. 2 Anime oneste ("Honest souls") from 1895 was translated into French in 1899. 3 On the official website of the Nobel Prize http://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/map2/?person=2348&nominee=true&year=all&prizes=literatura Grazia Deledda's candidates are visualized. Nobel Prize Data Visualization is a useful tool for exploring how nominations are made across countries. In Deledda's case, all candidates came from either Italy or Sweden. For comparison, the nominations of another Nobel Prize nominee, historian and philosopher Guglielmo Ferrero, a contemporary of Deledda, came from many different parts of the world. 4 It should be noted, however, that the award was given in December 1927. interpreters, or approaching inquiry from a macro perspective, following theoretical models of how literature circulates. The necessity of explaining translations in the world system is very common in Turkish literature, especially in the works of the first period of the Republic. These explanations have been informative for the reader. But in the works of Grazia Deledda, such explanations were never needed for any nation, culture or religion. Both micro and macro level approaches to provide absolutely useful information for the worldwide literary invasion and still involved with numerous multiples used to highlight people translated because we mentioned in point to some important come down directly to ignore the direction the nation - beyond the literary movement that works understandable without the need for further explanation. Here the human psyche, we think that the reader or the character that they are first and foremost. To underline Writer Deledda Grazia, because of represents the first reason for these.

Cultural felt liking The case studies are aimed at the actors and those applicable today to the mentioned agenda commentators, and for them ("Atlantic - "non-", "Gonna Lobbes and Sanz Roig, 2017, p. 68). The world system, on the other hand, is for internationally accepted studies; While this development is the future that will be made from the general center of literature, exchanges related to the environment are ignored. Like, Franco Moretti writes, “It would have been unthinkable (before the town) if it were from a circle (2003, p. 75). To Casanova (2004), a tool that can be translated from the language of the language and from the viewer in the literature, and a tool that can be translated from language to use will be selected after a point. German, French and English). (Heilbron, 1999, p. 435). According to Heilbron, semi-peripheral languages constitute an evasive category of "six-round languages" that "cannot be so clearly separated from peripheral languages" (Heilbron, 1999, p. 434). A more recent article (van Es & Heilbron, 2015) does not explain further on the quasi-environmental situation. However, there has been interest in a used classroom from this use of senior, worldwide (Piswartz, 2017). 5 A Different Look at the Awards Day That day, a year had passed since Benito Mussolini dropped the masquerade of constitutional rule in favor of fascism. Having imprisoned several of his friends and many of his compatriots, Mussolini wanted to give him a portrait of himself and signed it "with great admiration". And perhaps this is why the author, has allowed reporters and photographers and important petitions of the next day to enter the house. By all accounts, the diminutive writer was calm and kind, or at least tolerant of this fuss, which was more than can be said for Checcha. She was a fatalist, of course, but when Deledda received the award at the age of fifty-six, she has realized that attention makes people vulnerable and has the potential to destroy. People who deliberately or accidentally engage in excesses turned him into their stories, and from the very beginning his stories found a way to get him in trouble. Deledda (1871–1936) grew up on , the second largest island in the Mediterranean, but was to be a teenager before finally getting on horseback to Monte Bardia, where she could see the sea. His birth coincided with the first anniversary of

5 Another Italian foe at the Academy at the time was the writer (elected in 1912), who had lived in Rome for nine years at the end of the twentieth century. However, there is no evidence that he was arguing for or against Deledda. Italian unification, but it was a large part of , which she called the "bronze age village". Its first language was sardo logudorese, the spoken language of Sardinia; The language she was going to write in Italian was a foreign language.

From Different Nation – Culture, Literature Understanding and Perspectives Although it seems impossible to obtain a complete list of members, four articles about Association meetings were published in the Dagens Nyheter newspaper. It is fair to note that among the members mentioned in these articles, there are several bridges to other networks. In those days, Professor Karl Warburg was head of the Academy LIBRARIES (Svenska Akademiens Nobelbibliotek). Warburg was also one of the leading critics of the time and was seen as quite open-minded, especially towards .6 The Nyblom sisters also have bridged the web of women, especially not only Ellen who had lived in Italy for many years. But other important members of the SIS were Gösta Mittag-Leffler, a professor of mathematics and radical advocate of women's emancipation like and Helmer who in 1911 became head of SIS Key (Dagens Nyheter 6 May 1911). Key was a professor of literary history, wrote his doctoral thesis on Alessandro Manzoni's masterpiece The Betrothed, and was editor-in-chief of the prestigious Svenska Dagbladet newspaper. Although somewhat distant, her families have tied to Ellen Key may have made her a bridge to the female web.

