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Home , ABCB8, ATP11B, ATP11C, ATP2A2, ATP5G3, ATP5J2

  

            

      

Ligand-gated ion channels 1023 Receptors with intrinsic function 1026 Receptor (RTKs) 1026 Receptor serine/theorine kinases 1028 Receptor-linked guanylyl cyclases 1028 G- coupled receptors (GPCRs) 1028 Receptors 1028 Heterotrimeric G- 1035 RGS proteins 1036 receptors (Jak/STAT-coupled) 1037 TNF receptor superfamily 1038 IL-1 / toll-like receptors 1039 Nuclear receptors 1040

          

Channel proteins 1043 Sodium channels 1043 Potassium channels 1044 Voltage-dependent Ca2+-channels 1047 Chloride channels 1048 Cation channels 1049 TRP channels 1049 Cyclic nucleotide-regulated cation channels 1050 Calcium release channels 1050 Water channels 1051 Solute carriers (transporters) 1052 Transport (ATP-powered pumps) 1058 P-type ATPases 1058 V-type ATPases 1059 F-type ATPases 1060 ABC-transporter 1060

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Cadherins 1063 Classic cadherins 1063 Protocadherins 1064 1066 1067 Syndecans 1067 Immunoglobulin superfamily 1067 1022

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Serine/threonine kinases 1069 AGC (PKA, PKG and PKC containing) group 1069 CAMK (Calcium- dependent protein ) group 1071 CK1 () group 1073 CMGC (CDK, MAPK, GSK3 and CLK containing) group 1073 RGC (Receptor guanylyl cyclase) group 1074 STE (Sterile-7, -11 and -20 homologous) group 1075 TKL (-like) group 1076 Atypical group 1077 Other groups 1078 Tyrosine kinases 1080 RTK () group 1080 NRTK (Non-receptor tyrosine kinase) group 1081

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Receptor proteins are specialized structures that are able to nases, receptor serine/threonine kinases or receptor recognize mostly diffusable molecules with a very high spe- guanylyl cyclases. cificity and that are able to reversibly bind them with a high Receptors without intrinsic effector function interact with affinity. Ligand binding to the receptor initiates a signal proteins that are either effectors themselves or that can reg- transduction process which propagates the message of the ulate effectors. The largest group of such receptors are the G- ligand. There are many different types of receptors that dif- protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Via heterotrimeric G- fer especially in their mode of signal propagation. Most re- proteins they are able to regulate the activity of a variety of ceptors are cell-surface receptors and respond to ligands effector proteins (, ion channels). Other receptors that usually cannot enter the cell. Lipophilic molecules (e.g. such as the cytokine receptors interact with and activate cy- steroids), however, are able to enter the cell and can act on tosolic protein kinases (Jak-family) upon ligand binding. A intracellular receptors. third group of receptors (TNF-receptor superfamily, IL-1/Toll- The group of cell-surface receptors can be subdivid- like receptors) recruit adaptor proteins (e.g. TRADD, MyD88) ed into those with an intrinsic effector function (en- following ligand-dependent activation which then serve as a zymes, ion channels) and others without intrinsic platform for the formation of an effector complex consisting effector function. The first group consists of receptor of various other proteins. operated ion channels or receptors with intrinsic enzy- The majority of intracellular receptors are so-called “nu- matic activity. In both cases the intrinsic effector func- clear receptors”. They are transcription factors that reside in tion is regulated by ligand binding. Receptors linked to the cytoplasm or nucleus and upon ligand binding translo- an intrinsic enzymatic activity are receptor tyrosine ki- cate to the nucleus to become transcriptionally active.     

Ligand-operated ion channels generate electrical signals in units two of which bind the ligand. Each subunit has four response to specific chemical and are transmembrane domains. Heteropentameric channels are specialized in mediating the fast chemical synaptic trans- formed by GABAA-, glycine- nicotinic acetylcholine and, mission. Depending on their ion selectivity, ligand-gated 5-HT3-receptors. In contrast, the cation-selective iono- ion channels are either excitatory (glutamate-, P2X-, nico- tropic glutamate receptors have four subunits. Each subu- tinic, 5-HT3-receptors) or inhibitory (GABAA-, glycine-re- nit is able to bind glutamate. P2X purinoceptors subunits, ceptors). Ligand-gated ion channels can be grouped in finally, have only two transmembrane segments. P2X re- three distinct families based on the architecture of the ceptors are made up of three or four subunits. (᭤ Nicotinic channel. Most known ligand-operated ion channels con- Receptor, ᭤ Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor, ᭤ GABAergic sist of five subunits. This pentamer contains different sub- System, ᭤ Glycine Receptor).

  

Receptor-subunit Ion selectivity Endogenous Ligand Ionotropic glutamate receptors NMDA receptors (tetrameric) NR1 Na+/K+/(Ca2+)Glutamate, Glycine NR2A Na+/K+/(Ca2+)Glutamate, Glycine NR2B Na+/K+/(Ca2+)Glutamate, Glycine NR2C Na+/K+/(Ca2+)Glutamate, Glycine NR2D Na+/K+/(Ca2+)Glutamate, Glycine NR3 Na+/K+/(Ca2+)Glutamate, Glycine AMPA receptors (tetrameric) GluR1 (GluR-A) Na+/K+ Glutamate GluR2 (GluR-B) Na+/K+ Glutamate GluR3 (GluR-C) Na+/K+ Glutamate GluR4 (GluR-D) Na+/K+ Glutamate 1024 Receptor Proteins

    

Receptor-subunit Ion selectivity Endogenous Ligand Kainate receptors (tetrameric) GluR5 Na+/K+ Glutamate GluR6 Na+/K+ Glutamate GluR7 Na+/K+ Glutamate KA1 Na+/K+ Glutamate KA2 Na+/K+ Glutamate Purinoceptors (P2X) (trimeric) + + 2+ P2X1 Na /K /(Ca )ATP + + 2+ P2X2 Na /K /(Ca )ATP + + 2+ P2X3 Na /K /(Ca )ATP + + 2+ P2X4 Na /K /(Ca )ATP + + 2+ P2X5 Na /K /(Ca )ATP + + 2+ P2X6 Na /K /(Ca )ATP + + 2+ P2X7 Na /K /(Ca )ATP Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) (pentameric) Ligand-binding α1Na+/K+ Acetylcholine α2Na+/K+ Acetylcholine α3Na+/K+ Acetylcholine α4Na+/K+ Acetylcholine α6Na+/K+ Acetylcholine α7Na+/K+ Acetylcholine α8Na+/K+ Acetylcholine α9Na+/K+ Acetylcholine α10 Na+/K+ Acetylcholine Non-ligand-binding β1Na+/K+ β2Na+/K+ β3Na+/K+ β4Na+/K+ γ Na+/K+ δ Na+/K+ ε Na+/K+

Ionotropic serotonin receptors (5-HT3) (pentameric) + + 5-HT3A Na /K Serotonin + + 5-HT3B Na /K Serotonin

   

Receptor-subunit Ion selectivity Endogenous Ligand

GABAA receptors (pentameric) Ligand-binding α1Cl¯γ-Aminobutyric acid, (Benzodiazepines) α2Cl¯γ-Aminobutyric acid, (Benzodiazepines) α3Cl¯γ-Aminobutyric acid, (Benzodiazepines) α4Cl¯γ-Aminobutyric acid α5Cl¯γ-Aminobutyric acid, (Benzodiazepines) α6Cl¯γ-Aminobutyric acid Receptor Proteins 1025

     

Receptor-subunit Ion selectivity Endogenous Ligand

Non-ligand-binding β1Cl¯ β2Cl¯ β3Cl¯ γ1Cl¯ γ2Cl¯ γ3Cl¯ δ Cl¯ ε Cl¯ θ Cl¯ ρ1Cl¯ ρ2Cl¯ ρ3Cl¯

Glycine receptors (GlyR) (pentameric) Ligand-binding α1Cl¯Glycine α2Cl¯Glycine α3Cl¯Glycine α4Cl¯Glycine Non-ligand-binding β Cl¯ 1026 Receptor Proteins

            

     

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are a group of trans- toplasmic domains. Tyrosine autophosphorylation of membrane receptors with an intrinsic tyrosine kinase ac- RTKs induces recruitment and activation of various sign- tivity. RTKs possess an extracellular ligand binding aling molecules via the interaction of SH2 (src homology domain and an intracellular conserved tyrosine kinase do- 2) or PTB (phosphotyrosine binding) domains with tyro- main. Almost 60 encoding RTKs have been identi- sine autophosphorylation sites at the cytoplasmic region. fied in the mammalian genome (Robinson et al., 2000, Some RTK ligands (e.g. FGFs) require accessory molecules Oncogene 19, 5548-5557). With the exception of members of for receptor activation. While some RTKs homodimerize, α β the -receptor family that form 2 2 heterodimers, heterodimerization is a common feature among different all known RTKs are monomers which dimerize upon lig- RTK subfamilies. (᭤ Growth Factors, ᭤ Neurotrophic and binding resulting in autophosphorylation of their cy- Factors, ᭤ ).

     

Receptor Endogenous ligand(s)

ErbB receptor family ErbB1 (EGFR) Epidermal (EGF), Heparin-binding (HB)- EGF, Transforming growth factor α (TGFα), (AR), (BTC), (EPR) ErbB2 (Neu, HER2) dimerization partner for ErbB1,3,4 , no ligand so far found ErbB3 (HER3) -1 (Heregulin), Neuregulin-2 ErbB4 (HER4) Neuregulin-1, -2, -3, -4; BTC, HB-EGF, EPR Insulin-receptor family InsR Insulin IGF-1R Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF-2 InsRR (IRR) ? Platelet-derived growth factor-receptor family PDGFR-α / PDGFR-α PDGF-CC, PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB, PDGF-BB PDGFR-β / PDGFR-β PDGF-BB, PDGF-DD PDGFR-α / PDGFR-β PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB CSF-1R Colony stimulating factor (CSF) Kit/SCFR (SCF, Steel factor) Flk2/Flt3 Flt3 Ligand Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor family VEGF-R1 (Flt-1) Placenta growth factor (PlGF), VEGF-A, VEGF-B VEGF-R2 (Flk-1) VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGF-D VEGF-R3 (Flt-4) VEGF-C, VEGF-D (FGF) receptor family FGF-R-1 FGF-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -10 FGF-R-2 FGF-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10 FGF-R-3 FGF-1, -2, -4, -8, -9 FGF-R-4 FGF-1, -2, -4, -6, -8, -9 KLG/CCK receptor family CCK4/PTK7 ? (NGF) receptor family TrkA Nerve growth factor (NGF) TrkB Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 4 (NT4), Neurotrophin 5, (NT5) TrkC Neurotrophin 3 (NT3) Receptor Proteins 1027

       

Receptor Endogenous ligand(s) (HGF) receptor family Met HGF (Scatter factor) Ron/Skt Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP) Eph family receptors EphA1 -A1 EphA2 Ephrin-A1, -A3, -A4, -A5 EphA3 Ephrin-A1, -A2, -A3, -A5 EphA4 Ephrin-A1, -A2, -A3, -A5, -B2, -B3 EphA5 Ephrin-A1, -A2, -A3, -A4, -A5 EphA6 Ephrin-A1, -A2, -A3, -A4, -A5 EphA7 Ephrin-A1, -A2, -A3 EphA8 Ephrin-A2, -A3, -A5 EphB1 Ephrin-A3, -B1, -B2 EphB2 Ephrin-B1, -B2, -B3 EphB3 Ephrin-B1, -B2, -B3 EphB4 Ephrin-B1, -B2 EphB5 EphB6 Axl Axl Growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6) Mer Gas6 Tyro3 (Sky, Rse) Gas6, Protein S Tie Tie-1 ? Tie-2 (Tek) -1, -4 (Agonists); Angiopoietin-2, -3 (Antagonists) Ryk Ryk ? Dicoid domain receptor (DDR) family DDR1 DDR2 Collagen Ret Ret Glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF; + GFRα1), Neuturin (+GFRα2), (+GFRα3), (+GFRα4) Ros Ros ? Leukocyte tyrosine kinase (Ltk) family Ltk ? Alk Ror Ror1 ? Ror2 ? MuSK MuSK Agrin LMR AATYK ? AATYK2 ? AATYK3 ? Others RTK106 ? 1028 Receptor Proteins

      

Receptor serine/threonine kinases function as hetero- then specifically phosphorylate receptor regulated oligomeric complexes and consist of type II and type I Smad-proteins (R-Smads). In response, R-Smads dimer- serine/threonine kinase receptors. Ligand binding in- ize with Co-Smads in the . The R-Smad/Co-Smad duces oligomerization. Type II-receptors primarily bind complex transclocates to the nucleus where it binds to the ligand and phosphorylate type I-receptors (also regulatory sequences in combination with specific tran- termed “activin receptor-like kinases” (ALK)) which scription factors.

Type II receptor Ligand(s) Type I receptor R-Smads Co-Smads

TβR-II TGFβ-1/2/3 TβR-I (ALK-5) Smad 2/3 Smad 4 ActR-II A ALK-1 ActR-II A Activins ActR-I B (ALK-4) Smad 2/3 Smad 4 ActR-II B Activins, Nodals ActR-I B (ALK-4) Smad 2/3 Smad 4 BMPR-II BMP-6/7 ActR-I A (ALK-2) Smad 1/5 BMPR-II BMP-2/4/7 BMPR-I A (ALK-3) Smad 1/5/8 Smad 4 BMPR-II GDF-5, BMP-2/4/7 BMPR-I B (ALK-6) Smad 1/5/8 Smad 4 AHMR-II MIS/AMH (Anti- BMPR-I B (ALK-6) Smad 1 Smad 4 Müller )

    

Receptor-linked guanylyl cyclases belong to the group of re- and function as homodimers. They share a conserved intra- ceptor-linked enzymes. The receptor-linked (membrane- cellular catalytic domain but differ in their extracellular lig- bound) guanylyl cyclases have one transmembrane region and-binding domains (᭤ Guanylyl Cyclases).

Receptor Endogenous ligand(s)

GC-A Atrial natriuretic (ANP), B-type (BNP) GC-B C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) GC-C Guanylin, Uroguanylin, (E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin) GC-D ? GC-E ? GC-F ? GC-G ?

         

  

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest taste receptors which respond to exogenous stimuli. Cur- family of transmembrane receptors. The majority of GPCRs rently, more than 300 cDNAs encoding distinct mammalian in mammalian organisms (depending on species up to more GPCRs which are supposed to bind endogenous ligands like than 1000) belong to the group of olfactory, pheromone and , neurotransmitters or paracrine factors can be Receptor Proteins 1029 found in public databases (http://www.gpcr.org/ and http:// can be found under http://pdsp.cwru.edu/PDSP.asp as well www.expasy.org/cgi-bin/lists?7tmrlist.txt). For about 200 of as in the TIPS Nomenclature Supplement published by these GPCRs endogenous ligands have been identified (see Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. (᭤ G-protein Coupled list below). GPCRs without an identified endogenous ligand Receptors, ᭤ α- System, ᭤ β-adrenergic System, are called “orphan” GPCRs. Their number is currently not ᭤ Cannabinoid Receptor, ᭤ Receptor, well defined and may be in the range of 100-300. Based on ᭤ System, ᭤ , ᭤ Receptors, structural similarity to (type A), /se- ᭤ Histaminergic System, ᭤ , ᭤ Leukotrienes, cretin receptors (type B) and metabotropic glutamate recep- ᭤ Lysophospholipids, ᭤ Metabotropic Glutamate tors (type C), GPCRs can be grouped into three major Receptors, ᭤ Muscarinic Receptors, ᭤ Y, classes (᭤ G-protein Coupled Receptors). The cellular and ᭤ Opioid System, ᭤ Prostanoids, ᭤ -activated physiological effects induced by activation of GPCRs are de- Receptors, ᭤ Purinergic System, ᭤ Serotoninergic System, termined by the specific coupling of the receptor to sub- ᭤ , ᭤ Transmembrane Signalling, ᭤ groups of heterotrimeric G-proteins (Gs, Gi/o, Gq/11, G12/13). Vasopressin/). A comprehensive list of drugs that act specifically on GPCRs

    

Receptor Endogenous ligand(s) Coupling

(Rhod) Rhodopsin 11-cis-retinal Gt-r Blue-sensitive 11-cis-retinal Gt-c Green-sensitive opsin 11-cis-retinal Gt-c Red-sensitive opsin 11-cis-retinal Gt-c 11-cis-retinal ? Amines Adrenoceptors α 1A = Noradrenaline Gq/11 α 1B Adrenaline = Noradrenaline Gq/11 α 1D Adrenaline = Noradrenaline Gq/11 α 2A Adrenaline > Noradrenaline Gi/o α 2B Adrenaline > Noradrenaline Gi/o α 2C Adrenaline > Noradrenaline Gi/o β 1 Noradrenaline > Adrenaline Gs β 2 Adrenaline > Noradrenaline Gs β 3 Adrenaline = Noradrenaline Gs Histamine receptors H1 Histamine Gq/11 H2 Histamine Gs H3 Histamine Gi/o H4 Histamine Gi/o Dopamine receptors D1 Dopamine Gs D2 Dopamine Gi/o D3 Dopamine Gi/o D4 Dopamine Gi/o D5 Dopamine Gs Acetylcholine receptors M1 Acetylcholine Gq/11 M2 Acetylcholine Gi/o M3 Acetylcholine Gq/11 M4 Acetylcholine Gi/o M5 Acetylcholine Gq/11 1030 Receptor Proteins

     

Receptor Endogenous ligand(s) Coupling

Serotonin receptors 5-HT1A Serotonin Gi/o 5-HT1B Serotonin Gi/o 5-HT1D Serotonin Gi/o 5-HT1E Serotonin Gi/o 5-HT1F Serotonin Gi/o 5-HT2A Serotonin Gq/11 5-HT2B Serotonin Gq/11 5-HT2C Serotonin Gq/11 5-HT4 Serotonin Gs 5-HT5A Serotonin Gi/o, Gs 5-HT5B Serotonin ? 5-HT6 Serotonin Gs 5-HT7 Serotonin Gs Melatonin receptors MT1 Melatonin Gi/o MT2 Melatonin Gi/o MT3 Melatonin, N-acetyl serotonin Trace amines β TA1 Tyramine, -Phenylethylamine Gs β TA2 Tryptamine, -Phenylethylamine Gs Nucleotide-like Adenosine receptors (P1) A1 Adenosine Gi/o A2A Adenosine Gs A2B Adenosine Gs A3 Adenosine Gi/o Purinoceptors (P2) P2Y1 ADP > ATP Gq/11 P2Y2 UTP/ATP Gq/11 P2Y4 UTP > ATP Gq/11 P2Y6 UDP Gq/11 P2Y11 ATP Gq/11, Gs P2Y12 ADP Gi/o P2Y13 ADP Gi/o P2Y14 UDP-glucose Gi/o Peptide receptors Opioid receptors δβ -Endorphin, Met/Leu- Gi/o κ Dynorphin A Gi/o µβ -Endorphin > Dynorphin A > Gi/o Met/Leu-enkephalin ORL1 Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ Gi/o Somatostatin receptors SST1 Somatostatin-14 = Somatostatin-28 Gi/o SST2 Somatostatin-14 = Somatostatin-28 Gi/o SST3 Somatostatin-14 = Somatostatin-28 Gi/o SST4 Somatostatin-14 = Somatostatin-28 Gi/o SST5 Somatostatin-28 > Somatostatin-14 Gi/o Melanin-concentrating hormone receptors MCH1 Melanin-concentrating hormone Gi/o? MCH2 Melanin-concentrating hormone Gq/11 Receptor Proteins 1031

     

Receptor Endogenous ligand(s) Coupling

Neuropeptide Y receptors Y1 (NPY) > Peptide YY (PYY) Gi/o Y2 NPY > PYY Gi/o Y4 (PP) > NPY = PYY Gi/o Y5 NPY > PYY > PP Gi/o Y6 NPY = PYY > PP Gi/o receptors B1 Bradykinin Gq/11 B2 Bradykinin Gq/11 Angiotensin receptors AT1 Angiotensin II > Angiotensin III Gq/11, G12/13, Gi/o AT2 Angiotensin II = Angiotensin III ? Vasopressin/Oxytocin receptors V1a Vasopressin > Oxytocin Gq/11 V1b Vasopressin > Oxytocin Gq/11 V2 Vasopressin > Oxytocin Gs OT Oxytocin > Vasopressin Gq/11, Gi/o receptors ETA Endothelin-1 = Endothelin-2 Gq/11, G12/13, Gs ETB Endothelin-1 = Endothelin-2 = Endothelin-3 Gq/11, Gi/o /Hypocretin receptors OX1 OrexinA/B Gs, Gq/11 OX2 OrexinA/B Gs, Gq/11 Neuropeptide FF receptor NPFF1 RFamide-related peptide 1 & 3, NPFF Gi/o NPFF2 Neuropeptide FF & AF (NPFF & NPAF) Gi/o Galanin receptors GAL1 Galanin > Galanin-like peptide Gi/o GAL2 Galanin-like peptide > Galanin Gq/11, Gi/o, G12/13 GAL3 Galanin Gi/o Protease-activated receptors PAR-1 Thrombin, Trypsin, Factor Xa, APC Gq/11, G12/13, Gi/o PAR-2 Trypsin, Factor Xa, TF/Factor VIIa Gq/11 PAR-3 Thrombin, Trypsin Gq/11 PAR-4 Thrombin, Trypsin Gq/11, G12/13, Gi/o receptors BB1 > Bombesin Gq/11 BB2 -releasing peptide > Bombesin Gq/11 BB3 Gq/11 Tachykinin receptors NK1 Gq/11 NK2 Neurokinin A (Substance K) Gq/11 NK3 Neurokinin B, Neuromedin K Gq/11 Melanocortin receptors α α β MC1 -Melanocortin ( -MSH) > -MSH Gs MC2 Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) Gs γ β MC3 -MSH = -MSH Gs β α MC4 -MSH > -MSH = ACTH Gs α β MC5 -MSH > -MSH Gs 1032 Receptor Proteins

     

Receptor Endogenous ligand(s) Coupling

Neurotensin receptors NTS1 Gq/11 NTS2 Neurotensin Gq/11 Cholecystokinine receptors CCK1 Cholecyctokinin (CCK-8) Gq/11, Gs CCK2 CCK-8, Gastrin Gq/11 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone TRH-1 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Gq/11 TRH-2 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Gq/11 Others PrRP (GPR10) -releasing peptide Gq/11 GRP7 Neuropeptide W-23, W-30, Gi/o GPR8 Neuropeptide W-23, W-30 Gi/o GPR54 Metastin, Kisspeptins Gq/11 UT-II (GPR14) Urotensin II Gq/11 APJ Apelin Gi/o NMU1 (FM-3) Gq/11 NMU2 (FM-4) Neuromedin U Gq/11 GHS-R Ghrelin Gq/11 GPR38 Gq/11 PK-R1 Prokineticin-1, -2 Gq/11 PK-R2 Prokineticin-1, -2 Gq/11 Chemokine receptors CC chemokine receptors CCR1 CCL3, CCL5, CCL7, CCL8, CCL13, CCL14, Gi/o CCL15, CCL23 CCR2 CCL2, CCL7, CCL8, CCL13 Gi/o CCR3 CCL5, CCL7, CCL8, CCL11,CCL13, CCL14, Gi/o CCL15, CCL24, CCL26 CCR4 CCL17, CCL22 Gi/o CCR5 CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL8, CCL11, CCL13, Gi/o CCL14 CCR6 CCL20 Gi/o CCR7 CCL19, CCL21 Gi/o CCR8 CCL1, CCL16 Gi/o CCR9 CCL25 Gi/o CCR10 CCL27, CCL28 Gi/o CXC chemokine receptors CXCR1 CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL8 Gi/o CXCR2 CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL5, CXCL7, Gi/o CXCL8 CXCR3 CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11 Gi/o CXCR4 CXCL12 Gi/o CXCR5 CXCL13 Gi/o CXCR6 CXCL16 Gi/o CX3C chemokine receptors CX3CR1 XCL1, XCL2 Gi/o XCR1 CX3L1 Gi/o (Glyco)protein hormone receptors FSH Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Gs LSH Luteinizing hormone (LH), Gs,Gi Choriogonadotropin Receptor Proteins 1033

     

