DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 1 Outline

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 1 Outline The Compleat Metalsmith: Craft and Technology in the British Bronze Age ELPIDIA GIOVANNA FREGNI University of Sheffield, Department of Archaeology A Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2014 E. G. Fregni ABSTRACT This thesis explores the craft of metallurgy in the British Bronze Age through an examination and analysis of metalworking tools. The goal of this research was to reassemble the Bronze Age metalsmithing toolkit based on an understanding of the craft and its practice. The first chapters examine the smith and metalsmithing tools through literary sources to establish a theoretical framework for understanding the significance of tools and smiths in the British Bronze Age. This is followed by a study of metalsmithing tools in museum collections. These examinations focussed on wear, design, and chemical composition. Tools were cross-referenced to contemporary tools, descriptions from ethnographic literature, and tools in modern workshops. This research also supplied data to create replica tools for use in an experimental programme to explore tool use and performance. The research culminated in establishing a system called Minimum Tools Required (MTR). It is based on the idea that the presence of an object implies the existence of the tools and materials necessary for its manufacture, and that the presence of tools implies a purpose, and the possibility of other tools and materials that are associated with that purpose. Using this system provides a means to assess assemblages and aids in understanding the kind and the number of tools and materials that were a necessary part of the Bronze Age metalsmith’s toolkit. The system also allows for more precise interpretations to be made of hoards. Tools can indicate the types of metal objects being made, or represent specific metalsmithing tasks. Thus by recognising the tools and their function, statements can be made about how these tools were used and the processes by which metal objects were made in the Bronze Age, resulting in a more complete understanding the organisation of the metalsmith’s craft in antiquity. 2 The Compleat Metalsmith PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Discovery is art, not logic C.S. Smith 1981, 347 My background as an artisan For many a thesis and the resulting PhD is the beginning of a career. For me it is the culmination of years of experience as a jeweller and metalworker. The knowledge of metalworking, its traditions, tools, and techniques have been passed from teacher to student more than three thousand years. I am indebted to my teachers, because the skills I learned are necessarily experiential and cannot be acquired from reading books. As a student at the Milwaukee Area Technical College, I learned the properties of metals while stretching flat sheets of copper into round bowls. My teachers instructed me on the mechanical properties and the microcrystalline structure of metal; how metal fatigue will cause an object to crack if I continued working and that annealing will relax the metal so that the work can continue. Metallography is not the same as metalsmithing. The changes in metallic structure can be seen under the microscope in polished samples, but in order to be a metalsmith, I had to feel the tension in the metal as I worked it. When the metal became stressed, I needed to feel how the hammer bounces back slightly differently, that the sound of the hammer striking the metal will change as the metal becomes more rigid. When it is time to anneal the metal I can use a thermocouple and pyrometer, but I needed also to know that the piece was nearing the proper temperature for annealing when the rainbow colours on the surface of the metal coalesced to a cherry red. To those who do not know these subtle signals, the embodied knowledge of the metalworker appears to be a form of magic. In 2005 I decided to return to university to finish a degree in anthropology. While working in the labs at the University of Minnesota, I was given the opportunity to work with a collection of bronze axes. I was fascinated by them and plunged into the Bronze Age technology. The anthropology department did not have facilities to cast bronze so I introduced myself