To Infer from These Relationships More information about this resource text for translation necessary information in good works, though first as nodes for interconnecting with different family ties prominence of that element is remarkable. Second one was the institutional position and results between nodes having the world which have a significant impact on the cultural life extremely hot and dense relations with Italy. Understanding this so easily is like the invention of a new writing or communication tool. Third, people with few links with women's networks bring together is that it pretends. Even though this is understood as a psychological analysis, this author, who managed to understand and explain in his literary works, this was result of what no psychologist and psychiatrist, including Freud, could do. She was different from our language of expression and acted differently not only from this aspect but from other writers years ago. But his ability to form networks has also introduced Deledda's work more directly. Certainly, to show how this mind intervenes in Deledda's favor, it would be right to focus on two nodes: • Anton Lindsströ and Ellen Lundberg-Nyblom, one of the members in the meeting made a speech on a topic related to Italy archaea this usually about ancient Rome was being focused on that, but before a meeting in November 1910 Dagens Nyheter, Doctor Anton Lindsström's Grazia He announced that she would give a talk about Deledda's work (Dagens Nyheter, 23 November 1910). While Lindsström was a councilor positioned between mundane and institutional translation, this seemed to occupy a very important position in the network we are talking about, at least since he was elected vice president of the society in 1911 …

6 He compiled an Illustrated History of Literature (Illustrerad svensk litteraturhistoria 1896-1897) with Academician Henrik Schück. • The network we mentioned above gave her a platform to talk about long before Deledda was nominated for the Nobel Prize in literature. The task was fitting for Lindsström, who translated two of Deledda's novels into other languages, both published as part of Ljus' low- price book series (Ljus enkronasserie). Although the first headline appeared in the same advertisement as August Strindberg's Svenska pay och äventyr (Dagens Nyheter 7 April 1907), it received little criticism in a few other country journals. The second title Herdar suffered the same fate and received only a brief and negative review on Dagens Nyheter.7

Little Deledda Although more troublesome differences between brothers, Deledda was seen a good-natured, with a certain freedom from a separate language. Her father was a much-loved man, who built his home on a majestic, verdant mountain overlooking a seemingly boundless valley. This was offering a vantage point for observing a convenient area called Barbagia, where wooded areas running through notorious. However, this was about Italy's political history; but also, she was accepted in a passive manner, she was in absolutely romantic in expression meaning. In the family home, Deledda, from an early age listened to men talk about misfortune and tragedy. After completing the four years of formal education deemed appropriate for girls, Deledda was a teacher, but she leaved from there soon after. Reading classical texts, but then usually begins a relationship with that fate and declared to be an ending that story was an autodidact which defines education as an integral part of telling the winds. Their difference was Sardinia version of legend and folklore that collect local traditions to get together as much an observer than participants.8

Pastoral Approaches from Tragedy It has been said that Pastoral despite living in an environment of family life, turn to the tragedy Deledda’s. The winters in Nuoro were particularly harsh, with stories of frequent starvation. Their homes were often barricaded in snow, and damp, cold air was permeating every crevice in the foundation and cracks in the wall. After a brutal cold, her younger sister, Giovanna, was found dead under a pile of linens on a bed the girls probably shared. Deledda presented “Sangue Sardo” (Sardinian Blood) to the fashion magazine Ultima Moda at the age of seventeen. The story of Ela, a young woman who pushed her sister's lover over a cliff, was published in 1887, a major event that drew the ire of the entire village. The magazine was publicly burned and his family slandered. She continued to use nicknames, but the village would quickly recognize familiar surroundings and lessen his obsession with nicknames. Although Okala's population was small and nearest bookstore that was visited frequently by her father, her most national bestselling book "Fior di Sardegna" published in and distributed to this bookseller; and her father died in 1892. The villagers were right. Deledda based her characters on the real-life passions and torments of those around her, relying on their moral conflicts to inform her

7 But after this "failure", Lindsström did not translate any of Deledda's works. 8 Buzelin also noticed that Latour's work 'has hitherto had no influence on translation studies, including the work of specialists who have taken a sociological perspective', and has shown 'little interest in interlingual translation' (2007, p. 56). meditations on modern Italian life. What the residents of Nuoro failed to realize was that what she wrote was not some kind of stupid slander, but a display of empathy.

