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CCSBS1 Use techniques for blacksmithing and

Overview This standard is about the Forging techniques that are essential core elements of the blacksmithing and metalworking industries. As well as the underpinning knowledge that is the basis of all blacksmithing production in the forge environment. The techniques of forging, , cutting and joining are the core skills used in the making of consumer products as well as for the production and maintenance of forge tools. This may be of prime interest to and craftspeople that use forged items as a major or supportive part of their making or use forged tools in their work. This work will involve the use of a range of techniques, tools and materials, some of which may be bespoke to the project in hand.

This standard is particularly suitable to individuals making a specific contribution as a technician or other specialist, as well as those who are beginning to work in craft and supporting more established crafts people, employed as freelancers or working within an organisation/company.

The following should be considered when working in craft: 1. Safe working practices 2. Ethics and sustainability

CCSBS1 Use forging techniques for blacksmithing and metalworking 1 CCSBS1 Use forging techniques for blacksmithing and metalworking

Performance criteria

P1 carry out common forging techniques to meet a given specification You must be able to : P2 carry out common forming techniques to meet a given specification

P3 carry out common hot cutting techniques to meet a given specification P4 carry out common joining techniques to meet a given specification P5 decide on the appropriate approach to maintenance or repair of forge hand tooling P6 maintain and control a solid fuel forge safely to meet given objectives P7 carry out common heat treatments of normalising and on forged and minimise the effects of oxidation and overheating. P8 select suitable techniques, materials, tools and equipment to carry out the task P9 prepare and use an inspection and maintenance checklist and report on the condition of a range of common forge equipment P10 carry out the necessary repair/maintenance of forge hand tooling P11 select and combine common forge work techniques to produce forged products and hand tools that are fit for purpose P12 work safely

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Knowledge and understanding

You need to know and K1 the possible effects of heating and cooling on the structure of ferrous understand: K2 the possible effects of oxidation/burning, carburisation, on ferrous metals K3 the possible effects of forging, forming, hot cutting and forge on the structure of ferrous metals K4 the processes and tooling used to produce the finished forged products and hand tools K5 the methods of safe and efficient control and operation of the solid fuel forge hearth K6 the range of fuels and their properties of the solid fuel forge hearth K8 how to work safely

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Scope/range 1 carry out all of the following during hand forging activities: related to 1.1. Upsetting performance 1.2. Drawing down criteria 1.3. Spreading 1.4. Sets 1.5. Transitions 1.6. Swaging 1.7. Fullering 2 carry out all of the following during hand forming activities: 2.1. bending 2.2. twisting 2.3. controlled heat techniques 2.4. dishing 2.5. repoussé 2.6. pressing using hand-operated tooling 3 carry out all of the following during hand cutting activities: 3.1. punching 3.1.1 taper punching 3.1.2 parallel punching 3.1.3 slitter punching 3.1.4 slot punching 3.2. drifting 3.2.1 parallel drifting 3.2.2 taper drifting 3.2.3 profiled drifting 3.3. chiselling 3.3.1 cutting 3.3.2 slitting 3.3.3 profiled 4 carry out all of the following during hand joining activities: 4.1. riveting 4.2. forge welded joints 4.2.1 faggot 4.2.2 lap 4.2.3 straight scarf 4.2.4 branch 4.2.5 box 4.2.6 split core e.g . cage 4.2.7 pocket / socket 4.2.8 cleft 4.2.9 corner 4.2.10 ‘T’ 4.2.11 glut 4.2.12 gusset 4.2.13 collar

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4.2.1. butt 4.2.2. chain link 4.3. use of types 4.3.1 silver sand 4.3.2 4.4. fire 4.5. collaring 4.6. mortice and tenon 4.6.1 straight tenon 4.6.2 upset tenon 4.6.3 offset tenon 4.7 pegs and wedges (only applicable to level 3, 4 and 5+) 4.8 wraps 5 use the following safe working practices in the forge: 5.1. tool set up; 5.1.1 tong setting 5.1.2 setting 5.1.3 setting top and bottom tools 5.1.4 height setting 5.1.5 fly press set up 5.1.6 handled tools (at least 1 of the following) 5.1.6.1 shafted tools 5.1.6.2 wired tools 5.2. personal protective equipment; 5.3. work within current relevant legislation 5.4. carry out risk assessment 6 use the following methods to work within set specifications: 6.1. working drawings 6.2. written instructions 7 Carry out appropriate forging, forming, cutting and joining operations by: 7.1 lone worker 7.2 striker assisted

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Scope/range 1 how to maintain control of the solid fuel forge hearth taking into related to consideration: knowledge and 1.1 solid fuels such as , coal, understanding 1.2 fuel costs 1.3 fuel performance and maintenance 1.4 ease of use 1.5 fire lighting 1.6 use of appropriate working heats 1.7 control of air flow such as slide valve, variable resistor 1.8 air delivery such as bellows or 1.9 bottom or side blast 1.10 effects of poor fire control 2 how to work safely including: 2.1 maintaining water boshes 2.2 preheating fuel 2.3 appropriate personal protective equipment 2.4 relevant current legislation 2.5 how to carry out a risk assessment 3 how to recognise and control areas of the fire including: 3.1 oxidising 3.2 neutral 3.3 reducing/carburising 4 how to recognise parts of the forge hearth including: 4.1 chimney 4.2 hood 4.3 fire bed 4.4 slide valve 4.5 tue 4.6 back bosh 4.7 front bosh 4.8 air supply 4.9 hearth tools including rake 4.9.1 shovel 4.9.2 poker 4.9.3 water sprinkler 5 how to recognise and maintain common hand tools and equipment including: 5.1 5.2 5.3 punches 5.4 5.5 anvil 5.6 leg vice 5.6

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5.9 how to store hand tools and equipment 5.9 maintenance costs 5.10 floor 5.11 top & bottom tools 5.12 jig setting 5.15 fly press set up 5.16 handled tools (at least 1 of the following) 5.16.1 shafted tools 5.16.2 wired tools 6 how to recognise and control the effects of hot working on the internal structure of metals including: 6.1 types of commonly used metals 6.1.1 ferrous metals 6.1.2 non-ferrous metals 6.2 grain compaction and distortion 6.3 the effects of bending and twisting 7 how to recognise and control the effects of heating including: 7.1 re-crystallisation of metals 7.2 effects of oxidation 7.3 giant grain growth 7.4 normalising 7.5 annealing 7.6 rapid cooling 7.7 and

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Developed by Creative & Cultural Skills

Version number 1

Date approved February 2013

Indicative review April 2017 date

Validity Current

Status Original

Originating Creative & Cultural Skills organisation

Original URN CCSBS1

Relevant ; Metalworker; occupations

Suite Craft (Blacksmithing)

Key words Blacksmithing; Blacksmith; Metalworker; Metalwork; Heritage; Conservation; Forge

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