Society for American Archaeology
Extending the Phytolith Evidence for Early Maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) and Squash (Cucurbita sp.) in Central New York Author(s): John P. Hart, Hetty Jo Brumbach and Robert Lusteck Source: American Antiquity, Vol. 72, No. 3 (Jul., 2007), pp. 563-583 Published by: Society for American Archaeology Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40035861 . Accessed: 04/01/2015 15:01
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].
.
Society for American Archaeology is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Antiquity.
http://www.jstor.org
This content downloaded from 128.227.157.72 on Sun, 4 Jan 2015 15:01:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions EXTENDING THE PHYTOLITH EVIDENCE FOR EARLY MAIZE (Zea mays ssp. mays) AND SQUASH (Cucurbitasp.) IN CENTRAL NEW YORK
John P. Hart,Hetty Jo Brumbach,and RobertLusteck
The timing of the adoptions of maize and squash across eastern North America has been a topic of long-standing interest among archaeologists and paleoethnobotanists.The use offlotation for macrobotanicalremains beginning in the 1960s and 1970s coupled with the application of accelerator mass spectrometrydating beginning in the 1980s has led to substantial ' revisions of knowledge about the history of these crops in the region. A complementarysource of evidencefor the crops histories in the easternNorth America comes from opalphytoliths.Analysis ofphytolith assemblages recoveredfrom charred food residues has shown that maize and squash were being used in central New Yorkwell before the macrobotanicalrecord indicates. In combination with previously analyzed samples, 16 additional residue assemblages help to clarify the history of maize and squash in central New York.The results indicate that maize and squash were being used in New Yorkby 2270 B.R and 2945 B.R, respectively.
El fechamientode las adopciones del maiz y la calabaza a traves del este de Norte America ha sido un topico de interespor muchotiempo para arqueologosypaleobotdnicos. La utilizaciondel metodode flotac ion para restosmacrobotdnicos comenzo en los 1960s y 1970s, emparejocon la aplicacion delfechamiento por Aceleradorde Espectrometrode Masa, el cual comenzo en los 1980s, esto ha llevado a revisionessubstanciales en el conocimientoacerca de la historia de estos cultivos en la region. Unafuente complementariade evidenciapara las historias de los cultivos en el este de Norteamericaproviene defitolitos de opalo. Andlisis de colecciones defitolitos en residuosde alimentos han demostradoque el maiz y la calabazafueron utiliza- dos en el centrode Nueva Yorkmucho antes de lo que el recordmacrobotdnico indica. En combinacioncon muestrasprevia- mente analizadas, 16 colecciones de residuos adicionales ayudan a clarificar la historia del maiz y la calabaza en el centro de Nueva York.Los resultadosindican que el maiz y la calabazafueron utilizados en Nueva Yorken 2270 B.R y 2945 B.R, respectivamente.
the histories of agricultural in easternNorth America through the systematic crops has been an important focus of recoveryof macrobotanicalremains (e.g., Struever Determiningarchaeological and paleoethnobotanical 1962).The flotationrevolution was enhancedin the researchin easternNorth America for decades (e.g., 1980s with the advent of acceleratormass spec- Asch andHart 2004; Blakeand Cutler 2001 ; Craw- trometry(AMS) dating,which allows directdat- ford and Smith 2003; Ford 1985; Fritz 1990; ing of key cropremains (e.g., Adair2003; Conard Gilmore 1931; Green 1994; Hart,ed. 1999; Kee- et al. 1984; Crawfordet al. 1997; Fritzand Smith gan 1987; Minnis 2003; Riley et al. 1990; Scarry 1988; Hartet al. 2002; Riley et al. 1994). 1993; Smith 1992; Woods 1992; Yarnell 1964). However,because of the vagariesof macrobot- The flotationrevolution beginning in the 1960s anical preservation,a complete understandingof (Chapmanand Watson 1993) led to substantialrevi- crop historiesrequires complementary sources of sions in ourknowledge of cropsand their histories evidence(Hard et al. 1996;Hart 1999a). One such
John P. Hart Researchand Collections Division, New YorkState Museum, 3140 CulturalEducation Center, Albany, NY 12230. ([email protected]) Hetty Jo Brumbach Departmentof Anthropology,University at Albany, SUNY, Arts & Sciences Building, Room 237, 1400 WashingtonAve., Albany,NY 12222. ([email protected]) Robert Lusteck Departmentof Anthropology,University of Minnesota,395 HubertH. HumphreyCenter, 301 19th Ave. S., Minneapolis,MN 55455. ([email protected])
AmericanAntiquity, 72(3), 2007, pp. 563-583 Copyright©2007 by the Society for AmericanArchaeology
563
This content downloaded from 128.227.157.72 on Sun, 4 Jan 2015 15:01:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 564 AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 72, No. 3, 2007] source of evidence comes from opal phytoliths Forthe present study, we analyzedan additional (Pearsall 1982; Rovner 1983). Analysis of phy- 21 residuesamples of which 16 (76.2 percent)pro- tolithsto helpbuild regional crop histories has been ducedphytolith assemblages. This bringsthe total done extensively in Centraland South America numberof samples analyzedto 33, 24 (72.7 per- (e.g., Pearsall 1978; Pearsallet al. 2003; Piperno cent) of which have producedphytolith assem- 2004; Pipernoet al. 1985; Pipernoand Flannery blages.These assemblages come from 12 sites that 2001; Piperno and Pearsall 1998; Piperno and spana periodof some 2,500 years,from among of Stothert2003 ; Stallerand Thompson 2002 ; Thomp- the earliestassemblages of potteryin theNew York son 2006). Fewer studieshave focused on eastern Stateuntil the last centuries before massive changes NorthAmerica (e.g., Bozarth 1987, 1990, 1993; in Native American lifeways that resulted from Thompsonet al. 1994), especiallyeast of the Mis- interactionswith Europeans.The resultsshow that sissippiRiver (Starna and Kane 1983). maize was being used in New Yorkby 2270 ± 35 Recently,using methodsand techniques devel- B.P. (cal 2a 399-208 B.C.) and squashby 2905 ± oped by Robert Thompson, we have begun to 35 B.P. (cal 2a 1256-998 B.C.). explorethe potentialof phytolithsrecovered from AMS dated residues to directly cooking adhering Methods and Techniques theinterior of potterysherds to obtainbetter under- standingsof the historiesof maize (Zea mays ssp. AMS mays) and othercrops such as squash(Cucurbita Dating sp.) in centralNew York(Hart et al. 2003; Thomp- Residuesampling was done underlow magnifica- son et al. 2004). Ourpreliminary results from five tion (generally lOx) using a dissection probe to sites have shown that cooking residuesfrom this carefullyremove the residue from each sherd's inte- region are productivesources of phytolithassem- rior surface.The amountof residue sampledfor blages and implied that maize and squash were AMS assay has ranged from 4.0 to 56.7 mg. being used much earlierin centralNew Yorkthan Approximately1 mg of carbonfollowing pretreat- the macrobotanicalrecord has suggested. ment is needed to obtain an AMS date. Carbon Ourprevious results indicated maize use in the yields, following standardchemical pretreatments regionfrom 1960 ± 28 B.P. (cal 2a 39 B.C.-A.D. at the Illirois StateGeological Survey (ISGS) Iso- 119) through 1221 ± 16 B.P.(cal 2a A.D. 718-880), tope GeochemistrySection, ranged from 18.5 per- and squashfrom the 1515 ± 27 B.P. (cal 2a A.D. cent to 61.64 percent (Table 1). As these high 434-613) through 1228 ± 42 B.P. (cal 2a A.D. carbonyields becameevident, in general,we sub- 681-889), both well before the earliestconfirmed mittedsmaller samples for AMS datingin the pre- macrobotanicalevidence in the region (Hartet al. sent project than we did in the earlier projects. 2003; Thompsonet al. 2004). Ourimmediate goal Followingchemical pretreatments and target prepa- for the currentproject was to extendthe temporal ration,ISGS submittedthe samplesto the Oxford coverage.We soughtto extendour analysis so that RadiocarbonAccelerator Unit (ISGS nos. below we had a more-or-lesschronologically continuous A0452) or LawrenceLivermore National Labora- series of samples from the end of the prehistoric tory (ISGS nos. A0452 and above)for assay. sequence, when maize and squash are known to Wecalibrated all of theresulting 14C ages, along havebeen staple crops (Asch and Hart 2004; Engel- with those obtained earlier, with CALIB 5.0 brecht2003; Funkand Kuhn 2003), to earliertimes (Reimeret al. 2004; Stuiverand Reimer 1993). In when the use of maize in New Yorkhad only pre- ouranalysis of the resultswe rely primarilyon cal- viously been speculatedon but not documented ibrated2a ranges.We also reportthe medianprob- throughthe verifiedrecovery of maize macrobot- abilityfor each date.Telford et al. (2004; also see anical remains(e.g., Ritchie 1944, 1969; Ritchie Stuiveret al. 2005) demonstratethat the median and Funk 1973; see Hart and Brumbach2003). probabilityis a morereliable representation of the This would also extendto times when squashhad calibratedradiocarbon date than are calibration been identifiedthough macrobotanical remains in curve intercepts.For dates from the same site not adjacentstates but not in New York(Hart and Asch significantlydifferent from one anotherat the 95 Sidell 1997). percentlevel of confidence,we calculatedpooled
This content downloaded from 128.227.157.72 on Sun, 4 Jan 2015 15:01:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions REPORTS 565
Table 1. Residue Sample AMS-Dating Data.