Ordinary Psycho-understanding without the need for Intellectual Translation With regard to the above-mentioned approach, the interpreter case studies and world system perspectives- network analysis, the nation - to define the cross-border circulation conditions offer a less hierarchical and non-linear way is maker. Instead of presenting it as a formalized process following a certain order, the network perspective shows the complexity and complexity of literary mediation (Tahir-Gürçağlar, 2007). Nation - case studies related to cross- border circulation, usually underline the impact of important individuals and in doing so, follows the traditional literary works. For this purpose, it is inevitable adoption of a network perspective, and Social Network Analysis (SNA), for allowing the use of historical sources and archival materials to reconstruct the old network Bruno Latour's actor network theory (ANT) was to claim that the preferred is LMC. According to Hélène Buzelin, ANT is not very useful for reconstructing historical processes; rather, networks need to be discovered in real time (2007, p. 54).9 Field theory and Gisèle Sapiro (2006), who initiated the SAA hypothesis, can be a fruitful combination if the latter is used as a method to study the literary field; Anthony Pym (2007), who conducted a study of the French-German translator networks that existed in the late 1800s. Pym's results show that literary relations between France and Germany take place at an intercultural level, thanks to a network between the two cultures and individuals whose main task is to describe the relations between the French and German cultures.

The Writer Who Taught Literature Has No Language Based on Sapiro and Pym, Deledda I will undertake the rebuilding of networks connecting to the Swedish culture areas and several cultural to shed light on the collective preparation understanding Translate and they emphasize their relationship with each other and with Italian authors will make over. The efforts that would lead to the Nobel Prize going to Grazia Deledda in the first two decades of the 1900s are precisely related to this understanding.10 However, it is interesting that this issue, which was understood in the world of that time, is still often not understood despite our technology. In fact, it is interesting that while this is expected to be more understandable with the large number of authors, there is still no author or movement that can be considered a continuation of Deledda. It seems that both Deledda and the language she used are the subject of other researches and studies. Then the world and in Turkey many currents for currently literature classes and is present in the literature, this is understood to run, although it is a style of absence following a stream of style that cannot be understood, if the world or to Turkey is also sad. Previous studies of internal debate among members of the Swedish

9 More specifically, the network perspective adopted in this work is based on the work of two scholars who advocate a combination of field theory and SAA to address literary circulation 10 Salomon Eberhard, Karl Warburg, Holger Nyblom, Oscar Björck, Gösta Mittag-Leffler, Osvald Sirén, Anton Lindsström.

Academy that led to a formal decision to reward Deledda's work show that this decision was not unanimous (Svensén, 2001, pp. 103-105).11

Methodological Analysis Stage Deledda's own of style, his egocentric Aside from style, the reconstruction based on the previous biographical research is not, 'surrounding a node style is defined as (Marin & Wellman, 2014, p. 13). When Deledda arrived at Central Station during a lunar eclipse on December 8, 1927, she would travel by land and sea for three days, waiting for her poet (and future Nobel laureate) on the dark, cold platform. Years later, she would present a short biography over the radio, translated by Anders Hallengren and Medeo Cottino about this subject. “I was born in Sardinia. My family consisted of wise and violent people and primitive artists. They were respected people and had a private library. But when I started writing at the age of thirteen, they objected. As the philosopher said: “If your son writes poetry, send him to the mountain roads; next time you can punish him, but for the third time, leave him alone because she is a poet.” Award accepted by night Grand Hotel in burgundy velvet dress she wore the same with. In Sardinia, the church Chiesa della Solitudine, named after one of his novels, was erected as a monument in his honor.

Intercultural Network Within Deledda's egocentric network, individuals or nodes associated with the Swedish domain are identified as different. This is done to find out whether an intercultural space exists between distant and semi-peripheral areas such as Sweden and Italy, similar to Pym (2007) uncovered between central and neighboring Germany and France. All networks are the opposite of ego networks in that they take a bird's-eye view of the social structure, they focus on all nodes rather than privilege the network periphery ' (Marin & Wellman, 2014, p. 13). Swedish-Italian Society (Svensk-italienska sällskapet, SIS): 9 An association founded in Stockholm on February 9, 1910, at the initiative of the Italian laureate Ernesto Teodoro Moneta (1833– 1918), who visited Stockholm in 1909, a time, she established a sister association in Rome. One of the prestigious members of this Roman society was Angelo De Gubernatis, who had been Deledda's foremost mentor and protector from the early years of her career (cf. Dolfi, 1979; Heyer-Caput, 2008).12 • Sapiro's API and taking into account the size (2006) analysis according to the model; • The degree of (formal, semi-formal or informal); • A degree (closed, semi-open or open); • Targets and • Spindle socio - cultural psychology or with relationships.

