DOCSLIB.ORG

Pops 4 QUARK DEFINITIV¥

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

39 Chapter 4 Regional and Circumpolar Levels and Trends in Abiotic and Biotic Media ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– This section reviews new information on the levels and giving the concentration of OC in the total weight of tis- spatial trends of POPs in Arctic abiotic and biotic media sue analyzed; on a lipid weight basis, giving the concen- available since 1996. Some earlier data which were omit- tration in the lipids in that particular tissue; or as a body ted from the previous assessment are also included. Most burden, giving the contaminant concentration in the interpretations in this chapter, including comparisons and whole organism. OC levels in abiotic samples and some conclusions about spatial trends, were made by scientists biotic samples, most often plants, are expressed on a dry in charge of projects described (most are listed as con- weight basis. The following abbreviations are used tributing authors) and by the four editors. In some cases throughout the text to distinguish lipid weight concen- interpretation was not possible due to limited sample trations (that is ‘ng/g lw’), from results reported on a wet numbers. The new data are primarily entered as summary weight (‘ww’) or dry weight (‘dw’) basis. All lipid weight data in the Annex Tables, and interpretations were kept concentrations are calculated from the wet weight con- to a minimum. It should also be noted that sample sizes centrations unless otherwise indicated. Concentrations for results given in the Annex Tables vary greatly. Readers of OCs in air samples expressed as pg/m3 are presented should be aware of the risk of spurious conclusions for gas phase and particle phase separately or are drawn from small data sets. Within the AMAP monitor- summed to give a total air concentration. Fluxes of OCs ing program, QA/QC criteria have been defined, and in sediments are expressed as ng/m2/yr (i.e. concentra- these have been followed by almost all laboratories that tion in ng/g ϫ sedimentation rate g/m2/yr). have contributed data to the assessment. All laboratories providing data within their national monitoring programs have also taken part in intercalibration exercises. There- 4.1. Atmospheric environment fore, the data presented here are comparable across labo- 4.1.1. Air ratories. The only major exceptions occur when varying 4.1.1.1. Introduction numbers of congeners have been analyzed and quantified. This is most prevalent for PCBs and toxaphene, both of Measurements of POPs in Arctic air have continued on a which have been reported as differing numbers of con- weekly basis at locations in Canada, Iceland, Norway, geners as well as total sums based on quantification Finland, and Russia, building on the datasets discussed against a technical product (total PCB, total toxaphene). in the first assessment. In addition, over the past five Readers are also reminded that concentrations are years, a number of ship-based studies have also meas- expressed in several ways in this report. In biological sam- ured air concentrations of POPs over shorter time peri- ples concentrations are expressed on a wet weight basis, ods to address air–water exchange. 1. 60°20'N, 134°12'E 1. 74°60'N, 124°30'E 2. 2200 m 2. Sea level 3. Forested, near local sources 3. Remote, treeless, (e.g., wood smoke Lena River Delta near Arctic Ocean and air from N Pacific Ocean 4. 1993. No longer operating 4. 1992-1995. No longer operating Tagish 5. Chlorinated pesticides, PCBs, and PAHs 5. Chlorinated pesticides, PCBs and PAHs 6. Weekly 6. Weekly Dunai Alert 1. 69°43'N, 61°37'E 1. 82°30'N, 62°20'E 2. Sea level 2. 200 m Amderma 3. Forested, near military bases 3. Remote, treeless, Ny-Ålesund and Pechora Sea near military base (Alert) Pallas 4. 1999-2000. Possible future operations and Arctic Ocean 5. Chlorinated pesticides, PCBs, and PAHs 4. 1992-1998. Monitoring continues Stórhöfdi 6. Weekly 5. Chlorinated pesticides, PCBs, and PAHs 6. Weekly 1. 63°24'N, 20°17'W 1. 68°00'N, 24°15'E 2. Sea level 1. 78°09'N, 11°09'E 2. 340 m 3. Remote, air from NW Atlantic Ocean 2. 475 m (Zeppelin Mountain) 3. Forested, remote, on the top of a small hill 4. 1995-1999. Monitoring continues 3. Remote, treeless, near research base 4. 1996-1999. Monitoring continues 5. Chlorinated pesticides and PCBs (Ny-Ålesund) and Barents Sea 5. Chlorinated pesticides, PCBs, and PAHs 6. Weekly 4. 1992-1998. Monitoring continues 6. One week/month, air+deposition 5. Chlorinated pesticides, PCBs, and PAHs 6. Weekly Figure 4·1. Locations and site-specific information for each POPs air monitoring station. 1. Latitude/longitude; 2. Elevation; 3. Description; 4. Sampling period and status as of 2002 (this is the total operational period for which data were available for this assessment. Sampling pe- riod varies with chemicals measured); 5. POPs monitored; 6. Sampling schedule. 