NYSM Phytoliths ISGS C yield Site Catalog # Present? Lab # 513C (% dry) C14B.P. Cal 2o B.C./A.D. (relative area) Source3 Scaccia 71492 Yes A0541 -25.8 18.50 2905±35 1256-1235 B.C. (.027), 1215-998 B.C. (.973) 1 Vinette 40047 No A0456 -29.1 33.60 2510±35 790-519 B.C. (1.00) 2 Vinette 40031-2 Yes A0500 -28.1 48.00 2270±35 399-349 B.C. (.446), 313-208 B.C. (.554) 1 Felix 40701-21 Yes A0505 -30.0 56.60 2205±30 376-197 B.C. (1.00) 1 Fortin2 46238-26 Yes A0410 -29.0 55.70 1995±35b 90-72 B.C. (.024), 59 B.C- A.D. 80 (.976) 2 Vinette 40046 Yes A0455 -29.8 40.80 1990±40 930 B.C.-A.D. 86 (.987), 106-119 (.013) 2 Vinette 40135 Yes A0452 -29.3 43.30 1940±35 35-28 (.015), 24-10 B.C. (.027), 2 2 B.C.-A.D. 130 (.958) Wickham 40291-3 No A0454 -30.4 55.80 1695±35 A.D. 255-418 (1.00) 1 Wickham 40170 No A0194 -29.0 58.05 1648±47 A.D. 259-295 (.077), 321-537 (.923) 3 Wickham 40290-5 No A0453 -28.0 49.40 1635±35 A.D. 339-536 (1.00) 1 Simmons 40518-1 Yes A0542 -28.7 37.80 1620±35 A.D. 349-368 (.033), 379-540 (.967) 1 Westheimer 44533-67 Yes A0498 -25.9 28.80 1600±35 A.D. 393-544 (1.00) 1 Westheimer 44608 No Fortin2 46238-16 Yes A0406 -29.0 59.70 1525±35 A.D. 432-605 (1.00) 2 Fortin2 46232-80 No A0407 -29.0 53.30 1505±35 A.D. 435-491 (.154), 509-517 (.014), 2 529-639 (.832) Felix 40788-3 Yes A0497 -27.2 47.60 1575±35 A.D. 413-561 (1.00) 1 Felix 40690-9 Yes A0503 -27.9 50.40 1525±40 A.D. 428-612 (1.00) 1 Felix 40647-1 No A0504 -27.4 33.60 1520±35 A.D. 432-610 (1.00) 1 Felix 40727-19 Yes A0499 -27.3 36.80 1430±40 A.D. 559-662 (1.00) 1 Felix 40652-18 No A0502 -26.7 54.50 1405±40 A.D. 570-674 (1.00) 1 Felix 40677-9 Yes A0506 -26.3 26.30 1315±50 A.D. 637-783 (.947), 787-822 (.037), 1 842-860 (.016) Wickham 40525-1 Yes A0190 -28.1 61.64 1425±45 A.D. 552-667 (1.00) 3 Wickham 40194 n/a A0195 -29.7 61.20 1450±43 A.D. 542-658 (1.00) 3 Simmons 40518-2 Yes A0501 -29.7 51.00 1390±35 A.D. 594-683 (1.00) 1 Kipp Island 41119-5 Yes A0225 -26.4 53.85 1470±43 A.D. 443-450 (.008), 462-483 (.026), 3 533-656 (.966) Kipp Island 41119-2 n/a A0226 -26.5 56.34 1461±43 A.D. 469-478 (.008), 535-659 (.992) 3 Kipp Island 41119-8 Yes A0227 -27.0 55.87 1428±41 A.D. 559-663 (1.00) 3 Kipp Island 42729-5 n/a A0228 -26.1 59.74 1260±39 A.D. 668-831 (.918), 836-869 (.082) 3 Wickham 40525-8 Yes A0191 -25.8 50.35 1228±42 A.D. 681-889 (1.00) 3 Hunter'sHome 48580-110 Yes A0192 -26.7 50.92 1231±44 A.D. 678-889 (1.00) 3 Hunter'sHome 48580-115 n/a A0193 -27.2 53.57 1286±40 A.D. 655-783 (.934), 788-818 (.047), 3 842-859 (.018) Hunter'sHome 41356-6 n/a A0197 -27.5 47.12 1247±48 A.D. 670-884 (1.00) 3 Hunter'sHome 48584-1 Yes A0198 -27.8 25.99 1211+46 A.D. 682-897 (.965), 921-944 (.034) 3 Hunter'sHome 41797 Yes A0196 -24.9 53.51 1138±40 A.D. 779-794 (.040), 801-988 (.960) 3 Street 48217-10 Yes A0229 -26.1 45.98 1043±40 A.D. 892-1042 (.990), 1107-1117 (.010) 1 Haner n/a n/a A0235 -18.1 54.99 781±42 A.D. 1176-1285 (1.00) 1 Smith-Pagerie 44728-13 No A0528 -20.7 48.30 445±40 A.D. 1408-1516 (.950), 1596-1618 (.050) 1 Klock 45738-43 Yes A0523 -23.6 57.70 480±40 A.D. 1327-1342 (.025), 1394-1475 (.975) 1 Garoga 42826-2 Yes A0522 -20.8 53.30 425±40 A.D. 1417-1522 (.853), 1574-1626 (.147) 1 aSources:(1) Hartand Brumbach(2005; phytolithanalysis this study), (2) Thompsonet al. 2004; (3) Hartet al. 2003. Considered too early for context (Thompsonet al. 2004).
mean dates using Ward and Wilson's (1978) sherd.Any soil adheringto the surfaceof residues methodas implementedin CALIB 5.0. was removedprior to sampling.The organicmate- rial of each residue sample was dissolved with Phytoliths heated nitric acid in Thompson'slab at the Uni- The methodsand techniquesused to extractand versity of Minnesota.This was followed by cen- classify phytolithassemblages for the currentpro- trifugingat 3,000 RPM for 15 minutes and then ject are the same as those describedin Hartet al. replacementof the nitricacid with distilledwater. (2003:627). For the presentproject, between 12 Each sample was then rinsed with distilled water and42 mg of residuewas sampledfrom each sherd. five times and with alcohol twice. Ten drops of The amountof residuesampled depended in most each sample were placed on a microscope slide instanceson the amountof residuepresent on the andmounted with Permount.A totalof 100 rondel
This content downloaded from 128.227.157.72 on Sun, 4 Jan 2015 15:01:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 566 AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 72, No. 3, 2007] phytoliths,characteristic of grass inflorescences omy used for the residueassemblages. (Mulholland1993; Pearsall et al. 2003; Thompson Twostatistical techniques were used to compare and Mulholland 1994), were then examined for residue and modern plant assemblages:squared each sample under magnification (400x) by chord distances and cluster analysis using Thompson.Rondel phytolithsare shortcylinders UnweightedPair GroupMethod with Arithmetic with roundedto oval bases (Mulhollandand Rapp Mean (UPGMA)linkage with squaredchord dis- 1992)that are produced in the glumesof maizeand tances. The statistics were calculated using the other grasses. Assemblages of rondel phytoliths entire data set includingthe taxonomicand mor- can be incorporated into foods when grass phometricdata with MultiVariateStatistical Pack- seeds/kernelsare processed(Thompson and Mul- age (MVSP) version 3.1 (Kovach 1999). The holland 1994). Each rondel phytolithwas classi- statisticaltechniques allowed us to assess to which fied by Thompsonaccording to the taxonomyhe modern plant rondel phytolith assemblage each developed(Hart et al. 2003:627) buildingon pre- residuederived rondel phytolith assemblage is most vious workby Mulhollandand Rapp (1992). Also similar.We presentadditional information on the recordedfor each phytolithwere the length and use of thesestatistics in ourdiscussion of theresults. width and aspect ratio (length/width)of the infe- Individualphytoliths produced by theedible por- rior face of each phytolith. Lengths and widths tions of otherplants may be identifiedto the genus were categorizedby whole micronand the aspect or species level. The rindsof cucurbits(squashes, ratio in units of one-tenthmicron. The classifica- gourds)produce distinctively scalloped spherical tionsresulted in countdata for eachtaxonomic and to oval phytolithshapes (Bozarth 1987; Piperno et morphometric(width, length, and ratio aspect) cat- al. 2002),while edible sedges {Cyperus sp.) produce egory. These in turn were transformedinto pro- dimpledplate phytoliths(Ollendorf 1992). Small portionsfor use with the statisticaltechniques. numbersof cucurbitand sedge phytoliths have been The basis of the analysis of rondel phytoliths found in a numberof residuesas reportedin Hart recovered from cooking residues is comparison et al. (2003) andThompson et al. (2004). with assemblagesfrom modernplants (Hart et al. Twenty-oneadditional residue samples were 2003;Thompson et al. 2004). The depositionof sil- analyzedfor the currentproject. Of these, 16 pro- ica in maizeand teosinte glumes is geneticallycon- ducedphytolith assemblages. This bringsthe total trolled (Dorweiler and Doebley 1997; also see numberof analyzedsamples to 33, from 12 sites Wanget al. 2005), as it presumablyis in the glumes (Figure1), andthe total numberof analyzedsam- of other grass species. Rondel phytolith assem- ples with phytolithassemblages to 24, represent- blages from maize and other grasses recovered ing all of the sites sampled(Table 2). Of this total, from cooking residues can be identified to the 21 hadrondel phytolith assemblages that could be species level basedon statisticalcomparisons with subjectedto statisticalanalysis: 10 fromthe previ- rondelphytolith assemblages from modernspeci- ously publishedresults and 11 from the present mens (Hartet al. 2003; Thompsonet al 2004). For project.The earliersamples are included in thepre- thepresent analyses we used a databaseof 36 mod- sent analysis to take advantageof the expanded ern comparativesamples (Table 2) includingwild databaseof comparativemodern samples. rice (Zizaniaaquatica-3 samples;Zizania palus- tris-Asamples), little barley (Hordeum pusillum-3 Results samples),foxtail grass (Setariaglauca-l sample), gramagrass(Bouteloua curtipendula-l sample), AMSDates barnyardgrass (Echinochloamuricata-l sample) and maize (Zea mays ssp. mays-23 samplesfrom The resultsof the AMS datingof residuesfor this 15 traditionalvarieties). Also used for some analy- and previous projects, provided in Table 1, are ses were nine rondel assemblagesextracted from reviewedin detail in Hartand Brumbach(2005). charredmaize cobs recoveredfrom archaeological In summary,the 38 dates from 14 archaeological sites in New Yorkand Pennsylvania. One hundred sites (Figure 1) span a period of approximately rondelphytoliths were classifiedfor each compar- 2,500 years,from 2905 ± 35 B.P (cal 2a 1256-998 ative sampleby Thompsonusing the same taxon- B.C.; ISGS-A0541)at the Scaccia site to 425 ± 40
This content downloaded from 128.227.157.72 on Sun, 4 Jan 2015 15:01:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions REPORTS 567
Figure 1. General locations of New York archaeological sites mentioned in the text: (1) Scaccia, (2) Hunter's Home, (3) Kipp Island, (4) Felix, (5) Wickham, (6) Simmons (7) Vinette, (8) Garoga, (9) Klock, (10) Smith-Pagerie, (11) Westheimer, (12) Fortin 2, (13) Street, (14) 211-1-1, (15) Haner (from Hart and Brumbach 2005).
B.R (cal 2a A.D. 1417-1626; ISGS-A0522)at the is a squaredchord distancematrix for 23 assem- Garogasite. The datescover the pottery-producing blages from 15 moderntraditional maize varieties periodof centralNew York prehistory until approx- and 15 assemblages from 6 indigenous grass imately 1000 B.R The 550-year gap in coverage species with seeds knownto have been consumed between approximately1000 B.R and 450 B.R is prehistorically in northeasternNorth America explained by our primaryresearch focus on the (Crawfordand Smith 2003). The lowest indige- time before macrobotanical remains of crops nous grass distancevalues for the variousmodern become evidentin the archaeologicalrecord of the maizeassemblages range from 1.332 to 3.605 times region. In addition,there is a paucityof sherdsin greaterthan the lowest value for anothermaize the New York State Museum's collections with assemblage.This means that each maize assem- enoughresidue for both dating and phytolith analy- blage is moresimilar to anothermaize assemblage sis fromthat 550-year period despite the presence than it is to an indigenousgrass assemblage.Fig- of largecollections of potteryfrom numerous sites. ure 2 is a dendrogramof a cluster analysis using The dates providea chronologicalframework for the modern indigenous grass and maize assem- the phytolithanalysis. blages. It clearly shows the maize assemblages (nos. 16-39) clusteringseparately from the indige- Grass PhytolithAnalysis nous grass assemblages (nos. 1-15). Bouteloua If ourmethods and techniques work, then we expect curtipendula(no. 1),Echinochloa muricata (no. 2), that rondel phytolith assemblages from modern and Setaria glauca (no. 6) do not clusterwith the maize cobs will be distinguishablefrom modern other indigenousgrasses, but they do not cluster indigenousgrass inflorescence assemblages. Table 3 withmaize. These results show how modernmaize
This content downloaded from 128.227.157.72 on Sun, 4 Jan 2015 15:01:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 568 AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 72, No. 3, 2007]
Table 2. ComparativeSample Proveniences.
