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List 3. Headings That Need to Be Changed from the Machine- Converted Form
LIST 3. HEADINGS THAT NEED TO BE CHANGED FROM THE MACHINE- CONVERTED FORM The data dictionary for the machine conversion of subject headings was prepared in summer 2000 based on the systematic romanization of Wade-Giles terms in existing subject headings identified as eligible for conversion before detailed examination of the headings could take place. When investigation of each heading was subsequently undertaken, it was discovered that some headings needed to be revised to forms that differed from the forms that had been given in the data dictionary. This occurred most frequently when older headings no longer conformed to current policy, or in the case of geographic headings, when conflicts were discovered using current geographic reference sources, for example, the listing of more than one river or mountain by the same name in China. Approximately 14% of the subject headings in the pinyin conversion project were revised differently than their machine- converted forms. To aid in bibliographic file maintenance, the following list of those headings is provided. In subject authority records for the revised headings, Used For references (4XX) coded Anne@ in the $w control subfield for earlier form of heading have been supplied for the data dictionary forms as well as the original forms of the headings. For example, when you see: Chien yao ware/ converted to Jian yao ware/ needs to be manually changed to Jian ware It means: The subject heading Chien yao ware was converted to Jian yao ware by the conversion program; however, that heading now -
Research Article High-Resolution Elevation Model of Lop Nur Playa Derived from Tandem-X
Hindawi Journal of Sensors Volume 2019, Article ID 6839703, 12 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6839703 Research Article High-Resolution Elevation Model of Lop Nur Playa Derived from TanDEM-X Yuyang Geng ,1,2,3 Yun Shao ,1,2 Tingting Zhang ,1,3 Huaze Gong,1,3 and Lan Yang4 Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, , China University of Chinese Academy of Science, , China Laboratory of Target Microwave Properties, Deqing Academy of Satellite Applications, , China China University of Geosciences, , China Correspondence should be addressed to Tingting Zhang; [email protected] Received 15 February 2019; Revised 30 May 2019; Accepted 10 July 2019; Published 18 August 2019 Guest Editor: Hyung-Sup Jung Copyright © 2019 Yuyang Geng et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In this paper, a digital elevation model (DEM) was produced for Lop Nur playa produced with the data from TanDEM-X mission. 2 Te spatial resolution is 10 m. It covers an area of 38,000 km for orthometric height from 785 m to 900 m above sea level, which is composed of 42 interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) scenes. A least-square adjustment approach was used to reduce the systematic errors in each DEM scene. Te DEM produced was validated with data from other sensors including Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) and aerial Structure-from-Motion (SfM) DEM. -
Central Asia in Xuanzang's Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western
Recording the West: Central Asia in Xuanzang’s Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions Master’s Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master Arts in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Laura Pearce Graduate Program in East Asian Studies Ohio State University 2018 Committee: Morgan Liu (Advisor), Ying Zhang, and Mark Bender Copyrighted by Laura Elizabeth Pearce 2018 Abstract In 626 C.E., the Buddhist monk Xuanzang left the Tang Empire for India in a quest to deepen his religious understanding. In order to reach India, and in order to return, Xuanzang journeyed through areas in what is now called Central Asia. After he came home to China in 645 C.E., his work included writing an account of the countries he had visited: The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions (Da Tang Xi You Ji 大唐西域記). The book is not a narrative travelogue, but rather presented as a collection of facts about the various countries he visited. Nevertheless, the Record is full of moral judgments, both stated and implied. Xuanzang’s judgment was frequently connected both to his Buddhist beliefs and a conviction that China represented the pinnacle of culture and good governance. Xuanzang’s portrayal of Central Asia at a crucial time when the Tang Empire was expanding westward is both inclusive and marginalizing, shaped by the overall framing of Central Asia in the Record and by the selection of local legends from individual nations. The tension in the Record between Buddhist concerns and secular political ones, and between an inclusive worldview and one centered on certain locations, creates an approach to Central Asia unlike that of many similar sources. -
