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FAA Noise Hearing /J-- J_/- _./ •_--_'O_ACLln_¥ copy.. i l • t_ 550/9-73-002 PRo_' PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE CRITERIA FOR NOISE JULY 27, 1973 U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Washington, D. C. 20460 550/9-73-002 PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE CRITERIA FOR NOISE JULY 27, 1973 Jr _* _. PREPARED BY : THE U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY OFFICE OF NOISE ABATEMENT AND CONTROL 11_[! document hel b_on epprovod for oenerol availability, It does not conltltule a itandord, ipecificotion, or roflt;l_ztlon. =, _ lids by the 8U_tende._t of D_i_ta, U.8. Ogverar_at l_zlnLh31lOGee, WMldal_n t D O 20t_t. Pr[_ IL_ FOREWORD Tile Noise Control Act of 1972 requires that the Administrator of The Enviromnental Protection Agency (EPA) develop and publish criteriawith respect to noise. These criteria are to "reflect tile scientific kno'_ledge most useful in indicating tile kind and extent of all identi- fiableeffects of noise on the public health and welfarewhich may be expected from differing quantities and qualities of noise." This document meets that re(luirement. The terms "criteria and standards" are generallyused interchangeably in the scientific communities concerned with noise and its control. However, in accordance with the intent of the U,S.Congress, criteria for environmental pollutants are to reflect an honest appraisal of availableknowledge relating to health and welfare effects of pollutants, (in this case, noise), The criteria are descriptions of cause and eft'eet relationships. Standards and regulations must take into account not only the health and welfareconsiderations described in the criteria, but also,as called for in the NoiseControl Act of 1972, technology, and cost of control. This criteria document, therefore, servesas a basis for tile establishment of tile recommended envir- onmental noise level goals to be related to the "Effects Document" called for by Section 5(a)(2) of the Noise Control Act, Thatdocument, along with this criteria document, willbecome the basisfor standards and regulationscalled for by Sections 6 and 7 of the NoiseControl Act. Further, tile terms '.'health and welfare," usused in the Noise Control Act include, as in other environmental legislation, tile physical and mental well being of tile human populations. The terms also Include other indirect effects, such as annoyance, interference with communica- tion, loss of value and utility of property, and effects on other living things. In preparing this Criteria Document, EPA has taken into account the vast amount of data in the generalprofessional literature and the information contained in tile "Reporf to the President and Congress on Noise" and its supporting documents prepared under Title IV, PL 91- 604, To bring to bear the viewsand opinions of some of the world's leading experts on current knowledge regarding the effectsof noise, EPA sp6nsored an International Conference on Public HealthAspects of Noise) in Dubrovnik, Yugoslaviain May 1973. The proceedings of that con- fereneehave been applied to the preparation of this document. They are available,asstated in the Appendix to this document, i9 Foreword j: The criteria presented herein shall be revised and elaborated upon as the results of con- tinning