11 'Permetterait de repérer la multipositionnalité et le rôle d'intermédiaire parfois occulte de certains individus' (Sapiro, 2006, p. 56) 12 'Senast idag kom ett kort från henne med underrättelse att" Elias Portolu "i Revue des Deux Mondes week storage frame i Frankrike och att förläggaren Calman-Levy nu ämnar ge ut den i bokform. The importance of network relationships should not be underestimated, as networks that are not connected to other networks have limited influence. These connections are made by nodes connected to other networks or so-called bridges (Marin & Wellman, 2014, p. 6). Deledda's name as a candidate for the Nobel Prize in years when repeated (1913-1926), the academic community was quite formal: only those elected Academy to be allowed to enter. Within the network we are talking about, the Nobel Committee should be seen as a clique where "every node is directly connected to other nodes" (Marin & Wellman, 2014, p. 16). There are also several satellites surrounding the network, such as literary experts responsible for monitoring specific language areas. Henrik Schück, a professor of literary history at Uppsala University, was, along with Bildt, the most persistently adept at the academy for Deledda, and also nominated him twice (Svensén, 2001, p. node, then one of the leading interpreters of in Sweden, was Anders Österling which will be one of the handles of and critic (Schwartz, 2016, p. 77-78). Initially they opposed rather Deledda reward idea also soon after her supporters. She has written and published the forewords for Murgrönan (L'edera) and De levandes Gud (Il dio dei viventi). Finally, one more knot, network, or style should be mentioned: Karl August Hagberg. Despite being only a member of the Nobel Institute (not the SA), Hagberg's importance to Italian literature cannot be overstated. First, the nodes are interconnected with different family ties. Second, between nodes with corporate and as a result having a significant impact on the cultural life of Sweden it was extremely hot and dense relations with Italy. Third, people with few links with the SIS nodes SA and women's networks bring together and pretends. But the network, introducing a more direct way the work of the Deledda Is Own? Absolutely, yes. It would also be correct to focus on two nodes to show how the SIS intervened in favor of Deledda.13

Intellectual women in Rome Former network 's then quite heterogeneous, although women's network, despite the grandeur and open-end margin, collect quite nodes that share similar features and MIS:14 writers in Italy were journalist, critic and translator, working as a professional and intellectual woman. 15However, there is a difference between the symbolic capitals of these women and their position in the literary field: some, such as Ellen Key and Selma Lagerlöf, were internationally famous and therefore viewed as charismatic proxies, while others were more anonymous foreign correspondents like Hild. Two of the largest network node charismatic Ellen Key and ordinary mediator Ebbe I Atterbo, vary greatly in terms of capital and symbolic position in the literary field that separates the other two nodes of the network.

Result

13 Sapiro included two more aspects of the network in his model: objective characteristics of members (age, gender, position, etc.) and social capital. Since these two issues concern network members, it is necessary to consider them separately when considering nodes 14 Information about this network is taken from articles published in the daily Dagens Nyheter on the following dates: February 10, 1910; March 24, 1910; 23 November 1910; and 29 November 1910. 15 Some of the nodes of the network were: Ellen Key, Selma Lagerlöf, Sophie Elkan, Hilda Sachs, Gunhild Bergh, Ebba Atterbom, Amelie Posse, Ellen Lundberg-Nyblom, Astrid Ahnfeldt and Ellen Rydelius. In this study, we tried to examine the stages of Deledda 's being a different writer and deserving of the Nobel Prize. However, as we mentioned above, we believe that there is a need for new studies on the fact that she is a school pioneer and his works are not only in the literature but also a school. Although it is regrettable that she is the first and last author to pioneer such a movement, in our study, the evaluation of his childhood, the areas she lived and influenced by, and his psychology as a whole when she received the Nobel Prize in Literature. It was investigated why his works are not needed for a social, cultural or socio-psychological translation in this study. New similar studies are required with more efforts.

References

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