Middlemen and Marcher States in Central Asia and East/West Empire Synchrony Christopher Chase-Dunn, Thomas D
Middlemen and marcher states in Central Asia and East/West Empire Synchrony Christopher Chase-Dunn, Thomas D. Hall, Richard Niemeyer, Alexis Alvarez, Hiroko Inoue, Kirk Lawrence, Anders Carlson, Benjamin Fierro, Matthew Kanashiro, Hala Sheikh-Mohamed and Laura Young Institute for Research on World-Systems University of California-Riverside Draft v.11 -1-06, 8365 words Abstract: East, West, Central and South Asia originally formed somewhat separate cultural zones and networks of interaction among settlements and polities, but during the late Bronze and early Iron Ages these largely separate regional systems came into increasing interaction with one another. Central Asian nomadic steppe pastoralist polities and agricultural oasis settlements mediated the East/West and North/South interactions. Earlier research has discovered that the growth/decline phases of empires in East and West Asia became synchronous around 140 BCE and that this synchrony lasted until about 1800 CE. This paper develops the comparative world-systems perspective on Central Asia and examines the growth and decline of settlements, empires and steppe confederations in Central Asia to test the hypothesis that the East/West empire synchrony may have been caused by linkages that occurred with and across Central Asia. To be presented at the Research Conference on Middlemen Co-sponsored by the All-UC Economic History and All-UC World History Groups, November 3-5, 2006, UCSD IROWS Working Paper #30. http://irows.ucr.edu/papers/irows30/irows30.htm This paper is part of a larger research project on “Measuring and modeling cycles of state formation, decline and upward sweeps since the Bronze Age” NSF-SES 057720 http://irows.ucr.edu/research/citemp/citemp.html Earlier research has demonstrated a curious East/West synchrony from 140 BCE to 1800 CE. -
De Paris Au Tonkin À Travers Le Tibet Inconnu, Étude D'un Voyage D
Diplôme national de master Domaine - sciences humaines et sociales Mention - histoire civilisation patrimoine Parcours - cultures de l’écrit et de l’image De Paris au Tonkin à travers le Tibet inconnu, étude d’un voyage d’exploration en Asie centrale à la fin du XIXe siècle par l’explorateur Gabriel Bonvalot. Mémoire 2 professionnel / Août 2019 Août / professionnel 2 Mémoire Duranseaud Maxime Sous la direction de Philippe Martin Professeur d’histoire moderne – Université Lyon 2 Remerciements Merci à Mr Philippe Martin d’avoir accepté de diriger ce mémoire et de m’avoir guidé dans ma réflexion pendant ces deux années de master. Merci aussi à Mme Cristina Cramerotti et au personnel de la bibliothèque du Musée des Arts Asiatiques Guimet pour m’avoir permis de passer quatre mois de stage particulièrement agréables et instructifs, mais aussi d’avoir largement facilité mes recherches documentaires notamment grâce à un accès privilégié aux ouvrages que renferment les magasins de la bibliothèque. Sans cela, il aurait été bien plus compliqué pour moi de réaliser ce mémoire. Encore une fois merci beaucoup. 2 Résumé : Il s’agit d’une étude du voyage de l’explorateur Gabriel Bonvalot, réalisé entre 1889 et 1890 en Asie Centrale, plus précisément dans la région du Xinjiang Chinois et du Tibet, dans un périple qui le fera traverser le Continent Eurasiatique depuis le nord-est jusqu’à l’extrême sud-ouest. Le récit qui résultera de ce voyage : « De Paris au Tonkin à travers le Tibet inconnu » raconte le parcours de l’expédition et nous servira ici de source principale. -
The Hephthalite Numismatics
THE HEPHTHALITE NUMISMATICS Aydogdy Kurbanov 1. Introduction Arabic – Haital, Hetal, Heithal, Haiethal, Central Asia and neighbouring countries have a Heyâthelites. In Arabic sources the Hephtha- very old and rich history. A poorly-studied and in- lites, though they are mentioned as Haitals, tricate period of this region is the early medieval are sometimes also refered to as Turks. period (4th - 6th centuries AD). During this time, In the 4th - 6th centuries AD the territory of Cen- “The Great movement of peoples”, the migration tral Asia included at least four major political en- of nomadic peoples (Huns) from Asia to Europe, tities, among them Kushans, Chionites, Kidarites, took place. In South and Central Asia, great em- and Hephthalites. Discussions about the origins pires existed, including Sasanian Iran, Gupta and of these peoples still continue. Ideas vary from some small states. Across Central Asia, mysteri- the Hephthalites considered as part of the Hun ous new peoples appeared: the Hephthalites, the confederation to different other origins. It is also Kidarites and the Chionites, among others. Their uncertain whether the Hephthalites, the Kidarites origins are still debated. Some scholars suppose and the Chionites had a common or different ori- that they were part of a Hun confederation, while gins – that is, are they three branches of the same others suppose they had different origins. ethnic group or are they culturally, linguistically, Generally, the early research on the Hephthalites and genetically distinct from one another? was based only on written sources. They were The Hephthalites are well represented in their mentioned for the fi rst time in AD 361 at the siege coins. -