Receptor Endogenous ligand(s) Coupling

TSH Thyrotropin (TSH) Gs, Gq/11, Gi, G12/13 GnRH Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Gq/11 receptors LGR7 Relaxin Gs LGR8 Relaxin, Relaxin-like factor Gs Cannabinoid receptors CB1 Anandamide, 2-Arachidonoyl glycerol Gi/o CB2 Anandamide, 2-Arachidonoyl glycerol Gi/o Prostanoid receptors FP Prostaglandin F2α (PGF) Gq/11 TP Thromboxane A2 (TXA2)Gq/11, G12/13 DP Prostaglandin D2(PGD2)Gs IP Prostacyclin (PGI2)Gs EP1 Prostaglandin E2(PGE2)Gq/11 EP2 Prostaglandin E2(PGE2)Gs EP3 Prostaglandin E2(PGE2)Gs, Gq/11, Gi EP4 Prostaglandin E2(PGE2)Gs CRTH2 PGD2 Gi/o Leukotriene receptors BLT Leukotrinene B4 (LTB4)Gi/o CysLT1 LTC4 = LTD4 Gq/11 CysLT2 LTC4 > LTD4 Gq/11 Platelet-activating factor receptor PAF Platelet-activating factor (PAF) Gq/11 Chemotactic substances C3a C3a Gi/o C5a C5a Gi/o FPR Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) Gi/o FPRL1 (ALXR) LXA4 Gi/o FPRL2 Free fatty acids GPR40 Free fatty acids (C12-C20)Gq/11 GPR41 Fatty acids (C2-C5)Gi/0 GPR43 Fatty acids (C2-C5)Gi/0, Gq/11 Lysophospholipid receptors S1P1 (Edg1) Spingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) Gi S1P2 (Edg5) S1P Gi, Gq/11, G12/13 S1P3 (Edg3) S1P Gi, Gq/11, G12/13 S1P4 (Edg6) S1P, Spingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) Gi S1P5 (Edg8) S1P, SPC Gi LPA1 (Edg2) Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) Gi, Gq/11, G12/13 LPA2 (Edg4) LPA Gi, Gq/11, G12/13 LPA3 (Edg7) LPA Gi, Gq/11 SPC1 (OGR1) SPC Gi SPC2 (GPR4) SPC, Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) Gi LPC1 (G2A) LPC Gq/11, G12/13 PSY1 (TDAG8) Psychosine 1034 Receptor Proteins

    

Receptor Endogenous ligand(s) Coupling

Secretin Gs GHRH releasing hormone Gs GIP Gastric inhibitory peptide Gs PTH/PTHrP (related peptide) Gs, Gq/11 Calcitonin/CGRP-receptors CT Calcitonin Gs, Gq/11 AMY1 (CT+RAMP1) Gs AMY2 (CT+RAMP2) Amylin Gs AMY3 (CT+RAMP3) Amylin Gs CGRP1 (CL+RAMP1) Calcitonin -related peptide (CGRP) Gs, Gq/11 AM1 (CL+RAMP2) Gs AM2 (CL+RAMP3) Adrenomedullin Gs Corticitropin-releasing factor CRF1 Corticitropin-releasing factor (CRF), Gs CRF2 CRF, Urocortin, Urocortin II Gs /Glucagon-like peptide receptors Glucagon Glucagon Gs GLP1 Glucagon-like peptide Gs GLP2 Glucagon-like peptide Gs VIP/PACAP receptors VPAC1 Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), Pituitary Gs activating peptide (PACAP) VPAC2 VIP, PACAP Gs PAC1 PACAP Gs

     

Receptor Endogenous ligand(s) Coupling 2+ CaSR Ca Gq/11, Gi/o Metabotropic GABA receptors γ GABAB1 (binding) -Aminobutyric acid γ GABAB2 (signalling) -Aminobutyric acid Gi/o Metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR1 Glutamate Gq/11 mGluR2 Glutamate Gi/o mGluR3 Glutamate Gi/o mGluR4 Glutamate Gi/o mGluR5 Glutamate Gq/11 mGluR6 Glutamate Gi/o mGluR7 Glutamate Gi/o mGluR8 Glutamate Gi/o Receptor Proteins 1035

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Heterotrimeric G-proteins couple seven transmembrane re- The β- and γ-subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins form an ceptors (᭤ G-protein Coupled Receptors; GPCR) to various non-dissociable complex and represent a functional unit. effectors such as enzymes and ion channels. G-protein reg- The functional properties of a heterotrimeric G-protein are ulated effectors produce intracellular signals which result in primarily defined by the identity of its α-subunit. Both, the specific cellular responses. G-protein functions are highly α-subunit and the β/γ-complex can regulate effectors such diverse and the cellular response to the activation of a GPCR as inward rectifier K+-channels (GIRKs), voltage-dependent depends on the pattern of G-protein subtypes activated Ca2+-channels (VDCC), adenylyl cyclases (AC) or phos- through the receptor. The diversity of G-proteins is due to pholipase C β-isoforms (PLC-β); (᭤ Transmembrane their composition of different α-, β-and γ-subunits, each of Signalling, ᭤ Adenylyl Cyclases, ᭤ G-protein Coupled which is a product of a different gene. The α-subunit pos- Receptors, ᭤ K+ Channels, ᭤ Voltage-dependent Ca2+ sesses structural and functional homologies to other mem- Channels, ᭤ Phospholipases). bers of the guanine nucleotide binding .

Name Gene symbol Expression Effectors

α-subunits α G s class α ↑ G s GNAS ubiquitous Adenylyl cyclase (AC) α ↑ G olf GNAL olfact. , brain AC α G i/o class α ↓ ↑ βγ G i1 GNAI1 widely distributed AC , GIRK1-4 (Kir3.1-3.4) (via G ) α ↓ ↑ βγ G i2 GNAI2 ubiquitous AC , GIRK1-4 (Kir3.1-3.4) (via G ) α ↓ ↑ βγ G i3 GNAI3 widely distributed AC , GIRK1-4 (Kir3.1-3.4) (via G ) α ↓ ↑ βγ G o GNAO neuronal, neuroendocrine N-, P/Q-, R-type VDCC (Cav2.1-2.3) , GIRK (via G ) α ↓ G z GNAZ neuronal, platelets AC , ? α G gust GNAG taste cells, brush cells ? α ↑ G t-r GNAT1 retinal rods, taste cells cGMP PDE α ↑ G t-c GNAT2 retinal cones cGMP PDE α G q/11class α β ↑ G q GNAQ ubiquitous PLC- α β ↑ G 11 GNA11 almost ubiquitous PLC- α β ↑ G 14 GNA14 , , spleen PLC- α β ↑ G 15/16 GNA15 hematopoietic cells PLC- α G 12/13class α G 12 GNA12 ubiquitous Rho GEF α G 13 GNA13 ubiquitous Rho GEF β-subunits β 1 GNB1 widely, retinal rods β 2 GNB2 widely distributed ↓ β adenylyl cyclase type I 3 GNB3 widely, retinal cones β ↑ 4 (GNB4) widely distributed adenylyl cyclase types II, IV β GNB5 mainly brain 5 -β (β3>β2>β1) ↑ γ-subunits γ γ GIRK1-4 (Kir3.1-3.4) ↑ 1, rod GNGT1 Retinal rods, brain, γ γ γ 14, cone, 8 GNGT2 Retinal cones, brain phospholipase A ↑ γ γ 2 2, 6 GNG2 widely γ receptor kinases (GRK 2 and 3) ↑ 3 GNG3 Brain, blood γ 4 GNG4 Brain and other tissues phosphoinositide 3 kinase β, γ ↑ γ 5 GNG5 widely ↓ γ N-,P/Q-,R-type VDCC (Cav2.1-2.3) 7 GNG7 widely γ 10 GNG10 widely γ 11 GNG11 widely γ 12 GNG12 γ 13 GNG13 Taste buds 1036 Receptor Proteins

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Regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins play an ate the deactivation of G-proteins resulting in the reduction important role in GPCR . RGS proteins of GPCR signaling. Some RGS proteins also have an effector contain a conserved RGS box that is often accompanied by function and transmit signals. ᭤ Transmembrane other signaling regulatory elements. RGS proteins acceler- Signalling, ᭤ G-protein Coupled Receptors.

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Name G-protein interaction Expression

A- or RZ-subfamily RGS19 (GAIP) Gi, Gq ubiquitous, low in brain α RGS17 (RGS-Z2) Gi (Gz ) α RGS20 (RGS-Z1) Gi (Gz )brain B- or R4-subfamily RGS4 Gi, Gq brain, heart RGS1 Gi, Gq B-, lung RGS2 (GOS8) Gq»Gi ubiquitous RGS3 Gi, Gq ubiquitous RGS5 Gi, Gq ubiquitous RGS8 Gi brain RGS13 ND lung RGS16 Gi, Gq retina, pituitary, liver, ubiquitous? RGS18 Gi, Gq C- or -subfamily RGS9 Gi retina, neurons α RGS6 Gi (Go )brain α α α RGS7 Gi(Go >Gi 2>Gi 1) brain, B-cells α RGS11 Gi (Go )brain D- or R12-subfamily RGS12 Gi lung, brain, spleen, testis RGS10 Gi brain RGS14 Gi brain, spleen, lung E- or RA-subfamily Axin ND ubiquitous, greatest in thymus, testis Axil ND lung, thymus F- or GEF-subfamily p115-RhoGEF G13 ubiquitous, leukocytes PDZ-RhoGEF G12/13 ubiquitous, low in liver, lung, colon LARG G12/13 H- or SNX-subfamily SNX13 (RGS-PX1) Gs SNX14 ND SNX25 ND D-AKAP2 D-AKAP2 ND ubiquitous, greatest in testis Receptor Proteins 1037

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The group of cytokine receptors directly coupled to the Jak/ activation of cytosolic tyrosine protein kinases of the Jak- STAT pathway is subdivided in class I-cytokine receptors family (Jak1, Jak2, Tyk2) and the subsequent phosphoryla- (also known as “hematopoietin receptors”) and class II-cy- tion of the receptor as well as of transcription factors tokine receptors (also known as the “ receptor (STAT1-6). The class II subfamily consists family”). The class I receptors fall into four subgroups which of at least two subunits, which are not associated in the ab- are functioning as homodimers or heterooligomers. The sence of ligand. Ligand binding results in dimerization or heterooligomeric group consists of the ligand binding re- oligomerization, and via the activation of a preassociated ceptor that heterooligomerizes with a second subunit re- tyrosine kinase of the Jak-family to the activation of the Jak/ quired for signaling (gp130, βc-subunit/gp140, γc-subunit). STAT-pathway. (᭤ , ᭤ , ᭤ Jak/STAT Binding of the ligand results in homodimerization or het- Pathway, ᭤ Hematopoietic Growth Factors). erooligomerization of receptor components, followed by the

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Receptor Endogenous ligand(s) Tyrosine kinase Transcription factor

Homodimeric receptors EPO-R Jak2 STAT5 GH-R Growth hormone Jak2 STAT1/3/5 PRL-R Prolactin Jak2 STAT5 Mpl Jak2 STAT1/3/5 Receptor-heterooligomers (gp130) IL-6-R -6 (IL-6) Jak1/2,Tyk2 STAT1/3 IL-11-R Interleukin-11(IL-11) Jak2 STAT1/3 IL-12-R Interleukin-12 (IL-12) Jak2,Tyk2 STAT4 LIF-R Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), Cardiotrophin-1 Jak1/2 STAT1/3 CNTFR-R Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTFR) Jak1/2,Tyk2 STAT1/3 OSM-R Jak1/2 STAT1/3 G-CSF-R Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) Jak2 STAT3 Ob-R Jak2 STAT3 Receptor-heterodimers (βc-subunit) GM-CSF-R GM-CSF Jak2 STAT5 IL-3-R Interleukin-3 (IL-3) Jak2 STAT5 IL-5-R Interleukin-5 (IL-5) Jak2 STAT5 Receptor-heterodimers (γc-subunit) IL-2-R Interleukin-2 (IL-2) Jak1/3 STAT3/5 IL-4-R Interleukin-4 (IL-4) Jak1/3 STAT6 IL-7-R Interleukin-7 (IL-7) Jak1/3 STAT5 IL-9-R Interleukin-9 (IL-9) Jak1/3 STAT1/3/5 IL-13-R Interleukin-13 (IL-13) Jak1/3 STAT6 IL-15-R Interleukin-15 (IL-15) Jak1/3 STAT3/5 Interferon/IL-10-like receptors (class II) INFα-R1/2 INF α/β Jak1/Tyk2 STAT1/2/3/5 INFγ-R1/2 INF γ Jak1/Jak2 STAT1/5 IL-10-R1/2 Interleukin-10 (IL-10) Jak1/Tyk2 STAT1/3 IL-20-R1/2 Interleukin-19/20/24 (IL-19/20/24) Jak1/ ? STAT3 IL-22-R/IL-20-R2 Interleukin-20/24 (IL-20/24) STAT3 IL-22-R/IL-10-R2 Interleukin-22 (IL-22), IL-TIF Jak1/Tyk2 STAT3 1038 Receptor Proteins

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The TNF receptor superfamily currently comprises about 25 serves as a platform to recruit several other mediators in- receptors which share some structural features (Locksley et cluding receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1), Fas-associat- al., 2001, Cell 104, 487-501; Baud and Karin, 2001, Trends Cell ed death domain protein (FADD) and TNF-receptor- Biol. 11, 372-377; http://www.gene.UCL.ac.uk/usres/hester/ associated factor 2 (TRAF2). TNFR2-activation results in tnfinfo.html). The signaling mechanism of this receptor the recruitment of TRAF1 and TRAF2. TRAF2 plays a central family has recently been elucidated by exemplary studies on role in the induction of downstream events such as activa- the TNF and the . Binding of the inherently tion of IκB-kinase (IKK) and MAP-kinases. Fas activation trimeric ligand TNFα or FasL induces receptor trimeriza- does not result in the recruitment of TRAF2 but recruits tion and recruitment of several signaling proteins to the cy- FADD and subsequently leads to the activation of caspase 8. toplasmic domains of the receptors. TNF receptors recruit ᭤ , ᭤ MAP Kinase Cascade. the TNFR1-associated death domain protein (TRADD) that

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Receptor Ligand Interacting proteins

NGFR Nerve growth factor (NGF) TRAF 2, 4, 6 Troy ? TRAF 1, 2, 3, 5 EDAR Ectodysplasin-A1 (EDA-A1) TRAF 1, 3 XEDAR Ectodysplasin-A2 (EDA-A2) TRAF 3, 6 CD40 CD40Ligand (CD40L/CD154) TRAF 2, 3, 5, 6 DcR3 LIGHT, (FasL) - FAS (CD 95) Fas Ligand (FasL) FADD OX40 (CD 134) OX40Ligand (OX40L) TRAF 1. 2, 3, 5 AITR AITRLigand (AITRL) TRAF 1, 2, 3 CD30 CD30L (CD153) TRAF 1. 2, 3, 5 HveA LIGHT, α (LTα) TRAF 1. 2, 3, 5 4-1BB (CDw 137) 4-1BBL (CDw137L) TRAF 1, 2 TNFR2 (TNF-R75 / CD120b) Tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), LTα TRAF 2 DR3 TWEAK? FADD CD27 CD27L (CD 70) TRAF 2 TNFR1 (TNF-R55 / CD120a) TNFα, LTα TRADD, FADD LTβRLIGHT, LTα, Lymphotoxin β (LTβ)TRAF 3, 5 RANK RANKL TRAF 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 TACI APRIL, BLYS TRAF 2, 5, 6 BCMA APRIL, BLYS TRAF 1, 2, 3 DR6 RANKL, “TNF receptor-related, apoptosis- TRADD inducing ligand” (TRAIL) OPG RANKL, TRAIL? - DR4 TRAIL FADD DR5 TRAIL FADD DcR1 TRAIL - DcR2 TRAIL - Receptor Proteins 1039

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The interleukin-1 / toll-like receptor superfamily is involved volves receptor association with the MyD88 protein. MyD88 in the rapid defense response to infection and injury. Cur- acts as an adaptor and recruites various proteins including rently, 10 Toll-like receptors have been identified, IRAK-1, IRAK-2 and TRAF-6, eventually resulting in the ac- TLRs 1 to 10. They share structural homologies and are in- tivation of NF-κB and MAP kinases (Kaisho and Akira, volved in innate immunity by recognizing microbial parti- 2002, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1589,1-13; Vasselon and Det- cles. Their intracellular domains show homology with that mers, 2002, Infect. Immul. 70, 1033-1041; Sims et al., 2002, of the IL-1 receptor subfamily (TIR-domain). Activation of Curr. Opin. Immunol., 14, 117-122). ᭤ MAP Kinase Cascade, downstream signaling events via IL-1/toll-like receptors in- ᭤ Toll-like Receptors.

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Receptor Ligand toll-like receptors TLR1 Lipoprotein TLR2 Lipoproteins, Peptidoglycan, , Zymosan, Lipoarabinomannan, Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), TLR3 Viral dsRNA TLR4 Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) TLR5 Flagellin TLR6 ? TLR7 ? TLR8 ? TLR9 Unmethylated CpG DNA TLR10 ? IL-1 / IL-18 receptor subfamily IL-1RI / IL-RacP Interleukin-1α, Interleukin-1β IL-1RII / IL-RacP Interleukin-1β IL-18R / IL-18RacP Interleukin-18 T1 / ST2 IL-1Rrp2 IL-1F9 ? APL TIGIRR (APL-2) SIGIRR 1040 Receptor Proteins

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Nuclear receptors bind to DNA as either homodimers or tion of target gene transcription. Nuclear receptors are acti- heterodimers. They function as ligand-activated gene ex- vated by a variety of small hydrophobic molecules, pression regulatory proteins. In the inactive state they reside including hormones and intracellular metabolites. For a va- in the nucleus or in the cytoplasm, usually associated with riety of nuclear receptors, the so called “orphan nuclear re- an inhibitory protein. Ligand binding to the receptor results ceptors”, the physiological ligands are not known. (᭤ Gluco- in its activation, translocation to the nucleus, binding to /Mineralocorticoid Receptor, ᭤ Sex Steroid Receptor, specific receptor binding elements on the DNA and activa- ᭤ Selective Sex Steroid Receptor Modulators).

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Receptor Gene name Ligand

Homodimers ERα NR3A1 ERβ NR3A2 Estradiol PR NR3C3 Progestins AR NR3C4 Androgens MR NR3C2 Mineralocorticoids GR NR3C1 Glucocorticoids RXR (α, β, γ)-Heterodimers RXRα NR2B1 RXRβ NR2B2 RXRγ NR2B3 RARα NR1B1 Retinoic acids RARβ NR1B2 Retinoic acids RARγ NR1B3 Retinoic acids α TR NR1A1 Thyroid hormone (T3) β TR NR1A2 Thyroid hormone (T3) VDR NR1I1 1,25 (OH)2 Vitamin D3 FXR NR1H4 Bile acids LXRα NR1H2 Oxysterols LXRβ NR1H3 Oxysterols CAR NR1I3/4 Xenobiotics, Phenobarbital, Androstane metabolites SXR / PXR NR1I2 Xenobiotics, Steroids, Rifampicin, Hyperforin PPARα NR1C1 Fatty acids, Fibrates PPARβ NR1C2 Fatty acids, Carboprostacyclin PPARγ NR1C3 Fatty acids, Eicosanoids, Thiazolidinediones Orphan receptor SF-1, FTZ-F1 NR5A1 LRH-1, FTZ-F1β NR5A2 DAX-1 NR0B1 SHP NR0B2 TLL, TLX NR2E1 PNR, RNR NR2E3 NGFI-Bα NR4A1 NGFI-Bβ NR4A2 NGFI-Bγ NR4A3 RORα NR1F1 Stearic acid RORβ NR1F2 RORγ NR1F3 ERRα NR3B1 Diethylstilbestrol, 4-Hydroxytamoxifen ERRβ NR3B2 Receptor Proteins 1041

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Receptor Gene name Ligand ERRγ NR3B3 Rev-erbα NR1D1 Rev-erbβ NR1D2 GCNF NR6A4 TR 2 NR2C1 TR 4 NR2C2 HNF-4α NR2A1 Palmitic acid HNF-4γ NR2A3 COUP-TFα NR2F1 COUP-TFβ NR2F2 COUP-TFγ NR2F6        

Membrane transport proteins are integral transmembrane tion as coupled carriers, in which the transfer of one solute proteins and transport substances with a high degree of spe- strictly depends on the transport of a second one. Coupled cificity. Due to differences in their mechanism of action, the transport involves the simultaneous transfer of two or more rate of transport differs considerably between different solutes either in the same direction (/sym- types of transport proteins. porter) or in the opposite directions (/exchang- Channel proteins transport water or specific ions down er). Coupled solute transporters usually couple the their concentration gradients or electric potential gradients. movement of one type of ion or molecule up its concentra- In the open state they form passages across the membrane tion gradient to the movement of a different ion or molecule through which either multiple water molecules or ions can down its concentration gradient. In this case an energetical- move simultaneously. The transport rate of channel proteins ly unfavorable reaction is coupled to an energetically favo- is very high (107-108 ions/sec.). rable reaction. In contrast to channel proteins, solute carriers (trans- The third major group of membrane transport proteins porters) transport only one or a few substrate molecules at a is able to move ions or small molecules across the mem- time. In order to transport a substrate molecule across the brane against a chemical concentration gradient or electric plasma membrane, the transporter has to undergo a confor- potential by using the energy of ATP hydrolysis. They are mational change. Their transport rate is much lower than called “transport ATPases”, “ATP-powered pumps” or sim- that of ion channels being in the range of 102-104 molecules/ ply “pumps”. ATP-powered pumps have a relatively low sec. Solute carriers can transport specific molecules down a transport rate (100-103 molecules/sec.). concentration gradient (uniporters). Other carriers func-     

   

Sodium channels can be divided in voltage-dependent thelial sodium channels (ENaC) mediate Na+-transport in channels and non-voltage-dependent channels. Voltage -de - epithelia and are essential for sodium . Acid pendent Na+-channels are mainly found in excitable cells sensing channels (ASIC) are proton-gated cation channels where they become activated by membrane depolarization with a preference for Na+ ions, which are present both in the and are involved in the generation of action potentials. They central and peripheral nervous system. Epithelial Na+- consist of a pore-forming α-subunit, which is structurally channels are heteromultimeric channels, whose pore may related to the pore forming α-subunit of voltage-gated Ca2+- be formed by three ENaC subunits. However, other models channels. In addition, the voltage-dependent Na+-channels for their subunit arrangement have been proposed [Kellen- contain auxillary β subunits (᭤ Voltage -dependent Na + berger and Schild, Physiol. Rev. 82, 735-767 (2002)]. Channels). Non-voltage-dependent Na+-channels belong to (᭤ Epithelial Na+ Channels). the family of degenerin/epithelial Na+-channel family. Epi-

   

Gene symbol Name Aliases Expression Voltage-dependent Na+-channels Pore forming α-subunits SCN1A Nav1.1 rat I, HBSCI, GPBI, SCN1A CNS, PNS SCN2A Nav1.2 rat II, HBSCII, HBA CNS SCN3A Nav1.3 rat III CNS SCN4A Nav1.4 SkM1, µ1 skeletal muscle SCN5A Nav1.5 SkM2, H1 uninnerv. skeletal muscle, heart SCN8A Nav1.6 NaCh6, PN4, Scn8a, CerIII CNS, PNS SCN9A Nav1.7 NaS, hNE-Na, PN1 PNS, Schwann cells SCN10A Nav1.8 SNS, PN3, NaNG DRG SCN11A Nav1.9 NaN, SNS2, PN5, NaT, PNS SCN12A 1044 Membrane transport proteins

     

Gene symbol Name Aliases Expression

β-subunits SCN1B β1GEFSP1 SCN2B β2 SCN4B - Degenerin / epithelial Na+ channel family Epithelial Na+-channels SCNN1A ENaCα epithelial cells SCNN1B ENaCβ epithelial cells SCNN1D ENaCδ epithelial cells SCNN1G ENaCγ PHA1 epithelial cells Acid-sensing channels ACCN1 ASIC1 BNC1, BNaC1, MDEG CNS, PNS ACCN2 ASIC2 BNaC2 CNS, PNS ACCN3 ASIC3 TNaC1, DRASIC CNS, PNS

   

Potassium channels are a diverse family of membrane pro- transmembrane segments and a conducting pore between teins which selectively conduct K+ ions across the cell mem- segment five and segment six with a voltage sensor (positive brane along its electrochemical gradient. More than 80 charge of residues) located at S4 (e.g. KCNA-KC- genes that encode subunits of potassium channels have been NH, KCNM-KCNT). The inward rectifier K+ channels (Kir; identified, including non-pore forming auxiliary subunits. KCNJ) consist of four subunits, each containing two trans- The general feature of potassium channels are the α subu- membrane segments with a P-loop between the transmem- nits forming the conducting pore. In some cases, additional brane segments. Finally, the KCNK subgroup of potassium auxiliary subunits are required for proper function and/or channel subunits has four putative transmembrane with regulation of the tetrameric K+ channel. Based on their pri- two pore forming domains. (᭤ ATP-dependent K+ Chan- mary amino acid sequence, potassium channels can be nels; ᭤ Inward Rectifier K+ Channels; ᭤ K+ Channels; grouped into three major families. The voltage-gated K+ ᭤ Voltage-gate d K + Channels). channels are composed of four subunits, each containing six