Samplesa Provenience Source ModernIndigenous Grasses Zizania aquatica Lake George, NY Universityof MinnesotaHerbarium Zizania aquatica Lake Erie, ON Universityof MinnesotaHerbarium Zizania aquatica Ohio Universityof MinnesotaHerbarium Zizaniapalustris Clay County,MN Universityof MinnesotaHerbarium Zizaniapalustris KoochichingCounty, MN Universityof MinnesotaHerbarium Zizaniapalustris HubbardCounty, MN Universityof MinnesotaHerbarium Zizaniapalustris Mille Lacs County,MN Universityof MinnesotaHerbarium Hordeumpusillum Illinois NYS Museum Herbarium(NYSM 3 129) Hordeumpusillum Iowa Thompson,collected 1989 Hordeumpusillum Georgia NYS Museum Herbarium(Moore 2044) Setaria glauca Iowa Thompson,collected 1989 Bouteloua curtipendula New York NYS Museum Herbarium(A 18272, Young 1397) Echinochloamuricata New York NYS Museum Herbarium(House 23843) ModernZea mays ArikaraFlint North Dakota Fred Schneider,grown in 1993 Chapalote Tennessee Gary Crites, Universityof Tennessee CherokeeFlour Tennessee Gary Crites, Universityof Tennessee Dakota Flint North Dakota Fred Schneider,grown in 1988 Devil's Lake Sioux Flint North Dakota Fred Schneider,grown in 1993 IroquoisFlour New York Jane Mt Pleasant,grown in 2001 MandanWhite Flint A Wisconsin Universityof Wisconsin Herbarium MandanWhite Flint B Wisconsin Universityof Wisconsin Herbarium MandanBlack FlourA Wisconsin Universityof Wisconsin Herbarium MandanBlack Flour B Wisconsin Universityof Wisconsin Herbarium MandanBlue FlourA North Dakota Fred Schneider,grown in 1993 MandanBlue Flour B North Dakota Fred Schneider,grown in 1993 MandanBlue Flour C North Dakota Fred Schneider,grown in 1993 MandanClay Red A Wisconsin Universityof Wisconsin Herbarium MandanClay Red B Wisconsin Universityof Wisconsin Herbarium MandanRed FlourA North Dakota Fred Schneider,grown in 1993 MandanRed Flour B North Dakota Fred Schneider,grown in 1993 MandanSweet CornA North Dakota Fred Schneider,grown in 1988, 1993 MandanSweet Corn B North Dakota Fred Schneider,grown in 1988, 1993 MandanSweet Corn C North Dakota Fred Schneider,grown in 1988, 1993 MandanYellow Flour North Dakota Fred Schneider,grown in 1993 NorthernFlint Unknown Nora Reber, HarvardUniversity Herbarium Shoepeg Dent Unknown Universityof MinnesotaHerbarium ArchaeologicalZea mays Briggs Run 1 Briggs Run Site, NY New YorkState Museum Briggs Run 2 Briggs Run Site, NY New YorkState Museum Gnagey 3-1 Gnagey 3 Site, PA CarnegieMuseum of NaturalHistory Gnagey 3-2 Gnagey 3 Site, PA CarnegieMuseum of NaturalHistory Klock Site 1 Klock Site, NY New York State Museum Klock Site 2 Klock Site, NY New YorkState Museum Peck 2 Peck 2 Site, PA CarnegieMuseum of NaturalHistory RoundtopSite RoundtopSite, NY New YorkState Museum Snell Site Snell Site, NY New York State Museum phytolithassemblages can be distinguishedstatis- ples of nine archaeologicalmaize cobs were ana- ticallyfrom modern indigenous grass assemblages. lyzed. Six of the cobs from New Yorksites were If the methods and techniqueswork properly, previouslyreported in Hartet al. (2003).They range then we expect thatphytolith assemblages recov- in age from approximately700 B.R to 300 B.R ered from archaeologicalmaize cobs will be most Threeother cobs are from two sites in southwest- similarto modernmaize cob assemblages.Sam- ern Pennsylvania,which have AMS dates from
This content downloaded from 128.227.157.72 on Sun, 4 Jan 2015 15:01:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions REPORTS 569
^ininON^r-^tin-^ONcnsoso - < oo oo invomh..^infnhnrvH.a(N-iIA-iocn,r,>nTt _ oo ^ -J ^cNeno^oqcNqON^tr^insqoooq ^-N^gNNgt^rSSp^ooSoNS^oo^g• • • • • . x ^n cn Tf -h -h qo -; r^ in - q in oo so vq oq q r) ?! ri ri oq ^ • • p • oo^^f. ?S9^^a^tto^• • • • • • 9 wcncN ^oC'-^oooNoooNr^-ON'Nj-sooNr-sor- o^^oeoeNONinso - 'OON^ONinoooooNr-Of-sONONin en v>n Osen^inOON^J"Tj-r--cNOr~-sOONr~ oOsOcnOO^ten^O'^fONSoricncn - ^oo^O\h\dO'- oosor-ONinsot^-oo ONt^-t^soinoom' t+ nr^oa>ini^ino^tvor^(Noor-m cMfninoo-H^om^-inm^moorsio^ot^vDSooom^tr^ o ^Nrimrjw'tmmMtnmMmcirn - ; __; _; ^_- - ; h oi ^ - ; -^ ^j - ; ^ __; ^j __;_;_: -^_;^_;_;^_; ^ ^hWooooa\(S>oinM««mooO(N i^tcscNtsr~'-^r-^tTj-»n^-ON,r>cS'^-On^r^fNivoovr-~>.«»n in in^«^-H-i^«m*Oinin>hm r~- ro - t^O^Osrnooo-|(Nfn(NrnJi?(N'Orn00S^O(NaN^Or5'0 ro r^i/joo^qqrninin oo-^osov- ;(N ' oo ra -H-^a-'mhTtooqqqj^h-'Jgrj-ojrfj^q • • . ^fNNfNrifn^'rnfnfntsrnNcifnr! -i-i^ - - '> - >' - ^J (Ni >-< - I •«-,'-; •_"-_;-, ^J ^ ^Tt^roo»HO^O(NO^-in^o>n^oo-H ^t>sD(NO^Tj-r-aO'-'(Nf^^S°2r-iQS22^ininoo^2 o • • • • • • • s^rn(N(Nr<(NTtrncnr«-)(Nrnroroc«-)rn - > - i - ^ -^ -^^rt -_h •_-,-,_ 'on g ^ CTmoi^iriorMONcNOinooinfoo oo h oo o ^ - oa>vor-"^^^^RJG^^o--oo^;^ m v- ' • • • • • • • • xj firiciNNTtficifit'ifiwfifici ^_J _J rt -^ -^ - h° »- I _.' -h rt - h - h -cn -5 ^-s»r)^r*-Tt'- 3 ^^ON(NOQOt~~- 'in- '^tr^O- 'OOt^OO OOtj-- 'QC^_CN00(N^t(Nrslnr,r-.00m/-., rNi/-> - i-~. OOVDOn Tt O ooM'tffifl«)'HN'tONfn^viin-- Oro^J-XlIOOoOTfm^rxinoSSi^ML'^^M'i- On h«-h - -h - • • • ^, - ( • • • - ; • ^ ^mmNNNTf'wm^mmmtncin ^ rj •rt'^_;_;r^ "O ^00- i^OO - ^sJ-mO(N*«OOOOONOVO O c > ^tvONH^-H-Ht^t^fn-jn^^Oin^^O^TiirO^i1^^. •- ' (^ Tj-^to\^^Dinoo^D(Nininm- n h> tsa-inUiocnio-Hi-^sraioSrlmtna^a^I m ^ intnqoerjoqinrnqoN- ;ONqqq ^qq"i§fflfi m n G^ONfooN-f^o-Ni-cNsoocot^c^cai^r- ooNsooF-^ON^(NinS^C^Str-^^(N'sO^ONr-^^- - ^ r-. - in •g os.sqcr>^incsq«nsq-H^ D ^^00 - Tt^oso-^oooinin-^tNt^- ->o\hinOfSj.-(Ncn^K_hO\NwhOinfnMNIO i-- ^ b o ^OoommcNoor^- isoinm^tooN oo- iON-HOt^2r^t'- 'O^S^sON!n^m- iinoooC:^ cn ° cn ' ' ' ' in ooTtoqsqsqsqooTt^;Ttsq ^-;oqnqq^^sqo;^5^(Noo^^-H^-H«n^p^• • • • • cn cn - "TH-^rncNcNcNcNcNcNcNcNcN -h" - ; ^ ^ ^ -__;^h' -^_;^_;^_;_;_h" -cN.y ^cr 2 ^^inONcnm- 'cnONCNoooo- ^^N(N-Hi-(Noooorohin^o\- E ^-^^^^^^^^^^-v^v^^^-vO- 'CNcnn-in soi^ooonO - cNcnTfinso^-ooosO- 'CNcn^-insot^-ooON 2 o^^h -H This content downloaded from 128.227.157.72 on Sun, 4 Jan 2015 15:01:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 570 AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 72, No. 3, 2007] Figure 2. Cluster analysis results of modern maize and indigenous grass phytolith assemblage data. Sample numbers cor- respond to those used in Table 3. In this and/or subsequent cluster diagrams, aZm= archaeological Zea mays ssp. mays, Bc= Bouteloua curtipendula, Em= Echinochloa muricata, Hp= Hordeum pusillum, R=residue, S= Setaria glauca, Za= Zizania aquatica, Zm=Zea mays ssp. mays, and Zp= Zizaniapalustris. earlyhistoric times, approximately360 B.P. to 200 as well as charringand burial for hundreds of years, B.R (Means2005). Meansconsiders each of these do not affectthe abilityof ourmethods to properly dates too late for their contexts, which, based on identify maize from prehistoricphytolith assem- otherAMS dates from the sites, are 615 B.R for blages. The two MandanRed Clay maize assem- the two Gnagey 3-2 samples and 367 B.R for the blages (nos. 21 and22) clusterwith the indigenous Peck 2-2 sample(Means 2005:55-56). grass assemblagesin this analysis.This suggests Table4 is a squaredchord distancematrix for thatsome maize assemblagesmay be mistakenas the nine archaeologicalmaize cobs and the mod- indigenous grass assemblages in some analyses ern maize and indigenousgrass rondel phytolith (TypeI error).In sum,the resultsindicate that ron- assemblages.For each of the archaeologicalmaize del phytolithassemblages from maize cobs, both cobs the lowest squaredchord distanceis a mod- modernand archaeological,can be differentiated ern maize sample. These squaredchord distance from those recovered from modern indigenous values are 2.277 to 4.423 times less thanthe low- grass inflorescences. est valuefor anindigenous grass. This indicates that A squaredchord distance matrix for the residue eachprehistoric maize rondel phytolith assemblage and modern maize and indigenous grass rondel is mostsimilar to a modernmaize assemblage. Fig- phytolithassemblages is presentedin Tables5a and ure 3 is the results of the cluster analysis. The 5b. The residueassemblages are orderedfrom left archaeological maize cob assemblages (nos. to right in descending chronological order.The 61-69) clusterwith the modernmaize cob assem- lowestsquared chord distance value for all butthree blages (nos. 16-39). These results indicate that residueassemblages is witha modernmaize assem- changes in maize cob morphologythrough time, blage. These values generallyfall within or close This content downloaded from 128.227.157.72 on Sun, 4 Jan 2015 15:01:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions REPORTS 571 Table 4. SquaredChord Distance Matrixfor ArchaeologicalMaize and ModernMaize and IndigenousGrass PhytolithAssemblages^ Peck Gnagey Gnagey Briggs Briggs 2 3.2 3.1 Run 1 Run 2 Klock 1 Klock 2 Snell Roundtop Samplesb (61) (62) (63) (64) (65) (66) (67) (68) (69) (I) Bouteloua curtipendulaNY 3.071 3.797 3.781 2.633 2.248 3.589 3.126 3.096 2.406 (2)EchinochloamuricataNY 2.364 2.364 2.488 2.687 3.727 2.157 2.521 2.042 3.517 Q)HordeumpusillumIL 2.827 1.632 1.264 2.810 3.722 2.126 2.842 2.573 3.763 (4)HordeumpusillumlA 2.508 1.526 1.411 2.708 3.686 2.091 2.799 2.530 3.727 (5) Hordeumpusillum GA 2.911 1.761 1.350 2.930 3.836 2.262 2.996 2.714 3.803 (6) Setaria glaucalA 4.415 3.625 3.338 4.688 5.526 4.163 4.840 4.190 5.515 (7) Zizania aquatica OH 4.239 3.233 3.129 4.285 5.108 3.957 4.738 3.847 5.206 {%)Zizania aquatica NY 3.690 2.948 2.607 3.948 4.607 3.406 4.167 3.667 4.650 {9) Zizania aquatica ON 3.897 2.717 2.450 3.649 4.754 3.319 4.082 3.369 4.647 (10) Zizaniapalustris KC, MN 3.455 2.391 2.467 3.452 4.523 2.882 3.732 2.828 