De Paris Au Tonkin À Travers Le Tibet Inconnu, Étude D'un Voyage D

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De Paris Au Tonkin À Travers Le Tibet Inconnu, Étude D'un Voyage D Diplôme national de master Domaine - sciences humaines et sociales Mention - histoire civilisation patrimoine Parcours - cultures de l’écrit et de l’image De Paris au Tonkin à travers le Tibet inconnu, étude d’un voyage d’exploration en Asie centrale à la fin du XIXe siècle par l’explorateur Gabriel Bonvalot. Mémoire 2 professionnel / Août 2019 Août / professionnel 2 Mémoire Duranseaud Maxime Sous la direction de Philippe Martin Professeur d’histoire moderne – Université Lyon 2 Remerciements Merci à Mr Philippe Martin d’avoir accepté de diriger ce mémoire et de m’avoir guidé dans ma réflexion pendant ces deux années de master. Merci aussi à Mme Cristina Cramerotti et au personnel de la bibliothèque du Musée des Arts Asiatiques Guimet pour m’avoir permis de passer quatre mois de stage particulièrement agréables et instructifs, mais aussi d’avoir largement facilité mes recherches documentaires notamment grâce à un accès privilégié aux ouvrages que renferment les magasins de la bibliothèque. Sans cela, il aurait été bien plus compliqué pour moi de réaliser ce mémoire. Encore une fois merci beaucoup. 2 Résumé : Il s’agit d’une étude du voyage de l’explorateur Gabriel Bonvalot, réalisé entre 1889 et 1890 en Asie Centrale, plus précisément dans la région du Xinjiang Chinois et du Tibet, dans un périple qui le fera traverser le Continent Eurasiatique depuis le nord-est jusqu’à l’extrême sud-ouest. Le récit qui résultera de ce voyage : « De Paris au Tonkin à travers le Tibet inconnu » raconte le parcours de l’expédition et nous servira ici de source principale. Il est donc ici question d’étudier le voyage étape par étape, mais aussi de comprendre dans quel contexte celui-ci s’inscrit. Seront aussi abordés des points relatifs à la vie de l’expédition, au matériel utilisé, ainsi que les questions traitant du rapport à l’inconnu géographique et humain. Enfin, le retour en métropole, la vie de l’explorateur après l’expédition, notamment l’écriture et l’édition de son récit de voyage. Descripteurs : Bonvalot Gabriel, d’Orléans Henri, Exploration, Expédition, Asie centrale, Xinjiang, Tibet, Chine, récit de voyage. Abstract : It is a study about the travel of the explorer Gabriel Bonvalot, realized between 1889 and 1890 in Central Asia, more precisely in the region of Xinjiang Chinese and Tibet, in a journey which will make it cross the Eurasian Continent since the north-east to the extreme southwest. The narrative that will result from this trip: "De Paris au Tonkin à travers le Tibet inconnu" tells the story of the expedition and will serve us here as the main source. It is therefore a question here of studying the journey step by step, but also of understanding in which context it fits. It will also discuss issues related to the life of the expedition, the material used, as well as questions dealing with the relationship to the geographical and human unknown. Finally, the return to the metropolis, the life of the explorer after the expedition, including the writing and editing of his travelogue. Keywords : Bonvalot Gabriel, d’Orléans Henri, Exploration, Expedition, Centrale Asia, Xinjiang, Tibet, China, travelogue. NOM Prénom | Diplôme | Type de rapport | mois année - 3 - Droits d’auteur réservés. OU Droits d’auteurs Droits d’auteur réservés. Toute reproduction sans accord exprès de l’auteur à des fins autres que strictement personnelles est prohibée. 4 Sommaire Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 6 Partie 1 : Comprendre l’expédition de Gabriel Bonvalot dans le contexte de la fin du XIXe siècle. .................................................................................................................... 12 Chapitre I : Le voyage, étape par étape. ..................................................................... 12 Chapitre II : Comprendre le contexte dans lequel avance la caravane de Gabriel Bonvalot : L’Asie centrale de la fin du XIXe siècle. .................................................. 27 Chapitre III : Le contexte occidental propice à la mise en place de cette mission. .... 37 Partie 2 : Le voyage dans son aspect le plus matériel .................................................... 44 Chapitre I : Les moyens humains de l’expédition. ..................................................... 44 Chapitre II : Le capital matériel d’une expédition en Asie centrale. .......................... 53 Chapitre III : Logistique d’une expédition à but scientifique. .................................... 65 Partie 3 : Comprendre l’expédition de Paris au Tonkin à travers la perception des voyageurs ........................................................................................................................ 