   

Gene symbol Name Aliases Expression

KCNA (Shaker) KCNA1 Kv1.1 AEMK, HUK1, neurons, heart, retina pancreas MBK1 KCNA2 Kv1.2 HK4 brain, heart, pancreas KCNA3 Kv1.3 MK3, HLK3, HPCN3 , brain, lung KCNA4 Kv1.4 HK1, HPCN2 brain, heart, pancreas KCNA5 Kv1.5 HK2, HPCN1 brain, heart, lung, skeletal muscle KCNA6 Kv1.6 HBK2 brain KCNA7 Kv1.7 HAK6 heart, pancreas, skeletal muscle KCNA10 Kv1.8 aorta, brain, kidney Membrane transport proteins 1045

     

Gene symbol Name Aliases Expression

Auxillary subunits KCNAB1 Kvβ1 KCNA1B, Kvb1.3 KCNAB2 Kvβ2 KCNA2B, Kvb2.1, 2.2 KCNAB3 Kvβ3KCNAB3 KCNB (Shab) KCNB1 Kv2.1 DRK1 brain, heart, kidney, retina, skeletal muscle KCNB2 Kv2.2 brain, heart, kidney, retina, skeletal muscle KCNC (Shaw) KCNC1 Kv3.1 brain, muscles, lymphocytes KCNC2 Kv3.2 brain KCNC3 Kv3.3 brain, liver KCNC4 Kv3.4 HKSHIIIC brain, skeletal muscle KCND (Shal) KCND1 Kv4.1 brain, heart, liver, kidney, lung, placenta, pancreas KCND2 Kv4.2 KIAA1044, RK5 brain KCND3 Kv4.3 brain, heart KCNE (auxillary subunits for KCNQ1-5, KCNH2, KCNC4, KCND3) KCNE1 minK/Isk KCNE1L AMMECR2 KCNE2 MiRP1 KCNE3 MiRP2 KCNE4 MiRP3 KCNF KCNF1 Kv5.1 IK8, kH1 brain KCNG KCNG1 Kv6.1 K13, kH2 brain KCNG2 Kv6.2 KCNF2 heart KCNG3 Kv6.3 KCNH (Ether-a-go-go) KCNH1 Kv10.1 meag, reag brain KCNH2 Kv11.1 LQT2, HERG brain, heart KCNH3 Kv12.2 BEC1 KCNH4 Kv12.3 BEC2 KCNH5 Kv10.2 Eag2, KCNH6 Kv11.2 HERG2 brain KCNH7 Kv11.3 HERG3 brain KCNH8 Kv12.1 KCNJ (inward rectifyer) KCNJ1 Kir1.1 ROMK1 kidney, pancreas KCNJ2 Kir2.1 IRK1 heart, brain, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, lung, placenta, kidney KCNJ3 Kir3.1 GIRK1 cerebellum KCNJ4 Kir2.3 HIR, HRK1, HIRK2 heart, brain, skeletal muscle KCNJ5 Kir3.4 CIR, GIRK4 heart, pancreas 1046 Membrane transport proteins

     

Gene symbol Name Aliases Expression

KCNJ6 Kir3.2 BIR1, GIRK2 cerebellum, pancreatic islets KCNJ8 Kir6.1 various KCNJ9 Kir3.3 KCNJ10 Kir4.1, Kir1.2 glia KCNJ11 Kir6.2 BIR, IKATP various KCNJ12 Kir2.2 ventricle KCNJ13 Kir7.1, Kir1.4 glia, kidney, cerebellum, hippocampus, thyroid gland KCNJ14 Kir2.4 brain, retina KCNJ15 Kir4.2, Kir1.3 kidney, lung, brain KCNJ16 Kir5.1 brain, periphery KCNJN1 Kir2.2v KCNK (Two-pore K+ channels) KCNK1 DPK, TWIK1 brain, kidney, heart KCNK2 TREK-1 brain, lung KCNK3 TASK brain, heart, pancreas, placenta KCNK4 TRAAK brain, spinal cord, retina KCNK5 TASK2 kidney KCNK6 TOSS, TWIK2, eyes, lung, stomach, embryo KCNK8 KCNK7 KCNK9 TASK-3 KCNK10 TREK2 KCNK12 THIK2 KCNK13 THIK-1 KCNK15 TASK5, KCNK11, 14 KCNK16 TALK1 KCNK17 TALK2, TASK4 KCNM α-subunit KCNMA1 Kca1.1 SLO brain, smooth muscle β-subunit KCNMB2 slo-β KCNMB3 KCNMB3L KCNMB4 KCNN (Ca2+-activated) KCNN1 Kca2.1 hSK1 brain, heart KCNN2 Kca2.2 hSK2 brain, adrenal gland, Jurkat T cells KCNN3 Kca2.3 hSK3 brain, heart, liver KCNN4 Kca3.1 hSK4, hKCa4, lymphocytes, intestine, smooth muscle, hIKCa1 prostate, red blood cells, neurons, placenta, thyroid gland Membrane transport proteins 1047

     

Gene symbol Name Aliases Expression

KCNQ (slow delayed rectifyer) KCNQ1 Kv7.1 KVLQT1, LQT1 heart, kidney, lung, placenta, colon, cochlea KCNQ2 Kv7.2 KvEBN1 brain, Neuron KCNQ3 Kv7.3 KvEBN2 brain, Neuron KCNQ4 Kv7.4 outer hair cells, inner ear, central auditory pathway KCNQ5 Kv7.5 brain, skeletal muscle KCNS KCNS1 Kv9.1 brain KCNS2 Kv9.2 brain KCNS3 Kv9.3 brain, lung, artery KCNT KCNT1 Kca4.1 KCNT2 Kca4.2 Slack, Slo2 KCNU KCNU1 Kca5.1 KCNV KCNV1 Kv8.1 KCNB3, Kv2.3 brain

     

Voltage-dependent Ca2+-channels are a family of multi-sub- forming unit which contains the voltage-sensor, the selectiv- unit complexes, consisting of 5 proteins, which allow the in- ity filter and the interaction sites for regulatory proteins. flux of Ca2+ into a cell in response to membrane The electrophysiological properties of voltage-dependent depolarization. The 5 subunits of these channels are encod- Ca2+-channels are mainly determined by the identity of α α ᭤ 2+ ed by 4 different gene families. The 1 subunit is the pore- their 1 subunit ( Voltage-dependent Ca -channels).

     

Gene symbol Name Aliases Expression α L-type channel( 1-subunit) α α CACNA1S Cav1.1 1S, 1Skm, CaCh1 skeletal muscle α CACNA1C Cav1.2a 1C-a, rbC, CaCh2 heart α Cav1.2b 1C-b smooth muscle α Cav1.3c 1C-c brain, pituitary, adrenal α CACNA1D Cav1.3 1D, rbD, CaCh3 brain, pancreas, kidney, ovary, cochlea α CACNA1F Cav1.4 1F retina α P/Q-type channel ( 1-subunit) α CACNA1A Cav2.1a 1A, rbA, CaCh4, BI1 brain, cochlea, pituitary Cav21b BI2 brain, cochlea, pituitary α N-type channel ( 1-subunit) α CACNA1B Cav2.2a 1B-1, rbB, CaCh5, BIII brain, nervous system α Cav2.2b 1B-2 brain, nervous system 1048 Membrane transport proteins

       

Gene symbol Name Aliases Expression α R-type channel ( 1-subunit) α CACNA1E Cav2.3a 1E, rbB, CaCh6, BII brain, cochlea, pituitary, retina, heart Cav2.3b BII2 brain, cochlea, retina α T-type channel( 1-subunit) BII α CACNA1G Cav3.1 1G brain, nervous system α CACNA1H Cav3.2 1H brain, heart, kidney, liver α CACNA1I Cav3.3 1I brain α δ 2 -subunit α δ CACNA2D1 2 1ubiquitously α δ CACNA2D2 2 2 heart α δ CACNA2D3 2 3brain β-subunit CACNB1 β1 skeletal muscle, brain, spleen CACNB2 β2 heart, aorta, lung, brain CACNB3 β3 brain, smooth muscle CACNB4 β4brain γ-subunit CACNG1 γ1 skeletal muscle CACNG2 γ2brain CACNG3 γ3brain CACNG4 γ4 CACNG5 γ5 CACNG6 γ6 CACNG7 γ7 CACNG8 γ8

  

Several classes of chloride channels have been found: they has not yet been proven. The CLC chloride channels form a include ligand-gated chloride channels (GABAA- and gly- large family of which many are gated in a voltage-dependent cine-receptors; ᭤ Ligand-gated ion channels), the cystic fi- manner. Nine different CLC genes have been found in mam- brosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR; mals. CLC channels are present in the plasma membrane as ᭤ ABC transporters), and the CLC family of chloride chan- well as in intracellular organelles. They function as dimers, nels. CLIC proteins and CaCC proteins are proposed chlo- with each monomer having its own pore. Some CLC chan- ride channels. However, their function as chloride channels nels have accessory β-subunits (᭤ Cl- channels).

  

Gene Symbol Name Alias Expression

CLCN1 ClC-1 skeletal muscle CLCN2 ClC-2 broad CLCN3 ClC-3 brain, kidney, liver etc. Membrane transport proteins 1049

    

Gene Symbol Name Alias Expression

CLCN4 ClC-4 brain, muscle etc. CLCN5 ClC-5 DENTS, XLRH kidney, intestine, liver etc. CLCN6 ClC-6 broad CLCN7 ClC-7 broad CLCNKA ClC-Ka kidney, inner ear CLCNKB ClC-Kb kidney, inner ear

  

  The TRP superfamily comprises a variety of The TRPV subfamily comprises TRP channels that are relat- non-voltage-gated cation channels that are distinguished by ed to the vanilloid receptor1 (VR1). Members of this family their selectivity and mode of action. They all are similar to can be regulated by heat, osmolarity and other stimuli. The the first member of the family, the Drosphila TRP (“tran- third subfamily, TRPM, is related to the first member of this sient receptor potential”). TRP cation channels are subdi- family, melastatin, and is structurally characterized by its vided in three families, the TRPC, TRPV and TRPM. The increased length compared to the other subfamilies. For de- TRP-canonical (TRPC) subfamily, is most highly related to tails of the nomenclature and recent review: Molecular Cell, Drosphila TRP and at least some of the members of the 9, 229-231 (2002); Cell 108, 595-598 (2002). TRPC subfamily play a role as Ca2+ store-operated channels.

 

Name Alias Expression

TRPC Subfamily TRPC1 TRP1 ubiquitous TRPC2 TRP2 VNO, testis ( in human) TRPC3 TRP3 Brain TRPC4 TRP4 Brain, endothel, adrenal gland, retina, testis TRPC5 TRP5 Brain TRPC6 TRP6 Smooth muscle, lung, brain TRPC7 TRP7 Eye, heart, lung TRPV Subfamily TRPV1 VR1, OTRPC1 Trigeminal & dorsal root ganglia (DRG) TRPV2 VRL-1, OTRPC2 DRG, spinal cord, brain, spleen, intestine TRPV3 Keratinocytes TRPV4 OTRPC4, VR-OAC, TRP12, VRL-2 Kidney, lung, spleen, testis, , liver, heart TRPV5 ECaC1, CaT2 Kidney, duodenum, jejunum, placenta, pancreas TRPV6 CaT1, EcaC2, CaT-L Small intestine, pancreas, placenta, prostate TRPM Subfamily TRPM1 Melastatin Eye, melanocytes TRPM2 TRPC7, LTRPC2 Brain TRPM3 KIAA1616, LTRPC3 ? TRPM4 TRPM4, LTRPC4 Prostate, colon, heart, kidney TRPM5 MTR1, LTRPC5 Small intestine, liver, lung, taste buds TRPM6 Chak2 Kidney, intestine TRPM7 TRP-PLIK, Chak1, LTRPC7 ubiquitous TRPM8 TRP-p8 Sensory ganglia, prostatic tumour 1050 Membrane transport proteins

     The activation of activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are pri- cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channels is regulated or mod- marily activated by membrane hyperpolarization and are ulated by cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP. While the cyclic nucle- modulated in their activity by cyclic nucleotides (᭤ Cyclic otide-gated (CNG) channels obligatorily require the binding nucleotide-regulated cation channels). of cyclic nucleotides in order to activate, hyperpolarization-

    

Gene Symbol Previous name Alias Expression

Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels α-subunits CNGA1 CNCG1 RCNC1, CNG1 rods, brain CNGA2 CNCA1 CNG2, OCNC1 olfactory epithelium, brain CNGA3 CNCG3, ACHM2 CCNC1, CNG3 cones, brain CNGA4 CNCA2, CNGB2 OCNC2, CNG5 olfactory epithelium, brain β-subunits CNGB1 CNCG2, CNCG3L RCNC2, GARP, GAR1 rods, olfactory epithelium CNGB3 retina (cones) Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels HCN1 BCNG1 BCNG-1, HAC-2 heart, brain (hippocampus) HCN2 BCNG2 BCNG-2, HAC-1 brain, heart HCN3 brain HCN4 heart (SA node), brain (tha- lamus)

   The Ca2+ release channels are nels. Inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate receptors have a general abundant in some regions of the sarcoplasmic or endoplas- structure similar to ryanodine receptors. They mediate the mic reticulum. Ryanodine receptors (which bind the plant release of intracellularly stored Ca2+ in response to the pro- alkaloid ryanodine) consist of homotetramers that can be duction of Inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3). Calcium release opened by Ca2+ (Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release occurs in heart channels have a low selectivity for individual cations, but at muscle). In skeletal muscle, the ryanodine Ca2+ release physiological conditions mainly allow the passage of Ca2+ channel is gated by a conformational change of a voltage ions (᭤ ). α sensor, the 1S subunit of voltage-dependent calcium chan-

  

Gene symbol Name Alias Expression

Ryanodine receptor RYR1 RyR1 Type I, MHS1 skeletal muscle (high levels) RYR2 RyR2 Type II cardiac muscle, brain RYR3 RyR3 Type III ubiquitous (low levels) Inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate receptors ITPR1 IP3 receptor 1 Type I IP3 receptor CNS, ubiquitous ITPR2 IP3 receptor 2 Type II IP3 receptor widely ITPR3 IP3 receptor 3 Type III IP3 receptor Kidney, brain, gastrointest. tract, pancreas Membrane transport proteins 1051

! 

The aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of small integral mem- lacks a corresponding cysteine residue. Other chemical brane proteins related to the major intrinsic protein (MIP, or modulators of AQP activity are not known. AQP0) of the lens. Whereas most AQPs function as water-se- The prototypical AQP is AQP1. AQP1 forms tetramers lective channels, a subgroup, AQP3, AQP7, AQP9, and AQP with each subunit containing its own water pore. Determi- 10, is also permeable for neutral solutes such as glycerol and nation of its atomic structure revealed insight into the per- urea. The membrane topology of AQPs is characterized by meation of water molecules through the pore. With the intracellular N- and C-termini and two tandem repeats, each exception of AQP2, the biological function of most AQPs is formed from three transmembrane helices. Two highly con- not well understood. AQP2, highly expressed in epithelial served loops (intracellular loop B and extracellular loop E, (principal) cells of the renal collecting duct, is regulated by each containing a signature motif asn-pro-ala) fold into the vasopressin (syn.: antidiuretic hormone). Vasopressin-in- bilayer and form the water pore. AQPs increase the water duced insertion of AQP2 in the apical membrane of princi- permeability of biological membranes, thereby allowing pal cells greatly facilitates the reabsorption of water from the rapid transcellular movements of water. AQPs are constitu- collecting duct. Mutations in the AQP2 gene are the cause of tively active. Most AQPs are inhibited by mercury. Mercury autosomal forms of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, a dis- sensitivity is conferred by a cysteine residue in the extracel- ease characterized by a major loss of water through the kid- lular pore-forming loop E. An exception is AQP4, which ney (᭤ Vasopressin/Oxytocin).

! 

Gene Symbol Name Alias Expression

AQP1 Aquaporin 1 CHIP28, HGNC:2177 erythrocytes, kidney, lung AQP2 Aquaporin 2 WCH-CD, Aquaporin-CD kidney (collecting duct), inner ear AQP3 Aquaporin 3 kidney, , eye, urinary bladder, skin, gastrointestinal tract AQP4 Aquaporin 4 MIWC kidney, brain, retina, inner ear, skeletal muscle AQP5 Aquaporin 5 salivary glands, lacrimal glands, sweat glands, eye, lung AQP6 Aquaporin 6 AQP2L kidney AQP7 Aquaporin 7 AQP7L, AQPap, AQP9 testis, adipose tissue AQP8 Aquaporin8 pancreas , colon AQP9 Aquaporin9 leukocytes, liver, lung, spleen AQP10 Aquaporin10 small intestine 1052 Membrane transport proteins

   

Solute carriers comprise a huge family of membrane trans- transport the other solute. This way the free energy which is port proteins, which specifically bind a variety of ions and released during the movement of an inorganic ion down its molecules. The solute carrier then undergoes a conforma- electrochemical gradient is used as a driving force to pump tional change, which results in the transport of the ion or other solutes uphill, against their electrochemical gradient. molecule across the membrane. Solute carriers are not di- This principle is called “secondary active transport” in con- rectly coupled to an energy consuming process. If two or trast to “primary active transport” carried out by transport more ions/molecules are transported in a coupled fashion in ATPases (see below). The latter is carried out by transport- one direction, the solute carrier is called cotransporter ers, which generate the required energy directly. The third (). If ions/molecules are transported in opposite type of solute carrier transports certain molecules just directions, the solute carrier is called antiporter (exchang- down a concentration gradient (uniporter). (᭤ Glucose er). The tight coupling between the transport of two solutes transporters; ᭤ transporters; ᭤ Organic allows these carriers to use the energy that is stored in the cation transporters; ᭤ Ve s ic u la r t rans p or te rs ). electrochemical gradient of one solute, typically an ion, to

   

Gene Name/Aliases Function

Na+/dicarboxylate (excitatory amino acid transporters) SLC1A1 EAAC1, EAAT3 neuronal/epithelial high affinity SLC1A2 GLT-1, EAAT2 glial high affinity glutamate transporter SLC1A3 GLAST, EAAT1 glial high affinity glutamate transporter SLC1A4 SATT, ASCT1 glutamate/neutral amino acid transporter SLC1A5 AAAT, ASCT2 neutral amino acid transporter SLC1A6 EAAT4 high affinity aspartate/glutamate transporter SLC1A7 EAAT5 glutamate transporter Facilitated glucose transporters (Uniporter) SLC2A1 GLUT1, GLUT facilitated SLC2A2 GLUT2 facilitated glucose transporter SLC2A3 GLUT3 facilitated glucose transporter SLC2A4 GLUT4 facilitated glucose transporter SLC2A5 GLUT5 facilitated glucose/fructose transporter SLC2A6 GLUT9, GLUT6 facilitated glucose transporter SLC2A7 facilitated glucose transporter SLC2A8 GLUTX1, GLUT8 facilitated glucose transporter SLC2A9 Glut9, GLUTX facilitated glucose transporter SLC2A10 GLUT10 facilitated glucose transporter SLC2A11 GLUT11,GLUT10 facilitated glucose transporter SLC2A12 GLUT12, GLUT8 facilitated glucose transporter SLC2A13 HMIT H+/myo-inositol cotransporter SLC2A4RG GEF SLC2A4 regulator Heavy chains of heteromeric amino acid transporters (SLC7) SLC3A1 rBAT, CSNU1 Heavy chain of SLC7A5,6,7,8,10,11 SLC3A2 4F2hc, CD98 Heavy chain of SLC7A9 Anion , Na+/bicarbonate cotransporters - - SLC4A1 AE1, RTA1A Cl /HCO3 antiporter - - SLC4A2 AE2, HKB3 Cl /HCO3 antiporter - - SLC4A3 AE3, SLC2C Cl /HCO3 antiporter + - SLC4A4 NBC1, NBC2 Na /HCO3 cotransporter + - SLC4A5 NBC4 Na /HCO3 cotransporter + - SLC4A7 NBC3, SBC2 Na /HCO3 cotransporter SLC4A8 NBC3 Na+-dependent anion exchanger Membrane transport proteins 1053

     

Gene Name/Aliases Function

SLC4A9 AE4 Na+/bicarbonate cotransporter ? SLC4A10 Na+-dependent anion exchanger SLC4A11 BTR1 Na+/bicarbonate transporter-like SLC4A1AP kanadaptin kidney anion exchanger adaptor protein Na+-coupled ions/sugars/nutrient transporters SLC5A1 SGLT1 Na+/glucose cotransporter SLC5A2 SGLT2 Na+/glucose cotransporter SLC5A3 SMIT Na+/myo-inositol cotransporters SLC5A4 SAAT1, SGLT3 low affinity Na+/glucose cotransporter SLC5A5 NIS Na+/iodine cotransporter SLC5A6 SMVT Na+/vitamin cotransporter SLC5A7 hCHT, CHT1 Na+/choline cotransporter Na+/Cl--dependent neurotransmitter transporters (NTS) SLC6A1 GAT1 Na+,Cl-/GABA cotransporter SLC6A2 NET1, NAT1 Na+,Cl-/noradrenalin cotransporter SLC6A3 DAT1 Na+,Cl-/dopamine cotransporter SLC6A4 SERT Na+,Cl-/serotonin cotransporter SLC6A5 GLYT2 Na+,Cl-/glycin cotransporter SLC6A6 TAUT Na+,Cl-/taurine cotransporter SLC6A7 PROT Na+,Cl-/L-proline cotransporter SLC6A8 CRTR, CT1 Na+,Cl-/creatine cotransporter SLC6A9 Na+,Cl-/glycine cotransporter SLC6A10 CT-2 Na+,Cl-/creatine cotransporter SLC6A11 GAT3 Na+,Cl-/GABA cotransporter SLC6A12 BGT-1 Na+,Cl-/betaine, GABA cotransporter SLC6A13 GAT2 Na+,Cl-/GABA cotransporter SLC6A14 Neurotransmitter transporter SLC6A15 hv7-3 Neurotransmitter transporter SLC6A16 Neurotransmitter transporter Amino acid – polyamine – choline (APC) transporters Cationic amino acid transporters SLC7A1 CAT-1, REC1L cationic AA transporter, y+ system SLC7A2 CAT-2 cationic AA transporter, y+ system SLC7A3 CAT-3, ATRC3 cationic AA transporter, y+ system SLC7A4 CAT-4 cationic AA transporter, y+ system Heteromeric amino acid transporters SLC7A5 LAT1, E16 heterom. AA transp., L system; + SLC3A2 SLC7A6 y+LAT-2, LAT3 heterom. AA transp., y+L system; + SLC3A2 SLC7A7 y+LAT-1 heterom. AA transp., y+L system; + SLC3A2 SLC7A8 LAT2, LPI-PC1 heterom. AA transp., y+ system; + SLC3A2 SLC7A9 heterom. AA transp., bo,+ system; + SLC3A1 SLC7A10 asc-1 heterom. AA transp., asc system; + SLC3A2 SLC7A11 xCT heterom. AA transp., xc system; + SLC3A2 Na+/Ca2+ antiporter SLC8A1 NCX1 Na+/Ca2+ antiporter SLC8A2 NCX2 Na+/Ca2+ antiporter SLC8A3 NCX3 Na+/Ca2+ antiporter Na+/H+ antiporter SLC9A1 NHE1, APNH Na+/H+ antiporter SLC9A2 NHE2 Na+/H+ antiporter SLC9A3 NHE3 Na+/H+ antiporter SLC9A4 NHE4 Na+/H+ antiporter 1054 Membrane transport proteins

     