4.470 (II) Zizaniapalustris CL, MN 3.806 2.636 2.757 3.779 4.963 3.178 4.079 3.185 4.878 (\2) Zizaniapalustris HB, MN 3.484 2.488 2.413 3.449 4.416 2.967 3.747 2.906 4.423 (\3) Zizaniapalustris ML, MN 3.570 2.565 2.463 3.570 4.585 3.142 3.882 3.147 4.624 (14) Zizaniapalustris RE 3.705 2.674 2.558 3.665 4.758 3.304 4.005 3.275 4.647 (15) Zizania palustris HE 3.706 2.765 2.659 3.873 4.856 3.407 4.208 3.302 4.815 (16) MandanYellow Flour 1.001 .595 .639 1.119 1.828 ,661 1.084 .817 1.602 (17) MandanWhite Flint A 1.378 1.445 1.461 1.358 1.770 1.569 1.476 ,916 1.864 (18) MandanWhite Flint B 1.821 1.515 1.551 1.924 2.492 1.829 2.024 1.397 2.485 (19) MandanBlack Flint A ,996 ,579 ,555 1.018 1.543 ,875 1.086 .872 1.535 (20) MandanBlack Flint B 1.137 .662 .577 1.228 1.715 1.029 1.164 1.027 1.815 (21) MandanClay Red A 2.160 1.432 1.181 2.061 3.061 1.635 2.268 1.297 2.810 (22) MandanClay Red B 2.093 1.224 .897 1.897 3.015 1.409 2.108 1.384 2.799 (23) MandanSweet CornA ,578 ,865 ,925 ,839 1.463 ,602 ,572 ,851 1.046 (24) MandanSweet Corn B ,772 1.457 1.654 1.015 1.124 1.157 .744 1.386 ,805 (25) MandanSweet Corn C ,857 1.717 1.779 ,947 1.228 1.373 ,902 1.412 ,744 (26) MandanBlue Flour 1 ,869 ,622 ,731 ,965 1,205 .722 .815 .742 1.211 (27) MandanBlue Flour 2 1.090 .757 .733 1.359 2.001 1.075 1.180 .848 1.988 (28) MandanBlue Flour 3 1.483 1.125 1.156 1.584 1.730 1.391 1.572 1.108 2.032 (29) MandanRed FlourA ,991 1.124 1.207 1.012 1.052 1.047 .811 1.109 1.101 (30) MandanRed Flour B ,906 1.741 1.821 ,991 ,260 1.463 ,874 1.392 ,544 (31) ArikaraFlint 1.185 1.013 1.046 1.446 1.773 1.185 1.296 ,962 1.892 (32) Devil's Lake Sioux Flint A 1.204 .781 .791 1.172 1.661 ,872 1.207 .671 1.528 (33) Devil's Lake Sioux Flint B 1.460 1.304 1.303 1.210 1.659 1.318 1.455 ,976 1.657 (34) Dakota Flint 1.312 1.565 1.695 1.088 1.545 1.565 1.365 1.389 1.462 (35) NorthernFlint 1.314 1.210 1.401 1.404 1.503 1.362 1.318 1.130 1.584 (36) IroquoisWhite Flour 1.582 1.907 1.958 1.466 1.158 1.855 1.604 1.392 1.380 (37) Dent 1.336 1.849 1.860 1.137 1.439 1.552 1.224 1.399 1.393 (38) CherokeeFlour ,794 ,589 ,638 .894 1.561 ,638 ,908 ,630 1.537 (39) Chapalote 1.081 .583 .833 1.242 1.869 .853 1.108 .652 1.556 Lowest Grass/LowestMaize 4.090 2.617 2.277 3.138 2.958 3.473 4.407 3.241 4.423 aBoldedvalues are smallest values for indigenous grass and maize. Underlinedvalues are at or below the cutpointof 1.259 (see text for explanation). bNumberscorrespond to those used in Figure 3. to the range for smallest squaredchord distance correspondingto maize are 1.521 to 3.060 times valueestablished for the archaeologicalmaize cob less thanthe lowest value for a moderngrass assem- assemblages (.544-. 839). This includes the blage, within the range for modernmaize assem- youngest (Klock 45738-43, .557; Garoga42826- blages(1 .332-3.605); the ratio for the earliest-dated 2, .569; Street48217-10, .569) andoldest (Vinette Vinettesample (4003 1 -2) is 2.696, withinthe range 40135, .698; Vinette40046, .805; Vinette40031- established for the archaeological maize cobs 2, .690) residueassemblages. The lowest squared (2.277-4.407). These resultssuggest that maize is chorddistance values for the earliest-dated residues the, or the primary,grass responsiblefor the ron- This content downloaded from 128.227.157.72 on Sun, 4 Jan 2015 15:01:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 572 AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 72, No. 3, 2007] Figure 3. Cluster analysis results of modern and archaeological maize and indigenous grass phytolith assemblage data. Sample numbers correspond to those used in Table 4. del assemblagesfrom most of the residues. The squared chord distance matrix for the archaeologicalmaize cob assemblagesallows us to identify a cut point (Overpecket al. 1985) for classifyingrondel phytolith assemblages extracted from cooking residuesas maize. An examination of Table4 indicatesthat the lowest distancefor an archaeologicalcob assemblagecorresponding to a modern indigenous grass assemblage is 1.264 (Gnagey 3.1/Hordiumpusillum IL). As shown in Figure 4 this value falls well within the distribu- tion of distancevalues for archaeologicalagainst modernmaize assemblages.Using 1.259 as a cut point in the analysisof residueassemblages mini- mizes Type II errors, misidentifying non-maize assemblages as maize, at the sacrifice of poten- tiallyincreasing Type I errors,misidentifying maize assemblagesas non-maizeassemblages. A less con- servativecut would increase the chance of point 4. Distribution of chord distance values for II errors.Given that the methods and tech- Figure squared Type archaeological maize phytolith assemblages versus mod- niquesused in our analyseshave not been widely ern maize and indigenous grasses phytolith assemblages. This content downloaded from 128.227.157.72 on Sun, 4 Jan 2015 15:01:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions REPORTS 573 Table 5a. SquaredChord Distance Matrixfor Residue and ModernMaize and IndigenousGrass PhytolithAssemblages.3 Hunters Hunters Klock Garoga Street Home Home Simmons Simmons Wickham Wickham (40) (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48) Samples11 45738-43 42826-2 48217-10 48580-110 48584-1 40518-2 40518-1 40525-1 40525-8 (1) Bouteloua curtipendulaNY 3.749 3.625 3.393 3.952 4.817 3.103 5.266 4.151 4.216 (2) Echinochloamuricata NY 2.341 2.480 2.231 2.718 3.565 2.062 3.102 2.762 3.280 (3) Hordeumpusillum IL 1.325 1.884 2.030 1.566 1.695 2.055 1.847 1.592 1.457 (4) Hordeumpusillum IA 1.406 1.815 1.879 1.391 1.511 1.963 1.779 1.546 1.431 (5) Hordeumpusillum GA 1.381 1.991 2.278 1.560 1.698 2.260 1.935 1.602 1.497 (6) Setaria glauca IA 2.695 3.675 3.328 3.180 2.442 3.586 1.434 3.089 2.538 (7) Zizania aquatica OH 2.402 3.353 2.693 2.584 2.182 3.189 ,335 2.797 2.235 (8) Zizania aquatica NY 2.193 2.897 2.895 2.233 1.527 3.192 1.486 2.059 1.672 (9) Zizania aquatica ON 1.952 2.940 2.418 2.388 2.236 2.839 ,729 2.532 1.952 {\0) Zizaniapalustris KC, MN 2.427 2.753 2.382 2.512 2.854 2.594 1.036 2.661 2.752 (\ I) ZizaniapalustrisCL, MN 2.447 2.960 2.544 2.706 2.699 2.864 ,921 2.672 2.560 (\2) Zizaniapalustris UB, MN 2.061 2.697 2.136 2.372 2.390 2.542 ,571 2.375 2.154 (13) Zizaniapalustris ML, MN 2.126 2.733 2.148 2.328 2.066 2.680 ,537 2.287 2.049 (14) Zizaniapalustris RE 2.002 2.866 2.190 2.258 1.969 2.643 ,675 2.282 1.894 (15) Zizania palustris HE 2.247 2.909 2.334 2.444 2.268 2.741 .713 2.544 2.169 (16) MandanYellow Flour ,965 ML LQ28 .902 2.107 ,788 2.924 1.162 1.900 (17) MandanWhite Flint A 1.524 1.278 ,839 1.537 2.955 ,884 3.127 1.786 2.786 (18) MandanWhite Flint B 1.081 1.238 .717 1.380 2.555 1.029 2.650 1.635 2.431 (19) MandanBlack Flint A /737 ,577 J07 /734 2.134 ,659 2.686 1.157 1.951 (20) MandanBlack Flint B ,557 i>05 ,569 ,692 2.011 ,696 2.617 1.054 1.871 (21) MandanClay Red A J02 1.163 .937 1.106 1.709 1.138 1.613 1.005 1.459 (22) MandanClay Red B ,658 1.048 .888 .821 1.564 1.043 1.621 ,941 1.369 (23) MandanSweet CornA 1.519 1.065 1.480 1.191 2.800 1.054 4.030 1.493 2.399 (24) MandanSweet Corn B 2.115 1.699 2.015 2.007 3.425 1.650 4.510 2.222 3.027 (25) MandanSweet Corn C 2.401 1.886 2.288 2.110 3.716 1.680 5.066 2.500 3.407 (26) MandanBlue Flour 1 1.148 .569 1.043 1.009 2.665 ,764 3.715 1.308 2.497 (27) MandanBlue Flour 2 ,866 ,668 ,687 ,932 2.519 ,672 3.167 1.457 2.426 (28) MandanBlue Flour 3 1.285 ,829 /776 1.157 2.715 ,969 3.405 1.459 2.494 (29) MandanRed FlourA 1.858 1.163 1.553 1.654 3.564 1.107 4.619 1.969 3.114 (30) MandanRed Flour B 2.310 1.882 2.063 2.250 3.852 1.520 4.945 2.576 3.355 (31) ArikaraFlint 1.454 ,889 1.060 1.271 2.789 ,978 3.626 1.548 2.594 (32) Devil's Lake Sioux Flint A 1.050 .728 1.099 .984 2.439 /758 3.390 1.144 2.138 (33) Devil's Lake Sioux Flint B 1.438 1.041 .941 1.425 2.825 .875 3.275 1.648 2.566 (34) DakotaFlint 1.826 1.537 1.366 1.819 3.163 1.330 3.618 2.113 2.803 (35) NorthernFlint 1.751 1.103 1.409 1.118 2.611 1.345 3.933 1.449 2.354 (36) IroquoisWhite Flour 2.282 1.642 1.476 2.003 3.729 1.381 4.694 2.235 3.301 (37) Dent 2.088 1.804 1.729 2.165 4.000 1.538 4.159 2.535 3.443 (38) CherokeeFlour 1.049 .703 .869 1.020 2.513 .604 3.187 1.384 2.370 (39) Chapalote 1.105 .830 1.071 .899 2.170 .915 2.946 1.015 1.870 Lowest Grass/LowestMaize 2.379 3.190 3.302 2.010 .966 3. 250 .208 1.643 1.045 aBoldedvalues are smallest values for indigenousgrass and maize. Underlinedvalues are at or below the cutpointof 1.259 (see text for explanation). bNumbersin parenthesescorrespond to those used in Figure 5. appliedand established, we wouldrather err on the rice, with the lowest distancevalue (.335) corre- side of cautionin classifyingresidue-derived phy- sponding to Zizania aquatica. Two samples, tolithassemblages as maize. Hunter'sHome 48584-1 and Wickham40525-8, Using the 1.259 valueas the cut point, 15 of the have no values below the cut point, suggesting 21 assemblagesare identified as maize (Tables5 a mixed assemblages(Hart et al. 2003) or origina- and 5b). Of those assemblagesnot identifiedas tion from eithermaize relatedto a modernvariety maize, Simmons405 18-1 is most similarto wild not yet sampledor from an indigenousgrass not This content downloaded from 128.227.157.72 on Sun, 4 Jan 2015 15:01:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 574 AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 72, No. 3, 2007] ' tj ^ on © tj- Tt r- on <* in no - on oo o o r-~ ^ f*~Koi )Q ^ ooi enl "^ »n en cni 22 >o »n| - *j ^ i£ enin»/)|s©en-HenTtr^ineni^ent^in ^| - * en ^| 9^1 SI Il!l © °o cn ^| cni on so oo [- ^-l on cn in cn »n ^il i£| - ' r- - m s \o ^ ^o >k> > oo t^ m ff> ^ m ^ "Son^ N\ooa*Moom\oo^ocN °oS o «»©hg d o o a - on^ on5 e »n § ^ "^ <^ **i ^ ^ en p oo c 5 cn oo oo r^ p r-; in °°. °°. °°. cn r~; on p p ^t oo on Tf cn en m r^ en ; ^ w -h -h ^' -h >-< -^ - -h - « - < ^J - _*' -J -J - I - - '< -h' -h' -^ jj ^ w rs H H (S ri H m' pj | | | | | -^| *| <'| rj (N | S ^ i^" t^ tj- m r<5 \o o m -^ vo (N m ti- o ^ Tf oi - 1 O| 2°| 2!