86 AMAP Assessment 2002: Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic Concentration Concentration a Octachlorostyrene b Pentachlorobenzene in bottom sediment, ng/g dw in bottom sediment, ng/g dw 0.10 0.5 0.4 Honningsvåg 0.3 Hammerfest 0.05 0.2 Tromsø Guba Pechenga 0.1 NORWAY 0 Harstad Murmansk/ 0 Kola Bay 200 km RUSSIA Concentration Concentration c ΣDDTs in bottom sediment, ng/g dw d ΣPCB7 in bottom sediment, ng/g dw 5 100 4 3 2 1 50 0 0 Figure 4·35. Geometric mean concentrations of octachlorostyrene, pentachlorobenzene, ΣDDT, and ΣPCB7 in bottom sediments of some harbors of northern Norway and the Kola Peninsula. ΣDDT = p,p’-DDE + p,p’-DDD + p,p’-DDT; ΣPCB7 = CB28 + CB52 + CB101 + CB118 + CB138 + CB153 + CB180. The highest concentration of ΣPCB7 was found in ate concentrations in Guba Zapadnaya Litsa (19-95 ng/g the harbors of Harstad, Hammerfest, and the Murmansk dw). This was the first report of toxaphene in marine area of Kola Bay (Figure 4·35). Detailed results are pre- sediments in the European Arctic and it suggests use sented in Annex Table 9. All these harbors had PCB con- and/or spills in the harbor area of Polamyy north of centrations, which according to guidelines from Norwe- Murmansk. gian State Pollution Control Authority (SFT) (Molvær et Savinov et al. (2003) reported OCs in sediments col- al., 1997) are classified as ‘strongly polluted’. In all the lected in 1997 in Guba Pechenga and adjacent marine harbors, locations were found having ΣDDT concentra- coastal areas: Varangerfjord, Guba Malaya Volokovaya, tions classified as ‘strongly polluted’. The concentrations and Guba Bol’shaya Volokovaya on the western Kola of pentachlorobenzene and OCS were also elevated in all Peninsula. Slightly elevated ΣDDT concentrations (37 the harbors compared to previous reports for background ng/g dw) were found in Liinakhamari harbor in Guba areas at offshore locations (de March et al., 1998). Pechenga and a high DDT:DDE ratio (23.4) indicated a There were also statistically significant differences possible local DDT source in this area. However, the (p<0.05) between the distributions of HCB and ΣHCHs overall average ΣDDT levels in Guba Pechenga sedi- in the six harbors. For OCS, Harstad harbor was signi- ments were comparable with those in harbor sediments ficantly different from the four others (no data from of northern Norway (Dahle et al., 2000) and outer Kola Kola Bay), and for pentachlorobenzene, both Harstad Bay (Savinova et al., 2000a). PCB concentrations in Guba and Pechenga were significantly different compared to Pechenga were slightly elevated in Liinakhamari harbor the other four harbors. For ΣDDTs, Tromsø had a sig- as well. However, overall values was significantly lower nificantly different pattern, and for ΣPCB7, the most in comparison with those found in harbors of the north- polluted harbors (Harstad, Hammerfest, Honningsvåg, ern Norway and Kola Bay (Dahle et al., 2000; Savinova and Kola Bay) comprised a homogeneous group differ- et al., 2000a) ent from the two others (Figure 4·35). The studies of harbors in northern Norway and In sediments from all these harbors and also from northwestern Russia indicate that harbors may be ‘hot Honningsvåg and Kola Bay areas, the higher chlorinated spots’ for contaminants in the Arctic. Steps need to be CBs predominated in samples where the highest ΣPCB7 taken to understand the extent of the pollution in the concentrations were found. Only sediments from Guba harbors, the potential for spreading to adjacent waters Pechenga with maximum ΣPCB7 levels had high per- including the Barents Sea, and the impact on regional centages of lower chlorinated CBs. fauna. Savinova et al. (2000a) analyzed samples collected in Analysis of a sediment core from the profundal area 1997 from Kola Bay and Guba Zapadnaya Litsa on the of Kandalashka Bay in the White Sea revealed relatively western Kola Peninsula. In general, levels of OCs were low levels of persistent OCs (Annex Table 9). Maximum similar to those reported by Dahle et al. (2000). How- concentrations of most OCs were found in deeper layers ever, high concentrations of toxaphene were found at lo- indicating greater inputs in the recent past (Muir et al., cations in Kola Bay (up to 681 ng/g dw) and intermedi- 2002a). ΣPCB concentrations were higher than back- Chapter 4 · Regional and Circumpolar Levels and Trends in Abiotic and Biotic Media 87 ground locations in the southwest Barents Sea (Savinov affins and PBDEs (Stern and Lockhart, 2001). Concen- et al., 2003) but lower than in Kola Bay and Guba Za- trations of the major OC groups were lower than reported padnaya Litsa. previously for Hudson Bay surface sediments taken from a core (Lockhart, 1997). A generally decreasing trend Kara and Laptev Seas from south to north and from east to west is apparent Sericano et al.
Recommended publications
  • British Back Egypt; Is Menace*