Gene Name/Aliases Function

SLC9A5 NHE5 Na+/H+ antiporter SLC9A6 NHE6 Na+/H+ antiporter SLC9A7 NHE7 Na+/H+ antiporter SLC9A3R1 NHERF, EBP50 Na+/H+ antiporter, isoform 3 regulatory factor 1 SLC9A3R2 SIP-1, NHERF-2, Na+/H+ antiporter, isoform 3 regulatory factor 2 Na+/bile acid cotransporter SLC10A1 NTCP Na+/bile acid cotransporter SLC10A2 ASBT, ISBT Na+/bile acid cotransporter H+-coupled divalent metal ion transporters SLC11A1 LSH, NRAMP H+-coupled divalent metal ion transporters SLC11A2 DCT1, DMT1 H+-coupled divalent metal ion transporters SLC11A3 MTP1 H+-coupled divalent metal ion transporters Cation/Cl- cotransporters SLC12A1 NKCC2 Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter SLC12A2 NKCC1 Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter SLC12A3 NCC Na+/Cl- cotransporter SLC12A4 KCC1 K+/Cl- cotransporter SLC12A5 K+/Cl- cotransporter SLC12A6 KCC3 K+/Cl- cotransporter SLC12A7 KCC4 K+/Cl- cotransporter SLC12A8 K+/Cl- cotransporter Na+-dependent dicarboxylate/sulfate transporters + 2- SLC13A1 NaSi-1 Na /SO4 cotransporters SLC13A2 NaDC-1 Na+/dicarboxylate cotransporter SLC13A3 NADC3, SDCT2 Na+/ dicarboxylate cotransporter + 2- SLC13A4 SUT-1 Na /SO4 cotransporters Urea transporters (Uniporter) SLC14A1 JK SLC14A2 HUT2, UT2 urea transporter H+/peptide transporters SLC15A1 PEPT1 H+/peptide cotransporter SLC15A2 PEPT2 H+/peptide cotransporter H+/monocarboxylic acid (lactate/pyruvate etc.) cotransporters SLC16A1 MCT1 H+/monocarboxylic acid cotransporter SLC16A2 XPCT, MCT8 H+/monocarboxylic acid cotransporter SLC16A3 MCT4 H+/monocarboxylic acid cotransporter SLC16A4 MCT5 H+/monocarboxylic acid cotransporter SLC16A5 MCT6 H+/monocarboxylic acid cotransporter SLC16A6 MCT7 H+/monocarboxylic acid cotransporter SLC16A7 MCT2 H+/monocarboxylic acid cotransporter SLC16A8 MCT3 H+/monocarboxylic acid cotransporter SLC16A10 TAT1 aromatic amino acid transporter Anion/cation cotransporters + 2- SLC17A1 NPT1, NAPI-1 Na /PO4 cotransporters + 2- SLC17A2 NPT3 Na /PO4 cotransporters + 2- SLC17A3 NPT4 Na /PO4 cotransporters + 2- SLC17A4 Na /PO4 cotransporters SLC17A5 AST anion/sugar transporter SLC17A6 DNPI, VGLUT2 vesicular glutamate transporter SLC17A7 BNPI, VGLUT1 vesicular glutamate transporter Vesicular monoamine/acetylcholine transporters Membrane transport proteins 1055

     

Gene Name/Aliases Function

SLC18A1 VMAT1, VAT1 2H+/vesicular monoamine antiorter SLC18A2 VMAT2 2H+/vesicular monoamine antiporter SLC18A3 VAchT 2H+/vesicular acetylcholine antiporter /Thiamine transporter SLC19A1 FOLT folate transporter SLC19A2 THTR1 thiamine transporter SLC19A3 THTR2 thiamine transporter + 2- Na /PO4 -cotransporters + 2- SLC20A1 PiT-1, Glvr-1 Na /PO4 cotransporter + 2- SLC20A2 PiT-2, Glvr-2 Na /PO4 cotransporter Organic anion transporter SLC21A1 organic anion transporter SLC21A2 PGT organic anion transporter SLC21A3 OATP organic anion transporter SLC21A4 OAT-K1, OAT-K2 organic anion transporter SLC21A5 Oatp2 organic anion transporter SLC21A6 OATP-C, LST-1 organic anion transporter SLC21A7 Oatp3 organic anion transporter SLC21A8 OATP8 organic anion transporter SLC21A9 OATP-B organic anion transporter SLC21A10 lst-1, Oatp4 organic anion transporter SLC21A11 OATP-D organic anion transporter SLC21A12 OATP-E organic anion transporter SLC21A13 Oatp5 organic anion transporter SLC21A14 OATP-F organic anion transporter Organic cation/anion transporter SLC22A1 OCT1 organic cation transporter SLC22A2 OCT2 organic cation transporter SLC22A3 OCT3, EMT extraneuronal monoamine transporter SLC22A4 OCTN1 organic cation transporter SLC22A5 OCTN2, SCD organic cation transporter SLC22A6 OAT1, PAHT organic anion / dicarboxylate antiporter SLC22A7 OAT2, NLT organic anion transporter SLC22A8 OAT3 organic anion transporter SLC22A9 OAT4 organic anion/cation transporter SLC22A10 OAT5 organic anion/cation transporter SLC22A11 OAT4 organic anion/cation transporter SLC22A12 OAT4L URAT1 organic anion/cation transporter SLC22A1L BWR1A, TSSC5 organic cation transporter SLC22A1LS BWR1B organic cation transporter Na+/ascorbic acid cotransporters SLC23A1 YSPL2, SVCT2 Na+/ascorbic acid cotransporter SLC23A2 YSPL3, SVCT1 Na+/ascorbic acid cotransporter Na+/Ca2+, K+ antiporter SLC24A1 NCKX1 Na+/Ca2+, K+ antiporter SLC24A2 NCKX2 Na+/Ca2+, K+ antiporter SLC24A3 NCKX3 Na+/Ca2+, K+ antiporter SLC24A4 NCKX4 Na+/Ca2+, K+ antiporter Mitochondrial transporter SLC25A1 CTP citrate transporter SLC25A3 PHC phosphate carrier SLC25A4 T1, ANT1, PEO2 adenine nucleotide translocator 1056 Membrane transport proteins

     

Gene Name/Aliases Function

SLC25A5 T2, ANT2 adenine nucleotide translocator SLC25A6 ANT3 adenine nucleotide translocator SLC25A10 DIC dicarboxylate transporter SLC25A11 OGC oxoglutarate carrier SLC25A12 Aralar , Aralar SLC25A13 CTLN2 SLC25A14 BMCP1 mitochondrial carrier, brain SLC25A15 ORNT1, HHH ornithine transporter SLC25A16 GDA, HGT.1,ML7 mitochondrial carrier; Graves disease autoantigen SLC25A17 PMP34 mitochondrial carrier SLC25A18 mitochondrial carrier SLC25A19 DNC, MUP1 mitochondrial deoxynucleotide carrier SLC25A20 CACT carnitine/acylcarnitine SLC25A21 ODC1 mitochondrial oxodicarboxylate carrier SLC25A15P mitochondrial carrier; ornithine transporter SLC25A20P CACTP carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase SLC25A5L adenine nucleotide translocator Anion transporters, anion antiporters 2- SLC26A1 SAT-1, EDM4 SO4 /anion antiporter 2- SLC26A2 DTD SO4 transporter - - SLC26A3 DRA, CLD Cl /HCO3 antiporter SLC26A4 DFNB4, PDS anion transporter SLC26A6 - 2- SLC26A7 SUT2 Cl , SO4 , oxalate transporter - 2- SLC26A8 TAT1 Cl , SO4 , oxalate transporter - 2- SLC26A9 Cl , SO4 , oxalate transporter SLC26A10 SLC26A11 Fatty acid transporters SLC27A1 FATP1 fatty acid transporter SLC27A2 FATP2 fatty acid transporter SLC27A3 FATP3 fatty acid transporter SLC27A4 FATP4 fatty acid transporter SLC27A5 FATP5 fatty acid transporter SLC27A6 FATP6 fatty acid transporter Na+/nucleoside cotransporters (concentrative) SLC28A1 CNT1 Na+/nucleoside cotransporter (pyrim. + adenosine) SLC28A2 CNT2, SPNT1 Na+/nucleoside cotransporter (purin + uridin) SLC28A3 CNT3 Na+/nucleoside cotransporter (equilibrative) SLC29A1 ENT1 nucleoside uniporter (purins, pyrimidines) SLC29A2 ENT2, DER12 nucleoside uniporter (purins, pyrimidines) transporter SLC30A1 ZnT1 zinc transporter SLC30A2 ZnT2 zinc transporter SLC30A3 ZnT3 zinc transporter SLC30A4 ZnT4 zinc transporter Copper transporter SLC31A1 COPT1, CTR1 copper transporter SLC31A2 COPT2, CTR2 copper transporter Membrane transport proteins 1057

     

Gene Name/Aliases Function

Vesicular H+/GABA,glycin antiporter SLC32A1 VGAT vesicular H+/GABA, glycin antiporter + 2- Na /PO4 cotransporter + 2- SLC34A1 NPT2, NAPI-3 Na /PO4 cotransporter + 2- SLC34A2 NAPI-3B Na /PO4 cotransporter Nucleotide sugar transporters SLC35A1 CMPST, hCST CMP-sialic acid transporter SLC35A2 UGAT, UGT UDP-galactose transporter SLC35A3 UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter Glycerol-3-phosphate transporter SLC37A1 glycerol-3-phosphate transporter Na+/neutral amino acid cotransporter SLC38A1 ATA1, NAT2, SAT1 Na+/neutral amino acid cotransporter SLC38A2 SAT2, ATA2 Na+/neutral amino acid cotransporter SLC38A3 G17, SN1 Na+/neutral amino acid cotransporter SLC38A4 PAAT, NAT3, ATA3 Na+/neutral amino acid cotransporter SLC38A5 SN2, JM24 Na+/neutral amino acid cotransporter Zinc transporter SLC39A1 ZIP1 zinc transporter SLC39A2 ZIP2 zinc transporter SLC39A3 ZIP3 zinc transporter SLC39A4 ZIP4 zinc transporter 1058 Membrane transport proteins

     

Transport ATPases are primarily active transporters that pumps are found in mitochondria. Both transport protons use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move ions or small mol- (H+) in a process that does not involve a phosphoprotein in- ecules across the membrane against a chemical concentra- termediate. While V-class pumps use the energy derived tion gradient or electrical potential. There are two major from ATP hydrolysis to pump protons into vesicles, F-class groups of active transport ATPases. Those which actively pumps power the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi by mov- transport ions (P-ATPases, V-ATPases, F-ATPases) and ing protons from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic of the those of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) membrane down the proton electrochemical gradient. F- transporters, which couple the hydrolysis of ATP with the class pumps are important in ATP synthesis in mitochon- transport of a huge variety of small molecules as well as ions. dria. The class of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters Many P-class ion pumps (P-ATPases) are tetramers, com- is much larger and more diverse than the ion pumps. Each posed of two α and two β subunits. The α subunit contains ABC transporter is specific for a single substrate or a group an ATP-. During the transport process, at least of related substances including ions and many small mole- one of the α subunits is phosphorylated (P) and the trans- cules. ABC transporters share a common organization of ported ions are thought to move through the phosphorylat- four “core” domains: two transmembrane domains, form- ed subunit. The smaller β subunit may have regulatory ing the passageway used by transported molecules, and two functions. F-class and V-class ion pumps (F-ATPases and V- cytosolic ATP-binding domains. These four “core” domains ATPases) have much more complicated structures than P- can either be present on four separate proteins or the “core” class pumps. They contain at least three kinds of transmem- domains are fused into one or two multidomain proteins. In brane proteins and five kinds of extrinsic polypeptides that all ATP-powered pumps, the hydrolysis of ATP is tightly cou- form the cytosolic domain. V-class pumps are mainly found pled to the transport process. (᭤ Multidrug transporter). in lysosomes and other acidic vesicles, whereas F-class

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Gene Name/Aliases Function

ATP1A1 NaKα1Na+/K+ transporting ATPase, α1 polypeptide ATP1A2 NaKα2Na+/K+ transporting ATPase, α2 (+) polypeptide ATP1A3 NaKα3Na+/K+ transporting ATPase, α3 polypeptide ATP1A4 NaKα4Na+/K+ transporting ATPase, α4 polypeptide ATP1B1 Na+/K+ transporting ATPase, β1 polypeptide ATP1B2 Na+/K+ transporting ATPase, β2 polypeptide ATP1B3 Na+/K+ transporting ATPase, β3 polypeptide ATP1B4 Na+/K+ transporting ATPase, β4 polypeptide ATP1BL1 Na+/K+ transporting ATPase, β polypeptide-like 1 ATP2A1 SERCA1 Ca2+ transporting ATPase, cardiac muscle, fast twitch 1 ATP2A2 SERCA2 Ca2+ transporting ATPase, cardiac muscle, slow twitch 2 ATP2A3 SERCA3 Ca2+ transporting ATPase, ubiquitous ATP2B1 PMCA1 Ca2+ transporting ATPase, plasma membrane 1 ATP2B2 PMCA2 Ca2+ transporting ATPase, plasma membrane 2 ATP2B3 PMCA3 Ca2+ transporting ATPase, plasma membrane 3 ATP2B4 PMCA4 Ca2+ transporting ATPase, plasma membrane 4 ATP2C1 PMR1 Ca2+ transporting ATPase, type 2C, member 1 ATP3 Mg2+ transporting ATPase ATP4A ATP6A H+/K+ exchanging ATPase, α polypeptide ATP4B ATP6B H+/K+ exchanging ATPase, β polypeptide ATP7A MNK Cu2+ transporting ATPase, α polypeptide (Menkes syndrome) ATP7B WND Cu2+ transporting ATPase, β polypeptide (Wilson disease) ATP8A1 ATPIA, APLT ATPase, aminophospholipid transporter, Class I, 8A/1 Membrane transport proteins 1059

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Gene Name/Aliases Function

ATP8A2 ATPIB, ML-1 ATPase, aminophospholipid transporter-like, Class I, 8A/2 ATP8B1 ATPIC, PFIC ATPase, Class I, type 8B, member 1 ATP8B2 ATPID ATPase, Class I, ty pe 8B, member 2 ATP8B3 ATPIK ATPase, Class I, ty pe 8B, member 3 ATP8B4 ATPIM ATPase, Class I, ty pe 8B, member 4 ATP8B5 ATPIN ATPase, Class I, ty pe 8B, member 5 ATP9A ATPIIA ATPase, Class II, type 9A ATP9B ATPIIB ATPase, Class II, type 9B ATP10A ATPVA ATPase, Class V, type 10A ATP10B ATPVB ATPase, Class V, type 10B ATP10C ATPVC ATPase, Class V, type 10C ATP10D ATPVD ATPase, Class V, type 10D ATP11A ATPIH, ATPIS ATPase, Class VI, type 11A ATP11B ATPIF, ATPIR ATPase, Class VI, type 11B ATP11C ATPIG, ATPIQ ATPase, Class VI, type 11C ATP12A ATP1AL1 H+/K+ transporting ATPase, nongastric, α polypeptide

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Gene Name/Aliases Function

ATP6IP1 ORF, XAP-3 H+ transporting ATPase, lysosomal interacting protein 1 ATP6IP2 APT6M8-9 H+ transporting ATPase, lysosomal interacting protein 2 ATP6V0A1 a1, vph1 H+ transporting ATPase, lysosomal V0 subunit a isoform 1 ATP6V0A2 TJ6, ATP6a2 H+ transporting ATPase, lysosomal V0 subunit a isoform 2 ATP6V0A4 VPP2 H+ transporting ATPase, lysosomal V0 subunit a isoform 4 ATP6V0B VMA16 H+ transporting ATPase, lysosomal 21kD, V0 subunit c’’ ATP6V0C VATL, Vma3 H+ transporting ATPase, lysosomal 16kD, V0 subunit c ATP6V0D1 VATX H+ transporting ATPase, lysosomal 38kD, V0 subunit d 1 ATP6V0D2 H+ transporting ATPase, lysosomal 38kD, V0 subunit d 2 ATP6V0E Vma21p H+ transporting ATPase, lysosomal 9kD V0 subunit e ATP6V1A1 Vma1 H+ transporting ATPase, lysosomal 70kD, V1 subunit A 1 ATP6V1B1 VATB, Vma2 H+ transporting ATPase, lysosomal 56/58kD, V1 subunit B1 ATP6V1B2 VATB, Vma2 H+ transporting ATPase, lysosomal 56/58kD, V1 subunit B2 ATP6V1C1 VATC, Vma5 H+ transporting ATPase, lysosomal 42kD, V1 subunit C1 ATP6V1C2 H+ transporting ATPase, lysosomal 42kD, V1 subunit C2 ATP6V1D VATD, VMA8 H+ transporting ATPase, lysosomal 34kD, V1 subunit D ATP6V1E1 P31, Vma4 H+ transporting ATPase, lysosomal 31kD, V1 subunit E1 ATP6V1E2 MGC9341 H+ transporting ATPase, lysosomal 31kD, V1 subunit E-like 2 ATP6V1El1 H+ transporting ATPase, lysosomal 31kD, V1 subunit E-like 1 ATP6V1F VATF, Vma7 H+ transporting ATPase, lysosomal 14kD, V1 subunit F ATP6V1G1 Vma10 H+ transporting ATPase, lysosomal 13kD, V1 subunit G1 ATP6V1G2 Vma10 H+ transporting ATPase, lysosomal 13kD, V1 subunit G2 ATP6V1G3 Vma10 H+ transporting ATPase, lysosomal 13kD, V1 subunit G3 ATP6V1H SFD, VMA13 H+ transporting ATPase, lysosomal 50/57kD V1 subunit H 1060 Membrane transport proteins

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Gene Name/Aliases Function

ATP5A1 hATP1 H+ transp. ATP synthase, mitochondr. F1 complex, α 1 (cardiac) ATP5A2 H+ transp. ATP synthase, mitochondr. F1 complex, α 2, (non-cardiac) ATP5AL1 H+ transp. ATP synthase, mitochondr. F1 complex, α1 cardiac-like 1 ATP5AL2 H+ transp. ATP synth., mitochondr. F1 complex, α 2, non-cardiac-like 2 ATP5B ATPSB H+ transp. ATP synthase, mitochondr. F1 complex, β polypeptide ATP5BL1 ATPSBL1 H+ transp. ATP synthase, mitochondr. F1 complex, β polypeptide -like 1 ATP5BL2 ATPSBL2 H+ transp. ATP synthase, mitochondr. F1 complex, β polypeptide -like 2 ATP5C1 ATP5CL1 H+ transp. ATP synthase, mitochondr. F1 complex, γ polypeptide 1 ATP5C2 ATP5CL2 H+ transp. ATP synthase, mitochondr. F1 complex, γ polypeptide 2 ATP5D H+ transp. ATP synthase, mitochondr. F1 complex, δ subunit ATP5E H+ transp. ATP synthase, mitochondr. F1 complex, ε subunit ATP5F1 H+ transp. ATP synthase, mitochondr. F0 complex, subunit b, isoform 1 ATP5G1 ATP5G H+ transp. ATP synthase, mitochondr. F0 complex, subunit c, isoform 1 ATP5G2 H+ transp. ATP synthase, mitochondr. F0 complex, subunit c, isoform 2 ATP5G3 H+ transp. ATP synthase, mitochondr. F0 complex, subunit c, isoform 3 ATP5H ATPQ, ATP5JD H+ transp. ATP synthase, mitochondr. F0 complex, subunit d ATP5I H+ transp. ATP synthase, mitochondr. F0 complex, subunit e ATP5J H+ transp. ATP synthase, mitochondr. F0 complex, subunit F6 ATP5J2 F1Fo-ATPase H+ transp. ATP synthase, mitochondr. F0 complex, subunit f, isoform 2 ATP5L ATP5JG H+ transp. ATP synthase, mitochondr. F0 complex, subunit g ATP5O OSCP, ATPO H+ transp. ATP synthase, mitochondr. F1 complex, O subunit

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Gene Name/Aliases Function

ABCA1 ABC1 cholesterol efflux onto HDL ABCA2 ABC2 drug resistance ABCA3 ABCC ABCA4 ABCR rod photoreceptor retinoid transport ABCA5 ABCA6 ABCA7 ABCA8 ABCA9 ABCA10 ABCA12 ABCA13 ABCB1 PYG1, MDR multidrug resistance ABCB2 TAP1 peptide transport ABCB3 TAP2 peptide transport ABCB4 PGY3 Phosphatidylcholine (PC) transport ABCB5 ABCB6 MTABC3 iron transport Membrane transport proteins 1061

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Gene Name/Aliases Function

ABCB7 ABC7 Fe/S cluster transport ABCB8 MTABC1 ABCB9 ABCB10 MTABC2 ABCB11 SPGP bile salt transport ABCC1 MRP1 drug resistance, LTC4 transport ABCC2 MRP2 organic anion efflux ABCC3 MRP3 drug resistance, organic anion transport ABCC4 MRP4 nucleoside transport, cyclic nucleotide transport ABCC5 MRP5 nucleoside transport, cyclic nucleotide transport ABCC6 MRP6 ABCC7 CFTR chloride ion channel ABCC8 SUR sulfonylurea receptor ABCC9 SUR2 ABCC10 MRP7 ABCC11 ABCC12 ABCD1 ALD very long chain fatty acid transport regulation ABCD2 ALDL1 ABCD3 PXMP1 ABCD4 PMP69 ABCE1 OABP oligoadenylate binding protein ABCF1 ABC50 ABCF2 ABCF3 ABCG1 White cholesterol transport? ABCG2 ABCP toxin efflux, drug resistance ABCG4 White2 ABCG5 White3 sterol transport ABCG8 sterol transport   

Adhesion molecules are transmembrane proteins. Through adhesion molecules are passive in their adhesive function, their extracellular part they mediate the interaction of one the adhesiveness of other adhesive molecules can be regu- cell with another or with extracellular components such as lated. Some adhesive proteins are very similar to receptors; the extracellular matrix. On the basis of structural and func- they not only bind other molecules with high selectivity and tional similarities, most adhesion molecules can be grouped affinity, but they are also able to transduce the binding into into families such as cadherins, integrins, selectins, the im- an intracellular signal. munoglobulin superfamily or the syndecans. While some  

Cadherins are characterized by the presence of four to seven four subfamilies, the type I classic cadherins, the type II cadherin repeats of about 110 amino acids that are present in classic cadherins, the desmosomal cadherins and the so- the extracellular part of the protein. Cadherins mediate called “other classic cadherins”. The protocadherins repre- Ca2+-dependent homophilic adhesion. The specificity of sent a recently discovered subfamily and contain more than this homophilic interaction is generated by sequence differ- five extracellular cadherin domains. The protocadherin ences at the adhesive face of the N-terminal cadherin do- subfamily consists of far more than 50 protocadherins and is main. Cadherins have to dimerize in order to bind cadherins less well studied, but may also mediate Ca2+-dependent in a Ca2+-dependent manner on different cells. Cadherins homophilic adhesion. are divided into two subfamilies, the classic cadherins and the protocadherins. Classic cadherins are subdivided into ᭤ Cadherins   

Classic Cadherins Symbol Distribution type I E-Cadherin CDH1 Non-neural epithelial cells during development N-Cadherin CDH2 Adult neural tissue, cardiac and skeletal muscle, lens, endothelial cells in the embryo P-Cadherin CDH3 Placenta, epidermis and mammary gland R-Cadherin CDH4 Developing epithelia in the kidney, lung, thymus, early optic nerve glia type II VE-Cadherin CDH5 Endothelium, intercellular junctions K-Cadherin CDH6 Kidney, brain, cerebellum Cadherin-7 CDH7 Cadherin-8 CDH8 Brainstem, cerebellum, thymocytes T1-Cadherin CDH9 T2-Cadherin CDH10 OB-Cadherin CDH11 Bone Br-Cadherin CDH12 Central nervous system Cadherin-14 CDH14 Central nervous system M-Cadherin CDH15 Myoblasts, regenerating skeletal muscle myoblasts Ey-Cadherin CDH18 Cadherin-19 CDH19 Cadherin-20 CDH20 other H-Cadherin CDH13 Heart and breast epithelium, vascular smooth muscle cells Ksp-Cadherin CDH16 Kidney LI-Cadherin CDH17 Liver and intestine desmosomal Desmocollin 1 DSC1 Epidermis Desmocollin 2 DSC2 Epithelia, lymph nodes, heart Desmocollin 3 DSC3 Keratinocytes Desmoglein 1 DSG1 Keratinizing epodermis Desmoglein 2 DSG2 Simple and stratified epithelia Desmoglein 3 DSG3 Epidermis, tongue, tonsil, oesophagus 1064 Adhesion molecules

   