to Wayne Potratz, master of the foundry in the art department. While he was accustomed to sculpture students, he became interested in my questions about ancient alloys and recipes for clay moulds. We successfully cast axes and palstaves. I also produced some spectacular failures, but each one was a learning experience. When I studied for my master’s degree at the University of Sheffield, I learned more of the mechanical properties of metal, but found that other than casting, few archaeologists had explored metalsmithing tools or smithing techniques. Once again I plunged into the world of metalworking, exploring tools that were both 3 E. G. Fregni familiar and different than the ones I had used most of my adult life. As a metalsmithing student I was told that the tools I used had their origins in Medieval Europe. Little did I know that their pedigree went so much further back in time. The use of modern analytical equipment has given me the opportunity to see metals in a way that was impossible for early metal workers. However, despite the technological advances, I still need to understand the material as they did: by pumping bellows, watching flames, and feeling the hammer as I work the metal. This thesis has been a labour of love, but that is not to say that it has been easy. In the second year I of my PhD I had to make some radical changes. I was determined to regain control of my work, and in order to do this I realised that I had to abandon most of what I had written and start fresh. I quickly outlined the thesis that is presented here with modifications suggested by Dr Caroline Jackson and Dr Bob Johnston, both of whom I am indebted to for their support, patience, and for taking me on as a student on such short notice. I am very much indebted to the following people for their assistance in pursuing data and completing this thesis and their support through the years: My academic supervisors, Dr Caroline Jackson and Dr Robert Johnston Thanks also to Rocky, Shane, and Chris for technical help and support. Thanks also to Katheryn Goldsack and the administrative and office staff who have solved problems, given advice, and smoothed all the transitions over the years. Thanks to those who helped facilitate experimental work: Stuart Bater, Phil Stator, and Ian Watts of the University of Sheffield Materials Science Foundry Sally Rodgers of Heeley City Farm The organisers of Umha Aois: Niall O’Neill, Holger Lönze, Pádraig Mc Goran, James Hayes, Mary Jane Vernier, Cliodna Cussen and Billy Mag Fhlionn Professor Wayne Potratz who has recently retired from teaching at the University of Minnesota Foundry Dr Francesca Fulminante and Mukund Unavane and the Material Culture Laboratory of Cambridge University for their assistance in obtaining XRF analyses Thanks also to the staff and curators of museums for permission to examine objects in their collections Paul Sealey and the museum staff of Colchester Museum Services Helen Harman and Lucy Creighton of Weston Park Museum, Sheffield Ken Hawley and Alison Duce of Kelham Island Museum Alison Roberts and Ilaria Perzia of the Ashmolean Museum Ben Roberts of the British Museum 4 The Compleat Metalsmith Catharine Niven, Jeanette Pearson and the staff of Inverness Museum, and Eleanor Fairclough for her help and support Samantha Belcher of the Bowes Museum Karl Noble of Clifton Park Museum, Rotherham Lisa Webb and the staff of the Wiltshire Heritage Museum in Devizes Ruth Waller, Rebecca Loader, Frank Basford, and Corina Westwood Isle of Wight Heritage Service Museum Service Paul Robinson of Northampton Museum John Davies, FSA and Alan West of the Norwich Castle Museum Jane Ellis-Schön and the staff of Salisbury & South Wiltshire Museum Ken Crowe of Southend Museums Services Stephen Minnitt and Sam Astill of Taunton Museum Robin Iles of Winchester Museums Services Keith Cunliffe and Chris Mycock of St Edmundsbury Heritage Service My family and friends supported me through all this Ellie Fregni Lori Bogren Ken Fletcher Tim Cockrell Venetia Fregni Dr Kevin Cootes Davide Fregni Syed Mohammed Muntasir Bob Alberti Mark Peters Gretchen Anderson Samantha Rubinson Ambereen and Professor M.A.R. Morgan Smith Barker Petra Verlinden Thanks to Jim Young and Emily Tindall for their help with German translations This thesis is dedicated to the memory of M.A.R. Barker