investigations on the effects of noise on health and welfare become available. Alvin F. Meyer, Jr. Deputy Assistant Administrator for Noise Control Programs Concur David Dominick Assistant Administrator for Hazardous Materials ControI Approved Robert Fri Acting Administrator ! I Washington, D.C. i 1973 Foreword-2 f TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page Foreword Abbreviations I NOISE & NOISE EXPOSURES IN RELATION TO PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE I-1 HUMAN EXPOSURE AND RESPONSE I-1 Physiological Response I-1 Psychological Response 1-3 Speech Interference 1-3 HISTORICAL CONCERN 1-4 PHYSICS OF SOUND 1-4 SoundWaves 1-4 IntensityofSound 1-5 FrequencyofSound 1-7 !:i ,. Duration of Sound 1-7 __ TYPES OF NOISE AFFECTING PUBLIC IIEALTI-IAND WELFARE t-10 q SUMMARY - TYPES OF NOISE AFFECTING PUBLIC HEALTH ANDWELFARE 1-13 REFERENCES 1- 14 !_ 2 RATING SCHEMES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNITY NOISE 2-1 • BASIC PHYSICAL PARAMETERS 2-1 _./, :i:" Physical Parameters of Sound and Psychological Perception of Sound 2-2 Equal Loudness Contours 2-3 ,:: Perceived Noise Level 2-6 . STATISTICAL MEASURES 2-6 _i" The Energy Mean Noise Level (Leq) 2-7 :; CUMULATIVE MEASURES 2-7 Rosenblith-Stevens Model 2-7 Composite Noise Rating and Noise Exposure Forecast 2-8 Community Noise Equivalent Level 2-8 f' Noise Pollution Level 2-8 I i: b i _C 'FABLE OF CONTENTS (eon't) Section Page SUMMARY - RATING SC[-]EMES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNITY NOiSEi 2-10 REFERENCES 2-1l 3 ANNOYANCE AND COMMUNITY RESPONSE 3-I MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES FOR ANNOYANCE 3-I Individual Response 3-1 Earlier Social Surveys 3-1 Recent Social Surveys 3-2 COMMUNITY RESPONSE 3-4 Complaints 3-4 Tile Rating Scheme 3.4 The Borsky Social Survey 3-6 Analysis of Studies 3-6 SUMMARY - ANNOYANCE AND COMMUNITY RESPONSE 3-7 REFERENCES 3-I0 4 NORMAL AUDITORY FUNCTION 4-1 NORMAL HEARING IN YOUNG POPULATIONS 4-1 HEARING STUDIES AND RESULTS 4-2 AUDIOLOGICAL UNIFORMITY OF THE POPULATION 4-3 SOURCES OF VARIATION IN HEARING LEVELS 4-3 Individual Variation 4.4 Sex Related Variations 4.4 Tile Effect of Noise Stimulation oii M_dlaiing Mechanisms in the Middle Ear (Middle Ear Mus:'le Reflex) 4-5 HEARING LOSS ASSOCIATED WITH OLD AGE 4-7 SUMMARY-NORMAL AUDITORY FUNCTION 4-11 RF_FERENCES 4-12 5 NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS-TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT SHIFTS IN AUDITORY THRESHOLD FOLLOWING NOISE EXPOSURE S-I TYPES OF ADVERSE EFFECTS ON HEARING 5-2 Noise-lnduced Permanent Threshold Shift (NIPTS) 5-2 Noise-lnduced Temporary Thre.shoJd Shift {NITTS) 5-2 TABLE OF CONTENTS (con't) Section Page THEORIES P,ELATING NOISE EXPOSURE AND I'IEARING LOSS 5-3 The Equal Energy Hypothesis in Damage Risk Criteria 5-3 The "Equal q'emporary Effect" Hypothesis 5-3 CHABA Criterion for Steady-State Noise Exposure 5-4 DATA ON EFFECTS OF NOISE ON IIEARING 5-4 Ongoing Noise and Ileering Loss 5-4 IndustrialExperience 5-5 Tinnitus Associatedwith Occupational NIPTS 5-7 Social Significanceof Ilearing Lossat Retirement 5-7 The Reliability of the Data from hldustrial Studies 5-7 EFFECTS OF LOUD MUSIC 5-7 EXPERIMENTAL SUPPORT FOR Tile NOISE DAMAGE- RISK THEORIES 5-8 Burn's Approach 5-8 TTS2 as a Predictor of HazardousNoise Exposure 5-9 "Equal-Energy" Hypothesis in Predicting 'ITS