Title Change of Suspension Systems of Daggers and Swords in Eastern
Change of suspension systems of daggers and swords in eastern Title Eurasia: Its relation to the Hephthalite occupation of Central Asia Author(s) Kageyama, Etsuko Citation ZINBUN (2016), 46: 199-212 Issue Date 2016-03 URL https://doi.org/10.14989/209942 © Copyright March 2016, Institute for Research in Humanities Right Kyoto University. Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University ZINBUN No. 46 2015 Varia Change of suspension systems of daggers and swords in eastern Eurasia: Its relation to the Hephthalite occupation of Central Asia Etsuko KAGEYAMA ABSTRACT: This paper focuses on changes in the suspension systems of daggers and swords in pre- Islamic eastern Eurasia. Previous studies have shown that scabbard slides were used in the Kushan and early Sasanian periods to suspend a sword from a bearer’s waist belt. This method was later replaced by a “two-point suspension system” with which a sword is suspended by two straps and two fixtures attached on its scabbard. Through an examination of daggers and swords represented in Central Asian art, I consider the possibility that the two-point suspension system became prevalent in eastern Eurasia in connection with the Hephthalite occupation of Central Asia from the second half of the fifth century through the first half of the sixth century. KEYWORDS: Hephthalites, Sogdians, Central Asia, bladed weapons, Shōsō-in Etsuko KAGEYAMA is Associate Fellow at Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties. * This paper is based on my article published in Japanese: E. Kageyama, “Change of sus- pension systems of daggers and swords in eastern Eurasia: Its relation to the Hephthalite occupation of Central Asia”, Studies on the Inner Asian Languages 30, 2015, pp. -
Synergy of the Westerly Winds and Monsoons in Lake Evolution of Glo
Dear Editor, Many thanks for your hard work and consideration on publication of our paper. We really appreciated all comments and suggestions very much. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to you and reviewers. In this version, we revised the References format and the font of Figures according to the guidelines, as well as made some 5 changes to the Acknowledgements. The marked-up manuscript is attached below. Best regards, Yours sincerely, Yu Li Corresponding author: 10 Name: Yu Li Address: College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China E-mail: [email protected] Synergy of the westerly winds and monsoons in lake evolution of glo bal closed basins since the Last Glacial Maximum and its implicat 15 ion for hydrological change in Central Asia Yu Li1, Yuxin Zhang1 1Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Center for Hydrologic Cycle and Water Resources in Arid Region, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China Correspondence to: Yu Li ([email protected]) 20 Abstract. Monsoon system and westerly circulation, to which climate change responds differently, are two important components of global atmospheric circulation, interacting with each other in the mid-to-low latitudes. Relevant researches on global millennial scale climate change in monsoon and westerlies regions are mostly devoted to multi-proxy analyses of lakes, stalagmites, ice cores, marine and eolian sediments. Different responses from these proxies to long-term environmental change make understanding climate change pattern in monsoon and westerlies regions difficult. -
New Tales of the Gobi Desert the Hong Kong Young Writers Awards Online Anthology - Non-Fiction, Poetry and Cover Art Sponsors