and Jim Young, who were great friends and mentors, and who are sorely missed. Everyone must leave something behind when he dies, my grandfather said. A child or a book or a painting or a house or a wall built or a pair of shoes made. Or a garden planted. Something your hand touched some way so your soul has somewhere to go when you die, and when people look at that tree or that flower you planted, you're there. It doesn't matter what you do, he said, so long as you change something from the way it was before you touched it into something that's like you after you take your hands away. The difference between the man who just cuts lawns and a real gardener is in the touching, he said. The lawn-cutter might just as well not have been there at all; the gardener will be there a lifetime." - Ray Bradbury Fahrenheit 451 5 E. G. Fregni CONTENTS Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Preface and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Treatise on Combined Metalworking Techniques: Forged Elements and Chased Raised Shapes Bonnie Gallagher
    Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works Theses Thesis/Dissertation Collections 1972 Treatise on combined metalworking techniques: forged elements and chased raised shapes Bonnie Gallagher Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses Recommended Citation Gallagher, Bonnie, "Treatise on combined metalworking techniques: forged elements and chased raised shapes" (1972). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Thesis/Dissertation Collections at RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact ritscholarworks@rit.edu. TREATISE ON COMBINED METALWORKING TECHNIQUES i FORGED ELEMENTS AND CHASED RAISED SHAPES TREATISE ON. COMBINED METALWORKING TECHNIQUES t FORGED ELEMENTS AND CHASED RAISED SHAPES BONNIE JEANNE GALLAGHER CANDIDATE FOR THE MASTER OF FINE ARTS IN THE COLLEGE OF FINE AND APPLIED ARTS OF THE ROCHESTER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AUGUST ( 1972 ADVISOR: HANS CHRISTENSEN t " ^ <bV DEDICATION FORM MUST GIVE FORTH THE SPIRIT FORM IS THE MANNER IN WHICH THE SPIRIT IS EXPRESSED ELIEL SAARINAN IN MEMORY OF MY FATHER, WHO LONGED FOR HIS CHILDREN TO HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO HAVE THE EDUCATION HE NEVER HAD THE FORTUNE TO OBTAIN. vi PREFACE Although the processes of raising, forging, and chasing of metal have been covered in most technical books, to date there is no major source which deals with the functional and aesthetic requirements
    [Show full text]
  • The Jewelry Department
    I)1:PARTMEM STORE MERCll'Vs'DlSE TWA-NUALS i-,:i!.iiililliliiil!i:i: Courtesy of International Studio Coml) in Gold and Horn ( Frcncli Design) DEPARTMENT STORE MERCHANDISE MANUALS THE JEWELRY DEPARTMENT BEULAH ELFRETH KENNARD, M.A. Editor of Series; Director of Department Store Courses, New York University; Chairman of Committee on Merchan- dise Courses for New York City Public Schools; Former Educational Director of the Department Store Education Association. ASSISTED BY E. LILLIAN HUTCHINSON, B. A. Secretary Department Store Education Association CONSULTING EDITOR LEE GALLOWAY, Ph.D. Associate Professor Commerce and Industry, New York University; Secretary of National Association of Corpora- tion Schools; Director Educational Courses, National Commercial Gas Association. NEW YORK THE RONALD PRESS COMPANY 1917 40fX>G Copyright, 1917, by The Ronald Press Company ^^ \"\ X Sljia ^tv\SB tfl Sfbtrat^b to Mrs. Henry Ollesheimer, Miss Virginia Potter, Miss Anne Mor- gan, and other organizers of the Department Store Education As- sociation, who desiring to give greater opportunity for advance- ment to commercial employees and believing that all business efficiency must rest upon a solid foundation of training and education gave years of enthusiastic service to the testing of this belief. EDITOR'S PREFACE This series of department store manuals has been pre- pared for the purpose of imparting definite and authen- tic information to that growing army of salespeople who are not satisfied to be mere counter servers — to those who realize that their vocation is one of dignity and opportunity, and that to give satisfactory service to the customer they must possess a thorough knowledge of the goods they sell, as well as a knowledge of how best to P^ f\ sell them.