Protocadherins Symbol Alias protocadherin 1 (cadherin-like 1) PCDH1 PC42 BH-protocadherin (brain-heart) PCDH7 BH-PCDH protocadherin 8 PCDH8 PAPC, ARCADLIN protocadherin 9 PCDH9 protocadherin 10 PCDH10 OL-PCDH, KIAA1400 protocadherin 11 PCDH11 protocadherin 12 PCDH12 LOC51294, VE-Cadherin-2 protocadherin 14 PCDH14 protocadherin 15 PCDH15 protocadherin 16 PCDH16 FIB1 protocadherin 17 PCDH17 PCDH68, PCH68 protocadherin 18 PCDH18 KIAA1562, PCDH68-like protocadherin 19 PCDH19 protocadherin 20 PCDH20 PCDH13 protocadherin α PCDHA@ CNRS1 protocadherin β locus PCDHB@ PCDH3 protocadherin γ locus PCDHG@ PCDH2, PCDH4 protocadherin α 1PCDHA1 protocadherin α 2PCDHA2 protocadherin α 3PCDHA3 protocadherin α 4 PCDHA4 Crnr1, Cnr1 protocadherin α 5 PCDHA5 Crnr6, Cnr6, CNRS6 protocadherin α 6 PCDHA6 Crnr2, Cnr2, CNRS2 protocadherin α 7 PCDHA7 Crnr4, Cnr4, CNRS4 protocadherin α 8PCDHA8 protocadherin α 9PCDHA9 protocadherin α 10 PCDHA10 Crnr8, Cnr8, CNRS8 protocadherin α 11 PCDHA11 Crnr7, Cnr7, CNRS7 protocadherin α 12 PCDHA12 protocadherin α 13 PCDHA13 Crnr5, Cnr5, CNRS5 protocadherin α subfamily C1 PCDHAC1 protocadherin α subfamily C2 PCDHAC2 protocadherin α constant PCDHACT PCDHAC protocadherin β 1PCDHB1 protocadherin β 2PCDHB2 protocadherin β 3PCDHB3 protocadherin β 4PCDHB4 protocadherin β 5PCDHB5 protocadherin β 6PCDHB6 protocadherin β 7PCDHB7 protocadherin β 8PCDHB8 protocadherin β 9PCDHB9 protocadherin β 10 PCDHB10 protocadherin β 11 PCDHB11 protocadherin β 12 PCDHB12 Adhesion molecules 1065

      

Protocadherins Symbol Alias protocadherin β 13 PCDHB13 protocadherin β 14 PCDHB14 protocadherin β 15 PCDHB15 protocadherin γ subfamily A, 1 PCDHGA1 protocadherin γ subfamily A, 2 PCDHGA2 protocadherin γ subfamily A, 3 PCDHGA3 protocadherin γ subfamily A, 4 PCDHGA4 protocadherin γ subfamily A, 5 PCDHGA5 protocadherin γ subfamily A, 6 PCDHGA6 protocadherin γ subfamily A, 7 PCDHGA7 protocadherin γ subfamily A, 8 PCDHGA8 protocadherin γ subfamily A, 9 PCDHGA9 protocadherin γ subfamily A, 10 PCDHGA10 protocadherin γ subfamily A, 11 PCDHGA11 protocadherin γ subfamily A,12 PCDHGA12 KIAA0588 protocadherin γ subfamily B, 1 PCDHGB1 protocadherin γ subfamily B, 2 PCDHGB2 protocadherin γ subfamily B, 3 PCDHGB3 protocadherin γ subfamily B, 4 PCDHGB4 protocadherin γ subfamily B, 5 PCDHGB5 protocadherin γ subfamily B, 6 PCDHGB6 protocadherin γ subfamily B, 7 PCDHGB7 protocadherin γ subfamily C, 3 PCDHGC3 PCDH2, PC-43 protocadherin γ subfamily C, 4 PCDHGC4 protocadherin γ subfamily C, 5 PCDHGC5 protocadherin γ constant PCDHGCT PCDHGC 1066 Adhesion molecules

 

Integrins consist of an α and β subunit that form a dimer. and are mediated through complex cytoskeletal interactions They mediate the interaction of cells with the extracellular with the cytoplasmic tails of the subunits. Binding matrix or with proteins on other cells. Both, the α and the β of a ligand to an integrin can result in an intracellular signal subunit take part in ligand binding. Integrin function is (“outside-in signalling”). modulated by signals from within the cell. Signals are deliv- ered via other receptor systems (“inside-out signalling”) ᭤ Integrins   

Integrin Ligand Distribution α β 1 1 Collagen, Widespread, embryogenesis, smooth muscle cells and liver, haemopoietic cells α β 2 1 Echovirus 1, , Collagen types I-IV, Lam- Stimulated T cells, fibroblasts, endothelium, inin peripheral nerves, platelets α β 3 1 Epiligrin, Fibronectin, Invasin, Thrombospondin Monocytes, B and T cells, kidney, thyroid, most non-lymphoid adherent cell lines α β 4 1 Fibronectin, Invasin, VCAM-1, Thrombospondin Leukocytes, haemopoietic precursors, muscle α β 4 7 Fibronectin, MAdCAM-1, VCAM-1 Mucosal lymphocytes, NK cells, eosinophils α β 5 1 Fibronectin, Fibrinogen, Invasin, Denatured collagen Widespread in embryonic and adult tissues α β 6 1 Invasin, Laminin, Sperm fertilin Epithelia, haemopoietic tissues α β 6 4 Laminin Stratified epithelia, Schwann cells and some endothelia α β 7 1 Laminin types 1,2,4 Expression during myogenesis, developing nervous system α β 8 1 Cytotactin/tenascin-C, Fibronectin, Smooth muscle, kidney α β 9 1 Cytotactin/tenascin-C Epithelia, muscle, liver α β 10 1 Collagen type II Chondrocytes, skeletal muscle, heart α β E 7 E-cadherin Intraepithelial lymphocytes, subpopulation of T cells in the lamina propria α β L 2 ICAM-1, ICAM-2,3,4,5 Lymphocytes, monocyte lineage cells and other leucocytes, during activation α β M 2 Candida albicans, Factor X, Fibrinogen, Complement Neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils, fragment iC3b, ICAM-1, Neutrophil inhibitory factor NK cells α β D 2 ICAM-3, VCAM-1 Peripheral leucocytes, tissue macrophages α β x 2 Fibrinogen, Complement fragment iC3b Tissue macrophages and monocytes α β v 1 Fibronectin, α β v 3 Adenovirus penton base protein, Bone sialoprotein, Endothelium, smooth muscle, some activated Denatured collagen, Cytotactin/tenascin-C, macrophages and T cells, platelets Disintegrins, Fibronectin, Fibrinogen, HIV Tat protein, Laminin, Matrix -2, Osteopontin, Prothrombin, Thrombospondin, Vitronectin, von Willebrand factor α β α β v 5 Adenovirus penton base protein, Bone sialoprotein, More widely than v 3, regulated in angiogenesis Fibronectin, HIV Tat protein, Vitronectin α β v 6 Cytotactin/tenascin-C, Fibronectin Epithelial cells α β v 8 Fibronectin Placenta, kidney, brain, ovary, uterus, synapses, glia α β IIb 3 Fibrinogen, Plasminogen, Prothrombin, Platelets, megacaryocytes ,Borrelia burgdorferi, Denatured collagen, Decorsin, Disintegrins, Fibronectin, Thrombospondin, Vitronectin, von Willebrand factor Adhesion molecules 1067

 

The three known selectins are structurally and functionally variable number of complement control protein (CCP) do- related. They are transmembrane proteins with an N-termi- mains. Selectins bind carbohydrates that are present on var- nal C-type actin domain, followed by an EGF repeat and a ious .   

Selectin Ligands Distribution

E- ESL-1, PSGL-1, leukocyte L-selectin Activated endothelial cells L-Selectin CD34, GlyCAM-1, MAdCAM-1, PSGL-1 Leucocytes P-Selectin PSGL-1, CD24 Megakaryocytes, activated platelets, activated endothelial cells   

Syndecans are transmembrane proteins which are modified riety of different ligands via their heparan sulphate chains. by the addition of heparan sulphate glycosaminoglycan Binding specificities may vary depending on the cell-type (GAG) chains and other sugars. Syndecans bind a wide va- specific modifications of the heparan sulphate chains.    

Syndecan Ligands Distribution

Syndecan-1 Growth factors, extracellular matrix components Epithelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, (fibronectin, laminin, collagens), other adhesion endothelium, neural cells, pre-B cells, immature receptors (L-selectin, NCAM, CD31) and B cells and plasma cells enzymes Syndecan-2 Growth factors, extracellular matrix components Fibroblasts during development, primary human (fibronectin, laminin, collagens), other adhesion monocytes, in response to differentiation/ receptors (L-selectin, NCAM, CD31) and activation enzymes Syndecan-3 Growth factors, extracellular matrix components Neuronal cells, during development (fibronectin, laminin, collagens), other receptors (L-selectin, NCAM, CD31) and enzymes Syndecan-4 Include growth factors, extracellular matrix Many epithelial and fibroblastic cells, localized to components (fibronectin, laminin, collagens), focal adhesion other receptors (L-selectin, NCAM, CD31) and enzymes      

The immunoglobulin superfamily represents a very large teins. It is estimated that up to 1/3 of all transmembrane pro- group of transmembrane proteins. They are characterized teins belong to this superfamily. However, not all of them by the presence of one or more extracellular immunoglobu- function as adhesion molecules. Examples of immunoglob- lin domains of approximately 100 amino acids each. This ulin superfamily proteins that do function as adhesion mol- structural motif is very widely used in transmembrane pro- ecules are listed below.       

Member Ligand Distribution

ALCAM CD6, homophilic adhesion, NgCAM Neurons, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, activated T cells, activated monocytes CD22 Sialoglycoconjugate NeuAcα2-6Galβ1- Mature peripheral B cells 4GlcNAc present on N-linked carbohydrates 1068 Adhesion molecules

         

Member Ligand Distribution α β CD31 Homophilic adhesion, integrin v 3, Endothelial cells, platelets, monocytes, (PECAM-1) glycosaminoglycans granulocytes and other leucocytes CD33 Sialoglycoconjugate NeuAcα2-3Galβ1- Myelomonocytic precursors 3(4)GlcNAc and NeuAcα2-3Galβ1-3GlcNAc on glycoproteins CD96 Not known Up-regulated following T cells activation, expressed by most T cell lines CD147 Interstitial (MMP-1) Widely expressed in embryonic and adult tissues CEACAM family Mediates homophilic cell-cell adhesion, Granulocytes, epithelial cells E-selectin Contactin-1 CASPR Adult brain α β α β α β ICAM-1 Integrins L 2, M 2 and X 2, Wide range of both haematopoietic and non- rhinoviruses,Plasmodium falciparum- haematopoietic cells infected erythrocytes α β α β ICAM-2 Integrins L 2 and M 2 Subpopulation of lymphocytes, monocytes, splenic sinusoids, dendritic cells, platelets, stromal cells and at high levels on vascular endothelium α β α β ICAM-3 Integrins L 2 and D 2, DC-SIGN Leucocytes, epidermal Langerhans cells α β α β α β ICAM-4 Integrins L 2, M 2 and X 2 Erythrocytes, subsets of both B and T cells α β ICAM-5 Integrins L 2 Brain JAM Presumed to be homotypic Endothelial and epithelial cells, mesothelial cells, megacaryocytes α β α β Homophilic binding, integrins V 3 and 5 1 Adult and embryonic nervous system, 10-20% of peripheral blood lymphocytes α β MAdCAM-1 Integrin 4 7, L-selectin High endothelial venules of Peyer’s patches and mesenteric lymph nodes, vascular endothelium MAG Sialoglycoconjugate NeuAcα2-3Galβ1- Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells 3GlcNAc onN- and O- linked oligosaccharides and gangliosides, CD22, CD33, collagens I-VI MUC18 None identified Endothelial, smooth muscle, trophoblast, subpopulation of activated T cells NCAM Homophilic binding, chondroitin sulphate Adult neural tissue and muscle, NK cells proteoglycans P(0) Homophilic interaction, Schwann cells Sialoglycoconjugate NeuAcα2-3Galβ1- Subsets of macrophages in bone marrow and 3(4)GlcNAc and NeuAcα2-3Galβ1-3GlcNAc secondary lymphoid organs on glycoproteins and glycolipids TAG-1 L1 family members Neural tissue α β α β α β VCAM-1 Integrins 4 1 and 4 7, integrin D 2 Activated endothelial cells, tissue macrophages, dendritic cells, bone marrow fibroblasts, myoblasts     

Protein kinases catalyse the transfer of the terminal (γ) kinases are reversed by protein phosphatases which remove phosphoryl group of ATP to a hydroxyl residue on an amino phosphoryl groups from proteins by catalysing the hydroly- acid side-chain. Phosphorylation of proteins by protein ki- sis of the phosphate bond. nases represents the most prevalent reversible modification Protein kinases represent one of the largest families of which regulates the activities of many enzymes, ion chan- genes in . The complement of the nels and other proteins. Reversible protein phosphorylation has recenty been catalogued [Manning et is involved in basically all cellular processes including signal al., Science 298, 1912 (2002)]. The following list of protein ki- transduction, , transcription, cell cycle progres- nases is based on the classification used by Manning et al. sion, cell movement, apoptosis or cell differentiation. There for the description of the human “kinome”. are two principal classes of protein kinases: Those that transfer phosphoryl groups to specific serine and threonine ᭤ JAK-STAT-pathway residues (Serine/Threonine Kinases) on those that transfer ᭤ MAP Kinase Cascades them to specific tyrosine residues (Tyrosine Kinases). Pro- ᭤ tein phosphorylation occurs inside of cells where the sub- ᭤ Transmembrane Siganlling strate ATP is present in abundance. The effects of protein ᭤ Tyrosine Kinases                   

            

Family Subfamily Name

PKA () PKA-Cα PKA-Cβ PKA-Cγ PRKX PRKY AKT/ PKB () AKT1 (PKB α) AKT2 (PKB β) AKT3 (PKB γ) PKC () α PKCα α PKCβ α PKCγ δ PKCδ δ PKCθ η PKCη η PKCε ι PKCι ι PKCζ PKG (cGMP-dependent protein kinase) PKG1 (cGK-I) PKG2 (cGK-II) PKN (Protein kinase N) PKN1 PKN2 PKN3 DMPK (Dystrophia myotonica protein kinase) GEK (Genghis Khan) DMPK1 GEK DMPK2 1070 Protein Kinases

              

Family Subfamily Name

GEK MRCKβ ( kinase-related Cdc42-binding kinase) GEK MRCKα ROCK (Rho-kinase) ROCK2 ROCK ROCK1 ROCK CRIK (Citron) GRK (G-protein coupled receptor kinase) βARK (β-adrenoceptor kinase) βARK1 (GRK2) βARK2 (GRK3) GRK RHOK (Rhodopsin kinase; GRK1) GRK GRK4 GRK GRK5 GRK GRK6 GRK GRK7 MAST MAST3 (Microtubuli-associated serine/threonine Kinase) MAST2 MAST1 MASTL MAST4 PDK1 (Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1) PDK1 NDR NDR1 LATS1 LATS2 NDR2 RSK (ribosomal protein S6 kinase) MSK (mitogen and stress-activated kinase) MSK1 MSK2 p70 p70S6K p70 p70S6Kb RSK RSK1 RSK RSK2 RSK RSK3 RSK RSK4 SgK494 RSKL RSKL2 RSKL1 SGK (serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinases) SGK SGK2 SGK3 YANK YAN K1 YAN K2 YAN K3 Protein Kinases 1071

                 

                 

Family Subfamily Name

CaMK I CaMK Iγ CaMK Iα CaMK IV CaMK Iδ CaMK Iβ CaMK II CaMK IIα CaMK IIβ CaMK IIγ CaMK IIδ CaMKL AMPK (AMP-activated kinase) AMPKα1 AMPK (AMP-activated kinase) AMPKα2 BRSK BRSK2 BRSK BRSK1 CHK1 CHK1 HUNK HUNK LKB LKB1 MARK MARK3 MARK MARK2 MARK MARK1 MARK MARK4 MELK MELK NIM1 NIM1 NuaK NuaK1 NuaK NuaK2 PASK PASK QIK QSK QIK QIK QIK SIK SNRK SNRK CaMK-Unique VAC A M K L STK33 SgK495 CASK (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase) CASK DAPK (death associated protein kinase) DAPK1 DAPK2 DRAK1 DRAK2 DAPK3 DCAMKL (double cortin and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-like) DCAMKL1 DCAMKL3 DCAMKL2 MAPKAPK (MAP kinase-activated MAPKAPK MAPKAPK2 protein kinase) MAPKAPK MAPKAPK3 MAPKAPK MAPKAPK5 MINK MNK1 MINK MNK2 MLCK ( chain kinase) smMLCK 1072 Protein Kinases

                   

Family Subfamily Name caMLCK skMLCK sgMLCK PhK () PhKγ1 PhKγ2 Pim (proviral integration site) Pim3 Pim1 Pim2 PDK PDK1 PDK2 PDK3 Psk (putative protein-serine kinase) PskH1 PskH2 RAD53 CHK2 (checkpoint kinase 2) Trbl Trb1 Trb2 Trio Trio Trad SPEG Obscn TSSK (testis specific serine/ threonine kinase) TSSK3 TSSK2 SSTK TSSK4 TSSK1 Protein Kinases 1073

       

       

Family Name

CK1 (casein kinase 1) CK1α CK1δ CK1ε CK1γ2 CK1γ3 CK1α2 CK1γ1 TTBK (tau kinase) TTBK2 TTBK1 Vrk (vaccinia related kinase) Vrk1 Vrk2 Vrk3

             

             

Family Subfamily Name

Cdk (-dependent kinase) Cdc2 Cdc2 Cdc2 Cdk2 Cdc2 Cdk3 Cdk10 Cdk10 Cdk4 Cdk4 Cdk4 Cdk6 Cdk5 Cdk5 Cdk7 Cdk7 Cdk8 Cdk8 Cdk8 Cdk11 Cdk9 Cdk9 Crk7 Ched Crk7 Crk7 PITSLRE PITSLRE TAIRE PCTAIRE1 TAIRE PCTAIRE2 TAIRE PCTAIRE3 TAIRE PFTAIRE1 TAIRE PFTAIRE2 CCRK Cdkl (cyclin-dependent kinase-like) Cdkl2 Cdkl1 Cdkl5 Cdkl4 Cdkl3 Clk (cdc2/CDC28-like kinase) Clk1 Clk2 Clk3 Clk4 1074 Protein Kinases

               

Family Subfamily Name Dyrk (dual-specificity tyrosine-(Y)- Dyrk1 Dyrk1A phosphorylation regulated kinase) Dyrk1 Dyrk1B Dyrk2 Dyrk2 Dyrk2 Dyrk3 Dyrk2 Dyrk4 HIPK (Homeodomain-interacting HIPK1 protein kinase) HIPK2 HIPK HIPK3 HIPK HIPK4 PRP4 PRP4 GSK (Glycogen synthase kinase 3) GSK3α GSK3β MAPK (Mitogen activated protein Erk Erk1 kinase) Erk Erk2 Erk Erk3 Erk Erk4 Erk Erk5 Erk7 Erk7 Jnk Jnk1 Jnk Jnk2 Jnk Jnk3 nmo NLK p38 p38α p38 p38β p38 p38γ p38 p38δ RCK (related to the cdc2 kinase) Mak ICK MOK SRPK (serine/arginine-rich protein specific kinase) SRPK1 SRPK2 MSSK1

         " ᭤ Guanylyl Cyclases)

         ) Family Name

RGC (Receptor guanylyl cyclases) GC-A (ANPa) GC-B (ANPb) GC-D (CYGD) GC-F (CYGF) GC-C (HSER) Protein Kinases 1075

#$   %    &'( "᭤ MAP Kinase Cascades #$   %    &'( 

Family Subfamily Name STE11 (sterile 11) MAP3K1 (Mekk1) MAP3K2 (Mekk2) MAP3K3 (Mekk3) MAP3K4 (Mekk4) MAP3K5 (Mekk5) MAP3K6 (Ask2) MAP3K7 MAP3K8 (Tpl2) STE20 (sterile 20) FRAY OSR1 FRAY STLK3 KHS GCK (MAP4K2) (kinase homologous to SPS1/STE20) KHS HPK1 (MAP4K1) KHS KHS1 (MAP4K5) KHS KHS2 MSN ZC1/HGK (MAP4K4) MSN ZC2/TNIK (Traf2) MSN ZC3/MINK (Misshapen) MSN ZC4/NRK (Nesk) MST MST1 (Stk4; Krs-2) MST MST2 (Stk3; Krs-1) NinaC MYO3B NinaC MYO3A PAKA (p21-activated kinase) PAK1 PAK2 PAK2 PAK3 PAKB PAK6 PAKB PAK4 PAKB PAK5 SLK SLK SLK LOK (Stk10) STLK STLK5 STLK STLK6 TAO (Thousand-and-one TAO2 amino acid kinase) TAO3 TAO1 YSK MST3 (Stk24) YSK YSK1 (Sok1; Stk25) YSK MST4 (Mask) STE7 (sterile 7) MAP2K1 (Mek1) MAP2K2 (Mek2) MAP2K5 (Mek5) MAP2K6 (Mek6) MAP2K7 (Mek7) MAP2K3 (Mek3) MAP2K4 (Mek4) STE-Unique COT NIK (MAP3K14) 1076 Protein Kinases

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Family Subfamily Name

IRAK (interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase) IRAK1 IRAK2 IRAK3 IRAK4 LISK (LIMK/TESK)LIMK Limk2 LIMK Limk1 TESK (Testis-specific protein kinase) Tesk1 Tesk2 LRRK LRRK2 LRRK1 Mlk (mixed lineage kinase) HH498 HH498 ILK ILK (Integrin linked kinase) LZK DLK (MAP3K12) LZK LZK (MAP3K13) Mlk Mlk1 (MAP3K9) Mlk Mlk2 (MAP3K10) Mlk Mlk3 (MAP3K11) Mlk ZAK (Mltk) Mlk Mlk4 TAK1 TAK1 (TGF-β activated-kinase 1) Raf A-Raf B-Raf KSR1 (Kinase suppressor of ras-1) Raf1 (C-Raf) KSR2 RIPK (receptor-interacting protein kinase) RIPK1 RIPK2 RIPK3 ANKRD3 SgK288 STKR (receptor serine/threonine Type I ALK-1 kinases ᭤ Receptors) Type I ActR-I A (ALK-2) Type I BMPR-I A (ALK-3) Type I ActR-I B (ALK-4) Type I TGFβR-I (ALK-5) Type I BMPR-I B (ALK-6) Type I ALK-7 Type II ActR-II A Type II ActR-II B Type II MISR-II Type II BMPR-II Type II TGFβR-II TKL Unique MLKL Protein Kinases 1077

    

    

Family Subfamily Name

A6 A6 A6r ABC1 ABC1-A ADCK4 ABC1-A ADCK3 ABC1-B ADCK1 ABC1-B ADCK5 ABC1-C ADCK2 Alpha ChaK ChaK1 ChaK ChaK2 eEF2K eEF2K eEF2K AlphaK2 AlphaK3 AlphaK1 BCR (breakpoint cluster region) BCR BRD BRD2 BRD3 BRD4 BRDT FAST FASTK G11 G11 H11 H11 PDHK (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase) BCKDK PDHK1 PDHK2 PDHK3 PDHK4 PIKK ATM ATM ATR ATR DNAPK DNAPK FRAP FRAP SMG1 SMG1 TRRAP TRRAP RIO RIO1 RIOK1 RIO2 RIOK2 RIO3 RIOK3 TAF1 TAF1 TAF1L TIF1 TIF1α TIF1β TIF1γ 1078 Protein Kinases

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Family Subfamily Name

AUR AurC AurB AurAC BUB (budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1 homolog) BUBR1 BUB Bud32 PRPK CAMKK (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent Meta CaMKK2 protein kinase kinase) Meta CaMKK1 Cdc7 Cdc7 CK2 () CK2α1 CK2α2 Haspin (Germ cell-specific gene 2) Haspin IKK (IκB kinase) IKKα IKKβ IKKε TBK1 Ire (Inositol-requiring) Ire1 (Ern1) Ire2 (Ern2) Mos (Moloney oncogene) Mos Nak (Numb-associated kinase) Gak Aak1 MPSK1 BIKE Nek (NimA-related expressed kinase) Nek1 Nek2 Nek3 Nek4 Nek6 Nek7 Nek9 Nek8 Nek5 Nek11 Nek10 NKF1 SgK069 SgK110 SBK NKF2 PINK1 NKF3 SgK223 SgK269 NKF4 CLIK1L CLIC1 NKF5 SgK307 SgK424 NRBP NRBP1 NRBP2 Other-Unique SgK493 SgK496 Protein Kinases 1079

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Family Subfamily Name SgK071 SgK196 SgK396 KIS RNAseL PEK GCN2 GCN2 PEK PEK PKR HRI Plk (Polo-like kinase) Plk3 Plk4 Plk2 SCY1 SCYL1 SCYL3 SCYL2 Slob Slob TBCK TBCK Tlk (Tousled-like kinase) Tlk1 Tlk2 TOPK PBK Ttk (Embryonal kinase) Ttk Ulk (Unc-51-like kinase) Fused Ulk1 Ulk2 Ulk3 Ulk4 VPS15 PIK3R4 Wee (Wee 1 homolog) MYT1 Wee1B Wnk (With-no-lys kinase) Wnk2 Wnk1 Wnk4 Wnk3 1080 Protein Kinases