| o 3 -^^^ oooort^sivooortvoeN-Heno - oon S!| cd rt in f^. 6 t3 On J^ 1> ^g x^, r-oofNominr--or-ooNTtcNONOO|Ooo|^|^|cN|Ti-|enen- < cni d cni vo vo o 01 o\| o i^ « o - 'imo cd :J3cNt-- enr-©r-~oooo^j-inoooN- ioooenoo c^ oo ot * S inN- a ^ ^ ^ S ^ ^ ^ o (^ o o\ es in h aN" - * cs> X cn in ^t r~- - i en in -^ - i en -h oo i oc cn -^t cn in en cn -* on en oo . -t-" i-h - - < - < - I i x^-i, inr^eN- 'OenONenr--- rnin^t- JQl cni M -^-i oi i£l oi oni -^t cn ^t| o on ^t oni cn en in vo ^t J^l 'I >n "O 22 3 h x mr^ONen^too-^-TfooN^oooTtONoo J^ en tH tH v© 3t en cn n© -h on v© en v© oo on o ^o oo v© on - ^ S o en c « >n JD rn W) g n x ^^ -1 o Os O cn f- cn oo en ^o ^O oo rt on r- ^O v^ 2P CNIf^l O| vo enl on| in en °o| ^1 oi enl ^o enl "^t|enl r-- r~- on cn S^l )Q - ' "U -C cd - On 55 ^1- m ^D cn oo cn m cn en r- en O en - i O ^ ^ H ^ d N H en k^ ^ S 29 ^ OK ^ IS O cn vo ^ -> [a 2J cn c "^ w cn © cn - rn on - ' on o ooi o; n ooi j h |>. h n j !^ h oo j cs Tt eN •-- f-5 ^^^- ^S ^q ^ t-~: p p p ^ ^ ^ q ^ ^ ^ o; *"*o ^-i o enfNeNCNeNenenenencNencNenen'rn | | - -\ \ \ -^ -h'| -^| ^ -^' - h'| -h| -J -h'| -^'| -4 -h -J -^ rn n I!Iil!ii!iiIIiiiSSfB!i!i!ii!IJLiii ill -« 1 J 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 S I I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 § I G B ^^^^^^^^^S>^Nn^^G>P^^O-^c^n?inGvPM^O^Rc^^ir)"£iPoo^ S °3 ^ -^r^en^^in^^r^oo^o^^^^-H-H-H ^^-(^(NfNirJcscscsrscNNMmenencnmcnenenrncn jj 03Z This content downloaded from 128.227.157.72 on Sun, 4 Jan 2015 15:01:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions REPORTS 575 Figure 5. Cluster analysis results of modern maize, indigenous grass, and residue phytolith assemblage data. Sample numbers correspond to those used in Table 3. 5a and 5b. yet sampled.The threeremaining samples, Fortin2 (no. 49) are most similarto modernmaize assem- 46238-16, Fortin246238-26, and Vinette40046, blages. havevalues below the cut pointfor bothmaize and Of the sample assemblages clustering away Hordeumpusillum. In all threecases, however,the from the modern maize assemblages, Simmons lowestvalue corresponds to a modernmaize assem- 405 18-1 (no. 46) clusterswith wild rice (nos. 7-15) blage. Another sample, Kipp Island 41119-5, as would be expectedfrom the squaredchord dis- althoughhaving three values below the cut point tance values. Hunter'sHome 48584-1 (no. 44), correspondingto maize,has a ratioof lowestindige- Kipplsland411 19-5 (no. 54), andWickham 40525- nousgrass to lowestmaize value of only 1. 183. This 8 (no. 48) fall into a clusterwith one wild rice and is the lowest ratio of those samples identifiedas the little barley assemblages.The results suggest maize. theseare mixed assemblages and/or we do nothave Resultsof the clusteranalysis are shown in Fig- an analogin ourcomparative collection of samples ure 5. The maize (nos. 16-39) and most of the from indigenousgrasses or maize varieties. residues(nos. 40-60) formone largecluster, while Non-Grass the indigenousgrasses (nos. 1-15) and four of the Phytoliths residues(Wickham 40525-8 [no. 48], KippIsland Otherphytoliths were also identifiedin some of the 41119-5 [no.54], Hunter'sHome 48584-1 [no.44], residuesamples. Most significantly,cucurbit phy- and Simmons40518-1 [no. 46]) fall in otherclus- toliths (Figure 6), probably corresponding to ters.The cluster analysis indicates that the phytolith Cucurbitasp., were recoveredfrom the Scaccia assemblagesfrom samplesFortin2 46238-16 (no. 71492 residue,which produceda date of 2905 ± 55), Fortin246238-26 (no. 56), andVinette 40046 35 B.P. (cal 2c 1256-998 B.C.). Cucurbitphy- This content downloaded from 128.227.157.72 on Sun, 4 Jan 2015 15:01:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 576 AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 72, No. 3, 2007] Figure 6. Cucurbitasp. phytolith recovered from Scaccia Figure 7. Small, scalloped phytolith recovered from 71492 (bar=20um. Original magnification 400X). Hunter's Home 41797 (bar=20um. Original magnification 400X). tolithswere also recoveredfrom Fortin2 46238-16 AMS datedmacrobotanical remains in the region. as reportedin Thompsonet al. (2004), and from However,the phytolith evidence indicates that early Wickham 40525-1 and 40525-8, Kipp Island maizewas morewidely spreadgeographically than 41 119-5 and41 119-8, andHunter's Home 48584- is indicatedby the macrobotanicalevidence. 1 as reportedin Hartet al. (2003). Small,scalloped As a whole, the phytolithevidence suggests that phytoliths with a morphology consistent with maize was commonlyused in centralNew Yorkby cucurbits(Figure 7) were recovered from Felix calibratedfifth-century A.D. Thisis consistentwith 40701-21, Westheimer44533-67, and Hunter's earlierspeculations by some (e.g., Ritchieand Funk Home41797. Sedge (Cyperussp.) phytolithswere 1973:369) about the use of maize in New York recoveredfrom Fortin246238-16 as reportedin beforemacrobotanical evidence suggested, but well Thompson et al. (2004), and Wickham40525-1 earlierthan dates suggestedby others(e.g., Galli- and Kipp Island411 19-8 as reportedin Hartet al. nat 1967:4; Snow 1995:71).There is a gap in the (2003). phytolithevidence for maize of overthree centuries between the 1960 ± 35 B.P. (cal 2a 39 B.C.-A.D. Discussion 119) Vinettedate and the 1600 ± 35 B.P. (cal 2a A.D. 393-544) date from Westheimer.Given the The cumulativeresults of the phytolith analysis generallack of samplesfrom the intervening period summarizedhere along withthose previously pub- of time we cannot assign any significanceto this lishedare presented in Table6 alongwith the direct gap. The Vinette date is consistent with regional dates obtainedon the same residues sampledfor chronologyand site stratigraphy(Hart and Brum- phytolithanalysis (see Hartand Brumbach2005). bach 2005), and it falls between dates on macrob- These resultshave importantimplications for the otanical remains from Holding in Illinois and historiesof maize and squashin centralNew York IcehouseBottom in Tennesseeand Edwin Harness specificallyand eastern North American generally. in Ohio. Thereis a similargap in time betweenthe Holdingdate in Illinois andthe next youngestdate Maize on maizemacrobotanical remains at IcehouseBot- The chronology of phytolith evidence for early tom in Tennessee. maizein New Yorkis combinedin Table7 andFig- The 2270 ± 35 B.P. (cal 2a 399-208 B.C.) date ure8 withthat for pre- 1 000 B .P.maize from directly at Vinette, however, is earlier than the earliest datedmacrobotanical maize remainsin northeast- directly dated maize macrobotanicalremains in ern NorthAmerica. With the exceptionof the ear- easternNorth America from Holding (2077 ± 70 liest datefrom the Vinette site, the datesassociated B.P., cal 2a 116 B.C.-A.D. 52; Riley et al. 1994). withthe rondelphytolith assemblages identified as This result suggests maize was presentin central maizefall withinthe temporalrange of the directly New Yorkup to eight centuriesbefore the earliest This content downloaded from 128.227.157.72 on Sun, 4 Jan 2015 15:01:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions REPORTS 577 Table 6. Summaryof PhytolithAnalysis Results. Site Cal 2o range (median probability)3 Phytolith results Scaccia 1256 (1096) 998 B.C. Squash Vinette 1 790 (638) 519 B.C. No phytoliths Vinette 1 399 (296) 208 B.C. Maize Felix Zone 5 376 (285) 197 B.C. Squash? Vinette 2 39 B.C. A.D. (40) 1 19b Maize Wickham2 A.D. 263 (39 1) 430b No phytoliths Simmons A.D. 349 (448) 540 Wild rice Westheimer2 A.D. 393 (475) 544 Maize Felix Zone 4 A.D. 432 (5 10) 575b Maize Fortin2 zone 3 A.D. 434 (557) 613b Maize, squash, sedge Wickham3 A.D. 568 (619) 655b Maize, wild rice?, squash, sedge Kipp Island 3 A.D. 600 (630) 655b Maize, wild rice, squash, sedge Simmons A.D. 594 (645) 683 Maize Felix Zone 4 A.D. 608 (646) 668b Maize, squash? Wickham3 A.D. 681 (792) 889 Wild rice, maize?, sedge HuntersHome A.D. 7 18 (805) 880b Maize, wild rice, squash Street A.D. 892 (994) 1117 Maize Klock A.D. 1327 (1431) 1475 Maize Garoga A.D. 1417 (1465) 1626 Maize Smith-Pagerie A.D. 1408 (1448) 1618 No phytoliths aCALIB5.0 (Stuiveret al. 1998). bPooledmean of multiple dates (Wardand Wilson 1978). macrobotanicalevidence for this crop in southern (1730 ± 85 B.R, cal 2a A.D. 136-423; Ford 1987) Ontario(1570 ± 90 B.R, cal 2c A.D. 345-648; and Tennessee (1775 ± 100 B.R, cal 2a A.D. Crawfordet al. 1997), and five to six centuries 25-532; Chapmanand Crites 1987). beforethe earliestmacrobotanical remains in Ohio Of particularinterest is thatthe earlydate from Table 7. Early Maize Evidence from NortheasternNorth America. Site/Location Dated Material 14CAge B.P. Cal. 2c rangea Median probability8 Source Street, NY residue 1043 ± 40 A.D. 892-1 117 A.D. 994 This study 21 1-1-1, NY maize 1050 ± 50 A.D. 884-1150 A.D. 985 Cassedy and Webb (1999) GrandBanks, ON maize 1060 ± 60 A.D. 782-1 152 A.D. 973 Crawfordand Smith (2003; Forster,ON maize 1150 ± 100 A.D. 66 1- 11 1 6 A.D. 876 Crawfordand Smith (2003; HuntersHome, NY residues 1221 ± 16b A.D. 718-880 A.D. 805 Hartet al. (2003) Wickham,NY residue 1228 ± 42 A.D. 68 1-889 A.D. 792 Hartet al. (2003) GrandBanks, ON maize 1250 ±80 A.D. 650-968 A.D. 778 Crawfordand Smith (2003; Meyer, ON maize 1270 ± 100 A.D. 607-979 A.D. 767 Crawfordand Smith (2003; Simmons, NY residue 1390 ±35 A.D. 594-683 A.D. 645 This study Felix, NY residues 1392 ±26b A.D. 608-668 A.D. 646 This study Kipp Island, NY residues 1423 ± 20b A.D. 600-655 A.D. 630 Hartet al. (2003) Wickham,NY residues 1438 ±31b A.D. 568-655 A.D. 619 Hartet al. (2003) Crane,IL maize 1450 ± 350 172 B.C.