    [Show full text]
  • Peening Weld Surfaces with Steel Shot Induces Compressive Stresses That Raise Resistance to Fatigue and Corrosion
    Peening weld surfaces with steel shot induces compressive stresses that raise resistance to fatigue and corrosion. By Tom Floyd hot peening improves Testing shot-peened parts, re- Built-in compressive stresses property performance searchers have demonstrated that raise resistance to stress corrosion of welds and weld- peening raises fatigue resistance of by counteracting tensile stresses. mentsS by cancelling residual tensile fillet welds in carbon steel and butt Stress corrosion occurs when tensile stresses that develop in surfaces as welds in constructional alloy steel stresses break up oxide layers that welds cool and replacing them with by 20 to 40 percent, and can double normally protect surfaces of chro- compressive stresses. Compressive fatigue resistance of butt welds in mium-containing alloys. Though stresses raise resistance to fatigue, aluminum plate and 18-percent Ni bare metal re-oxidizes to form fresh stress corrosion, and intergranular maraging steel. Researchers at Rock- oxide coatings, recurring cycles of corrosion. well International (Atomic Di- tensile stresses continually rupture A cold-working process, shot vision) found that shot peening pre- these layers. peening bombards a metal work- vents stress corrosion cracking of As for intergranular corrosion, piece with spherical pellets, com- weldments in austenitic stainless characteristic of stainlesses sensi- monly steel shot. Each impact steel. tized at weld temperatures, peening stretches and densifies surface lay- Fatigue resistance improves be- before welding helps to prevent it ers. Because subsurface material re- cause, when service imposes tensile by breaking up surface grains. This mains unstretched, it exerts an op- stresses in a part, the built-in com- action provides a multitude of nu- posing force, trying to restore the pressive stresses counteract them.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham Research Online
    Durham Research Online Deposited in DRO: 18 October 2018 Version of attached le: Published Version Peer-review status of attached le: Peer-reviewed Citation for published item: Caswell, E. and Roberts, B.W. (2018) 'Reassessing community cemeteries : cremation burials in Britain during the Middle Bronze Age (c. 16001150 cal BC).', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society., 84 . pp. 329-357. Further information on publisher's website: https://doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2018.9 Publisher's copyright statement: c The Prehistoric Society 2018. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Durham University Library, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LY, United Kingdom Tel : +44 (0)191 334 3042 | Fax : +44 (0)191 334 2971 https://dro.dur.ac.uk Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, page 1 of 29 © The Prehistoric Society. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
    [Show full text]
  • Shared Planet Discussed Religion and Nature in 2013: Indigenous Beliefs Can Be Indispensable Termism to Focus on Long-Term Goals
    he gorgeous yellow-eared parrot rabbis hold welcoming ceremonies for designed to keep people and wildlife apart, the spiritual lives of billions of people. In the of the Colombian Andes had Eurasian swifts returning from tropical and Asian elephants often damage crops. generally more secular, scientific West this can been reduced to just 81 birds by Africa to nest in the crevices of the Western So the Christian conservation organisation be an uncomfortable marriage; for example in 1999. Nesting only in slow- Wall (also known as the Wailing Wall). A Rocha has set up a grass-roots project in Western Europe faith is considered a personal growing wax palms high in the Working alongside the International Center Bannerghatta to explore ways in which the matter, so is rarely brought into the public Faith cloud forest made the species for the Study of Bird Migration, they make elephants and farmers can co-exist. arena. That is not true, however, for most of highly vulnerable to logging and sure that the maintenance of the ancient By evoking meaningful concepts the rest of the world – and this contrast is Tthe spread of agriculture, while the local wall takes the swifts into account. that reach deep into faith traditions, growing ever more marked. Catholic community used the trees’ fronds conservationists have been able to galvanise in on Palm Sunday in processions and church SACRED SAFEGUARDS people in very different ways. In Tibet, for FAITH IN THE FUTURE decorations. Things looked bleak. This meeting of religion and conservation instance, Buddhist monks work with the Last year the Pew Research Center predicted But then conservationists began is having great success around the world Snow Leopard Trust to monitor and protect that by 2050 just 13 per cent of the global collaborating with priests.
