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Pops 4 QUARK DEFINITIV¥ 39 Chapter 4 Regional and Circumpolar Levels and Trends in Abiotic and Biotic Media ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– This section reviews new information on the levels and giving the concentration of OC in the total weight of tis- spatial trends of POPs in Arctic abiotic and biotic media sue analyzed; on a lipid weight basis, giving the concen- available since 1996. Some earlier data which were omit- tration in the lipids in that particular tissue; or as a body ted from the previous assessment are also included. Most burden, giving the contaminant concentration in the interpretations in this chapter, including comparisons and whole organism. OC levels in abiotic samples and some conclusions about spatial trends, were made by scientists biotic samples, most often plants, are expressed on a dry in charge of projects described (most are listed as con- weight basis. The following abbreviations are used tributing authors) and by the four editors. In some cases throughout the text to distinguish lipid weight concen- interpretation was not possible due to limited sample trations (that is ‘ng/g lw’), from results reported on a wet numbers. The new data are primarily entered as summary weight (‘ww’) or dry weight (‘dw’) basis. All lipid weight data in the Annex Tables, and interpretations were kept concentrations are calculated from the wet weight con- to a minimum. It should also be noted that sample sizes centrations unless otherwise indicated. Concentrations for results given in the Annex Tables vary greatly. Readers of OCs in air samples expressed as pg/m3 are presented should be aware of the risk of spurious conclusions for gas phase and particle phase separately or are drawn from small data sets. Within the AMAP monitor- summed to give a total air concentration. Fluxes of OCs ing program, QA/QC criteria have been defined, and in sediments are expressed as ng/m2/yr (i.e. concentra- these have been followed by almost all laboratories that tion in ng/g ϫ sedimentation rate g/m2/yr). have contributed data to the assessment. All laboratories providing data within their national monitoring programs have also taken part in intercalibration exercises. There- 4.1. Atmospheric environment fore, the data presented here are comparable across labo- 4.1.1. Air ratories. The only major exceptions occur when varying 4.1.1.1. Introduction numbers of congeners have been analyzed and quantified. This is most prevalent for PCBs and toxaphene, both of Measurements of POPs in Arctic air have continued on a which have been reported as differing numbers of con- weekly basis at locations in Canada, Iceland, Norway, geners as well as total sums based on quantification Finland, and Russia, building on the datasets discussed against a technical product (total PCB, total toxaphene). in the first assessment. In addition, over the past five Readers are also reminded that concentrations are years, a number of ship-based studies have also meas- expressed in several ways in this report. In biological sam- ured air concentrations of POPs over shorter time peri- ples concentrations are expressed on a wet weight basis, ods to address air–water exchange. 1. 60°20'N, 134°12'E 1. 74°60'N, 124°30'E 2. 2200 m 2. Sea level 3. Forested, near local sources 3. Remote, treeless, (e.g., wood smoke Lena River Delta near Arctic Ocean and air from N Pacific Ocean 4. 1993. No longer operating 4. 1992-1995. No longer operating Tagish 5. Chlorinated pesticides, PCBs, and PAHs 5. Chlorinated pesticides, PCBs and PAHs 6. Weekly 6. Weekly Dunai Alert 1. 69°43'N, 61°37'E 1. 82°30'N, 62°20'E 2. Sea level 2. 200 m Amderma 3. Forested, near military bases 3. Remote, treeless, Ny-Ålesund and Pechora Sea near military base (Alert) Pallas 4. 1999-2000. Possible future operations and Arctic Ocean 5. Chlorinated pesticides, PCBs, and PAHs 4. 1992-1998. Monitoring continues Stórhöfdi 6. Weekly 5. Chlorinated pesticides, PCBs, and PAHs 6. Weekly 1. 63°24'N, 20°17'W 1. 68°00'N, 24°15'E 2. Sea level 1. 78°09'N, 11°09'E 2. 340 m 3. Remote, air from NW Atlantic Ocean 2. 475 m (Zeppelin Mountain) 3. Forested, remote, on the top of a small hill 4. 1995-1999. Monitoring continues 3. Remote, treeless, near research base 4. 1996-1999. Monitoring continues 5. Chlorinated pesticides and PCBs (Ny-Ålesund) and Barents Sea 5. Chlorinated pesticides, PCBs, and PAHs 6. Weekly 4. 1992-1998. Monitoring continues 6. One week/month, air+deposition 5. Chlorinated pesticides, PCBs, and PAHs 6. Weekly Figure 4·1. Locations and site-specific information for each POPs air monitoring station. 1. Latitude/longitude; 2. Elevation; 3. Description; 4. Sampling period and status as of 2002 (this is the total operational period for which data were available for this assessment. Sampling pe- riod varies with chemicals measured); 5. POPs monitored; 6. Sampling schedule. 