New Tales of the Gobi Desert The Hong Kong Young Writers Awards Online Anthology - Non-Fiction, Poetry and Cover Art Sponsors Supported by Organiser Official Charity New Tales of the Gobi Desert Non-Fiction Group 1 The Gobi Desert AD & FD of Pok Oi Hospital Mrs Cheng Yam On School, Hung Tsz To, Non-Fiction: Group 1 am losing, losing, losing......in the Gobi Desert. How do I walk across it? It’s an unboundary region, all you could see are and dunes, sand......Will I lose my life in Gobi Desert? Let’s know more about the Gobi Desert. The Gobi Desert is the fifth largest desert in the world and occupies an area of 1,300,000 Ik², and it is a large desert region in Asia. The Gobi is most notable in history as part of the great Mongol Empire and as the location of several important cities along the Silk Road. The Gobi is a cold desert with frost and occasionally snow occurring on its dunes. The climate of the Gobi is one of great extremes, these can occur not only seasonally but within 24 hours. The temperature in Gobi is extremely, ranging from -40º(-46º) in winter to +50º(122º) in summer. The Gobi Desert is the source of many important fossil finds including the first dinosaur eggs. Despite the harsh conditions, these deserts and the surrounding regions sustain over 45 different species of animals and birds. But the Gobi Desert is expanding at an alarming rate, in a process known as desertification. The expansion of the Gobi is attributed mostly to human activities, notably deforestation, overgrazing, and depletion of water resources. -
1 Introduction 2 Background L2/15-023
Title: Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Tocharian Script Author: Lee Wilson ([email protected]) Date: 2015-01-26 1 Introduction Tocharian is a Brahmi-based script historically used to write the Tocharian languages (ISO 639-3: xto, txb), traditionally referred to as Tocharian A and Tocharian B, which belong to the Tocharian branch of the Indo-European language family. The script was in use primarily during the 8th century CE by the people inhabiting the northern edge of the Tarim Basin of the Taklamakan Desert in what is now Xinjiang in western China, an area formerly known as Turkestan. The Tocharian script is attested in over 4,000 extant manuscripts that were discovered in the early 20th century in the Tarim Basin. The discovery was significant for two reasons: first, it revealed a previously unknown branch of the Indo-European language family, and second, it marked the easternmost geographical extent of that language family. The most distinctive aspect of Tocharian script is the vowel transcribed as ä, commonly known as the Fremdvokal, and the modifications to the script that it entails. This vowel is indicated with a vowel sign not employed in scripts outside of the Tarim Basin region. However, this vowel sign is not commonly used when writing Tocharian. Instead, sequences of a consonant followed by the Fremdvokal are most typically indicated by 11 CV signs known as Fremdzeichen, which are unique to Tocharian. 2 Background The Tocharian script is a north-eastern descendant of Brahmi script, related to Khotanese, Tibetan, and Siddham scripts, which was used along the Tarim Basin in the Taklamakan Desert in what is now Xinjiang in western China. -
The Sui Dynasty and the Western Regions
SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 247 April, 2014 The Sui Dynasty and the Western Regions by Yu Taishan Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. We do, however, strongly recommend that prospective authors consult our style guidelines at www.sino-platonic.org/stylesheet.doc. -
Buddhist Adoption in Asia, Mahayana Buddhism First Entered China
Buddhist adoption in Asia, Mahayana Buddhism first entered China through Silk Road. Blue-eyed Central Asian monk teaching East-Asian monk. A fresco from the Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves, dated to the 9th century; although Albert von Le Coq (1913) assumed the blue-eyed, red-haired monk was a Tocharian,[1] modern scholarship has identified similar Caucasian figures of the same cave temple (No. 9) as ethnic Sogdians,[2] an Eastern Iranian people who inhabited Turfan as an ethnic minority community during the phases of Tang Chinese (7th- 8th century) and Uyghur rule (9th-13th century).[3] Buddhism entered Han China via the Silk Road, beginning in the 1st or 2nd century CE.[4][5] The first documented translation efforts by Buddhist monks in China (all foreigners) were in the 2nd century CE under the influence of the expansion of the Kushan Empire into the Chinese territory of the Tarim Basin under Kanishka.[6][7] These contacts brought Gandharan Buddhist culture into territories adjacent to China proper. Direct contact between Central Asian and Chinese Buddhism continued throughout the 3rd to 7th century, well into the Tang period. From the 4th century onward, with Faxian's pilgrimage to India (395–414), and later Xuanzang (629–644), Chinese pilgrims started to travel by themselves to northern India, their source of Buddhism, in order to get improved access to original scriptures. Much of the land route connecting northern India (mainly Gandhara) with China at that time was ruled by the Kushan Empire, and later the Hephthalite Empire. The Indian form of Buddhist tantra (Vajrayana) reached China in the 7th century.