    [Show full text]
  • Hollow Comb Rivets Made from Stripdrawn Copper Wire and Two Possible Antler Draw Plates from 11Th–12Th C. Sigtuna, Sweden
    Omslag 2019/2_Omslag 3/2004 (kopia) 2019-05-20 11:32 Sida 1 Innehåll F 57 Gardeła, L. et al. The spur goad from kort meddelande O R Skegrie in Scania, Sweden. Evidence of 115 Scheglov, A. Omarbetning av Olaus Petris N elite interaction between Viking Age krönika: Ett politiskt vittnesbörd – och V Ä Scandinavians and Western Slavs. heraldiskt? N N 75 Loftsgarden, K. The prime movers of iron E production in the Norwegian Viking and recensioner N 2 Middle Ages. 118 Larsson, B.T. & Broström, S-G. Nämforsens 0 1 9 88 Wärmländer, S.K.T.S. & Söderberg, A. Hällristningar – Sveriges största och äldsta / 2 Hollow comb rivets made from strip- hällristningsområde med 2600 figurer FORN drawn copper wire and two possible ant- (The rock of Nämforsen). Anmälan av ler draw plates from 11th–12th c. Sigtuna, V. Mantere. Sweden. 120 Ahlström, C. The Viking Age. A time of many faces. Anmälan av L. Gardeła. debatt 123 Ljung, C. Under runristad häll: Tidig- 100 Kjellström, R. Stalofrågan – en personlig kristna gravmonument i 1000-talets slutkommentar. Sverige. Anmälan av P. Carelli. VÄNNEN 107 Lovén, C. Var Beowulf gute? JOURNAL OF SWEDISH ANTIQUARIAN RESEARCH 2019/2 issn 0015-7813 Omslag 2019/2_Omslag 3/2004 (kopia) 2019-05-20 11:32 Sida 2 Utgiven av Till författaren Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien i samarbete med Historiska museet. fornvännen välkomnar manuskript i nordisk arkeologi och äldre tiders konstvetenskap med an grän sande Fornvännen finns på webben i sin helhet från första årgången och publiceras löpande där ämnen. Bidrag kan vara avfattade på de skandinaviska språken samt engelska, tyska och franska.
    [Show full text]
  • Noga Head Office
    Noga Head Office NOGA ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (2008) LTD Noga Engineering and Technology was established in 1980. Over the years the company has grown to become the world leader in the manufacturing of three main lines: simply sophisticated Deburring Systems Holding Systems Cutting Fluid Applicators Noga’s strongest points are product design and development, quality and service. Our products are sold in more than 60 countries either through our own companies or a network of exclusive agents. All NOGA products meet the strict requirements of ISO 9001 and ISO 14001. We invite you to visit our web site: www.noga.com for further information. NOGA reserves the right to make changes in any of its products without prior notice. © Copyright NOGA Engineering & Technology (2008) Ltd. WARNINGS Blades are sharp and can cut. Blades can break causing flying shards. Sharp edges and flying shards can cause injury. Wear safety googles (both user and bystanders). Do not pry or bend blades. Keep away from children. Do not regrind blades. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transcribed, stored in an electronic retrieval system, translated into any language or computer language, or be transmitted in any form whatsoever without the prior written consent of the publisher. simply sophisticated Deburring Systems HEAVY DUTY 3-8 CERAMIC 39-44 LIGHT DUTY 9-14 SETS & KITS 45-50 COUNTERSINKS 15-26 SPECIALTY TOOLS 51-54 SCRAPERS 27-30 SPECIALTY BLADES 55-56 DIAMOND FILES 31-32 CHIP HOOKS 57-59 DOUBLE-EDGE 33-36 PLUMBING 60-65 SINGLE EDGE 37-38 INDEX 66 simply sophisticated Deburring Tools simply sophisticated 1 Contents H.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Aluminum Alloy AA-6061 and RSA-6061 Heat Treatment for Large Mirror Applications
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU Space Dynamics Lab Publications Space Dynamics Lab 1-1-2013 Aluminum Alloy AA-6061 and RSA-6061 Heat Treatment for Large Mirror Applications T. Newsander B. Crowther G. Gubbels R. Senden Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/sdl_pubs Recommended Citation Newsander, T.; Crowther, B.; Gubbels, G.; and Senden, R., "Aluminum Alloy AA-6061 and RSA-6061 Heat Treatment for Large Mirror Applications" (2013). Space Dynamics Lab Publications. Paper 102. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/sdl_pubs/102 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Space Dynamics Lab at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Space Dynamics Lab Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@usu.edu. Aluminum alloy AA-6061 and RSA-6061 heat treatment for large mirror applications T. Newswandera, B. Crowthera, G. Gubbelsb, R. Sendenb aSpace Dynamics Laboratory, 1695 North Research Park Way, North Logan, UT 84341;bRSP Technology, Metaalpark 2, 9936 BV, Delfzijl, The Netherlands ABSTRACT Aluminum mirrors and telescopes can be built to perform well if the material is processed correctly and can be relatively low cost and short schedule. However, the difficulty of making high quality aluminum telescopes increases as the size increases, starting with uniform heat treatment through the thickness of large mirror substrates. A risk reduction effort was started to build and test a ½ meter diameter super polished aluminum mirror. Material selection, the heat treatment process and stabilization are the first critical steps to building a successful mirror. In this study, large aluminum blanks of both conventional AA-6061 per AMS-A-22771 and RSA AA-6061 were built, heat treated and stress relieved.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Metal Finds from the Ninth-Century Metalworking
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 8-2017 An Analysis of the Metal Finds from the Ninth-Century Metalworking Site at Bamburgh Castle in the Context of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metalworking in Middle- and Late-Saxon England Julie Polcrack Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Medieval History Commons Recommended Citation Polcrack, Julie, "An Analysis of the Metal Finds from the Ninth-Century Metalworking Site at Bamburgh Castle in the Context of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metalworking in Middle- and Late-Saxon England" (2017). Master's Theses. 1510. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/1510 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact wmu-scholarworks@wmich.edu. AN ANALYSIS OF THE METAL FINDS FROM THE NINTH-CENTURY METALWORKING SITE AT BAMBURGH CASTLE IN THE CONTEXT OF FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALWORKING IN MIDDLE- AND LATE-SAXON ENGLAND by Julie Polcrack A thesis submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts The Medieval Institute Western Michigan University August 2017 Thesis Committee: Jana Schulman, Ph.D., Chair Robert Berkhofer, Ph.D. Graeme Young, B.Sc. AN ANALYSIS OF THE METAL FINDS FROM THE NINTH-CENTURY METALWORKING SITE AT BAMBURGH CASTLE IN THE CONTEXT OF FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALWORKING IN MIDDLE- AND LATE-SAXON ENGLAND Julie Polcrack, M.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Cupola Practice in Modern Gray Iron Foundry
    Scholars' Mine Professional Degree Theses Student Theses and Dissertations 1924 Cupola practice in modern gray iron foundry George E. Mellow Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/professional_theses Part of the Mechanical Engineering Commons Department: Recommended Citation Mellow, George E., "Cupola practice in modern gray iron foundry" (1924). Professional Degree Theses. 56. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/professional_theses/56 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars' Mine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Professional Degree Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholars' Mine. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact scholarsmine@mst.edu. CUPOLA PHAC11ICE IN MODERN GRAY IRON FlOUNDRY BY GEORGE E. MELLOW A "THESIS submitted to the faculty of the SCHOOL OF MINES AND ~~TALLURGY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI in partial fulfillment of the work required for the Degree Of' Mechanica.l Engineer St. Louis, Mo. 1924 Approved by.?f'..Q... .. Cupola Practice in Modern Gray-Iron Ii'oundry Cupola practice, as described in this paper, 'will include only the practical operation or a cupola and the details of the work necessary in daily routine, and very little of the theory of combustion,or history of cupola development, is presented. A brief ~escription of the cupola will give an idea of its construction, and the names of the parts may be found on the sketch herewith. The cupola consists of a steel shell, cylindrical in shape, which stands veDtically on four cast-iron legs, about four feet off the floor; it is open at the top, and has SWinging cast-iron doors at the bottom.