86 AMAP Assessment 2002: Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Arctic Concentration Concentration a Octachlorostyrene b Pentachlorobenzene in bottom sediment, ng/g dw in bottom sediment, ng/g dw 0.10 0.5 0.4 Honningsvåg 0.3 Hammerfest 0.05 0.2 Tromsø Guba Pechenga 0.1 NORWAY 0 Harstad Murmansk/ 0 Kola Bay 200 km RUSSIA Concentration Concentration c ΣDDTs in bottom sediment, ng/g dw d ΣPCB7 in bottom sediment, ng/g dw 5 100 4 3 2 1 50 0 0 Figure 4·35. Geometric mean concentrations of octachlorostyrene, pentachlorobenzene, ΣDDT, and ΣPCB7 in bottom sediments of some harbors of northern Norway and the Kola Peninsula. ΣDDT = p,p’-DDE + p,p’-DDD + p,p’-DDT; ΣPCB7 = CB28 + CB52 + CB101 + CB118 + CB138 + CB153 + CB180. The highest concentration of ΣPCB7 was found in ate concentrations in Guba Zapadnaya Litsa (19-95 ng/g the harbors of Harstad, Hammerfest, and the Murmansk dw). This was the first report of toxaphene in marine area of Kola Bay (Figure 4·35). Detailed results are pre- sediments in the European Arctic and it suggests use sented in Annex Table 9. All these harbors had PCB con- and/or spills in the harbor area of Polamyy north of centrations, which according to guidelines from Norwe- Murmansk. gian State Pollution Control Authority (SFT) (Molvær et Savinov et al. (2003) reported OCs in sediments col- al., 1997) are classified as ‘strongly polluted’. In all the lected in 1997 in Guba Pechenga and adjacent marine harbors, locations were found having ΣDDT concentra- coastal areas: Varangerfjord, Guba Malaya Volokovaya, tions classified as ‘strongly polluted’. The concentrations and Guba Bol’shaya Volokovaya on the western Kola of pentachlorobenzene and OCS were also elevated in all Peninsula. Slightly elevated ΣDDT concentrations (37 the harbors compared to previous reports for background ng/g dw) were found in Liinakhamari harbor in Guba areas at offshore locations (de March et al., 1998). Pechenga and a high DDT:DDE ratio (23.4) indicated a There were also statistically significant differences possible local DDT source in this area. However, the (p<0.05) between the distributions of HCB and ΣHCHs overall average ΣDDT levels in Guba Pechenga sedi- in the six harbors. For OCS, Harstad harbor was signi- ments were comparable with those in harbor sediments ficantly different from the four others (no data from of northern Norway (Dahle et al., 2000) and outer Kola Kola Bay), and for pentachlorobenzene, both Harstad Bay (Savinova et al., 2000a). PCB concentrations in Guba and Pechenga were significantly different compared to Pechenga were slightly elevated in Liinakhamari harbor the other four harbors. For ΣDDTs, Tromsø had a sig- as well. However, overall values was significantly lower nificantly different pattern, and for ΣPCB7, the most in comparison with those found in harbors of the north- polluted harbors (Harstad, Hammerfest, Honningsvåg, ern Norway and Kola Bay (Dahle et al., 2000; Savinova and Kola Bay) comprised a homogeneous group differ- et al., 2000a) ent from the two others (Figure 4·35). The studies of harbors in northern Norway and In sediments from all these harbors and also from northwestern Russia indicate that harbors may be ‘hot Honningsvåg and Kola Bay areas, the higher chlorinated spots’ for contaminants in the Arctic. Steps need to be CBs predominated in samples where the highest ΣPCB7 taken to understand the extent of the pollution in the concentrations were found. Only sediments from Guba harbors, the potential for spreading to adjacent waters Pechenga with maximum ΣPCB7 levels had high per- including the Barents Sea, and the impact on regional centages of lower chlorinated CBs. fauna. Savinova et al. (2000a) analyzed samples collected in Analysis of a sediment core from the profundal area 1997 from Kola Bay and Guba Zapadnaya Litsa on the of Kandalashka Bay in the White Sea revealed relatively western Kola Peninsula. In general, levels of OCs were low levels of persistent OCs (Annex Table 9). Maximum similar to those reported by Dahle et al. (2000). How- concentrations of most OCs were found in deeper layers ever, high concentrations of toxaphene were found at lo- indicating greater inputs in the recent past (Muir et al., cations in Kola Bay (up to 681 ng/g dw) and intermedi- 2002a). ΣPCB concentrations were higher than back- Chapter 4 · Regional and Circumpolar Levels and Trends in Abiotic and Biotic Media 87 ground locations in the southwest Barents Sea (Savinov affins and PBDEs (Stern and Lockhart, 2001). Concen- et al., 2003) but lower than in Kola Bay and Guba Za- trations of the major OC groups were lower than reported padnaya Litsa. previously for Hudson Bay surface sediments taken from a core (Lockhart, 1997). A generally decreasing trend Kara and Laptev Seas from south to north and from east to west is apparent Sericano et al.
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