and PTS 5-9 Growthof TTSinConstantNoise 5-9 !; T'I'S from Prolonged Noise Exposure 5-9 Asymptotic TTS as a Function of Noise Level 5-10 Pitfalls of Generalizingfrom Animal Studies to Man 5-10 i: Uncertain Relation of PTS to "ITS and Cochlear Damage 5-10 • AsymptoticTTSinMan 5-11 Miscellaneous Factors Considered in TPS 5-11 IMPULSIVENOISE 5-11 Incidence of NIIrI'S as a Function of Peak SPL 5-1 I EffectofImpulseDuration 5-12 AllowanceforRepeatedImpulses 5-12 High-Frequency Hearing Losses Due to Impulse Noise 5-12 Factors InfluencingHazard Due to Impulse Noise 5-13 Combined Exposure to On-Going Noise with Added Impulsive Noise - Allowanca for Impulsiveness 5-13 EffectsFoundin Stndiesof Children 5-13 22 i: iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (can't) Section Page METHODS FOR PREDICTING THE EXPECTED ItEARING LOSS DUE TO EXPOSURE TO ONGOING NOISE 5-13 "Industrial" Methods of Predicting Long-term Hazard from Daily Continuous Noise Exposure 5-14 Method and Data of Passebier-Venneer 5-14 Method of Robinson 5-14 Method of Baughu 5-15 Averaging NIPTS Predictions Over the Three "Industrial" Methods 5-15 Use of Industrial Exposure Tables to Approximate Effect of Less Uniform Noise Exposures 5-16 Exposures to Continuous Noise Exceeding 8 Hours 5-16 Exposures to Continuous Noise for Periods Less Than 8 Hours 5-18 Allowances for Level Fluctuation or Interruption of Noise 5-18 Intermittent Noise 5-18 FACTORS INFLUENCING INCIDENCE OF NIPTS 5-20 Factors Increasing tile Risk of NIPTS 5-21 Factors Mitigating Risk 5-21 Factors not Directly Affecting Susceptibility 5-21 Differences Related to Sex 5-21 Differences Related to Urban Environment 5-22 Differences Related to Age 5-22 DAMAGE-RISK CglTERIA 5-23 The CHABA Criterion 5-23 Criteria for Steady-State Noise 5.23 "AAOO" and Cognate Criteria 5-24 Tbe lntersoeiety Committee (! 970) Guidelines 5-24 Use of A-Weighted Decibels 5-25 Index of Cumulative Noise Exposure - Robinson's "Sound- lmmission" Rating 5-25 Inadequacy of Conventional "Speech Frequencies" Assessment 5-25 I Impulsive Noise 5-26 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS (con't) Section Page Impulse Noise and TTS 5-26 Impulses With an Oscillatory Component 5-26 SUMMARY-NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS-TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT SHIFTS IN AUDITORY THRESHOLD FOLLOWING NOISE EXPOSURE 5-27 REFERENCES 5-28 6 MASKING AND SPEECH INTERFERENCE 6-1 INTELLIGIBILITY OF SPEECH 6-1 MEASUREMENT OF SPEECH-INTERFERENCE 6-2 Articulation Index 6-2 Speech Interference Level 6-3 Noise Level, Vocal Effort, and Distance 6-3 Reception of Indoors Speech 6-7 FACTORS IN THE DEGREE OF SPEECH INTERFERENCE 6-7 Characteristics of People (Speech, Age, and Hearing) 6-7 Situational Factors 6-9 Noise Characteristics 6-9 Acoustic Privacy 6-10 SUMMARY-MASKING AND SPEECH INTERFERENCE 6-10 REFERENCES 6-12 7 ADDITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CRITERIA 7-1 PAIN 7-1 Tympanic Membrane 7-1 Inner Ear %2 Hearing Aids 7-2 EFFECTS OF NOISE ON EQUILIBRIUM 7-3 ORIENTING AND STARTLE REFLEXES (ACOUSTIC) 7.3 Response in Children 7-4 Adult Response 7-4 Variation in Muscular Response 7-5 INTERNAL MECHANISMS-VEGETATIVE AND STRESS REACTIONS 7.6 I Noise and The Nature of Stress 7-6 V _._ ..,_=_T=,i_;_,i" _ ,., TABLE OF CONTENTS (eon't) Section
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