    [Show full text]
  • Colonial American Jobs
    Name: ____________________________ Colonial American Jobs Match each colonial occupation with its description. If you're not sure of the answers, use a computer or dictionary to look up the words. 1. _____ blacksmith a. ground corn and wheat to make flour 2. _____ cobbler b. made and repaired clothing, such as suits and dresses, from fabric 3. _____ cooper c. made clothing and blankets from animal hides; made saddles for horses 4. _____ wheelwright d. printed newspapers and signs with a printing press 5. _____ silversmith e. made horseshoes and farm equipment from iron and steel 6. _____ miller f. made and repaired wagons and wheels 7. _____ milliner g. made and sold hats 8. _____ tanner h. repaired, altered, and made firearms 9. _____ apothecary i. made and fixed shoes 10. _____ tailor j. made dishes, spoons, and cups from pewter (silver) 11. _____ gunsmith k. made barrels out of wood 12. _____ printer l. mixed herbs to make medicine for the sick Super Teacher Worksheets - www.superteacherworksheets.com ANSWER KEY Colonial American Jobs Match each colonial occupation with its description. If you're not sure of the answers, use a computer or dictionary to look up the words. 1. e blacksmith a. ground corn and wheat to make flour 2. i cobbler b. made and repaired clothing, such as suits and dresses, from fabric 3. k cooper c. made clothing and blankets from animal hides; made saddles for horses 4. f wheelwright d. printed newspapers and signs with a printing press 5. j silversmith e. made horseshoes and farm equipment from iron and steel 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Fully-Integ Supplier O
    Fully-integrated Supplier of Titanium Now safely and effectively etch/prepare titanium For Aerospace for anodizing without using Hydrofluoric Acid! In use since 1993, join the growing number of Applications medical, dental and jewelry users who’ve made the switch to a more environmentally sound process. AIRFRAME • ENGINES • LANDING GEAR Developed as a safe alternative to the dangers of Bar • Billet • Sheet • Plate • Ingot • Forgings • Wire • Seamless Tube Hydrofluoric acid, Multi Etch, with its pH of 6.8, has quickly become the favored safer etch to: ISO 9001 and AS9100 certified US, UK, Germany and China sales and distribution locations. •Remove surface oxides & contaminants on titanium Inventory in stock and available today. which cause dull colors and block the full color range VSMPO-AVISMA is the World’s Largest Producer of Titanium. •Erase anodizing mistakes on titanium & niobium Holding more than 300 international quality certifications and customer approvals, VSMPO-Tirus operations provide sales, distribution and service center processing of VSMPO-AVISMA titanium mill products to the aerospace, military, •Prepare platinum for soldering/welding consumer and medical markets. VSMPO has approvals at all major airframe and engine OEMs and produces titanium for every major commercial aerospace program in production today. •Enhance patterns on mokume and meteorite Anodized titanium treated with Multi Etch (top) and untreated (bottom) PO Box 890, Clarkdale, AZ 86324 info@reactivemetals.com, www.reactivemetals.com 928-634-3434 • 928-634-6734 fx sales@vsmpo-tirus.comwww.vsmpo.com Fully-integrated Fully-integrated SupplierSupplier ofof TitaniumTitanium For For Aerospace Aerospace Applications Applications AIRFRAMEAIRFRAME • • ENGINES ENGINES •• LANDINGLANDING GEARGEAR BarBar • Billet • Billet • Sheet • Sheet • Plate• Plate • Ingot• Ingot • •Forgings Forgings •• WireWire • Seamless TubeTube ISO ISO9001 9001 and and AS9100 AS9100 certified certified US, US,UK, UK, Germany Germany and and China China sales sales and and distribution distribution locations.
    [Show full text]