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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UNO Glms the text directfy firom the origmal or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be firom any type of conqmter piinier. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy suhnütted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photognq>hs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and inqvoper al^mnent can adversety affect reproduction. In the unlikety event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these wül be noted. Also, if unauthorized otqiyri^ material had to be removed, a note will mdicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., m^n, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing firtan left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photognq>hed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the bade of the bode. Photogrq>hs included in the original manuscript have been rqnoduced xerogr^hicaUy in this copy. Kgher quality 6" x 9” black and white photographic prints are available fisr any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional diaige. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howeit Information Company 300 North ZeeO Roao. Ann Arbor Ml 48106>1346 USA 313/761^700 800.'S21-0600 ".AS LONG .AS VVE DANCE, VVE SHALL KNOW WHO WE ÀRE" A STUDY OF OFF-RESERVATION TRADITIONAL INTERTRIBAL POWWOWS IN CENTRAL OHIO DISSERTATION P r e se n t e d in P a r t ia l F u l f il l m e n t o f t h e R equirements for THE D ecree D o c t o r o f P h il o so ph y in t h e G r a d u a t e Sc h o o l OF T he O h io S tate U niversity By V ic t o r ia E u c e n ie S a n c h e z , B.A., M.A. * The Ohio State University 1995 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Patrick B. Mullen Inéz Cardozo-Freeman Beverly Moss Adviser Department of English OMI Number: 9544678 Copyright 1995 by Sanchezr Victoria Eugenie All rights reserved. OMI Microform 9544678 Copyright 1995, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Copyright by VICTORIA EUGENIE SANCHEZ 1995 MTTAKUYE OYASIN u ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I could not have successfully completed this project without the support and encouragement of many people. Dr. Patrick B. Mullen patiently and thoroughly reviewed many drafts-in-progress, engaging me in intellecutal debate which fostered the development of many points of this paper. Inez Cardozo-Freeman and Beverly Moss, the other members of my committee, also provided invaluable guidance and insight. I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation to all of the people who have shared their powwow experiences and knowledge with me, informally and formally; I would especially like to thank those who were interviewed for this project. My family and friends have been tremendously supportive in many ways. Particularly, I would like to thank my husband John for the many sacrifices he willingly endured to allow me the time needed to complete this project; without his committment, time and love none of this would have been possible. Our two boys, Dakota and Braveheart, have provided not only inspiration but constant understanding and love. Aurora B. Sanchez was patient, confident and encouraging. Also, I thank Katherine Heeren for helping out, often on short notice. Victoria Althoff, always encouraging and supportive, kindly provided her desktop publishing expertise in putting this document into its final form. lU VITA July 12, 1967 ...................................................................................Bom - Austin, Texas 1988 B.A., University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette, Louisiana 1988-1990 ......................................................................................Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of English The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1991-1992 Adjunct Professor, Capital University Adult Degree Program, Columbus, Ohio 1991 Adjunct Faculty, Columbus State Community College, Columbus, Ohio 1992-presen t .................................................................................Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of English, The Ohio StateUniversity, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: English Studies in: Folklore, Native American Studies, 20th Century Literature, Mass Communications IV TABLE OF CONTENI S DEDICATION................................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...........................................................................................................üi VITA................................................................................................................................................iv CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................t Interpretative Framework: Summary of Scholarship ............................................... 4 Methodological Framework: Refiexivity and Fieldwork ........................................ 17 Background and History. .............................................................................................38 Central Ohio Powwows ............................................................................................... 43 II. WHAT IS A TRADITIONAL LNTERTRIBAL POWWOW...................................... .46 The First Powwow......................................................................................................... 46 How Contemporary Powwows Began in Central Ohio ...........................................49 Moon When Ponies Shed, 1989 .................................................................................. 31 ^developments in Traditional Sty les.......................... .SS A Celebration of Spirituality, Life, and Unity. .......................................................... 61 Symbolic Patterns in Dance. ____________________________________________ 64 Cross Cultural Orientation and Respect .................................................................... 69 III. POWWOW AND SECULAR RITUAL: LIMINALITY, RITUAL RECONNECTIONS, CREATING SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCE FOR PARTICIPANTS AND AUDIENCE............................................................................ 76 Liminal Existence .......................................................................................................... 79 Individual and Collective Liminality. ........................................................................ 82 Communal Transformative Ritual and Changing Public Consciousness ............. 85 Establishing A Sense of Connection ........................................................................... 89 Creating A Sense of Unity and Negotiating Points of Contention .........................93 Reclaiming Personal Native American Identity. .......................................................97 Societal Ritual Reconnection ......................................................................................102 Strategic Adaptation of Euro-American Elements Into Native American Cultural Framework. ..................................................................104 Creating Successful Ritual Experience ......................................................................108 Evaluating Secular Ritual ............................................................................................110 Traditionalizing Elements ...........................................................................................119 IV. POWWOWS AND CULTURAL POLITICS: TFIE DYNAMICS OF ETHNICITY.........................................................................128 Emergent Ethnicity. ..................................................................................................... 130 Tourism and Education .............................................................................................. 147 Authenticity and Invention ........................................................................................154 Selection and Intensification .......................................................................................161 V. Conclusions. ________________________________________ 166 VI APPENDIXES Appendix A ........................................................................................................................ 177 Appendix B .................................................................................................................................180 Appendix C ................................................................................................................................181 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................................................183 vu CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Powwows are Native American celebrations of community and spirituality, featuring Native American drum and dance as well as vendors offering Native American foods, craft items and various other materials. Powwows in Central Ohio, like most powwows across North America, are open to the public for a small admission donation, and are thus an important aspect of intercultural relations. At powwows, especially in the Central Ohio area where Indians are intensely