    

#          "᭤ Table appendix: Receptor Proteins #          

Family Name

EGFR (epidermal ; ErbB) EGFR/ErbB1 HER2/ErbB2 HER3/ErbB3 HER4/ErbB4 InsR (insulin receptor) IGF1R INSR IRR PDGFR (platelet derived growth factor) FMS Flt3/Flk2 Kit/SCFR PDGFRα PDGFRβ VEGFR (vascular endothelial growth factor) VEGF-R1; Flt1 VEGF-R3; Flt4 VEGF-R2; Flk1; KDR FGFR (fibroblast growth factor) FGFR1 FGFR2 FGFR3 FGFR4 KLG/CCK (kinase-like gene) CCK4/PTK7 NGF (nerve grow th factor; Trk) TrkA TrkB TrkC HGF (hepatocyte growth factor; Met) Met Ron/Skt Eph (kinase detected in erythropoietin-producing hepatoma) EphA1 EphA2 EphA3 EphA4 EphA5 EphA8 EphB1 EphB2 EphB3 EphB4 EphB6 EphA7 EphA10 EphA6 Axl (anexelekto) Axl Mer Tyro3 Tie (tyrosine kinase with Ig and EGF homology) Tie2 (tek) Tie1 Ryk Ryk DDR (discoid domain receptor) DDR1 Protein Kinases 1081

#            

Family Name DDR2 Ret Ret Sev (sevenless) Ros Alk (anaplastic kinase) Alk Ltk (Leukocyte tyrosine kinase) Ror Ror1 Ror2 Musk Musk LMR LMR1 (AATYK) LMR2 (AATYK2) LMR3 (AATYK3) TK-Unique SuRTK106

, #    ,      "᭤ Tyrosine Kinases , #    ,      

Family Name

Abl (abelson murine leukemia oncogene) Abl Arg (Abl-related gene) Ack (activated Cdc42-associated kinase) Ack (Tnk2) Tnk1 (Tyrosine kinase, non-receptor 1) Csk (C-terminal Src kinase) Csk Ctk (Csk-type protein tyrosine kinase) Fak (Focal adhesion kinase) Fak Pyk2 Fer (Fps/Fes-related tyrosine kinase) Fer (TYK3) Fes (Feline sarcoma oncogene) JAKA Jak1 (-1) Jak2 (Janus kinase-2) Jak3 (Janus kinase-3) Tyk2 (Transducer of interferon α/β signals) Src (rous sarcoma virus oncogene) Blk (B lymphocyte kinase) Brk (Breast tumor kinase; PTK6) Fgr (Gardner-Rasheed sarcoma virus oncogene) Fyn (Related to Fgr and Yes) Hck (Hemopoietic cell kinase; Bmk) Lck (Lymphocyte protein tyrosine kinase) Lyn (JTK8) Src Yes (Yamaguchi 73 sarcoma virus oncogene) Frk (Fyn-related kinase; Gtk; Lyk; Rak) Srm Syk (spleen tyrosine kinase) Syk (p72Syk) Zap70 (ζ-chain associated protein kinase) Tec (tyrosine kinase expressed in ) Btk (Bruton's tyrosine kinase) Itk (IL-2 inducible T-cell kinase ; Tsk) Tec Txx Bmx (Bone marrow kinase, X-linked; Etk)

List of Drugs

Drug Group/Class Link

Abacavir Reverse transcriptase inhibitor Antiviral Drugs Abciximab GPIIb/IIIa-inhibitor Antiplatelet Drugs Acarbose α-glucosidase inhibitor Oral Antidiabetic Drugs Diabetes mellitus β- (blocker) ββ-Adrenergic System Acetaminophen Analgetic/antipyretic drug Acetazolamide Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor Acetylsalicylic Acid Analgetic/Antipyretic/ Antiinflammatory Analgesics drug Cyclooxygenases Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Aciclovir / Acyclovir Antiviral drug Antiviral drugs AcitretinRetinoid Retinoids Adenosine Nucleoside Purinergic System Antiarrhythmic Drugs Adrenaline (Epinephrin) Adrenoceptor agonist ββ-Adrenergic System αα-Adrenergic System Ajmalin Antiarrhythmic drug Antiarrhythmic Drugs Albuterol β- ββ-Adrenergic System Alendronate Biphosphonate Bone Metabolism Alfentanil Opioid, Opioid System Analgesics α-adrenergic antagonist αα-Adrenergic System Allopurinol Anti-gout drug Anti-gout Drugs Alprazolam Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepines Alteplase (t-PA) Fibrinolytic Fibrinolytics Amantadine Anti-parkinson drug Anti-parkinson Drugs Antiviral Drugs Amikacin Aminoglycoside (antibacterial drug) Aminoglycosides Amiloride Potassium-sparing Diuretics Epithelial Na+ Channel Amiodarone Antiarrhythmic drug Antiarrhythmic Drugs Non-selective monoamine reuptake Drugs inhibitor (NSMRI) Neurotransmitter Transporter Amlodipine Dihydropyridine Ca2+ Channel Blockers Voltage-dependent Ca2+ Channels Amoxicillin β-lactam antibiotic ββ-lactam Antibiotics Amphetamine Indirect sympathomimetic Psychostimulants Amphotericin B Polyene Antifungal Drugs Ampicillin β-lactam antibiotic ββ-lactam Antibiotics Amprenavir Viral protease inhibitor Antiviral Drugs Viral Amrinone PDE-inhibitor Phosphodiesterases Anakinra Recombinant IL-1- Cytokines

1084

Drug Group/Class Link

Anastrozole Aromatase inhibitior Aromatase Dopamine receptor agonist, emetic Emesis Aprepitant NK1 receptor antagonist Emesis β-adrenergic antagonist (β-blocker) ββ-Adrenergic System α-adrenergic antagonist αα-Adrenergic System Atorvastatin HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitor (statin) HMG-CoA-reductase-inhibitors (Statin) Atovaquone Antimalarial agent Antiprotozoal Drugs Atracurium Neuromuscular blocking drug Nicotinic Receptors Atropine Muscarinic antagonist (parasympatholytic) Muscarinic Receptors Auranofin Antirheumatoid drugs Gold Compounds Azathioprine Immunosuppressant Immunosuppressive Agents Antineoplastic drugs Antineoplastic Agents Azithromycin Macrolide (antibacterial drugs) Ribosomal Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Aztreonam β-lactam antibiotic ββ-lactam Antibiotics Baclofen Muscle relaxant GABAergic System Basiliximab Anti-IL-2-receptor antibody Immune System Cytokines Beclomethason-diproprionat Glucocorticoid Glucocorticoids ACE inhibitor ACE Inhibitors Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System Benperidole Butyrophenone Antipsychotic Drugs Benserazid Dopa decarboxylase inhibitor Anti-parkinson Drugs Benzbromarone Uricosuric agent Anti-gout Drugs Betamethason Glucocorticoid Glucocorticoids β-adrenergic antagonist (β-blocker) ββ-Adrenergic System Bethanechol Muscarinic receptor agonist Muscarinic Receptors (parasympathomimetic) Bezafibrate Fibrate Fibrates Bicuculline GABAA-receptor antagonist GABAergic System Biperiden Anticholinergic agent Anti-parkinson Drugs Muscarinic Receptors β-adrenergic antagonist (β-blocker) ββ-Adrenergic System Bleomycin Antineoplastic agent Antineoplastic Agents antagonist Endothelins Toxin Bacterial Toxins Botezomib Proteasome inhibitor Ubiquitin/Proteasome System Dopamine receptor agonist Dopamine System Budesonide Glucocorticoid Glucocorticoids Bumetanide Loop diuretic Diuretics Bupivacaine Local anaesthetic Local Anaesthetics Voltage-Dependent Na+ Channels Buprenorphine Opioid, analgesic Opioid System Analgesics Bupropion Antidepressant Antidepressant Drugs 1085

Drug Group/Class Link

Buspirone Serotonin receptor agonist Serotoninergic System Buserelin GnRH receptor antagonist GnRH Busulphan Alkylating agent AntineOplastic Agents Butorphanol Opioid, analgesic Opioid System, Analgesics Butylscopolamin Muscarinic receptor antagonist Muscarinic Receptors (parasympatholytic) Caffeine PDE inhibitor / adenosine receptor Phosphodiesterases antagonist Calcitonin Hormone Bone Metabolism Calcitriol Vitamin D metabolite Bone Metabolism Angiotensin receptor Antagonist Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System Capecitabine Antimetabolite Antineoplastic Agents Capsaicin TRP channel activator Nociception ACE inhibitor ACE Inhibitors Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System Carbachol Muscarinic receptor agonist Muscarinic receptors (parasympatholytic) Carbamazepine Antiepileptic drug Antiepileptic Drugs Carbidopa Antiparkinson drug Anti-parkinson Drugs Carbimazole Antithyroid drug Antithyroid Drugs Carboplatin Antineoplastic agent Antineoplastic Agents Carmustin Alkylating agent Antineoplastic Agents β-adrenergic antagonist (β-blocker) ββ-Adrenergic System Cefachlor Cephalosporin ββ-lactam Antibiotics Cefadroxil Cephalosporin ββ-lactam Antibiotics Cefazolin Cephalosporin ββ-lactam Antibiotics Cefepime Cephalosporin ββ-lactam Antibiotics Cefixime Cephalosporin ββ-lactam Antibiotics Cefotaxime Cephalosporin ββ-lactam Antibiotics Cefotetan Cephalosporin ββ-lactam Antibiotics Ceftazidime Cephalosporin ββ-lactam Antibiotics Ceftriaxone Cephalosporin ββ-lactam Antibiotics Cefuroxime Cephalosporin ββ-lactam Antibiotics Celecoxib Antiinflammatory agent Cyclooxygenases Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Cephalexin Cephalosporin ββ-lactam Antibiotics Cetirizine Histamin receptor antagonist Histaminergic System, Allergy Chlorambucil Alkylating agent Antineoplastic Agents Chloroquine Antimalaria drug Antiprotozoal Drugs Chlorpheniramine Histamin receptor antagonist Histaminergic System Antipsychotic Drugs Antipsychotic Drugs Chlorthalidone Thiazide Diuretics Cholestyramine Anion exchange resin Lipid-lowering Drugs 1086

Drug Group/Class Link

Ciclopirox Hydroxypyridone Antifungal Drugs Cidofovir Antiviral drug Antiviral Drugs Cilastatin β-lactamase inhibitor ββ-lactam Antibiotics Cilostazol PDE-inhibitor Phosphodiesterases Cimetidine Histamin receptor antagonist Histaminergic System Ciprofloxacin Quinolone Quinolones Cisapride Serotonin receptor agonist Serotoninergic System Cisplatin Antineoplastic agent Antineoplastic Agents Citalopram Selectiv serotonine reuptake inhibitor Antidepressant Drugs (SSRI) Neurotransmitter Transporters Clarithromycin Macrolide (antibacterial drugs) Ribosomal Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Clavulanate β-lactamase inhibitor ββ-lactam Antibiotics Clemastine Histamin receptor antagonist Histaminergic System β-adrenergic agonist ββ-Adrenergic System Clindamycin Antibacterial agent Ribosomal Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Clofibrate Fibrate Fibrates Clomiphene Oestrogen receptor antagonist Sex Steroid Receptors Non-selective monoamine reuptake Antidepressant Drugs inhibitor (NSMRI) Neurotransmitter Transporters Clonazepam Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepines α-adrenergic agonist αα-Adrenergic System Clopidogrel Thienopyridine Antiplatelet Drugs Clorazepate Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepines Clotrimazole Antifungal drugs Antifungal Drugs Atypical neuroleptic Antipsychotic Drugs Neurotransmitter Transporters Cocaine Psychostimulant Psychostimulants Drug Addiction/Dependence Codeine Opioid Opioid Systems Colchicine Antigout drug Anti-gout Drugs Cytoskeleton Colestipol Anion exchange resin Lipid-lowering Drugs Cortisone-Acetat Glucocorticoid Glucocorticoids Cromoglycate (cromoglycin) Cromone Allergy Cyclophosphamide Alkylating agent Antineoplastic Agents Cyclosporine Immunosuppressive agent Immunosuppressive Agents Cyproterone Androgen receptor antagonist Sex Steroid Receptors Cytarabine Antimetabolite Antineoplastic Agents Daclizumab Anti-IL-2-receptor antibody Immune system Cytokines Danaparoid Glycosaminoglycans Anticoagulants Dapsone Antibacterial drug Antiprotozoal Drugs/ Antimicrobial Agents Daunorubicin Anthracycline Antineoplastic Agents 1087

Drug Group/Class Link

Delavirdine Reverse transcriptase inhibitor Antiviral Drugs Desirudin Hirudin-analogue Anticoagulants Desmopressin agonist Vasopressin/Oxytocin Glucocorticoid Glucocorticoids Diamorphin (heroin) Opioid Opioid System Drug Addiction/Dependence Diazepam Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepines Diazoxide Vasorelaxant ATP-dependent K+ Channels Diclofenac Analgetic/ Antipyretic/ Antiinflammatory Analgesics drug Cyclooxygenases Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Dicloxacillin β-lactam antibiotic ββ-lactam Antibiotics Didanosine Reverse transcriptase inhibitor Antiviral Drugs Digitoxin Cardiac glycoside Cardiac Glycosides Digoxin Cardiac glycoside Cardiac Glycosides Diltiazem Benzothiazepine Ca2+ Channel Blockers Voltage-dependent Ca2+ Channels Dimenhydrinate Histamin receptor antagonist Histaminergic System Diphenhydramine Histamin receptor antagonist Histaminergic System Disopyramide Antiarrhythmic drugs Antiarrhythmic Drugs Dizocilpine NMDA-receptor antagonist blocker Glutamate Receptors β agonist ββ-Adrenergic System Docetaxel Taxane Antineoplastic Agents Cytoskeleton Dofetilide Antiarrhythmic drug Antiarrhythmic Drugs K+ Channels Dolasetron Antiemetic drug, serotonin receptor Emesis antagonist Serotoninergic System Donepezil Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor Cholinesterase α-adrenergic antagonist αα-Adrenergic System Non-selective monoamine reuptake Antidepressant Drugs inhibitor (NSMRI) Neurotransmitter Transporters Doxorubicin Anthracycline Antineoplastic Agents Doxycycline Tetracycline Ribosomal Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Dronabinol Cannabinoid receptor agonist Cannabinoid Receptors EdrophoniumAcetylcholinesterase Cholinesterase Efavirenz Reverse transcriptase inhibitor Antiviral Drugs Eflornithine Antitrypanosomal drug Antiprotozoal Drugs ACE inhibitor ACE Inhibitors Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System Enalaprilat ACE inhibitor ACE Inhibitors Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System Enflurane General anaesthetics General Anaesthetics Enfuvirtide HIV fusion inhibitor Antiviral Drugs Enoxaparin Low-molecular-weight heparin Anticoagulants 1088

Drug Group/Class Link

Entacapone COMT-inhibitor Anti-parkinson drugs Catechol-O-methyltransferase and its Inhibitors Epinephrine (adrenalin) Adrenoceptor agonist ββ-Adrenergic System αα-Adrenergic System Epirubicin Anthracycline Antineoplastic Agents Eplerenone Aldosterone receptor antagonist Antihypertensive Drugs/ Blood Pressure Control Epoetin a Hematopoietic growth factor Hematopoietic Growth Factors Angiotensin receptor antagonist Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System Eptifibatide GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor Antiplatelet Drugs Ergot alkaloid Ergot Alkaloids Ergot alkaloid Ergot Alkaloids Erythromycin Macrolide (antibacterial drug) Ribosomal Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Esmolol β-adrenergic antagonist (β-blocker) ββ-Adrenergic System Estradiol Oestrogen receptor agonist Sex Steroid Receptors Etanercept Soluble TNF receptor construct Immune System Ethacrynic acid Loop diuretic Diuretics Ethambutol Antituberculotic agent Antituberculosis Drugs Ethinylesteradiol Oestrogen receptor agonist Sex Steroid Receptors Ethosuximide Antiepileptic drugs Antiepileptic Drugs Etodolac Analgetic/ Antipyretic/ Antiinflammatory Analgesics drug Cyclooxygenases Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Etoposide Antineoplastic agent Antineoplastic Agents Etretinate Retinoid Retinoids Exemestane Aromatase inhibitor Aromatase Ezetimib Cholestorol absorbtion inhibitor Lipid-lowering Drugs Famotidine Histamin receptor antagonist Histaminergic System Felbamate Antiepileptic drugs Antiepileptic Drugs Felodipine Dihydropyridine Ca2+ Channel Blockers Voltage-dependent Ca2+ Channels β-adrenergic agonist ββ-Adrenergic System Fentanyl Opioid, analgesic Opioid system Analgesics Fexofenadine Histamin receptor antagonist Histaminergic System Allergy Hematopoietic growth factor Hematopoietic Growth Factors Antiandrogen Sex Steroid Receptors Flecainide Antiarrhythmic drug Antiarrhythmic Drugs Fluconazole Azole Antifungal Drugs Fludarabine Antimetabolite Antineoplastic Agents Fludrocortisone Glucocorticoid Glucocorticoids Gluco-/Mineralocorticoid Receptors 1089

Drug Group/Class Link

Flumazenil Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepines Flunisolid-acetonid Glucocorticoid Glucocorticoids Flunitrazepam Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepines 5-Fluorouracil Antimetabolite Antineoplastic Agents Fluoxetine Selective serotonine reuptake inhibitor Antidepressant Drugs (SSRI) Neurotransmitter Transporters Phenothiazine Antipsychotic Drugs Flupenthixol Thioxanthene Antipsychotic Drugs Fluspirilen Antipsychotic drug Antipsychotic Drugs Fluticasone Glucocorticoid Glucocorticoids Flurbiprofen Analgetic/ Antipyretic/ Antiinflammatory Analgesics drug NSAID Cyclooxygenases Flutamide Androgen receptor antagonist Sex Steroid Receptors Fluvastatin HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitor (statin) HMG-CoA-reductase Inhibitors (Statin) Fluvoxamine Selective serotonine reuptake inhibitor Antidepressant Drugs (SSRI) Neurotransmitter Transporters Fondaparinux Synthetic pentasaccharide Anticoagulants β-adrenergic agonist ββ-Adrenergic System Formestane Aromatase inhibitor Aromatase Fulvestrant Estrogene receptor antagonist Sex Steroid Receptors Furosemide Loop diuretic Diuretics Gabapentin Antiepileptic drug Antiepileptic Drugs Gallamine Neuromuscular blocking drug Nicotinic Receptors Gallopamil Phenylalkylamine Ca2+ Channel Blockers Voltage-Dependent Ca2+ Channels Ganciclovir Antiviral drug Antiviral Drugs Gatifloxacin Quinolone Quinolones Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor Growth Factors Gemcitabine Antimetabolite Antineoplastic Agents Gemfibrozil Fibrate Fibrates Gentamicin Aminoglycoside (antibacterial drug) Ribosomal Protein Synthesis Inhibitor Glibenclamide Sulphonylurea ATP-dependent K+ Channels Oral Antidiabetic Drugs Glimepiride Sulphonylurea ATP-dependent K+ Channels Oral Antidiabetic Drugs Glipizide Sulphonylurea ATP-dependent K+ Channels Oral Antidiabetic Drugs Glyburide Sulphonylurea ATP-dependent K+ Channels Oral Antidiabetic Drugs Glyceryltrinitrate Organic nitrate Guanylyl Cyclases Granisetron Antiemetic drug, serotonin receptor Emesis antagonist Serotoninergic System Griseofulvin Antifungal drug Antifungal Drugs Butyrophenone Antipsychotic Drugs 1090

Drug Group/Class Link

Halothane General Anaesthetics General Anaesthetics HeparinAnticoagulant Anticoagulants Human Insulin Antidiabetic drug Insulin Receptors Diabetes mellitus Hydralazine Vasodilator Antihypertensive Drugs Hydrochlorthiazide Thiazide Diuretics Hydroxychloroquine Antimalaria drug Antiprotozoal Drugs Hydroxyurea Antineoplastic agent Antineoplastic Agents Ibritumomab Anti-CD20 antibody Antineoplastic Agents IbuprofenAnalgetic/ Antipyretic/ Antiinflammatory Analgesics drug Cyclooxygenases NSAID Idarubicin Anthracycline Antineoplastic Agents Ifosfamide Alkylating agent Antineoplastic Agents IL-2 Cytokine Cytokines (STI 571) Tyrosine kinase inhibitor Tyrosine Kinases Imipenem β-lactam antibiotic ββ-Lactam Antibiotics Non-selective monoamine reuptake Antidepressant Drugs inhibitor (NSMRI) Neurotransmitter Transporters Indinavir Protease inhibitor Antiviral Drugs Viral Proteases Indomethacin Analgetic/ Antipyretic/ Antiinflammatory Analgesics drug Cyclooxygenases Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Infliximab Anti-TNFα antibody Humanized Monoclonal Antibodies Immune Defense Insulin Antidiabetic drug Insulin Receptors Diabetes mellitus Insulin analogue Insulin Receptors Diabetes mellitus Insulin analogue Insulin Receptors Diabetes mellitus Insulin analogue Insulin Receptors Diabetes mellitus Interferon a Immunomodulator Interferons Cytokines Interferon b Immunomodulator Interferons Cytokines Interferon g Immunomodulator Interferons Cytokines IpratropiumMuscarinic receptor antagonist Muscarinic Receptors (parasympatholytic) Angiotensin receptor antagonist Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System Irinotecan Topoisomerase-I-inhibitor Antineoplastic Agents Isoflurane General anaesthetics General Anaesthetics Isoniazid Antituberculotic agent Antituberculosis Drugs 1091

Drug Group/Class Link

Isoprenaline Adrenoceptor agonist ββ-Adrenergic System αα-Adrenergic System IsoproterenolAdrenoceptor agonist ββ-Adrenergic System αα-Adrenergic System Isosorbide-dinitrate Organic nitrate Guanylyl Cyclases Isosorbidmononitrate Organic nitrate Guanylyl Cyclases Isradipine Dihydropyridine Ca2+ Channel Blockers Voltage-dependent Ca2+ Channels Itraconazole Azole Antifungal Drugs Ivermectin Antiparasitic agent Antiparasitic Drugs Ketamine NMDA receptor antagonist, channel General Anaesthetics blocker NMDA Receptor Psychotomimetic Drugs Ketoconazole Azole Antifungal Drugs Ketoprofen Analgetic/ Antipyretic/ Antiinflammatory Analgesics drug Cyclooxygenases NSAID Ketorolac Analgetic/ Antipyretic/ Antiinflammatory Analgesics drug Cyclooxygenases Lactulose Laxative Laxatives Lamivudine Reverse transcriptase inhibitor Antiviral Drugs Lamotrigine Antiepileptic drug Antiepileptic Drugs Lansoprazole inhibitor Proton Pump Inhibitors and Acid Pump Antagonists L-dopa Antiparkinson drug Anti-parkinson Drugs Hematopoietic growth factor Hematopoietic Growth Factors Lepirudin Hirudin-analogue Anticoagulants Letrozole Aromatase inhibitior Aromatase Levetiracetam Antiepileptic drug Antiepileptic Drugs Levodopa Antiparkinson drug Anti-parkinson Drugs Levofloxacin Quinolone Quinolones Phenothiazine Antipsychotic Drugs Levomethadon Opioid Opioid System Lidocaine Local anaesthetic, Antiarrhythmic drug Local Anaesthetics Antiarrhythmic Drugs Voltage-dependent Na+ Channels ACE inhibitor ACE Inhibitors Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System Dopamine receptor agonist Dopamine System Lithium Mood stabilizer Mood-stabilising Drugs Loperamide Opioid Opioid System Lopinavir Viral protease inhibitor Antiviral Drugs Viral Proteases Loratadine Histamin receptor antagonist Histaminergic System, Allergy Lorazepam Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepines 1092