75 Chapitre I : La perception du paysage, de l’inconnu géographique ........................... 75 Chapitre II : De la rencontre et de la perception de « l’autre » .................................. 86 Chapitre III : Bonvalot et la figure de l’explorateur. .................................................. 95 Partie 4 : Retour en Europe et suites du voyage d’exploration .................................... 104 Chapitre I : La vie d’explorateur en retour d’expédition .......................................... 104 Chapitre II : La Parution du récit dans le Tour du Monde. ........................................ 113 Chapitre III : Les éditions en volume du récit de voyage de Bonvalot .................... 121 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 128 Sources ......................................................................................................................... 130 Bibliographie ................................................................................................................ 134 Table des matières ........................................................................................................ 138 DURANSEAUD Maxime |Master 2 | Mémoire | 08/2019 - 5 - Droits d’auteur réservés. INTRODUCTION Le XIXe siècle est le siècle qui voit la plus profonde mutation dans l’apparence des cartes géographiques tracées par les savants occidentaux. A mesure que les connaissances s’accumulent et que les cartes s’étoffent, les dessins d’animaux fabuleux, de créatures marines cauchemardesques tendent peu à peu à être relayés dans les marges des planisphères et dans des zones vides toujours plus restreintes qui témoignent d’une connaissance accrue du monde extra-européen. Le XVIIIe siècle a dressé et presque clôturé les tracés de l’ensemble des océans depuis le rivage et fait apparaître en négatif les contours des grands continents. Il faut à présent y entrer et abandonner les navires pour les caravanes. Les explorations s’enchaînent et prennent alors la direction des grands cœurs continentaux : Afrique, Amérique du sud, Océanie et surtout, dans le cas qui nous intéresse : Asie. Un continent géographiquement collé à l’Europe et malgré tout, bastion de résistance des blancs de la carte que le XIXe, puis la première moitié du XXe siècle, vont avoir pour charge de faire totalement disparaître. L’outil à l’œuvre dans cette grande entreprise : l’explorateur. Parmi les grandes figures dont la seule évocation suffit à rappeler aux esprits un contexte chronologique, celle de l’explorateur aventurier semble toute acquise au XIXe siècle. Nous aurions tort de penser que la connaissance du monde n’a toujours été que dans le sens de ce que nous définissons aujourd’hui comme le progrès. Comme si parti de zéro, l’occident n’avait fait qu’accumuler des connaissances sur le monde sans jamais oublier. La connaissance de l’Asie ne s’est pas faite de manière progressive et régulière : on peut parler de contacts sporadiques, d’une multitude de découvertes suivis d’oublis d’un siècle ou plus. Ce sont les XVIIIe et XIXe siècles qui vont entamer un véritable travail d’accumulation des connaissances sur l’Orient qui se poursuit encore aujourd’hui. Lors d’un précédent travail1, nous avions déjà eu l’occasion de traiter de voyages d’occidentaux en terra incognita, il s’agissait de prendre une aire géographique : l’Himalaya, deux bornes chronologiques : 1624, date du premier voyage jésuite au Tibet et 1751 qui correspond à l’expulsion des derniers pères chrétiens du toit du monde, et de tenter de ratisser tous les voyageurs qui étaient passés sur la zone entre ces deux dates. Il s’agissait d’étudier le voyage sous différents angles : Les motivations qui avaient poussé ces hommes à partir, mais aussi le voyage dans sa forme la plus concrète. Par exemple les moyens utilisés pour aller d’un point A à un point B en Himalaya : le matériel, les guides, les vêtements… cela était aussi l’occasion de traiter du voyage par le prisme de la perception. Comment ces européens percevaient ces paysages de montagne par exemple. Cette étude, s’est néanmoins avérée assez difficile à mener sur certains aspects, notamment à cause de sources parfois lacunaires. En effet sur la trentaine de pères jésuites et capucins ayant arpenté les contreforts du Tibet, seuls quelques-uns ont 1Duranseaud Maxime, Les voyages Européens en Himalaya (1624-1769), mémoire de master en science social (mention histoire), sous la direction de Philippe Martin, Lyon, Université Lyon II Lumières, 2017-2018. 6 laissé une trace écrite. De plus certains textes se sont même avérés être de seconde main, donc à prendre avec un recul supplémentaire. Le but était donc de dresser un tableau global de l’ensemble
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