-A.D. 1263 A.D. 564 Conardet al. 1984 Fortin2, NY residues 1515 ±27b A.D. 434-613 A.D. 557 Thompsonet al. (2004) Felix, NY residues 1541 ± 23b A.D. 432-575 A.D. 510 This study GrandBanks, ON maize 1551 ± 78b A.D. 345-648 A.D. 501 Crawfordand Smith (2003; Westheimer2, NY residue 1600 ±35 A.D. 393-544 A.D. 475 This study Edwin Harness,OH maize 1730 ± 60b A.D. 136-423 A.D. 307 Ford (1987) Icehouse Bottom, TN maize 1775 ± 100 A.D. 25-532 A.D. 245 Chapmanand Crites (1987 Vinette, NY residues 1960 ± 28b 39 B.C.-A.D. 1 19 A.D. 40 Thompsonet al. (2004) Holding, IL maize 2037 ±41b 166 B.C.-A.D. 52 45 B.C. Riley et al. (1994) Vinette, NY residue 2270 ± 35 399-208 B.C. 296 B.C. This study aCALIB5.0 (Stuiveret al. 1998). bPooledmean of multiple dates (Wardand Wilson 1978). This content downloaded from 128.227.157.72 on Sun, 4 Jan 2015 15:01:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 578 AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 72, No. 3, 2007] Figure 8. Calibrated date probability distributions for pre-A.D. 1000 maize evidence in northeastern North America cor- responding to Table 7. Black plots are for dates on residues with phytolith assemblages identified as maize. Gray plots are direct dates on maize macrobotanical remains. (Produced with OxCal 3.10 [Brock Ramsey 2005]). This content downloaded from 128.227.157.72 on Sun, 4 Jan 2015 15:01:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions REPORTS 579 Vinetteis contemporarywith the wood charcoal as Cucurbitapepo, were recoveredat the Memor- datesof 2325 ± 75 B.R (cal 2a 751-198 B.C.) and ial Parksite froma featurecontaining Meadowood 2290 ± 60 B. P. (cal 2c 749-106 B.C.) associated bifaces.An AMS assay on one of these fragments with maize macrobotanicalremains at the Mead- yielded a date of 2625 ± 45 B.R (cal. 2c 903-596 owcroft Rockshelterin southwest Pennsylvania B.C.; Hart and Asch Sidell 1997), only slightly (Adovasioand Johnson 1981). Also of note is that youngerthan the residuedate from Scaccia.More the earliestVinette date is approximately500 years recentlyMonaghan et al. (2006:219)report an AMS youngerthan Ritchie's (1969) estimateddate for date of 2820 ± 40 B.R (cal. 2c 11 15-854 B.R) on the Wraysite in New York(c. 2800 B.R). Excava- a squash seed from Michigan, contemporaneous tions at this site in the 1930s yielded what was with the Scacciaresidue date. The identificationof describedas a 2.54 cm-long segmentof maize cob cucurbitphytoliths at Scaccia, then, extends our (Ritchie 1944:126). Unfortunately,several years knowledge of the early use of presumablyedible later the object was found to have disintegrated squashesinto centralNew York.The residuespro- beyond recognition(Ritchie 1969:189) and is no ducinglater dates that contained cucurbit phytoliths longer present in the site's collection at the helpto establishthe continued presence of thiscrop RochesterMuseum and Science Centerwhere it in centralNew Yorkwell before the earliestmac- was originallycurated. The Vinette date is also con- robotanicalevidence at aroundcal. A.D. 1300 (Hart temporaneouswith or youngerthan dates associ- 1999b).It also suggeststhat maize and squash were atedwith pollen identified as maizefrom a number being cooked, andpresumably grown together for of locationsin southeasternNorth America: Lake hundredsof years priorto the widespreaduse of Shelby, Alabama (ca. 3500 B.P.; Fearn and Liu the commonbean (Phaseolusvulgaris) at the end 1995); Fort Center,Florida (ca. 2500 B.R; Sears of the calibratedthirteenth-century A.D. based on 1982); B.L. Bigbee, Mississippi (ca. 2400 B.R; directdates of macrobotanicalremains (Hart et al. Whitehead and Sheehan 1985); and Dismal 2002; Hartand Scarry 1999). There is no phytolith Swamp,Virginia (ca. 2200 B.R;Whitehead 1965). evidencefor the commonbean - thepods of which Themacrobotanical remains from Meadowcroft producehook-shaped phytoliths that can be dis- andthe pollen fromthe varioussites in the South- tinguishedfrom hooked forms producedby other east are generally treatedwith skepticism (e.g., plants (Bozarth 1990)- in the cooking residues Crawfordet al 1997;Eubanks 1997; Smith 1992), analyzedto date. andwe fullyexpect that the early phytolith evidence from Vinette will be treatedskeptically pending Conclusion additionalsupporting evidence. A directAMS date on the Meadowcroftmaize would go a long way The investigationof crophistories has been a major towardresolving the statusof such ancientmaize researchfocus for many archaeologistsand pale- in easternNorth America (Crawford et al. 1997). oethnobotanistsworking in easternNorth America. Improvedmacrobotanical recovery methods and Cucurbits the introductionof AMS dating during the late The identificationof cucurbitphytoliths from the twentiethcentury resulted in much firmerunder- Scaccia site (2905 ± 35 B.R, cal. 2c 1256-998 standingsof those histories. However,given the B.C.) should not be controversialbecause of the vagariesof macrobotanicalpreservation, additional macrobotanical-basedestablishment of cucurbitin sources of evidence are needed to build regional easternNorth America at even greaterantiquity, by cropchronologies. One such sourceof datais opal 7100 B.R in the Midwest (Asch and Hart 2004; phytoliths.The research summarized here and else- Smith 1992). Directly AMS dated cucurbitrind where (Hart et al. 2003; Thompsonet al. 2004) fragmentsestablish the presence of Cucurbitapepo demonstratesthat phytolith assemblages recovered gourds at the Memorial Park site, Pennsylvania fromdirectly AMS datedcharred cooking residues (Hartand Asch Sidell 1997) andthe Sharrowsite, can be importantsources of evidencefor crophis- Maine(Petersen and Asch Sidell 1996) duringthe tories.Such evidence can be obtainedfrom curated sixth millenniumB.R In addition, 10 rind frag- collectionsin museumsas well as fromcollections mentsfrom apparentlyedible squashes,identified generated during new excavations. Phytolith This content downloaded from 128.227.157.72 on Sun, 4 Jan 2015 15:01:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 580 AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 72, No. 3, 2007] assemblagesfrom cooking residues, which to date derivedphytolith assemblages, indicate that intro- have been exploitedin easternNorth America for ductionsof maize and squashdid not have imme- crophistory evidence only in NewYork, Minnesota diate major consequences for subsistence and (Thompsonet al. 1994), and several states in the settlementsystems in the region.Rather, these two Southeast (Lusteck 2006) have the potential to crops apparentlycontributed to subsistencesys- enhance our understandings of crop histories tems for well over a millenniumbefore evidence throughoutthe East. is found for compact villages, longhouses, and The resultsof our analysesindicate that maize intensivemaize-bean- squash agriculture, traits tra- andsquash, two of the cropsthat dominated Native ditionally associated with northern Iroquoian Americanagriculture throughout much of eastern speakers (Snow 1995). Our results suggest that NorthAmerica late in prehistory,were being grown these crops were one componentof diverse sub- and consumedin New Yorkfor at least two mil- sistence systems, only much later becoming the lennia before the adventof writtenhistory in the subsistencefocus as recordedby Europeans,related region with the Europeanentrada. This long his- by northernIroquoian tradition, and inferredfrom toryof use andcumulative agricultural knowledge the late prehistoricarchaeological record (Engel- and experience was not imagined among some brecht2003). The reasonsfor the intensificationof archaeologistsin the Northeastjust a few years use amongsome populations are added dimensions ago. Rather,the crops'introductions in the region, to researchprograms focused on the laterprehis- throughthe migrationof agriculturistsfrom else- tory of the region. where or adoption by indigenous groups, were Whilethe phytolith evidence for early maize and thought to have resulted in major changes in squashin centralNew York presented here suggests regional subsistence-settlement systems (e.g., differenthistories for the cropsthan the macrobot- Snow 1995).Other archaeologists speculated about anical record,those historiesare far from settled. the presenceof maize in New Yorkat earliertimes What is clear is that relying on single sources of (e.g. Ritchieand Funk 1973),but lacked direct evi- evidence for crop historiesin a given region and dence for its presence. buildingmodels of prehistoricsubsistence and set- Giventhe results in NewYork, we anticipatethat tlementsystems thereon, as has been done in New phytolithanalysis of cooking residues will push York and elsewhere, is problematical.While we back the date of maize introduction/usein other needadditional phytolith data, building on thetem- areasof easternNorth America as well. The inten- poraland spatial distributions of the analysesdone sive flotation(5340 litersof soil) andidentification to date, other sources of evidence are needed to effortsat Holding(Riley et al. 1994), suggest that