Drug Group/Class Link

Losartan Angiotensin receptor antagonist Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System Lovastatin HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitor (Statin) HMG-CoA-reductase Inhibitors (Statin) Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Serotonin receptor agonist Psychotomimetic Drugs Mebendazole Anthelmintic drug Antimalarial Drugs Antiprotozoal Drugs Medroxyprogesterone receptor agonist Sex Steroid Receptors Mefloquine Anti-malaria drug Antiprotozoal Drugs Melarsoprol Antiprotozoal drug Antiprotozoal Drugs Meloxicam Analgetic/ Antipyretic/ Antiinflammatory Analgesics drug Cyclooxygenases NSAID Butyrophenone Antipsychotic Drugs Melphalan Alkylating agent Antineoplastic Agents Meperidine Opioid, Analgesic Opioid Systems, Analgesics Mercaptopurine Antimetabolite Antineoplastic Agents Meropenem β-lactam antibiotic ββ-lactam Antibiotics Mescaline Psychotomimetic drug Psychotomimetic Drugs Metamizol Analgetic/ Antipyretic drug Analgesics Metformin Biguanide Oral Antidiabetic Drugs Diabetes mellitus Methadone Opioid Opioid System Methotrexate Antimetabolite Antineoplastic Agents Methylphenidate Indirect sympathomimetic Psychostimulants Methylprednisolone Glucocorticoid Glucocorticoids Serotonin receptor antagonist Serotoninergic System Metixene Muscarinic receptor antagonist Anti-parkinson Drugs Muscarinic Receptors Serotonin receptor antagonist Serotoninergic System β-adrenergic antagonist (β-blocker) ββ-Adrenergic System Metronidazole Antibacterial agent, Antiprotozoal agent Antiprotozoal Drugs Mexiletine Antiarrhythmic drugs Antiarrhythmic Drugs Antidepressant Antidepressant Drugs Midazolam Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepines Mifepristone (RU 486) Progesterone receptor antagonist Sex steroid Receptors Miglitol α-glucosidase inhibitor Oral Antidiabetic Drugs Milrinone PDE-inhibitor Phosphodiesterases Minocycline Tetracycline Ribosomal Protein Synthesis Inhibitor Antidepressant Drugs Misoprostol Prostaglandin derivative Prostanoids Mivacurium Neuromuscular blocking drug Nicotinic Receptors Moclobemide MAOA-inhibitor Antidepressant Drugs Molsidomine NO-donator Guanylyl Cyclases Montelukast Leukotriene receptor antagonist Leukotrienes 1093

Drug Group/Class Link

Morphine Opiate, Analgesics Opioid System Analgesics Moxifloxacin Quinolone Quinolones Moxonidine α-adrenergic agonist αα-Adrenergic System Muromonab Anti-T-cell receptor antibody Cytokines Mycophenolate Immunosuppressant Immunosuppressive Agents Mycophenolate-mofetil Immunosuppressant Immunosuppressive Agents Na-aurothiomalate Antirheumatoid drugs Gold Compounds Nabumetone Analgetic/ Antipyretic/ Antiinflammatory Analgesics drug Cyclooxygenases NSAID Naftifine Allylamine Antifungal Drugs Nalbuphine Opioid, Analgesic Opioid System Analgesics Nalmefene antagonist Opioid System Naloxone Opioid receptor antagonist Opioid System Nandrolon-decanoate Anabolic Sex Steroid Receptors Naproxen Analgetic/ Antipyretic/ Antiinflammatory Analgesics drug Cyclooxygenases NSAID Naratriptan Serotonin receptor agonist Serotoninergic System Nateglinide Meglitinide Oral Antidiabetic Drugs Nedocromil Cromone Allergy Nelfinavir Viral protease inhibitor Antiviral Drugs Viral Proteases Neomycin Aminoglycoside (Antibacterial drug) Ribosomal Protein Synthesis Inhibitor Neostigmine Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor Cholinesterase Nevirapine Reverse transcriptase inhibitor Antiviral Drugs Nicardipine Dihydropyridine Ca2+ Channel Blockers Voltage-dependent Ca2+ Channels Nicotine Nicotinic receptor agonist Nicotinic Receptors Nicotinic Acid Lipid lowering drug, Vitamine Lipid-lowering Drugs Nifedipine Dihydropyridine Ca2+ Channel Blockers Voltage-dependent Ca2+ Channels Nitrenpidine Dihydropyridine Ca2+ Channel Blockers Voltage-dependent Ca2+ Channels Nitrofurantoin Antimicrobial agent Antimicrobial Agents Nitroglycerin Organic nitrate Guanylyl Cyclases Nitroprussidnatrium NO-donator Guanylyl Cyclases Noradrenalin Adrenoceptor agonist ββ-Adrenergic System αα-Adrenergic System Norethisteron-Acetat Oestrogen receptor agonist Sex Steroid Receptors Non-selective monoamine reuptake Antidepressant Drugs inhibitor (NSMRI) Neurotransmitter Transporters Nystatin Antifungal agent Antifungal Drugs 1094

Drug Group/Class Link

Octreotide agonist Somatostatin Ofloxacin Quinolone Quinolones Atypical neuroleptic Antipsychotic Drugs Omeprazole Proton pump inhibitor Proton Pump Inhibitors and Acid Pump Antagonists Ondansetron Antiemetic drug, Serotonin receptor Emesis antagonist Serotoninergic System Orlistat Lipase inhibitor Anti Obesity Drugs Oseltamivir inhibitor Antiviral Drugs Oxacilin β-lactam antibiotic ββ-lactam Antibiotics Oxacepam Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepines Oxcarbazepine Antiepileptic drug Antiepileptic Drugs Oxybutynin Muscarinic receptor antagonist Muscarinic Receptors Oximetazoline α-adrenergic agonist αα-Adrenergic System Oxytocin Hormone Paclitaxel Taxane Antineoplastic Agents Cytoskeleton Pancuronium Neuromuscular blocking drug Nicotinic Receptors Pantoprazol Proton pump inhibitor Proton Pump Inhibitors and Acid Pump Antagonists Paracetamol Analgetic-/ Antipyretic drug Analgesics (acetaminophen) Parathion Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor Cholinesterase Paroxetine Selectiv serotonine reuptake inhibitor Antidepressant Drugs (SSRI) Neurotransmitter Transporters Penicillin β-lactam antibiotic ββ-lactam Antibiotics Pergolid Dopamine receptor agonist Dopamine System Phenothiazine Antipsychotic Drugs Pentazocine Opioid, Analgesic Opioid system Analgesics Pentostatin Antimetabolite Antineoplastic Agents Phencyclidine NMDA receptor antagonist, Channel General Anaesthetics blocker NMDA Receptor Psychotomimetic Drugs Pethidine Opioid / analgesic Opioid System Analgesics Phenobarbital Barbiturate Antiepileptic Drugs Phenprocoumon Coumarinderivative Anticoagulants Vitamin K α-adrenergic agonist αα-Adrenergic System Phenytoin Antiepileptic drug Antiepileptic Drugs Physostigmine Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor Cholinesterase Pilocarpine Muscarinic agonist Muscarinic Receptors (Parasympathomimetic) Pimozide Neuroleptic Antipsychotic Drugs 1095

Drug Group/Class Link

Pindolol β-adrenergic antagonist (β-blocker) ββ-Adrenergic System Pioglitazone Thiazolidinedione Oral Antidiabetic Drugs Diabetes mellitus Pipamperon Butyrophenone Antipsychotic Drugs Piretanide Loop diuretic Diuretics Piroxicam Analgetic- /Antipyretic- / Analgesics Antiinflammatory drug Cyclooxygenases NSAID Serotonin receptor antagonist Serotoninergic System Pramipexole Dopamine receptor agonist Dopamine System Anti-parkinson Drugs Pravastatin HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitor (statin) HMG-CoA-reductase Inhibitors (Statin) Praziquantel Anthelmintic agent Anthelminthic Drugs α-adrenergic antagonist αα-Adrenergic System Prednisolone Glucocorticoid Glucocorticoids Prednisone Glucocorticoid Glucocorticoids Prilocaine Local anaesthetic Local Anaesthetics Voltage-dependent Na+ Channels Primaquine Anti-malaria drug Antiprotozoal Drugs Probenecid Uricosuric agent Anti-gout Drugs Procainamide Local anaesthetic Local Anaesthetics Proguanil Anti-malaria drug Antiprotozoal Drugs Phenothiazine Antipsychotic Drugs Histamin receptor antagonist Histaminergic System Propofol Anaesthetic General Anaesthetics GABAergic System β-adrenergic antagonist (β-blocker) ββ-Adrenergic System Pyridostigmine Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor Cholinesterase Pyrimethamin Antiprotozoal drug Antiprotozoal Drugs Atypical neuroleptic Antipsychotic Drugs Antiarrhythmic drugs Antiarrhythmic Drugs Quinine Anti-malaria drug Antiprotozoal Drugs Rabeprazole Proton pump inhibitor Proton Pump Inhibitors and Acid Pump Antagonists Raloxifene Selective oestrogen receptor modulator Selective Receptor Modulators (SERM) (SERM) ACE inhibitor ACE Inhibitors Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System Ranitidine Histamin receptor antagonist Histaminergic System Rapacuronium Neuromuscular blocking drug Nicotinic Receptors Reboxetine Selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor Antidepressant Drugs (SNRI) Remifentanil Opioid, Analgesic Opioid System Analgesics 1096

Drug Group/Class Link

Repaglinide Meglitinide ATP-dependent K+ Channels Oral Antidiabetic Drugs Reteplase Fibrinolytic Fibrinolytics Ribavirin Antiviral agent Antiviral Drugs Rifabutin Antituberculotic agent Antituberculosis Drugs Rifampin Antituberculotic agent Antituberculosis Drugs Atypical neuroleptic Antipsychotic Drugs Ritonavir Viral protease inhibitor Antiviral Drugs Viral Proteases Rituximab Anti-CD20 antibody Antineoplastic Agents Rivastgmine Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor Cholinesterase Rizatriptan Serotonin receptor agonist Serotoninergic System Rofecoxib Anti-inflammatory agent Cyclooxygenases Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Rolipram PDE-inhibitor Phosphodiesterases Ropinirole Dopamine receptor agonist Dopamine System Rosiglitazone Thiazolidinedione Oral Antidiabetic Drugs Diabetes mellitus Roxithromycin Macrolide (Antibacterial drugs) Ribosomal Protein Synthesis Inhibitors β-adrenergic agonist ββ-Adrenergic System β-adrenergic agonist ββ-Adrenergic System Saquinavir Viral protease inhibitor Antiviral Drugs Viral Proteases Hematopoietic growth factor Hematopoietic Growth Factors Scopolamine Muscarinic receptor antagonist Muscarinic Receptors (Parasympatholytic) MAOB-inhibitor Anti-parkinson Drugs Sertindol Atypical neuroleptic Antipsychotic Drugs Sertraline Selective serotonine reuptake inhibitor Antidepressant Drugs (SSRI) Neurotransmitter Transporters Sibutramine Reuptake inhibitor Antidepressant Drugs Appetite Control Anti Obesity Drugs Sildenafil PDE-inhibitor Phosphodiesterases Simvastatin HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitor (statin) HMG-CoA-reductase Inhibitors (Statin) (rapamycin) Immunosuppressant Immunosuppressive Agents Spironolactone Aldosterone receptor antagonist Gluco-/Mineralocorticoid Receptors Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System Antiarrhythmic drug, β adrenergic receptor Antiarrhythmic Drugs antagonist ββ-Adrenergic System Stavudine Reverse transcriptase inhibitor Antiviral Drugs Streptokinase Fibrinolytic Fibrinolytics Streptomycin Aminoglycoside (Antibacterial drug) Ribosomal Protein Synthesis Inhibitor Strophantine Cardiac glycoside Cardiac Glycosides Strychnine Glycine receptor antagonist Glycine Receptors 1097

Drug Group/Class Link

Sufentanil Opioid, Analgesic Opioid System Analgesics Sulfamethoxazole Sulfonamide Sulfonamides Sulfasalazine Anti-inflammatory drug Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Sulfipyrazone Uricosuric agent Anti-gout Drugs Sulfisoxazole Sulfonamide Sulfonamides Sulindac Analgetic/ Antipyretic/ Antiinflammatory Analgesics drug Cyclooxygenases NSAID Sulpirid Atypical neuroleptic Antipsychotic Drugs Sumatriptan Serotonin receptor agonist Serotoninergic System Analgesics Suxamethonium Nicotine receptor agonist Nicotinic Receptors Tacrine Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor Cholinesterase Tacrolimus (FK 506) Immunosuppressant Immunosuppressive Agents Tamoxifen Selective estrogen receptor modulator Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERM) (SERM) α-adrenergic antagonist αα-Adrenergic System Tegaserod Serotonin receptor antagonist Serotoninergic System Terazosin α-adrenergic antagonist αα-Adrenergic System Terbinafin Allylamine Antifungal Drugs β-adrenergic agonist ββ-Adrenergic System Ter iparatide Hormone Bone Metabolism Testosteron-propionat Androgen receptor agonist Sex Steroid Receptors Tetracaine Local anaesthetic Local Anaesthetics Voltage-dependent Na+ Channels Tetracycline Tetracycline Ribosomal Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Theophylline PDE inhibitor, Adenosine receptor Phosphodiesterases antagonist Thiamazol Antithyroid drug Antithyroid Drugs Thiethylperazine Phenothiazine Antipsychotic Drugs Thioguanine Antimetabolite Antineoplastic Agents Thiopental Barbiturate General Anaesthetics Phenothiazine Antipsychotic Drugs Thiotepa Alkylating agent Antineoplastic Agents Tiagabine Antiepileptic drug Antiepileptic Drugs Ticlopidine Thienopyridine Antiplatelet Drugs Tilidin Opioid, Analgesic Opioid System Analgesics Tirofiban GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor Antiplatelet Drugs Tobramycin Aminoglycoside (Antibacterial drug) Ribosomal Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Tocainide Antiarrhythmic drugs Antiarrhythmic Drugs Tolbutamide Sulphonylurea ATP-dependent K+ Channels Oral Antidiabetic Drugs 1098

Drug Group/Class Link

Tolcapone COMT-inhibitor Anti-parkinson Drugs Catechol-O-methyltransferase and its Inhibitors Tolterodine Muscarinic receptor antagonist Muscarinic Receptors Topiramate Antiepileptic drug Antiepileptic Drugs Topotecan Topoisomerase-I-inhibitor Antineoplastic Agents Torasemide Loop diuretic Diuretics Toremifene Selective estrogen receptor modulator Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERM) (SERM) Tramadol Opioid, Analgesic Opioid System Analgesics ACE inhibitor ACE Inhibitors Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System Receptor tyrosine kinase blocking antibody Growth Factors Antidepressant Antidepressant Drugs Triamterene Potassium-sparing diuretic Diuretics Epithelial Na+ Channels Triazolam Benzodiazepine Benzodiazepines Trimethoprim Antibacterial agent Antiprotozoal Drugs/ Antimicrobial Agents Trimipramin Non-selective monoamine reuptake Antidepressant Drugs inhibitor (NSMRI) Neurotransmitter Transporters Tropicamide Muscarinic antagonist (Parasympatholytic) Muscarinic Receptors Tropisetron Antiemetic drug, Serotonin receptor Emesis antagonist Serotoninergic System Tubocurarin Neuromuscular blocking agent Nicotinic Receptors α-adrenergic antagonist αα-Adrenergic System Urokinase Fibrinolytic Fibrinolytics Valacyclovir Antiviral drug Antiviral Drugs Valproic Acid Antiepileptic drug Antiepileptic Drugs Angiotensin receptor antagonist Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System Vancomycin Antibacterial agent Antiprotozoal Drugs/ Antimicrobial Agents Venronium Neuromuscular blocking agent Nicotinic Receptors Venlafaxine Selective noradrenaline, Serotonine Antidepressant Drugs reuptake inhibitor (SSRNI) Neurotransmitter Transporters Verapamil Phenylalkylamine Ca2+ Channel Blockers Voltage-Dependent Ca2+ Channels Vigabatrin Antiepileptic drug Antiepileptic Drugs Vinblastine Vinca alkaloid Antineoplastic Agents Cytoskeleton Vincristine Vinca alkaloid Antineoplastic Agents Cytoskeleton Vindesine Vinca alkaloid Antineoplastic Agents Cytoskeleton 1099

Drug Group/Class Link

Warfarin Coumarinderivative Anticoagulants Vitamin K Xipamide Thiazide Diuretics α-adrenergic antagonist αα-Adrenergic System Yo himbine α-adrenergic antagonist αα-Adrenergic System Zafirlukast Leukotriene receptor antagonist Leukotrienes Zalcitabine Reverse transcriptase inhibitor Antiviral Drugs Zaleplon Sedative GABAergic System Zanamivir Neuraminidase inhibitor Antiviral Drugs Zaprinast PDE-inhibitor Phosphodiesterases Zidovudine Reverse transcriptase inhibitor Antiviral Drugs Zileuton 5-Lipoxygenase inhibitor Leukotrienes Zolmitriptan Serotonin receptor agonist Serotoninergic System Zolpidem Sedative GABAergic System Zopiclone Sedative GABAergic System   

     

ABC Proteins Akt ABC Transporters Alcohol Aβ Amyloid Alcohol Dehydrogenase ABPs Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Absence Epilepsy Aldosterone Absorption AlF4- Abstinence Syndrome Alkaloid Abused Drugs Alkylating Agents ACE Inhibitors Allele Acetylcholine Allergen Acetylcholinesterase Allergy Acetyltransferase Allodynia ACPD Alloimmunity ACTH Allosteric Modulators Actin Allylamine Actin Binding Proteins α1-acid Action Potential a-Adrenergic System Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time α-2 Antiplasmin Activation-induced Cell Death α-Glucosidase 5α-Reductase Active Transport α and β tubulin Activins ALS Acute Phase Reactants Acyl-CoA Alzheimer's Disease Adaptive Immunity Ames test Adaptor Proteins Amiloride-sensitive Na+ Channel Addiction Aminoglycosides Additive Interaction AMP, cyclic Aδ-fibres AMPA Receptors Adenosine AMP-activated Protein Kinase Adenosine Receptors Amphetamine Adenoviruses AMPK Adenylyl Cyclases Amyloid Precursor Protein ADH Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ADHD Anabolic Steroids Adhesion Molecules Anaesthesia AdoMet Anaesthetics, general Adrenal Gland Anaesthetics, local Adrenaline Analeptics Adrenergic or Noradrenergic Synapses, Receptors and Analgesia Drugs Analgesics Adrenoceptor Anandamide Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Anaphylactic Shock Adrenomedullin Androgen Receptor Adverse/Unwanted Reactions Androgens Affective Disorders Anemia, macrocytic hyperchromic Affinity Angel Dust Agonist Angina Pectoris Agouti-related Protein Angioblast AgRP Angiogenesis and Vascular Morphogenesis Ah Receptor Angiogenic Switch AIDS Airway Hyperresponsiveness Angiotensin Airway Surface Liquid Angiotensin Converting Enzyme AKAP Angiotensin Receptors 1102 Anion Exchange Resin

Angiotensinogen Area Postrema Anion Exchange Resin Area under the Curve Antacids Arginine Vasopressin Antagonist Aromatase Anthelminthic Drugs Arousal Anthracyclines Array Antiarrhythmic Drugs Antibiotics Arrhythmias Antibodies Arteriogenesis Anticoagulants Arylhydrocarbon Receptor Anticonvulsants ASF Family of Transporters Antidepressant Drugs ASL Antidiabetic Drugs Asn-linked Glycosylation Antidiarrhoeal Agents ASON Antidiuretic Hormone Aspartyl Proteinases Antidysrhythmic Drugs Aspirin Anti-emetic Drugs Assay Antiepileptic Drugs Asthma Antiestrogen Astrocytes Antifibrinolytic Drugs Atherogenesis Antifungal Drugs Atherosclerotic Plaques Antigen Atopy Antigen-presenting Cells ATP Antigen Presentation ATP-binding Cassette Transporter Superfamily Antigen Receptors ATP-dependent K+ Channel Anti-gout Drugs ATP-powered pump Antihistamines Atrial Fibrillation Antihyperglycaemic Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Antihypertensive Drugs Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Anti-inflammatory Drugs Atypical Neuroleptic Anti-integrins, therapeutic and diagnostic implications AUC Antimalarial Drugs Autacoid Antimetabolite Autoimmune Disease Antimicrobial Agents Autonomic Nervous System Antimode Autoreceptors Antineoplastic Agents Axon Anti Obesity Drugs Axonal Membrane Antiparasitic Drugs Azole Anti-parkinson Drugs BAC Antiplatelet Drugs Back Propagation Antiprogestins Bacterial Toxins Antiprotozoal Drugs Bacteriophage Antipsychotic Drugs Barbiturates Antipyretic Agents Baroreceptor Reflex Antiretroviral Agents Bartter's Syndrome Antirheumatoid Drugs Basal Activity Antisense Oligonucleotides and RNA Interference Basal Ganglia Antithyroid Drugs Basophils Antitrypanosomal Drugs bax Antituberculosis Drugs bcl-2 Antitussives BDNF Antiviral Drugs Benign Familial Neonatal Convulsions Anxiety Benzoapyrene Anxiolytics Benzodiazepines APCs Benzothiazepines Apoptosis Beri-Beri Appetite Control β-Adrenergic System aPTT β Barrel Aquaporins β-Blockers Aquaretic Agents β-Cell AR 11β-HSD II Arachidonic Acid 1103

11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type II cAMP β-Lactam Antibiotics cAMP- and cGMP-dependent Protein Kinases β-Lactamases cAMP-binding Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors BH4 cAMP-GEFs BH Domain Campothecins Bicuculline Cancer, molecular mechanisms of therapy BID Cannabinoid Receptor Biguanides Cannabinoids Bimodal Distribution Cannabis Bioavailability Capsaicin Biogenic Amines Capsid Bioinformatics CAR Biopterin Carbon Monoxide Biotin Carbonic Anhydrase BiP Carcinogens Carcinogenesis Bisphosphonates Cardiac Glycosides Bisubstrate Analogs CART BKCa channel Caspase Blastocyst Catabolism Blood-brain Barrier Catecholamines Blood: Gas Partition Coefficient of Anaesthetics Catechol-O-Methyltransferase and its Inhibitors Blood Pressure Control Cathepsins B Lymphocyte Causalgia BMPs Caveolae Body Mass Index CCK Bombesin-like CD26 Bone Formation cdk Bone Metabolism Cell Adhesion Molecule Bone Morphogenetic Proteins Cell-cycle Arrest Bone Remodelling Cell-cycle Checkpoints Bone Resorption Cell-cycle Control Botulinum Toxin Cellular Immmunity Botulism Central Diabetes Insipidus Bradykinesia Centrosome Bradykinin Cephalosporins Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor CFTR Brain Natriuretic Peptide CG cGK Bronchial Asthma cGMP Bronchodilators cGMP Kinase Btk cGMP-regulated Phosphodiesterases Butyrophenones CGRP Butyrylcholinesterase Channelopathies Channels, ion C2 Domain Chaperone Protein C-fibres Chemical Library Ca2+-ATPase Chemical Neurotransmission Ca2+ Channels Chemokine Receptors Ca2+ Channel Blockers Ca2+-induced Ca2+ Release Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone Ca2+ Release Channel Chemotaxis Ca2+ Spark Chemotherapy Ca2+ Transient Cadherins Cholegraphic Contrast Agents Cadherins/Catenins Cholera Toxin cAK Cholesterol Cholinergic Transmission Calcitonin Cholinesterase Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide Chorionic Gonadotropin Calmodulin Chromosomal Translocations cADP-ribose Chromosomes 1104 Chymotrypsin-like Proteinases

Chymase Corticosterone Chymotrypsin-like Proteinases Corticotropin CICR Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Co-stimulatory Molecules Circadian Rhythm Cotransmission Circumventricular Organs Coumarins Class I Antiarrhythmic Drugs COX-1 Class II Antiarrhythmic Drugs COX-2 Class III Antiarrhythmic Drugs Coxibs Class IV Antiarrhythmic Drugs CpG Dinucleotide Motif Classic Cadherins CPI-17 Clathrin Crack Clathrin-coated Vesicle Craving CLC Cre/loxP Cl- Channels CREB Clearance CRH Clonal Selection Cromones Clostridial Neurotoxins Cross Tolerance Clostridium Botulinum Toxin Crosslinks Clotting Cross-packaging CMV CSFs CNBD CTLs CNG Channels Curare CNTF Current-voltage Relationship (I-V) CO Cyclic-AMP Response Element Binding Protein Coactivators Cyclic Nucleotides Coagulation/Thrombosis Cyclic Nucleotide-binding Domain (CNBD) Coatomer Cyclic Nucleotide-gated Channels Cocaine- and Amphetamine-regulated Transcript Cyclic Nucleotide-regulated Cation Channels Co-dominant Cyclin Coenzyme Q10 Cyclin-dependent Kinases Coincidence Detection Cyclooxygenases Colitis CYP Collagen CYP Enzyme Colony-stimulating Factors Cysteine Proteinases Combination Oral Contraceptive Cysteinyl Leukotrine Combinatorial Chemistry Cystic Fibrosis Compartment Cytochalasins Competitive Antagonists Cytochrome P450 Complement System Cytochrome P450 2C19 Compound Libraries Cytochrome P450 2C9 Computerized Tomography Cytochrome P450 2D6 COMT Cytochrome P450 Induction Conditioned Place Preference Conditioned Withdrawal Cytokine Receptors Conjugative Plasmid Cytokines Conjugative Transposon Cytokinesis Conotoxins Cytoskeleton Constitutive Activity Cytotoxic Agents Constitutive Androstane Receptor Cytotoxic T-cells Constitutive Receptor Activity Databank Contact Inhibition Database Contraceptives 2DE Contracture Death Receptor Convulsant Drugs Delayed-rectifier K+ Channels Convulsions Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Reaction Co-operativity Factor Dendritic Cells COPI Vesicle Dependence COPII Vesicle Depolarization-induced Ca2+ Release Co-repressors Depolarization-induced Suppression of Inhibition Cortico-medullary Solute Gradient Depression Corticosteroids Fab Fragments 1105