    British Back Egypt; Is Menace*

    r*>^ f iRmir^Btnr Eofttbqi SnaOk WEIJWB8DAT, JUIfB i r r i W N Average Dally Circulation Tba Study group at the North Mr. and Mra. Victor A. Sohiffar sona able uv walk w ill join tha luo a ttoiitt which latar la tha day Far the Mouth eC May. l » a Methodlot W. S. C. S. wlU moot for o f ldS3 Tidland Tum plka and amaU march. Children and ddar par­ s iRMIb - to a OTO 9t lea About Town ita final aeaslon before the summer daughter, Judith Leah, have re­ South Church sons will be provided for by oars. cream and a . M rs. A . VITAMIN FRESH VEGETABLES vacation, tomorrow afternoon at 3 turned to town after a vlalt of aev- Gihoon and M ia s : Bonn ars In 7,386 Td Hold Oentaota The regular meetlnr of the o’clock at the home of Mrs.. Leon­ eral weeks In WUkes-Barrs, Pa,.. charge of tba cup M aBte aC Bw A n « i ru M 4H1 or eo«ie 1® Pfnehorst for your Yitanin ard Burt of Henry street. Family^Picnic Tluo^^ut the aftenoon games Army and Navy club will be held for ckUdren and adults wlU ba At 3:80 o’clock overyono win ..■nwoiK^qwi V aM teU ^ AagMiTM:"* ®o®" Summer Oampbell OOuncU K. of C." haa enjoy a haokst supper whlcB will In the clubbouae tonlfht at 8 Contests of all kinds with Manehmter^A CUy of VilUige Charm i aatiTe, Just in. Beets and CauIUlower^ at lower o’clock. Offleera and toachera of the named a committee to conduct a conclude the aftmaoca’s festlvi.
  • Thinking Beyond Dead Germans by Capt Zachary Schwartz

    Thinking Beyond Dead Germans by Capt Zachary Schwartz

    IDEAS & ISSUES (STRATEGY & POLICY) Thinking Beyond Dead Germans Bias and our warped orientation on the Russian adversary by Capt Zachary Schwartz ecent articles in the Marine Corps Gazette have shed re- >Capt Schwartz is the Weapons Company Commander, 3/7 Mar. He is also a regu- newed light on the influence lar contributor to and co-founder of the Connecting File, an online newsletter for of German Military history, infantry company commanders. Rparticularly the German military of World War II, on the Marine Corps and the Maneuver Warfare Movement. mistakes made by the authors, omit- pragmatically propped up and pro- This influence is undeniable and has ted information that would have been moted the narrative of the nobility and been critical to the development of our embarrassing and placed the blame strength of German arms against the warfighting doctrine; however, a series for fiascos on third parties.”2 You can Communist threat.5 American military of biases are inherent in our embrace of probably go to your unit library right leaders began to accept and study the the German military experience. These now and find well-worn editions of Gen often-slanted accounts of SS and Heer biases deeply effect our understanding Heinz Guderian’s Panzer Leader, Gen officers. This uncomfortable acceptance of World War II Germany’s most hated Friedrich von Mellenthin Panzer Battles, of Nazi commanders continues to this adversary: Russia. To fully understand and the achingly titled Lost Victories day. In 2019, the Department of De- and execute maneuver warfare, we must by Field Marshal Erich Von Manstein.
  • IF WE LOSE the ARCTIC Finland’S Arctic Thinking from the 1980S to Present Day

    IF WE LOSE the ARCTIC Finland’S Arctic Thinking from the 1980S to Present Day

    IF WE LOSE THE ARCTIC Finland's Arctic thinking from the 1980s to present day ARKTINEN KESKUS Lapin yliopisto Markku Heikkilä ARCTIC CENTRE University of Lapland ARKTINEN KESKUS Lapin yliopisto ARCTIC CENTRE University of Lapland IF WE LOSE THE ARCTIC Finland's Arctic thinking from the 1980s to present day ARKTINEN KESKUS Lapin yliopisto Markku Heikkilä ARCTIC CENTRE University of Lapland Rovaniemi, 2019 ARKTINEN KESKUS Lapin yliopisto ARCTIC CENTRE University of Lapland Text © Markku Heikkilä Publisher The Arctic Centre, University of Lapland Layout Annika Hanhivaara English translation Jenny Hakala Printed in Popa, Rovaniemi 2019 ISBN 978-952-337-133-0 (Pb. English) ISBN 978-952-337-134-7 (pdf English) CONTENTS Prologue 4 PARTI I Arctic Visions 1998. The origins and background of Arctic cooperation 6 ”Strategic Reserve” for the Future of Europe 7 The Hopes and Realities of the Barents Region 13 Finland Brings the Northern Dimension to the European Union 22 From the Mediterranean Sea to the Baltic Sea and towards the North 27 Gorbachev's Speech Launches Arctic Cooperation 31 Canada Is Searching for Itself and the Arctic Council Is Born 36 Negotiations without Success 43 A Moral Obligation for Humanity 47 The Northern Indigenous Peoples Step Forth 52 Southern Pollution Hits North 60 Researchers Want to Influence Politics 63 From Military Security to Comprehensive Security 67 The Only Arctic Environmental Organisation 73 The Northern Parliaments Want In 76 Towards Transatlantic Economic Cooperation 80 PART II The Leading Arctic Actor.

  • 'EF': Churchill's Costly Gesture

    PQ-17 Bonus Scenario XI. Operation ‘EF’: Churchill’s Costly Gesture Type: Air Strike Date: August I 1941 - AM Day 3 Environment: AM Turns - Day, PM Turns - Day Convoy Routes: N/A Ice Conditions: IW - Heavy Drift? IE - Solid Pack? Air Sectors: Allied - Iceland 1; IIW - Clear? IIE - Light Drift? III - Clear? Axis - North Sea 1, Trondheim 2, Barents 1 IV & V - Clear Forces: Allied Axis Patrol White: 1x CA (Shropshire) in Rekjavik Stavanger: 3x He111H-5 [I/KG26], Seiðisfjördur: 2x CV (Furious w./ 1x Fulmar [800 Sqn], 2x Ju88A-4 [4./KG30] 1x Sea Hurricane [880 Sqn], 1x Albacore Trondheim: 1x Sub (GE); 1x Ju87B [Ergs/LG1] [817 Sqn], 2x Swordfish [812 Sqn]; Tromsø: 1x He115C [1./KüFlGr 406] Victorious w./ 2x Fulmar [809 Sqn], Banak: 2x Ju88A-4 [II/KG30] 3x Albacore [2x 827 Sqn, 1x 828 Sqn]), Kirkenes: 1x CM (Bremse), 5x DD (Type 34-36 [1 Inop]), 4x 2x CA (Devonshire, Suffolk), MV; 2x Bf109E/F [14./JG77], 2x Bf110D/F [1.(Z)/ 5x DD (A-I class); JG77], 2x Ju88A-4 [II/KG30] 2x DD (A-I class), 1x AO (Black Ranger); Within 2 hexes of Murmansk: 1x Sub (GE), 1x Dummy 1x CM (Adventure), 1x DD (A-I class); 1x DD (A-I class), 1x ES, 1x AO (Oligarch) Scapa Flow: 1x BB (King George V); 2x CL (Aurora, Nigeria), 2x DD (J-R class); 1x Sub (BR) Sumburgh: 1x Catalina [413 Sqn] Hex 0717: 4x Subs (SU) Murmansk: DD (Type 7); 2x I-153 [147 IAP], 2x I-16 [145 IAP], 1x SBbis [72 SAP] CPs: Gruppe Nord 0 Severnyy Flot 1 Dummies: Maximum - 5 Allied, 2 Axis Reinforcements: Allied Axis 1.
  • Wumb. 38300 3169

    Wumb. 38300 3169

    Wumb. 38300 3169 TO Of TUESDAY, the 2,$th of MAY, 1948 by Registered as a newspaper WEDNESDAY, 26 MAY, 1948 THE CARRIER BORNE AIRCRAFT without being attacked . by aircraft . is ATTACK ON KIRKENES AND PETSAMO. encouraging. The following Despatch was submitted to the 5. I concur in the remarks of the Rear Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty on the Admiral Commanding, First Cruiser Squadron, I2th September, 1941, by Admiral Sir John in paragraph 53 of his report. The lack of time C, Tovey, K.C.B., D.S.O., Commander-in- for training and preparation was mainly Chief, Home Fleet. responsible for such small errors in execution as took place. I concur also in paragraph 54. Home Fleet. It was not possible for the force to provide its I2th September, 1941. own reconnaissance without sacrificing the vital Forwarded. The material results of this factor of surprise. I consider it essential that operation were small and the losses heavy. steps should be taken to remedy the present This had been expected. The heaviest losses complete lack of air reconnaissance in Northern occurred in the squadrons from the and Northwestern Norway. VICTORIOUS and there is no doubt that 6. With reference to paragraph 52 of the some of the survivors felt that an attack on report of the Rear Admiral Commanding, First such poor targets against heavy opposition was Cruiser Squadron, the importance of the not justified and their morale was rather shaken Command being in the carrier in purely air until they appreciated the political necessity operations is appreciated; but, although the.
  • Introduction 1 the Royal Navy and the Home Fleet: Men, Material

    Introduction 1 the Royal Navy and the Home Fleet: Men, Material

    Notes Introduction 1. P. Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery (London: Ashfield Press, 1995 revised paper back ed.), p. 306. 2. For a modern account informed by Italian language sources, see J. Greene and A. Massignani, The Naval War in the Mediterranean 1940–1943 (Rochester, Kent: Chatham Publishing, 1998), pp. 63–81. 3. L. Kennedy, The Death of the Tirpitz (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), p. 56 uses the term ‘much worry’; ‘bogeyman’ is from P. Kemp, Convoy! Drama in Arctic Waters (London: Arms Armour Press, 1993), p. 191; Rear Admiral W. H. Langenberg, USNR, in ‘The German Battleship Tirpitz: A Strategic Warship?’, Naval War College Review, 34 (4), p. 82, uses the term ‘concern’. See also T. Gallagher, The X-Craft Raid (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1969), chapter 2. 4. Langenberg, ‘The German Battleship Tirpitz’, p. 82. 1 The Royal Navy and the Home Fleet: Men, Material, Strategy 1919–39 1. This process is described in detail by P. Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery, pp. 205–37. However, the conventional view of naval policy ca 1900–14 has recently come under critical review; see, for example, J. T. Sumida, In Defence of Naval Supremacy (London: Routledge, 1993), N. Lambert, Sir John Fisher’s Naval Revolution (Columbia, SC: South Carolina University Press, 1999). Certainly, it was a cost-saving measure. But whether Britain employed a Dreadnought fleet or ‘flotilla defence’, it became clear between 1906 and 1912 that most of the Fleet would be needed in Home Waters if war with Germany erupted.
  • Inglismaa-Soome Sõda 1941

    Inglismaa-Soome Sõda 1941

    Tartu Ülikool Filosoofiateaduskond Ajaloo ja arheoloogia instituut Ago Raudsepp Inglismaa-Soome sõda 1941 Magistritöö Juhendaja professor Eero Medijainen Tartu 2013 SISUKORD SISSEJUHATUS ................................................................................................................ 4 Demokraatlikust rahust ................................................................................................... 6 Historiograafiast .............................................................................................................. 9 Allikatest ....................................................................................................................... 19 Eesmärgist ..................................................................................................................... 20 1. POMMITAMINE ..................................................................................................... 22 1.1. Maiski manööver ja Kaitsekomitee otsus ........................................................... 22 1.2. Operatsioon „E.F.“ ............................................................................................. 28 1.3. Žest ja selle tulemused ....................................................................................... 38 2. SUHETE KATKESTAMINE ................................................................................... 43 2.1. Esimene nädal ja ebaselgus. ................................................................................ 43 2.2. Saksamaa kaas-sõdija.........................................................................................
  • FAA Noise Hearing

    FAA Noise Hearing

    /J-- J_/- _./ •_--_'O_ACLln_¥ copy.. i l • t_ 550/9-73-002 PRo_' PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE CRITERIA FOR NOISE JULY 27, 1973 U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Washington, D. C. 20460 550/9-73-002 PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE CRITERIA FOR NOISE JULY 27, 1973 Jr _* _. PREPARED BY : THE U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY OFFICE OF NOISE ABATEMENT AND CONTROL 11_[! document hel b_on epprovod for oenerol availability, It does not conltltule a itandord, ipecificotion, or roflt;l_ztlon. =, _ lids by the 8U_tende._t of D_i_ta, U.8. Ogverar_at l_zlnLh31lOGee, WMldal_n t D O 20t_t. Pr[_ IL_ FOREWORD Tile Noise Control Act of 1972 requires that the Administrator of The Enviromnental Protection Agency (EPA) develop and publish criteriawith respect to noise. These criteria are to "reflect tile scientific kno'_ledge most useful in indicating tile kind and extent of all identi- fiableeffects of noise on the public health and welfarewhich may be expected from differing quantities and qualities of noise." This document meets that re(luirement. The terms "criteria and standards" are generallyused interchangeably in the scientific communities concerned with noise and its control. However, in accordance with the intent of the U,S.Congress, criteria for environmental pollutants are to reflect an honest appraisal of availableknowledge relating to health and welfare effects of pollutants, (in this case, noise), The criteria are descriptions of cause and eft'eet relationships. Standards and regulations must take into account not only the health and welfareconsiderations described in the criteria, but also,as called for in the NoiseControl Act of 1972, technology, and cost of control.
  • The Barents Sea, the White Sea, the Kara Sea)

    The Barents Sea, the White Sea, the Kara Sea)

    Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Western Seas of the Russian Arctic (the Barents Sea, the White Sea, the Kara Sea) Ninth century 870–890 The travel of Otar, a Viking from the Norwegian province of Hologaland (now Helgeland), who discovered the way to the White Sea. The story of this journey was recorded from his own words by the English King, Alfred the Great. 9th–10th century The beginning of the Russian advance to the north and northeast and their appearance on the shores of the White Sea and the Barents Sea. Tenth century 920 The Viking Eirik Bloodaxe sailed in the mouth of the Northern Dvina (it was called “Vina” in the sagas). 965 The son of Eirik Bloodaxe, the Viking Harald Grey Cloak made a trip to the mouth of the Northern Dvina. Eleventh century 11th century The people of Novgorod, coming out of the White Sea, won Biarmia, the country located on the Pechora River and the Northern Dvina. 1026 The mouth of the Northern Dvina was visited by the Viking Torer Dog, who first engaged in peaceful trade but ended up plundering the temple of Iomala (supposedly located on the site of the current Kholmogory). Twelfth century 12th century (first The mention in the annals of the Terskiy Shore (the White Sea Throat), among Novgorod’s half) possessions. 1110 or 1130 The archbishop of Novgorod, John, founded a monastery of the Archangel Michael (at the mouth of the Northern Dvina), at which there was a settlement, an early precursor of the port and the city of Arkhangelsk.