complement the phytolith evidence. For maize, the timingof maize may not change as drastically these mightinclude isotopic analyses of the apatite in west-centralIllinois as it hasin centralNew York. andcollagen components of humanteeth and bone However,we suspectit will in otherareas given that (e.g., Harrisonand Katzenberg2003; Kelly et al. the level of flotationsampling has been less thanit 2006), isotopic analysis of lipids recoveredfrom was at Holding. potterysherds (e.g., Reberet al. 2004), and/orthe Despite the adoptionof flotationrecovery and recoveryof starchgrains from secure contexts (e.g., AMS datingof key cropremains in New York,pub- Messner and Dickau 2005; Pipernoet al. 2000). lished directAMS dateson maize macrobotanical While macrobotanicalremains can provide critical remains are still no earlier than ca. A.D. 1000 evidencefor thehistories of bothmaize and squash (Cassedyand Webb 1999), while the earliestwell- (e.g., Crawfordet al. 1997; Hartand Asch Sidell establisheddate for squashmacrobotanical remains 1997), they shouldno longerbe viewed as stand- in New Yorkis ca. A.D. 1300 (Hart 1999b). The alone sourcesof evidencefor those histories. A.D. 1000 date is coincidentwith the initiationof northernIroquoian traits in the traditionalNew Acknowledgments.Most of the funding for the research York culture Ritchie 1969; Snow reportedin this article came from a grant by the New York history (e.g., State Research Institute. Other came 1995;Tuck 1978; but see Hartand Brumbach Biodiversity funding 2003, from the New York State Museum and the University at 2005; Starnaand Funk 1994). Crop histories at Albany-SUNY. Robert Thompson did the phytolith extrac- much greatertime depth, suggested by residue- tion and classification. We thank Daniel Cassedy and an This content downloaded from 128.227.157.72 on Sun, 4 Jan 2015 15:01:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions REPORTS 581 anonymous reviewer for their comments, corrections, and AmericanJournal of Botany84: 1 13-1322. suggestions. The abstract was translated into Spanish by Engelbrecht,William Amarilys La Santa Morales. 2003 Iroquoia:The Development of a Native World.Syra- cuse UniversityPress, Syracuse. Eubanks,Mary References Cited 1996 Reevaluationof the Identificationof Ancient Maize Pollen fromAlabama. American Antiquity 62: 139-145. Adair,Mary J. Fearn,Miriam L., and Kam-biuLiu 2003 GreatPlains Paleoethnobotany. In People and Plants 1995 Maize Pollen of 3500 B.P. from SouthernAlabama. in EasternNorth America, edited by Paul E. Minnis, pp. AmericanAntiquity 60: 109-1 17. 172-257. SmithsonianBooks, Washington,D.C. Ford,Richard I. (editor) Adovasio,James M., andWilliam C. Johnson 1985 Prehistoric Food Production in North America. 1981 The Appearanceof Cultigensin the UpperOhio Val- AnthropologicalPapers, Museum of Anthropology,Uni- ley: A View fromthe MeadowcroftRockshelter. Pennsyl- versityof Michigan,No. 75. Ann Arbor,Michigan. vaniaArchaeologist 5 1( 1): 63-80. Ford,Richard I. Asch, David L., and JohnP. Hart 1987 DatingEarly Maize in theEastern United States. Paper 2004 Crop Domestication in PrehistoricEastern North presentedat the tenthEthnobotany Meetings, Gainesville, America. In Encyclopedia of Plant and Crop Science, Florida. edited by Robert M. Goodman, pp. 314-319. Marcel Fritz,Gayle J. Dekker,New York. 1990 MultiplePathways to Farmingin PrecontactEastern Blake, LeonardW, and Hugh C. Cutler NorthAmerica. Journal of WorldPrehistory 4:387-476. 200 1 Plantsfrom the Past. The University of AlabamaPress, Fritz,Gayle J., and Bruce D. Smith Tuscaloosa. 1988 Old Collectionsand New Technology:Documenting Bozarth,Steven R. the Domestication of Chenopodiumin Eastern North 1987 Diagnostic Opal Phytolithsfrom Rinds of Selected America.Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 1 3 :3-27. CucurbitaSpecies. American Antiquity 52:607-615. Funk,Robert E., and RobertD. Kuhn 1990 Diagnostic Opal Phytolithsfrom Pods ot Selected 2003 Three Sixteenth-CenturyMohawk Iroquois Village Varietiesof CommonBeans {Phaseolusvulgaris). Amer- Sites. New YorkState Museum Bulletin 503. The Univer- ican Antiquity55:98-104. sity of the Stateof New York,Albany. 1993 Maize {Zea mays) Cob Phytoliths from a Central Gallinat,W. C. Kansas Great Bend Aspect ArchaeologicalSite. Plains 1967 PlantHabit and theAdaptation of Corn.Bulletin 565, Anthropologist38:279-286. ExperimentalStation, College of Agriculture,University BronkRamsey, Christopher of Massachusetts,Amherst. 2005 OxCalProgram v3.10. Oxford:University of Oxford Gilmore,Melvin R. Radiocarbon Unit, http://www.rlaha.ox.ac.uk/oxcal/ 193 1 VegetalRemains of the OzarkBluff-Dwellers Culture. oxcal.htmaccessed 6/26/06. Papersof theMichigan Academy of Science,Arts, and Let- Cassedy,Daniel and PaulWebb ters 14:83-102. 1999 New Data on the Chronologyof Maize Horticulture Green,William (editor) in EasternNew Yorkand SouthernNew England.In Cur- 1994 AgriculturalOrigins and Developmentin the Mid- rentNortheast Paleoethnobotany, edited by JohnP. Hart, continent.Report 19, Officeof the StateArchaeologist. The pp. 85-100. New YorkState MuseumBulletin 494. The Universityof Iowa, Iowa City. Universityof the Stateof New York,Albany. Hard,Robert J., RaymondP. Mauldin,and GerryR. Raymond Chapman,Jefferson, and GaryD. Crites 1996 Mano Size, StableCarbon Isotope Ratios, and Mac- 1987 Evidence for EarlyMaize (Zea mays) from the Ice- robotanicalRemains as Multiple Lines of Evidence of house Bottom Site, Tennessee. American Antiquity Maize Dependencein the AmericanSouthwest. Journal 52:352-354. of ArchaeologicalMethod and Theory3:253-3 18. Chapman,Jefferson, and PattyJo Watson Harrison,Roman C, and M. Anne Katzenberg 1993 The ArchaicPeriod and the FlotationRevolution. In 2003 PaleodietStudies Using StableCarbon Isotopes from Foragingand Farmingin the EasternWoodlands, edited Bone Apatite and Collagen: Examples from Southern by C. MargaretScarry, pp. 27-38. University Press of Ontarioand San Nicolas Islands, California.Journal of Florida,Gainesville. ArchaeologicalScience 22:227-244. Conard, Nicholas, David L. Asch, Nancy B. Asch, David Hart,John P. Elmore, Harry Gove, Mayer Rubin, James A. Brown, 1999a Maize AgricultureEvolution in the EasternWood- Michael D. Wiant,Kenneth B. Farnsworth,and Thomas lands of NorthAmerica: A DarwinianPerspective. Jour- G. Cook nal of ArchaeologicalMethod and Theory6: 137-180. 1984 AcceleratorRadiocarbon Dating of Evidencefor Pre- 1999b Dating Roundtop'sDomesticates: Implications for historicHorticulture in Illinois.Nature 308:443-446. NortheasternLate Prehistory.In CurrentNortheast Pale- Crawford,Gary W, and David G. Smith oethnobotany,edited by John P. Hart, pp. 47-68. New 2003 Paleoethnobotanyin the Northeast.In People and YorkState MuseumBulletin 494. The Universityof the Plants in AncientNorth America, edited by Paul E. Min- Stateof New York,Albany. nis, pp.172-257. SmithsonianBooks, Washington,D.C. Hart,John P. (editor) Crawford,Gary W., David G. Smith,and Vandy E. Bowyer 1999 CurrentNortheast Paleoethnobotany. New YorkState 1997 Datingthe Entryof Corn(Zea mays) into the Lower MuseumBulletin 494. The Universityof the Stateof New GreatLakes. American Antiquity 62: 112-1 19. York,Albany. Dorweiler,Jane E., andJohn Doebley Hart,John P., David L. Asch, C. MargaretScarry, and GaryW 1997 DevelopmentalAnalysis of TeosinteGlume Archi- Crawford tecture:A Key Locusin the Evolutionof Maize (Poaceae). 2002 The Age of the CommonBean (Phaseolus vulgaris This content downloaded from 128.227.157.72 on Sun, 4 Jan 2015 15:01:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 582 AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 72, No. 3, 2007] L.) in the NorthernEastern Woodlands of NorthAmerica. Mulholland,Susan C, and GeorgeRapp, Jr. Antiquity76:377-385. 1992 A MorphologicalClassification of GrassSilica Bod- Hart,John P., and NancyAsch Sidell ies. In PhytolithSystematics: Emerging Issues, editedby 1997 AdditionalEvidence for Early CucurbitUse in the George Rapp Jr. and Susan C. Mulholland,pp. 65-89. NorthernEastern Woodlands East of theAllegheny Front. PlenumPress, New York. AmericanAntiquity 62:523-537. Ollendorf,Amy L. Hart,John P., and HettyJo Brumbach 1992 Towardsa ClassificationScheme of Sedge (Cyper- 2003 The Death of Owasco. American Antiquity aceae) Phytoliths. In Phytolith Systematics. Emerging 68:737-752. Issues, edited by George RappJr. and SusanC. Mulhol- 2005 Cooking Residues,AMS Dates, and the Middle-to- land,pp. 91-1 11 . PlenumPress, New York. Late-Woodland Transition in CentralNew York.Northeast Overpeck,J. T., T. WebbIII, and I. C. Prentice Anthropology69:1-34. 1985 QuantitativeInterpretation of Fossil Pollen Spectra: Hart,John P., and C. MargaretScarry DissimilarityCoefficients and the Method of ModernAna- 1999 The Age of CommonBeans {Phaseolusvulgaris) in logues. QuaternaryResearch 23:87-108. the Northeastern United States. American Antiquity Pearsall,Deborah M. 64:653-658. 1978 PhytolithAnalysis of ArchaeologicalSoils: Evidence Hart,John, P., RobertG. Thompson,and HettyJo Brumbach for Maize Cultivation in Formative Ecuador. Science 2003 PhytolithEvidence for EarlyMaize {Zeamays) in the 199:177-178. NorthernFinger Lakes Region of New York.American 1982 PhytolithAnalysis: Applications of a New Paleoeth- Antiquity68:619-640. nobotanicalTechnique in Archeology.American Anthro- Keegan,William F. (editor) pologist 84:862-871. 