Dermatomycoses Electrochemical Driving Force Dermatophytes Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Descending Inhibitory Pathway Elimination Half-life Desensitization Elimination of Drugs Desmoplakin Emesis DHOD ENaC DHPR Endocannabinoid System Diabesity Endogenous Opioid Peptides Diabetes Insipidus Endoplasmic Reticulum Diabetes Mellitus Endorphins Diacylglycerol Endothelial Cells Dicer Endothelin Converting Enzyme DICR Endothelins Differential Display Endotoxin Dihydrofolate Reductase Enkephalin Dihydropyridine Receptor Entamoeba Histolytica Dihydropyridines Envelope Dimer, Trimer, Oligomer Enzyme Dioxins Eosinophil Dipeptidylpeptidase IV Eotaxin Discharge Eph Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Dissociation Constant Ephrin-B Dissociative Anesthetic Distribution of Drugs Diuretics Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Family DNA Fragmentation Epidural (Space) DNA Methylation Epigenetic DNA Replication Epilepsy DNA Response Elements Epinephrine Domain /Myokymia Dopa Decarboxylase Episome Dopamine Epithelial Ca2+ Channel 1 Dopamine-β-hydroxylase Epithelial Na+ Channel Dopamine System EPS Dose-response Curves EPSP Double Stranded (ds) RNA ER Drug Addiction/Dependence ERT Drug Discovery ERGIC Drug Interactions ER/Golgi Intermediate Compartment Drug Metabolism ErbB Receptor Family Drug Reinforcement Erectile Dysfunction Drug-Receptor Interaction Ergot Alkaloids DSI Erythropoietin DTH ESI-MS Dyskinesias EST Dyslipidemia Estrogen Receptor Dysrhythmias Estrogen Replacement Therapy (ERT) EC 50 Ethanol ECaC Euglycaemia EC Coupling Eukaryotic Expression Cassette ECE Excitability Ecogenetics Excitation-contraction Coupling Ecstasy Excitatory Amino Acids ED 50 Excitotoxicity Edg Receptors Exocytosis EEG Exon Effector Exportins Efficacy Extrapyramidal Side Effects EGF Eicosanoids F-actin Elastase-like Proteinases Fab Fragments 1106 Factor IIa

Factor IIa GDIs FAD GEFs Familial Persistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia of Gene Activity Profile Infancy Gene-environment Interaction Farnesyl Inhibitors FasL Gene Expression Analysis Favism Gene Gun Fever Gene Products Fibrates Gene Promoter Fibrin Gene Therapy Fibrinogen General Anaesthetics Fibrinolysis Genetic Polymorphism Fibrinolytics Genetic Vaccination Fibroblast Growth Factors Genome First-order Kinetics Genomics First-pass (presystemic) Metabolism Genotype Flare Gephyrin Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide GERD Flavin Mononucleotide GH Flp/FRT Ghrelin Fluorides Giardia Lamblia Fluoroquinolones GIRK FMN Gitelman's Syndrome Folate Glial Cells Folic Acid Glomerular Filtration Rate Follicle-stimulating Hormone Glucagon Follitrophin Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Force Fields / Molecular Mechanics Gluco-/Mineralocorticoid Receptors Forskolin Glucocorticoids Frontal Cortex Glucocorticoids, inhalable FSH Glucocorticosteroids F-type ATPase Gluconeogenesis Functional Genomics Glucose Transport Facilitators Functional Proteomics Glucose Transporters Fungi GLUT Fungicidal Effect Glutamate Fungistasis/Fungistatic Glutamate Receptors Funicular Myelitis Glycine Furin Glycine Receptors Furin-like Protease Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Fyn Glycopeptide Antibiotics FYVE Domain Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor Antagonists Glycoproteins GABA Glycosaminoglycan GABA Receptor A Glycosides, cardiac GABA Receptors B Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchor GABAergic System Glycylcyclines G-actin GM-CSF Gaddum, method of GMP, cyclic Galanin GnRH Galanin Receptors Gold Compounds GALP γ-Aminobutyric Acid Gonadorelin γ-Glutamyl-transpeptidase Gonadotropin-releasing Factor/Hormone (GnRH) GAPs Gonadotropins Gastric Emptying Rate Gout Gastric H, K-ATPase GPIIb/IIIa Receptor Antagonists Gastrin GPCR Gastrin Releasing Peptide GPI Anchor Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease G-protein-coupled Receptors Gating G-protein-coupled Receptor Kinases G-CSF G-proteins Insulin Resistance 1107

GRKs 5-HT Granulocyte-CSF Humoral Immunity Granulocyte-macrophage-CSF Hybridization Graves' Disease Hydroxypyridones Growth Factors 5-Hydroxytryptamine Growth Hormone Hyoscine (scopolamine) GSK3 Hyperactivity Disorder GTPase Activating Proteins (GAPs) Hyperaldosteronism GTPase, small Hyperalgesia Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitors (GDIs) Hypercholesterolaemia Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs) Hyperekplexia Guanylyl Cyclase Hyperglycaemia Gyrase Hyperkalaemia Gyrase Inhibitors Hyperlipidaemia/Hyperlipoproteinaemia Hyperplasia Haemostasis Hyperpolarization-activated and Cyclic Nucleotide-gated Half-life /Elimination Half-life (t1/2 or t1/2β) (CNG) Channels Haplotype Hypersensitivity Hashish Hypertension HCN Hyperthyroidism HCV (Hepatits C Virus) Hyperuricemia HDL Hypnotics Heat Shock Protein Hypoaldosteronism Helicobacter Pylori Hypocretin Helix Bundle Hypoglycaemia Helix-loop-helix Motif Hypokalaemia Helper T Cells Hyposensitization Hemangioblast Hematopoiesis Hypothalamus Hematopoietic Growth Factors Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal Axis Heme Hypothyroidism Hemozoin Hypoxia Heparin Hepatitis IBS Hepatitis C IC50 values Heptahelical Domain Idiosyncratic Reactions HERG-channels IGF Heterologous Desensitization IKr Heterologous Expression System Imidazoline Receptor Heterotrimeric G-proteins Immediate Early Genes Heterotrimeric GTP-binding Proteins Immune Complexes High-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol Immune Defense High-throughput Screening Immune System Hippocampus Immunity Hirudin Immunoglobulins (Immunoglobulin Superfamily) Histamine Immunomodulators Histaminergic System Immunophilin Histone Immunosuppressive Agents Histone Acetylation IMPDH HIV HMG-CoA-reductase-inhibitors Inflammation Homologous Desensitization Inflammatory Disorders Homologous Proteins Influenza Homologous Recombination Infrared Spectroscopy Homology Innate Immunity Hormone Replacement Therapy Inorganic Phosphate Transporters HPA Axis Inositol HRT HSP Insulin Hsp70 Insulin-like Growth Factor HSV (Herpes Simplex Virus) Insulin Receptor Humanized Monoclonal Antibodies Insulin Resistance 1108 Integrase

Integrase koff INR Korsakoff Psychosis Integrins Kvβ-subunits Integrin, αIIbβ3 Kv-channels Integrin, α4β1 KvLQT1-channels Integrin, α4β7 Kynurenine Pathway Integrin, αvβ5 L-Arginine Integrin, αvβ3 Lasofoxifene Interactions Lateral Hypothalamic Area Interferons Laxatives Interleukin-1 LD Interleukin-2 50 L-dihydroxyphenylalanine Intermediate Filaments LDL-receptors Internalization L-DOPA / Levodopa International Normalized Ratio (INR) Lead Intracellular Transport Leptin Intrathecal Space Lethal Dose Intrinsic Efficacy Leucin Zipper Intron Leukemia Inverse Agonist Leukopoiesis Inward Rectification Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists Inward Rectifier K+ Channels Leukotrienes Inwardly Rectifying K+ Channel Family Levodopa Iodide Lewy Bodies Iodine Liddle's Syndrome Ion Channels Ligand Ionic Contrast Media Ligand-gated Ion Channels Ionotropic (channel-linked) Receptors Limbic System Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors Lipid Modifications IPC Lipid Phosphate Phosphohydrolases IPSP Lipid Rafts IRAG Lipid-lowering Drugs Irreversible Antagonists Lipopolysaccharide Irritable Bowel Syndrome Lipoprotein Ischemic Preconditioning 5-lipoxygenase Islet Amyolid Peptide Lipoxygenases Isoform Lithocholic Acid Isoprenoid L-NAME Ito Local Anaesthetics JAK-STAT Pathway Locus Ceruleus Long-QT Syndromes K+ Channels Long-term Depression K+ Channel Openers Long-term Potentiation K+ Homeostasis Loop Diuretics K+-sparing Diuretics Low-density-lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol Kainate Receptor Low-dose Oral Contraceptives LPS Kallikrein LTD K Channels ATP 3',5',3,5-L-tetraiodothyronine KCNQ-channels LTP KCOs 3',5,3-L-triiodothyronine K D L-type Ca2+ Channel KDEL Receptor Luteinizing Hormone KELL Blood Group Antigen Lymphangiogenesis K Values i Lymphocytes Kinase Lysophosphatidic Acid Kinase Domain Lysophospholipids Kinetochore Kinins Macrolides Kir Channels Macrophage KNDP Channel Macula Densa Knockout Mice Major Histocompatibility Complex Neuraminidase 1109

Malaria MMP-2 MALDI-MS MMP-9 Malignant Hyperthermia Molecular Chaperones Mannose 6-phosphate Receptor Molecular Dynamics Simulation MAO Molecular Modelling MAP Monoamine Oxidase MAPK Monoclonal Antibodies MAP Kinase Cascades Monocytes Marijuana Monophasic Preparations Marimastat Mood Disorders Mast Cells Mood-stabilising Drugs Matrix Metalloprote(in)ase 2 Morpholines Matrix Metalloprote(in)ase 9 Motilin Matrix Metalloprote(in)ases Motion Sickness Matrix Proteins Motor Proteins Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass MPEP Spectrometry MPP+ MCH MPTP M-channels mRNA MDMA MS/MS Mechanism-based Enzyme Inhibition Mucolipin Mechano-sensory Transduction Multidrug Resistance Meglitinide Multidrug Resistance Gene Meglitinide-related Compounds Multidrug Transporter Melanin-concentrating Hormone Multiple Sclerosis Melanocortins Muscarinic Receptors Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone Muscle Relaxants Melatonin Muscle Type Nicotinic Receptors Membrane Transport Protein Mutation Ménière's Disease Myasthenia Gravis Mesangial Cells Myelin Basic Protein Mesolimbic System / Reward System Myelosuppression Metabolic Syndrome Myosin Light Chain Kinase Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Myosin Phosphatase Metabotropic Receptors Myotonia Metalloprote(in)ase Myristoylation Na+ Channels Methicillin-resistant Staphylococci nAChR 3,4-Methylenedioxymeth–am-phetamine Na+-dependent Glucose Cotransporter 2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl) Pyridine Na+Cl- Cotransporter 1-Methyl-4-Phenylpyridium Na+/H+ Exchanger 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine Na+K+ 2Cl- Cotransporter Methylxanthines Na+K+-ATPase MHC N-Acetyltransferases MIC NADPH-diaphorase Michaelis-Menten Kinetics NANC Transmission/Mediators Microarray Hybridization Narcolepsy Microarray Technology Narcotics Microbial Resistance to Drugs Natriuretic Drugs Microtubule Natriuretic Peptides Microtubule Associated Proteins Natural Killer Cells Mineralcorticoids Nausea Minimal Inhibitory Concentration NDP-dependent K+ Channel MinK Subunits Necrosis MirP Subunits N-end Rule Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore NEP Mitogen Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Mitosis Nerve Growth Factor Mixed Function Oxygenase Neural Network MLCK Neuraminidase MLCP 1110 Neuraxis

Neuraxis Noradrenaline Transporter Neuregulin /Noradrenalin Neurodegeneration Normoglycaemia Neurokinin A NOS Neuroleptic-like Malignant Syndrome NSAIDs Neuroleptics NSF Neuromedin B NSMRI Neuromedin U Nuclear Factor-κB Neuromuscular Blocking Agents Nuclear Pore Complex Neuropathic Pain Nuclear Receptor Superfamily Neuropeptide FF Nuclear Receptor Regulation of Drug-metabolizing P450 Neuropeptide Y Enzymes Nuclear Receptors Neurosteroids Nucleic Acid Vaccination Neurotensin Nucleus Accumbens Neurotransmitters Obesity Neurotransmitter Transporters OCT Neurotrophic Factors Oestrogens Neutral Antagonist Oedema Neutral Off-resin Analysis Neutropenia Oligonucleotide Neutrophils Oncogenes NFAT Oncogenesis NF-IL6 On-resin Analysis NF-κB Opiates NGF Opioid Systems NHE Opium Oral Anticoagulants Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Oral Antidiabetic Drugs Nicotinic Receptors Oral Contraceptives Nigrostriatal Tract/Pathway Nitrates Organic Cations Nitrergic Transmission Organic Cation Transporters Nitric Oxide Organic Nitrates Nitric Oxide Synthase Organophosphates Nitrovasodilators ORL-1 NK Cells Orphan Nuclear Receptor NK Receptors (Neurokinins Receptors) Orphan Receptors NMDA Osmotic Laxatives NMDA Receptor Osteoarthritis N-Methyl D-aspartate Receptors Osteoblast NMR Osteoclast NMR-based Ligand Screening N-nitro-L-arginine Methyl Ester Osteoporosis NO Ototoxicity NO Donator Oxazolidinones NO Synthases Oxidase, mixed function Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ Oxytocin Nociception Nociceptive Transducers p53 Nociceptors PACAP Nodes of Ranvier PAF Non-adrenergic Non-cholinergic (NANC) Transmission/ PAG Mediators p24-family Non-competitive Antagonism P450 Mono-oxygenase System Non-ionic Contrast Media p70S6 Kinase Non-neuronal Monoamine Transporters Pain Non-opioid Analgesics Palmitoylation Non-selective Cation Channels Pancreatic β-cell Non-selective Monoamine Reuptake Inhibitor Pancreatic Polypeptide Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Pantothenic Acid Non-viral Proteases Parasympathetic Nervous System Protein Kinase A 1111

PARASYMPATHOLYTICS Phthalate Esters Parasympathomimetics Physical Dependence Parathyroid Hormone PIAS Paraventricular Nucleus Picornaviruses Parkin Picrotoxin Parkinson's Disease PI3-Kinase PAS Domain PIP Patch-clamp Method PI Response PCI Pituitary Adenylyl Cyclase- activating Polypeptide PDE PKA PDGF PKB/Akt PDK1 PKC PDZ Domain PKD2 Pellagra Placenta Growth Factor Pemphigus Blistering Disease Plasmid Penicillin Plasmin Penicillin-binding Protein Platelet-activating Factor Pentasaccharide Platelet-derived Growth Factor Peptide Mass Fingerprinting Platelets Peptide YY Pleckstrin Homology Domain Peptidoglycans Plexins Peptidyl Transferase Center PMF Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Polyamines Periaqueductal Grey Polyenes Pericytes Polyethylene Glycol Peripheral Nerve Polymorphism Peripheral Neuropathy POMC Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Poor Metabolizer Peroxisome Proliferator Chemicals Population Pharmacokinetics Pertussis Toxin Positron Emission Tomography PEST Sequences Post-translational Modification PGI 2 Potentiation P-glycoprotein PP PH Domain PPAR PHHI PPCs Phage PR Phagocyte/Phagocytosis Pregnane X Receptor Pharmacodynamics Preintegration Complex Pharmacogenetics Prenylation Pharmacogenomics Prepro-opiomelanocortin Pharmacokinetics Presynaptic Receptors Pharmocodynamic Tolerance Primary Aldosteronism Pharmocokinetic Tolerance Primary Hemostasis Prodrug Phenotype Progesterone Phenylalkylamines Progesterone Receptor Phorbol Esters Progestins Phosphatases Programmed Cell Death Phosphatidic Acid Prolactin Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase Promoter Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate Phosphatidylinositol Phophate Prostacyclin Phosphatodylinositol Prostaglandins Phosphodiesterases Prostanoids Phospholipases Protamine Sulfate Phospholipid Protease-activated Receptors Phospholipid Kinases Proteases Phospholipid Phosphatases Proteasome Phosphorylation Phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) Domain Protein Kinase Photoaging Protein Kinase A Phototransduction 1112 Protein Kinase C

Protein Kinase C Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System 14-3-3 Proteins Repolarization Protein Trafficking and Quality Control Resiniferatoxin Proteinase-activated Receptors Resistance Proteinases Respiratory Burst Proteome Response Elements Proteomics Restenosis Proteosomal Degradation Resting Potential Prothrombin Time Resting Tremor Protocadherins Retinal Proton Pump Inhibitors and Acid Pump Antagonists Retinitis Pigmentosa Proto-oncogenes Retinoblastoma (Rb) Gene Pseudogene Retinoic Acid Type I Retinoic Acid Receptors Psoralens Retinoid-resistance Psychedelic Hallucinogen Retinoids Psychostimulants Retinoids, chemical structure Psychotomimetic Drugs Retinoid X Receptor PT Retinol PTB Domain Retinyl Esters PTEN Retrograde Messenger PTM Retroviruses P-type ATPase Reuptake Transporter Pulmonary Hypertension Reverse Transcription Purinergic System Reward (pathways) Purinoceptor Reye's Syndrome PXR RGS Pyknosis RGS Protein Pyramidal Cell Rhabdomyolysis Pyrexia Rheumatoid Arthritis Rho QT Prolongation Rho-kinase Quantitative PCR Riboflavin Quinolinic Acid Ribosomal Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Quinolones Ribozymes - Rigidity Radiocontrast Agents RNA Editing Radioiodine RNAi Radiomimetics RNA Interference Raf RNA Polymerase II Raphe Nuclei RNA Polymerase Inhibitors Ras RNA Polymerase III Promoter Raynaud's Phenomenon RNAse Rb Gene RTK Reactive Oxygen Species RT-PCR Receptor Occupancy RXR Receptor Protein Ryanodine Receptor Receptor Reserve S-adenosyl-L- Receptor Serine/Threonine Kinases Salicylate Receptor Subtype SAM Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Receptors Sarcolemma Rectification Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Reelin SARMs Reentrant Arrhythmia Saxitoxin Regulators of G-protein Signalling Scaffolding Proteins Regulatory Regions Scatchard Plot Reinstatement Schild Analysis Relative Potency Schizophrenia Relaxin Secondary Aldosteronism REM Sleep Second Messenger Renin Tachykinins 1113

Secretory Pathway Sphingosine Kinase Sedatives Sphingosine-1-phosphate Seizure Splice Variant Selectins Split-and-recombine Synthesis Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators Sporotrichosis Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators SPRM Selective Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors SR Selective Progesterone Receptors Modulators Src Gene Selective Serotonine Reuptake Inhibitors Src-homology 2 Domain Selective Sex-steroid Receptor Modulators Src-homology 3 Domain Semaphorins SRP Senescence SSRIs Sensitization (drug abuse) S-stereoisomer Septicemia STAT Sequence Profile State-dependent Block Sequential Preparations Statins SERCA Steroid Hormones Serine-hydroxymethyltransferase Steroid Receptors Serine Proteinases Steroids Serine/Threonine Kinase Store-operated Ca2+ Entry SERM Stress Proteins Serotonin Structural Genomics Serotonin (vomiting) Strychnine Serotoninergic System STX Serum Sickness Substance K Seven Transmembrane Span Proteins Substance P Sex Steroid Receptors Substantia Gelatinosa Sex Steroids/Hormones Substantia Nigra SGLT Sulfonamides SH2 Domain Sulfonylurea Receptor SH3 Domain Sulfonylureas Shaker-channels Sulfotransferase Shine-Dalgarno Interaction Sulphonylureas SIADH SUMO Sialic Acid Superantigen Supercoils σ-Opioid Receptors Superfamily Signal Peptidases Superoxide Signal Recognition Particle Superoxide Dismutase Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) Supraventricular Tachycardia Simple Diffusion SUR Simulated Annealing Susceptibility Single Channel Swiss-Prot Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms SxxK Acyl Sinus Rhythm SxxK β-lactamases siRNAs SxxK Free-standing Penicillin-binding Protein Skinned Fiber SxxK PBP Fusions SMADs Sympathetic System Small GTPases Sympatholytic Drugs Smooth Muscle Tone Regulation Sympathomimetic Drugs SNAPs Synapse SNARE Proteins Synaptic Transmission SNPs Synaptic Vesicles SNRIs SOCS Syndecans SOD Synergistic Interaction Solid Phase Synthesis Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure and Pulse Pressure Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase T3 Solute Carrier T4 t1/2 or t1/2β Somatostatin Tachykinins Spermine/Spermidine 1114 Tachyphylaxis

Tachyphylaxis Trace Amines Tamoxifen TRAF Tandem Mass Spectrometry Trafficking Tardive Dyskinesia Tranquilizers Target Transcription Targeted Mutant Transcriptional Co-activators TATA Box Transcription Factor Taxanes Transduction T-cells Transfection Telomerase Transforming Growth Factor β Temporal Lobe Transforming Oncogenes Tendinitis Transgene Teratogen Transgenic Animal Models Transient Receptor Potential Tetanus Transition State Tethered Ligand Translocon Tetracycline Transmembrane Domain Tetrahydrocannabinol Transmembrane Signalling (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-L-biopterin Transport ATPase Tetrodotoxin Transporter TF Transposon Tg Trichomonas Vaginalis TGFβ Tricyclic Antidepressants TH Triglycerides THC Triiodothyronine Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Trimodal Distribution Thiamin Trophoblast Thiazide Diuretics Tropism Thiazolidinediones TRP Channels Thienopyridines TRPM2 Thiopurine S-methyltransferase TRPM4 Thioxanthene TRPM7 Threading TRPM8 Thrifty Gene Hypothesis TRPV1 Thrombin TRPV4 Thrombocytopenia TRPV5 and TRPV6 Thrombolysis Trypsin Thrombopoietin Trypsin-like proteinases Thrombosis TSH Receptor Thromboxane T-tubule Thrombus TTX Thymoleptics Tubulin Thyroglobuline Thyroid Autonomy Tumor Necrosis Factor α Thyroid Peroxidase Tumor Suppressor Gene Thyrotoxicosis TUNEL Thyroxine Twitch Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Tissue Plasminogen Activator Two Metal Sites T-lymphocytes Type I Allergic Reaction TNF Type II Allergic Reaction TNFα Type III Allergic Reaction TNF Receptor Associated Factors Type IV Allergic Reaction TNF Receptor Superfamily Tyrosine Hydroxylase Tocolytics Tyrosine Kinases Tolerance Tyrosine Phosphatase Tolerance and Desensitization Tyrphostins Toll-like Receptors Ubiquinone Tonic-clonic Convulsions Ubiquitin Topoisomerase Ubiquitin/Proteasome System Torsade de Pointes Ubiquitin-dependent Protein Degradation TPO Zymogen 1115

Ubiquitin-related Modifiers Vitamin A UDP-glucuronyl Transferase Vitamin B1 Ultrarapid Metabolizer Vitamin B2 Unwanted Effects Vitamin B6 Urate Vitamin B12 Urea Transporter Vitamin C Vitamin D Uricostatic Drug Vitamin E Uricosuric Drug Vitamin K Vitamins, watersoluble Urographic Contrast Agents VLDL Urotensin VMAT Urticaria Voltage-dependent Ca2+ Channels UT1 Voltage-dependent Inactivation Voltage-dependent Na+ Channels Vaccination Voltage-gated Ion Channels VAChT Voltage-gated K+ Channels Vacuolar-type Proton Translocating ATPase Voltage Sensor Vanilloid Receptor Vomiting Varizella Zoster Virus Vomiting Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor von Willebrand Factor Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide V-type ATPase Vasoconstrictor vWf Vasodilator VZV Vasopeptidase Inhibitors Vasopressin/Oxytocin Water Channel Vasorelaxant Watson-Crick Base Pairing Vav Wernicke’s Syndrome / Encephalopathy Vegetarian Wheal VEGF Withdrawal Venus Flytrap (VFT) Module Xanthine Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) Xanthine Oxidase Vesicle Xenobiotic Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter Vesicular Transporters YAC VGAT/VIAAT Zero-order Kinetic VGLUT ZES Vinca Alkaloids Zinc Finger VIP Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome Viral Proteases Zona Glomerulosa Viremia Zymogen