1987 EmergentHorticultural Economies of the Eastern Pearsall,Deborah M., KarolChandler-Ezell, and Alex Chandler- Woodlands.Southern Illinois Universityat Carbondale, Ezell Centerfor Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Paper 2003 IdentifyingMaize in NeotropicalSediments and Soils No. 7. Carbondale,Illinois. Using Cob Phytoliths.Journal of ArchaeologicalScience Kelly,Jennifer A., RobertH. Tykot,and JeraldT. Milanich 30:611-627. 2006 Evidencefor Early Use of Maizein PeninsularFlorida. Petersen,James B., and NancyAsch Sidell In TheHistories of Maize:Multidisciplinary Approaches 1996 Mid-HoloceneEvidence for Cucurbitasp. fromCen- to the Prehistory,Linguistics, Biogeography, Domestica- tralMaine. American Antiquity 61:685-698. tion,and Evolution of Maize,edited by JohnStaller, Robert Piperno,Dolores R. Tykot, and Bruce Benz, pp. 249-261. Academic Press, 2004 Crop Domesticationin the AmericanTropics: Phy- New York. tolith Analyses. In Encyclopediaof Plant and CropSci- Kovach,W L. ence, editedby RobertM. Goodman,pp. 326-329. Marcel 1999 MVSP-A MultivariateStatistical Package for Win- Dekker, New York. dows, Ver.3.1. Kovach ComputingServices, Pentraeth, Piperno, Dolores R., Karen H. Clary, Richard G. Cooke, Wales,United Kingdom. AnthonyJ. Ranere,and Doris Weiland Lusteck,Robert 1985 PreceramicMaize in CentralPanama: Phytolith and 2006 The Migrationsof Maize into the SoutheasternU.S. Pollen Evidence.American Anthropologist 87:871-878. In TheHistories of Maize: MultidisciplinaryApproaches Piperno,Dolores R., and KentV Flannery to the Prehistory,Linguistics, Biogeography, Domestica- 2001 The EarliestArchaeological Maize (Zea mays L.) tion,and Evolution of Maize,edited by JohnStaller, Robert from Highland Mexico: New Accelerator Mass Spec- Tykot, and Bruce Benz, pp. 521-528. Academic Press, trometryDates and Their Implications. Proceedings of the New York. NationalAcademy of Sciences 98:2101-2103. Means,Bernard K. Piperno,Delores R., and DeborahM. Pearsall 2005 New Dates for New Deal-ExcavatedMonongahela 1998 The Originsof Agriculturein the LowlandNeotrop- Villages: Some Implicationsfor the Chronologyof Late ics. AcademicPress, San Diego. Prehistoric Southwestern Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Piperno,Dolores R., AnthonyJ. Ranere,Irene Hoist, andPatri- Archaeologist75(1):49-61. cia Hansell Messner,Tim, and RuthDickau 2000 StarchGrains Reveal Early Root Crop Horticulture 2005 New Directions,New Interpretations:Paleoethnob- in the PanamanianTropical Forest. Nature 407:894-897. otany in the Upper Delaware Valley and the Utility of Piperno,Dolores R., Irene Hoist, Linda Wessel-Beaver,and StarchGrain Research in the MiddleAtlantic. Journal of ThomasC. Andres MiddleAtlantic Archaeology 2 1:7 1-82. 2002 Evidence for the Controlof PhytolithFormation in Minnis,Paul E. (editor) Cucurbitafruits by the Hard Rind (Hr) Genetic Locus: 2003 Peopleand Plants inAncient Eastern North America. Archaeologicaland Ecological Implications. Proceedings SmithsonianBooks, Washington. of the NationalAcademy of Science 99: 10923-10928. Monaghan,G. William,William A. Lovis,and Kathryn C. Egan- Piperno,Dolores R., and KarenE. Stothert Bruhy 2003 Phytolith Evidence for Early Holocene Cucurbita 2006 Earliest Cucurbitafrom the Great Lakes, Northern Domestication in Southwest Ecuador. Science USA. QuaternaryResearch 65:216-222. 299:1054-1057. Mulholland,Susan C. Reber, EleanoraA., StephanieN. Dudd, Nikolas J. van der 1993 A Test of PhytolithAnalysis at Big Hidatsa,North Merwe, and RichardP. Evershed Dakota.In CurrentResearch in PhytolithAnalysis: Appli- 2004 Direct Detection of Maize in PotteryResidues via cations in Archaeologyand Paleoecology,edited by Deb- CompoundSpecific Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis. Antiq- orah M. Pearsalland Dolores R. Piperno,pp. 131-145. uity 78:682-691. MASCA, The UniversityMuseum of Archaeology and Reimer, Paula J., Mike u. L. Baillie, hdouard Bard, Alex Anthropology,University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia. Bayliss, J WarrenBeck, ChandaJ. H. Bertrand,Paul G. This content downloaded from 128.227.157.72 on Sun, 4 Jan 2015 15:01:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions REPORTS 583 Blackwell, Caitlin E Buck, George S. Burr, Kirsten B. 2005 CALIB 5.0. Manual, www.calib.qub.ac.uk/crev50/ Cutler,Paul E. Damon,R. LawrenceEdwards, Richard G. accessed 3/30/2005. Fairbanks,Michael Friedrich, Thomas P. Guilderson, Alan Stuiver,Minze, Paula J. Reimer,Edouard Bard, J. WarrenBeck, G. Hogg, Konrad A. Hughen Bernd, Kromer, Gerry G. S. Burr, KonradA. Hughen, Bernd Kromer,Gerry McCormac,Sturt Manning, Christopher Bronk Ramsey, McCormac,Johannes van der Plicht,and MarcoSpurk RonW. Reimer, Sabine Remmele, John R. Southon,Minze 1998 INTCAL98 Radiocarbonage calibration24,000-0 Stuiver,Sahra Talamo, F. W. Taylor,Johannes van der cal BP. Radiocarbon40:1041-1083. Plicht,Constanze E. Weyhenmeyer Telford,R. J., E. Heegaard,and H. J. B. Birks 2004 IntCalO4Terrestrial Radiocarbon Age Calibration, 2004 TheIntercept is a PoorEstimate of a CalibratedRadio- 0-26 Cal KyrBP. Radiocarbon46: 1029-1058. carbonAge. TheHolocene 14:296-298. Riley,Thomas J., RichardEdging, and JackRossen Thompson,Robert G. 1990 Cultigens in Prehistoric Eastern North America: 2006 Tracingthe Diffusion of Maize into South America ChangingParadigms. Current Anthropology 3 1:525-541 . throughPhytolith Analysis of Food Residues. In Docu- Riley,Thomas J., GregoryR. Waltz,Charles J. Bareis,Andrew mentingDomestication: New Geneticand Archaeological C. Fortier,and KathrynE. Parker Paradigms,edited by MelindaA. Zeder,Eve Emshwiller, 1994 AcceleratorMass Spectrometry(AMS) Dates Con- Bruce D. Smith, and Daniel G. Bradley,pp. 82-96. Uni- firmEarly Zea maysin the MississippiRiver Valley. Amer- versityof CaliforniaPress, Berkeley, California. ican Antiquity59:490-497. Thompson,Robert G., John P. Hart,Hetty Jo Brumbach,and Ritchie,William A. RobertLusteck 1944 The Pre-IroquoianOccupations of New YorkState. 2004 PhytolithEvidence for Twentieth-Century B .P.Maize RochesterMuseum of Artsand Sciences. Rochester,New in NorthernIroquoia. Northeast Anthropology 68:25-39. York. Thompson,Robert, G., Rose A. Kluth,and David W. Kluth 1969 TheArchaeology of New YorkState RevisedEdition. 1994 Tracingthe Use of BrainerdWare Through Opal Phy- NaturalHistory Press, Garden City, New York. tolith Analysis of Food Residues.Minnesota Archaeolo- Ritchie,William A., and RobertE. Funk gist 53:86-95. 1973 AboriginalSettlement Patterns in theNortheast. New Thompson,Robert G., and SusanC. Mulholland YorkState Museum and Science ServiceMemoir 20. The 1994 Identificationof Corn in Food Residues on Utilized Universityof the Stateof New York,Albany. Ceramicsat the Shea Site (32CS101). The Phytolitarien Rovner,Irwin Newsletter8 (2): 7-11. 1983 Plant Opal PhytolithAnalysis: MajorAdvances in Tuck,James A. ArchaeobotanicalResearch. In Advancesin Archaeolog- 1978 NorthernIroquoian Prehistory. In Northeast,Volume ical Methodand TheoryVol. 6, editedby MichaelB . Schif- 15, Handbookof NorthAmerican Indians, edited by B. G. fer, pp. 225-266. AcademicPress, New York. Trigger,pp. 322-333. The SmithsonianInstitution Press, Scarry,C. Margaret(editor) Washington,D.C. 1993 Foraging and Farming in the Eastern Woodlands. Wang, Huai, Tina Nussbaum-Wagler,Bailin Li, Qiong Zhao, UniversityPress of Florida,Gainesville. Yves Vigouroux, MariannaFaller, Kirsten Bomblies, Sears,William S. Lewis Lukens,and JohnDoebley. 1982 FortCenter: An Archaeological Site in theLake Okee- 2005 The Origin of the Naked Grains of Maize. Nature chobeeBasin. Universityof FloridaPress, Gainesville. 436:714-719. Smith,Bruce D. Ward,G. K., and S. R. Wilson 1992 Rivers of Change: Essays on Early Agriculturein 1978 Proceduresfor Comparingand Combining Radio- Eastern North America. SmithsonianInstitution Press, carbonAge Determinations:A CriticalReview. Archaeom- Washington,D.C. etry 20:19-31 . Snow,Dean R. Whitehead,Donald R. 1995 Migrationin Prehistory:The Northern Iroquoian Case. 1965 PrehistoricMaize in SoutheasternVirginia. Science AmericanAntiquity 60:59-79. 150:181-182. Staller,John E., and RobertG. Thompson Whitehead,Donald R., and MarkC. Sheehan 2002 A MultidisciplinaryApproach to Understandingthe 1985 Holocene VegetationalChanges in the Tombigbee InitialIntroduction of Maize into CoastalEcuador. Jour- RiverValley, eastern Mississippl. American Midland Nat- nal of ArchaeologicalScience 29:33-50. uralist 113:122-137. Starna,William A., and RobertE. Funk Woods,William I. (editor) 1994 The Place of the In Situ Hypothesis in Iroquoian 1992 Late PrehistoricAgriculture: Observations from the Archaeology.Northeast Anthropology 47:45-54. Midwest.Studies in Illinois ArchaeologyNo. 8. Illinois Starna,William A., and DonaldA. Kane HistoricPreservation Agency, Springfield,Illinois. 1983 Phytoliths,Archaeology, and Caveats:A Case Study Yarnell,Richard Asa from New York.Man in the Northeast26:21-32. 1964 AboriginalRelationships Between Culture and Plant Struever,Stuart Life in the Upper Great Lakes Region. Anthropological 1962 Implication of Vegetal Remains from an Illinois Papers,Museum of Anthropology,University of Michi- HopewellSite. AmericanAntiquity 27:584-587. gan, No. 23. Ann Arbor. Stuiver,Minze, and PaulaJ. Reimer 1993 Extended14C Databaseand Revised CALIB Radio- carbonCalibration Program. Radiocarbon 35:215-230. Received December 20, 2005; Revised October 16, 2006; Stuiver,Minze, PaulaJ. Reimer,and R. W Reimer Accepted October 16, 2006. This content downloaded from 128.227.157.72 on Sun, 4 Jan 2015 15:01:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions