DOCSLIB.ORG

Extending the Phytolith Evidence for Early Maize (Zea Mays Ssp. Mays) and Squash (Cucurbita Sp.) in Central New York Author(S): John P

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Extending the Phytolith Evidence for Early Maize (Zea Mays Ssp. Mays) and Squash (Cucurbita Sp.) in Central New York Author(S): John P Society for American Archaeology Extending the Phytolith Evidence for Early Maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) and Squash (Cucurbita sp.) in Central New York Author(s): John P. Hart, Hetty Jo Brumbach and Robert Lusteck Source: American Antiquity, Vol. 72, No. 3 (Jul., 2007), pp. 563-583 Published by: Society for American Archaeology Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40035861 . Accessed: 04/01/2015 15:01 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Society for American Archaeology is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Antiquity. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.227.157.72 on Sun, 4 Jan 2015 15:01:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions EXTENDING THE PHYTOLITH EVIDENCE FOR EARLY MAIZE (Zea mays ssp. mays) AND SQUASH (Cucurbitasp.) IN CENTRAL NEW YORK John P. Hart,Hetty Jo Brumbach,and RobertLusteck The timing of the adoptions of maize and squash across eastern North America has been a topic of long-standing interest among archaeologists and paleoethnobotanists.The use offlotation for macrobotanicalremains beginning in the 1960s and 1970s coupled with the application of accelerator mass spectrometrydating beginning in the 1980s has led to substantial ' revisions of knowledge about the history of these crops in the region. A complementarysource of evidencefor the crops histories in the easternNorth America comes from opalphytoliths.Analysis ofphytolith assemblages recoveredfrom charred food residues has shown that maize and squash were being used in central New Yorkwell before the macrobotanicalrecord indicates. In combination with previously analyzed samples, 16 additional residue assemblages help to clarify the history of maize and squash in central New York.The results indicate that maize and squash were being used in New Yorkby 2270 B.R and 2945 B.R, respectively. El fechamientode las adopciones del maiz y la calabaza a traves del este de Norte America ha sido un topico de interespor muchotiempo para arqueologosypaleobotdnicos. La utilizaciondel metodode flotac ion para restosmacrobotdnicos comenzo en los 1960s y 1970s, emparejocon la aplicacion delfechamiento por Aceleradorde Espectrometrode Masa, el cual comenzo en los 1980s, esto ha llevado a revisionessubstanciales en el conocimientoacerca de la historia de estos cultivos en la region. Unafuente complementariade evidenciapara las historias de los cultivos en el este de Norteamericaproviene defitolitos de opalo. Andlisis de colecciones defitolitos en residuosde alimentos han demostradoque el maiz y la calabazafueron utiliza- dos en el centrode Nueva Yorkmucho antes de lo que el recordmacrobotdnico indica. En combinacioncon muestrasprevia- menteanalizadas, 16 colecciones de residuos adicionales ayudan a clarificar la historia del maiz y la calabaza en el centro de Nueva York.Los resultadosindican que el maiz y la calabazafueron utilizados en Nueva Yorken 2270 B.R y 2945 B.R, respectivamente. the histories of agricultural in easternNorth America through the systematic crops has been an important focus of recoveryof macrobotanicalremains (e.g., Struever Determiningarchaeological and paleoethnobotanical 1962).The flotationrevolution was enhancedin the researchin easternNorth America for decades (e.g., 1980s with the advent of acceleratormass spec- Asch andHart 2004; Blakeand Cutler 2001 ; Craw- trometry(AMS) dating,which allows directdat- ford and Smith 2003; Ford 1985; Fritz 1990; ing of key cropremains (e.g., Adair2003; Conard Gilmore 1931; Green 1994; Hart,ed. 1999; Kee- et al. 1984; Crawfordet al. 1997; Fritzand Smith gan 1987; Minnis 2003; Riley et al. 1990; Scarry 1988; Hartet al. 2002; Riley et al. 1994). 1993; Smith 1992; Woods 1992; Yarnell 1964). However,because of the vagariesof macrobot- The flotationrevolution beginning in the 1960s anical preservation,a complete understandingof (Chapmanand Watson 1993) led to substantialrevi- crop historiesrequires complementary sources of sions in ourknowledge of cropsand their histories evidence(Hard et al. 1996;Hart 1999a). One such John P. Hart Researchand Collections Division, New YorkState Museum, 3140 CulturalEducation Center, Albany, NY 12230. ([email protected]) Hetty Jo Brumbach Departmentof Anthropology,University at Albany, SUNY, Arts & Sciences Building, Room 237, 1400 WashingtonAve., Albany,NY 12222. ([email protected]) Robert Lusteck Departmentof Anthropology,University of Minnesota,395 HubertH. HumphreyCenter, 301 19th Ave. S., Minneapolis,MN 55455. ([email protected]) AmericanAntiquity, 72(3), 2007, pp. 563-583 Copyright©2007 by the Society for AmericanArchaeology 563 This content downloaded from 128.227.157.72 on Sun, 4 Jan 2015 15:01:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 564 AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 72, No. 3, 2007] source of evidence comes from opal phytoliths Forthe present study, we analyzedan additional (Pearsall 1982; Rovner 1983). Analysis of phy- 21 residuesamples of which 16 (76.2 percent)pro- tolithsto helpbuild regional crop histories has been ducedphytolith assemblages. This bringsthe total done extensively in Centraland South America numberof samples analyzedto 33, 24 (72.7 per- (e.g., Pearsall 1978; Pearsallet al. 2003; Piperno cent) of which have producedphytolith assem- 2004; Pipernoet al. 1985; Pipernoand Flannery blages.These assemblages come from 12 sites that 2001; Piperno and Pearsall 1998; Piperno and spana periodof some 2,500 years,from among of Stothert2003 ; Stallerand Thompson 2002 ; Thomp- the earliestassemblages of potteryin theNew York son 2006). Fewer studieshave focused on eastern Stateuntil the last centuries before massive changes NorthAmerica (e.g., Bozarth 1987, 1990, 1993; in Native American lifeways that resulted from Thompsonet al. 1994), especiallyeast of the Mis- interactionswith Europeans.The resultsshow that sissippiRiver (Starna and Kane 1983). maize was being used in New Yorkby 2270 ± 35 Recently,using methodsand techniques devel- B.P. (cal 2a 399-208 B.C.) and squashby 2905 ± oped by Robert Thompson, we have begun to 35 B.P. (cal 2a 1256-998 B.C.). explorethe potentialof phytolithsrecovered from AMS dated residues to directly cooking adhering Methods and Techniques theinterior of potterysherds to obtainbetter under- standingsof the historiesof maize (Zea mays ssp. AMS mays) and othercrops such as squash(Cucurbita Dating sp.) in centralNew York(Hart et al. 2003; Thomp- Residuesampling was done underlow magnifica- son et al. 2004). Ourpreliminary results from five tion (generally lOx) using a dissection probe to sites have shown that cooking residuesfrom this carefullyremove the residue from each sherd's inte- region are productivesources of phytolithassem- rior surface.The amountof residue sampledfor blages and implied that maize and squash were AMS assay has ranged from 4.0 to 56.7 mg. being used much earlierin centralNew Yorkthan Approximately1 mg of carbonfollowing pretreat- the macrobotanicalrecord has suggested. ment is needed to obtain an AMS date. Carbon Ourprevious results indicated maize use in the yields, following standardchemical pretreatments regionfrom 1960 ± 28 B.P. (cal 2a 39 B.C.-A.D. at the Illirois StateGeological Survey (ISGS) Iso- 119) through 1221 ± 16 B.P.(cal 2a A.D. 718-880), tope GeochemistrySection, ranged from 18.5 per- and squashfrom the 1515 ± 27 B.P. (cal 2a A.D. cent to 61.64 percent (Table 1). As these high 434-613) through 1228 ± 42 B.P. (cal 2a A.D. carbonyields becameevident, in general,we sub- 681-889), both well before the earliestconfirmed mittedsmaller samples for AMS datingin the pre- macrobotanicalevidence in the region (Hartet al. sent project than we did in the earlier projects. 2003; Thompsonet al. 2004). Ourimmediate goal Followingchemical pretreatments and target prepa- for the currentproject was to extendthe temporal ration,ISGS submittedthe samplesto the Oxford coverage.We soughtto extendour analysis so that RadiocarbonAccelerator Unit (ISGS nos. below we had a more-or-lesschronologically continuous A0452) or LawrenceLivermore National Labora- series of samples from the end of the prehistoric tory (ISGS nos. A0452 and above)for assay. sequence, when maize and squash are known to Wecalibrated all of theresulting 14C ages, along havebeen staple crops (Asch and Hart 2004; Engel- with those obtained earlier, with CALIB 5.0 brecht2003; Funkand Kuhn 2003), to earliertimes (Reimeret al. 2004; Stuiverand Reimer 1993). In when the use of maize in New Yorkhad only pre- ouranalysis of the resultswe rely primarilyon cal- viously been speculatedon but not documented ibrated2a ranges.We also reportthe medianprob- throughthe verifiedrecovery of maize macrobot- abilityfor each date.Telford et al. (2004; also see anical remains(e.g., Ritchie 1944, 1969; Ritchie Stuiveret al. 2005) demonstratethat the median and Funk 1973; see Hart and Brumbach2003). probabilityis a morereliable representation of the This would also extendto times when squashhad calibratedradiocarbon date than are calibration been identifiedthough macrobotanical remains in curve intercepts.For dates from the same site
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A New Record of Domesticated Little Barley (Hordeum Pusillum Nutt.) in Colorado: Travel, Trade, Or Independent Domestication
    UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works Title A New Record of Domesticated Little Barley (Hordeum pusillum Nutt.) in Colorado: Travel, Trade, or Independent Domestication Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1v84t8z1 Journal KIVA, 83(4) ISSN 0023-1940 Authors Graham, AF Adams, KR Smith, SJ et al. Publication Date 2017-10-02 DOI 10.1080/00231940.2017.1376261 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California KIVA Journal of Southwestern Anthropology and History ISSN: 0023-1940 (Print) 2051-6177 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ykiv20 A New Record of Domesticated Little Barley (Hordeum pusillum Nutt.) in Colorado: Travel, Trade, or Independent Domestication Anna F. Graham, Karen R. Adams, Susan J. Smith & Terence M. Murphy To cite this article: Anna F. Graham, Karen R. Adams, Susan J. Smith & Terence M. Murphy (2017): A New Record of Domesticated Little Barley (Hordeum pusillum Nutt.) in Colorado: Travel, Trade, or Independent Domestication, KIVA, DOI: 10.1080/00231940.2017.1376261 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00231940.2017.1376261 View supplementary material Published online: 12 Oct 2017. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ykiv20 Download by: [184.99.134.102] Date: 12 October 2017, At: 06:14 kiva, 2017, 1–29 A New Record of Domesticated Little Barley (Hordeum pusillum Nutt.) in Colorado: Travel, Trade, or Independent Domestication Anna F. Graham1, Karen R. Adams2, Susan J. Smith3, and Terence M.
    [Show full text]
  • Crops Before Corn an INVESTIGATION of EASTERN AGRICULTURAL COMPLEX PLANTS at the TOM JONES SITE, ARKANSAS
    Crops Before Corn AN INVESTIGATION OF EASTERN AGRICULTURAL COMPLEX PLANTS AT THE TOM JONES SITE, ARKANSAS ROSIE BLEWITT-GOLSCH Corn, Beans, and Squash Eastern Agricultural Complex • Initial domestication ca. 4000 – 3000 BP • Earliest occurrences found in upper South and lower Midwest • Initial evidence of EAC from rock shelters, but difficult to prove that they were actually grown as crops in prehistory Wild-Cultivated-Domesticated Spectrum Activities Outcomes • No intervention • Cultivation - preparing a seed bed, garden, field, • Encourage/tend planting the seeds Clearing out competing however, identical trees to wild plants Bringing water to plants • Domestication - putting during drought different selective Pruning plants pressures on plants and animals; generally genetic Burning and/or phenotypic • Control reproduction plants dependent Transplanting on people Collecting and planting seeds Eastern Agricultural Complex Plant Species • Sumpweed (Iva annua) • Sunflower (Helianthus annus) • Maygrass (Phalaris caroliniana) • Goosefoot (Chenopodium berlandieri) • Knotweed (Polygonum erectum) • Little Barley (Hordeum pusillum) • Squash (Cucurbita pepo) Squash and Gourds • Bottle gourd (date?) • Squash (4400 BP) • Produce starchy seeds but not much flesh • Rinds can be used as floats or containers • Domestication marked by seed enlargement and increase in rind thickness Squash Bottle Gourd Sunflower and Sumpweed • Sunflower (4300 BP) • Sumpweed (3900 BP) • Oily seeds • Domestication marked by increase in seed size Sunflower Sumpweed Goosefoot and Erect Knotweed • Goosefoot (3500 BP) • Erect knotweed (2500 BP) • Starchy seeds, Fall food source • Seed coat thickness, larger perisperm Knotweed Goosefoot Goosefoot Wild goosefoot Domesticated goosefoot Domesticated? variant Wild? variant Erect knotweed – two phenotypes Longer/shorter Thick/thin seed coat Maygrass and Little Barley • Maygrass (date?) • Little barley (date?) • Starchy seeds, Spring resources • Geographic range, quantity little barley Maygrass WHEAT Middle East Domesticated ~7,000 B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • The Economic Potential of Chenopodwm Berlandieri in Prehistoric Eastern North America
    J. Ethnobiol. 7(1):29-54 Summer 1987 THE ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF CHENOPODWM BERLANDIERI IN PREHISTORIC EASTERN NORTH AMERICA BRUCE D. SMITH Department of Anthropology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C. 20560 ABSTRACT.-A thin-testa domesticate chenopod (Chenopodium berlandieri ssp. jonesi­ anum) was present in the eastern woodlands of North America by approximately 3500 BP., and this cultigen subsequently became one of the more important components of pre-maize plant husbandry systems in the East. The economic potential of this prehistoric domesticate can be projected through harvest studies of present day wild/weedy stands of Chenopodium berlandieri. During the fall of 1984 and 1985 a total of 86 plants located in nine states were harvested, with timed harvest hand stripping experiments carried out on 16stands. Harvest yield values varied from 276 kglha to 2854 kglha. Harvest rate values ranging from .41 kg/hr to 1.6 kglhr were recorded. Relatively conservative harvest yield and harvest rate values of 750-1500 kg/ha and 0.7 - 1.1 kg/hr are proposed for C. ber­ landieri in the prehistoric eastern woodlands, and when a seed coat thickness correction factor is applied, the resultant relatively conservative harvest yield range estimate of 500 - 100 kg/ha is found to favorably compare to quinoa and maize, as well as other eastern pre-maize cultigens. INTRODUCTION RESEARCH DESIGN The tropical cultigen triad of com} beans} and squash often is considered the core of prehistoric plant husbandry in Eastern North America} and these three crops were certainly of substantial economic importance during the late prehistoric period.
    [Show full text]
  • EASTERN AGRICULTURAL COMPLEX TRADITIONS in SMALL FORT ANCIENT COMMUNITIES—THE WILDCAT EXAMPLE a Thesis Present
    EASTERN AGRICULTURAL COMPLEX TRADITIONS IN SMALL FORT ANCIENT COMMUNITIES—THE WILDCAT EXAMPLE A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Kristie Rae Martin, B.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2009 Masters Examination Committee Dr. Kristen J. Gremillion, Advisor Approved by Dr. Robert A. Cook _________________________________ Advisor Dr. Jeffrey H. Cohen Department of Anthropology Copyright Kristie Rae Martin 2009 ABSTRACT This archaeobotanical investigation tests a hypothesis associated with Fort Ancient subsistence activities and settlement attributes. I compare small Middle Fort Ancient (1200‐1400 CE) communities in the Great Miami River Valley of western Ohio to larger, more centralized Middle Fort Ancient settlements, using the Wildcat (33MY499) and SunWatch (formerly Incinerator, 33MY57) villages as case examples. I hypothesize that small communities had less incentive to focus on maize agriculture than large villages and would therefore favor stable indigenous traditions. This hypothesis relies on the assumption that village size, permanence of occupations, and landscape location can all affect any given group's access to plant taxa, food preferences, or environmental impacts. Differences in these settlement attributes contribute to the apparent persistence of Eastern Agricultural Complex plants at Wildcat, which runs counter to the conventional belief that this Woodland suite of cultigens largely disappears from the archaeological record in favor of maize agriculture after about 1000 CE. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Any project involves a host of behind‐the‐scenes‐people who bring everything together. My thesis committee, Kristen Gremillion, Robert Cook, and Jeffrey Cohen of the Ohio State University have generously given me their time, advice, and encouragement throughout this research project.
    [Show full text]
  • 2.15 Paleoindian and Archaic Periods in North America David G
    2.15 PALEOINDIAN AND ARCHAIC PERIODS IN NORTH AMERICA DAVID G. ANDERSON Unequivocal evidence for widespread human settlement in and to the south in Latin America. Evidence for earlier human North America dates to c. 13,000 cal BP (all dates herein are in occupation in the Americas prior to c. 13,000 cal BP is reviewed calendar years before present unless explicitly noted), and sites by Michael Collins in this volume (Chapter 2.14), while Archaic are recognised by the presence of bifacial fl uted Clovis - style and subsequent occupations in other parts of the continent up projectile points, named after a town in eastern New Mexico to and after c. 3000 cal BP are summarised by several authors in where they were found in stratigraphic complex in the 1930s later chapters. and after at the nearby site of Blackwater Draw (Boldurian & Clovis points, the diagnostic artifacts used to identify Cotter 1999 ) ( Map 2.15.1 ). The ensuing 10,000 years of human these early occupations, have blades that are typically lanceo- occupation in North America, during the temporal interval late or slightly expanding in shape, and range in size from a from c. 13,000 to 3200 cal BP or c. 11,200–3000 14C yr BP , cor- few to 20 cm or so in length, with most under c. 10 to 12 cm responds to what were traditionally known as the Paleoindian ( Fig. 2.15.2 ). They were prepared using a distinctive manu- and Archaic stages of cultural development across much of facturing procedure employing overshot fl aking to produce a the continent, prior to the appearance of agriculture, monu- bifacial shape from a parent core or fl ake, followed by a thin- mental architecture and pottery in many areas ( e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Vascular Plant Species of the Pawnee National Grassland
    ,*- -USDA United States Department of Agriculture Vascular Plant Species of the Forest Service Rocky Mountain Pawnee National Grassland Research Station General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-17 September 1998 Donald L. Hazlett Abstract Hazlett, Donald L. 1998. Vascular plant species of the pawnee National Grassland. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-17. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 26 p. This report briefly describes the main vegetation types and lists the vascular plant species that are known to occur in and near the Pawnee National Grassland, Weld County, Colorado. A checklist includes the scientific and common names for 521 species. Of these, 115 plant species (22 percent) are not native to this region. The life forms, habitats, and geographic distribution of native and introduced plants are summarized and discussed. Keywords: grasslands, Colorado flora, Great Plains flora, plant lists The Author Dr. Donald L. Hazlett, a native of the eastern plains of Colorado, has lived and worked in the Pawnee National Grassland region since 1983. Before 1983 Don spent 12 years working in Honduras and Costa Rica. He has worked for Colorado State University as site manager for the Central Plains Experimental Range, as a visiting professor in the biology department, and as a plant taxonomist for the Center for Ecological Management of Military Lands. Since 1995 Don has been a research contractor for ecological and floristic studies in the western United States. He prefers ethnobotanical studies. Publisher Rocky Mountain Research Station Fort Collins, Colorado September 1998 You may order additional copies of this publication by sending your mailing information in label form through one of the following media.
    [Show full text]
  • Host Choice in Rotylenchulus Species
    Available online at www.ijpab.com Rathore Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (5): 346-354 (2018) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.6878 ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (5): 346-354 (2018) Research Article Host Choice in Rotylenchulus Species Y. S. Rathore* Principal Scientist (Retd.), Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur-208 024 (U.P.) India *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 12.09.2018 | Revised: 9.10.2018 | Accepted: 16.10.2018 ABSTRACT The reniformis nematodes of the genus Rotylenchulus (Haplolaimidae: Nematoda) are sedentary semi-endoparasites of numerous crops. There are ten species out of which R. reniformis and R. parvus are important, and three species (R. amanictus, R. clavicadatus, R. leptus) are monophagous: two on monocots and one on Rosids. In general, Rotylenchulus species are capable of feeding from very primitive Magnoliids to plants of advanced category. Preference was distinctly observed towards the plants in Rosids (42.779%) followed by monocots (23.949%) and Asterids (21.755%). The SAI values were also higher for these groups of plants. The study on lineages further revealed intimate affinity to febids (25.594%), followed by commelinids (18.647%), malvids (16.088%), lamiids (11.883%), and campanulids (9.141%). Poales contribution within commelinids was 65.353%. Maximum affinity of Rotylenchulus species was observed by their association with plants from families Poaceae (7), followed by Fabaceae (6), Malvaceae (6), Asteraceae (4), Oleaceae (4), Soanaceae (4) and so on. Key words: Agiosperms, Gymnosperms, APG IV system, Reniform nemtodes, Monocots, Rosids, Asterids INTRODUCTION number of crops, whereas the other eight Plant parasitic nematodes pose a great species are of limited importance.
    [Show full text]
  • Flora of Southwestern Arizona
    Felger, R.S., S. Rutman, and J. Malusa. 2014. Ajo Peak to Tinajas Altas: A flora of southwestern Arizona. Part 6. Poaceae – grass family. Phytoneuron 2014-35: 1–139. Published 17 March 2014. ISSN 2153 733X AJO PEAK TO TINAJAS ALTAS: A FLORA OF SOUTHWESTERN ARIZONA Part 6. POACEAE – GRASS FAMILY RICHARD STEPHEN FELGER Herbarium, University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 & Sky Island Alliance P.O. Box 41165, Tucson, Arizona 85717 *Author for correspondence: [email protected] SUSAN RUTMAN 90 West 10th Street Ajo, Arizona 85321 JIM MALUSA School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 [email protected] ABSTRACT A floristic account is provided for the grass family as part of the vascular plant flora of the contiguous protected areas of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge, and the Tinajas Altas Region in southwestern Arizona. This is the second largest family in the flora area after Asteraceae. A total of 97 taxa in 46 genera of grasses are included in this publication, which includes ones established and reproducing in the modern flora (86 taxa in 43 genera), some occurring at the margins of the flora area or no long known from the area, and ice age fossils. At least 28 taxa are known by fossils recovered from packrat middens, five of which have not been found in the modern flora: little barley ( Hordeum pusillum ), cliff muhly ( Muhlenbergia polycaulis ), Paspalum sp., mutton bluegrass ( Poa fendleriana ), and bulb panic grass ( Zuloagaea bulbosa ). Non-native grasses are represented by 27 species, or 28% of the modern grass flora.
    [Show full text]
  • State of NEW MEXICO 2014 Wetland Plant List
    4/2/14 & n s p State of NEW MEXICO 2014 Wetland Plant List Lichvar, R.W., M. Butterw ick, N.C. Melvin, and W.N. Kirchner. 2014. The National Wetland Plant List: 2014 Update of Wetland Ratings. Phytoneuron 2014-41: 1-42. http://wetland_plants.usace.army.mil/ Sisyrinchium demissum Greene (Stif f Blue-Ey ed-Grass) Photo: Lewis E. Epple User Notes: 1) Plant species not listed are considered UPL for w etland delineation purposes. 2) A few UPL species are listed because they are rated FACU or w etter in at least one Corps region. 3) Some state boundaries lie w ithin tw o or more Corps Regions. If a species occurs in one region but not the other, its rating w ill be show n in one column and the other column w ill be BLANK. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 1/24 4/2/14 State of NEW MEXICO 2014 Wetland Plant List Total Species = 1506 AW GP WMVC OBL 273 266 266 FACW 337 330 320 FAC 338 329 345 FACU 450 390 430 UPL 100 126 116 Regional Totals 1498 1441 1477 Scientific Name Authorship AW GP WMVC Common Name Abies bifolia A. Murr. FACU FACU Rocky Mountain Alpine Fir Abutilon theophrasti Medik. UPL UPL FACU Velv etleaf Acer glabrum Torr. FAC FAC FACU Rocky Mountain Maple Acer grandidentatum Nutt. FACU FAC FACU Cany on Maple Acer negundo L. FACW FAC FAC Ash-Leaf Maple Acer saccharinum L. FAC FAC FAC Silv er Maple Achillea millefolium L. FACU FACU FACU Common Yarrow Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Maize Adoption and Intensification in the Central Illinois River Valley
    MAIZE ADOPTION AND INTENSIFICATION IN THE CENTRAL ILLINOIS RIVER VALLEY: AN ANALYSIS OF ARCHAEOBOTANICAL DATA FROM THE LATE WOODLAND TO EARLY MISSISSIPPIAN PERIODS (A.D. 600–1200) Amber M. VanDerwarker,1 to the rise of political complexity (Chapman and Gregory D. Wilson,2 and Dana N. Bardolph3 Shea 1981; Crites 1978; Gremillion and Yarnell 1986; Johannessen 1993a, 1993b; Kidder and Fritz 1993; King 1988; Scarry 1986, 1993a, 1993b; Simon and Parker 2006). Indeed, in some regions, there was a significant delay in terms of both the reliance on and intensifica- We consider the causes and timing of maize (Zea mays) tion of maize with respect to political development intensification in the central Illinois River valley and argue that (e.g., Brown 1984; Fritz 1982; Kidder and Fritz 1993); in an understanding of changes in maize production requires a other regions, increases in maize production occurred consideration of changes occurring in the entire plant within the context of only weakly centralized hierar- subsistence system. To this end, we explore trends in the chical political institutions (Emerson et al. 2005). collection and production of plant foods from the Late Early attempts at understanding the delay between Woodland (A.D. 600–1100) to Early Mississippian periods the introduction of maize (A.D. 100–500) and its (A.D. 1100–1200). The plant data reveal a stepwise decrease in elevation as a staple food (A.D. 800–1100) in the nut collection during the Late Woodland period, and again Eastern Woodlands argued for the arrival of a more during the transition to the Early Mississippian period.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Checklist of Plants: Balcones Canyonlands
    CHECKLIST OF PLANTS: BALCONES CANYONLANDS NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE September 24, 2008 Note : Species marked with an asterisk (*) are endemic to Texas (most often confined to just Central Texas or the Edwards Plateau). (I) indicates introduced (non-native) species. Species in square [brackets] are found on lands immediately adjacent to the Refuge and might be expected within the Refuge boundary. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME ACANTHACEAE ACANTHUS FAMILY Dyschoriste linearis Narrowleaf dyschoriste, Snake herb Justicia americana American water-willow *Ruellia drummondiana *Drummond wild-petunia Ruellia humilis Low wild-petunia Ruellia metziae Common wild-petunia Ruellia nudiflora var. nudiflora Common wild-petunia Siphonoglossa pilosella Tube-tongue ACERACEAE MAPLE FAMILY Acer negundo Box-elder AGAVACEAE AGAVE FAMILY *Nolina lindheimeriana *Devil's shoestring Nolina texana Sacahuista Yucca arkansana Arkansas yucca Yucca constricta Buckley yucca *Yucca rupicola *Twist-leaf yucca Yucca treculeana Trecul yucca AMARANTHACEAE AMARANTH FAMILY Alternanthera caracasana Mat chaff-flower Amaranthus albus White amaranth Amaranthus palmeri Palmer's amaranth Amaranthus retroflexus Redroot pigweed Amaranthus sp. Amaranth Froelichia gracilis Snake-cotton ANACARDIACEAE SUMAC FAMILY Rhus lanceolata Flameleaf sumac Rhus trilobata var. trilobata Fragrant sumac, skunkbush Rhus virens Evergreen sumac Toxicodendron radicans Poison ivy (prob. 2 vars.) APIACEAE (= Umbelliferae) CARROT FAMILY Bifora americana Prairie bishop Bowlesia incana Hoary bowlesia Centella erecta
    [Show full text]
  • Hordeum Pusillum Nutt. (Syn
    Vascular Plants of Williamson County Hordeum pusillum − LITTLE BARLEY, MOUSE BARLEY [Poaceae] Hordeum pusillum Nutt. (syn. Critesion pusillum), LITTLE BARLEY, MOUSE BARLEY. Annual, fibrous-rooted, not rosetted, 1−3-stemmed at base, erect to ascending, in range 14−60 cm tall; shoots at flowering with several basal leaves (e.g., 5) and to 5 cauline leaves, short-pilose on foliage as well as sheaths of basal leaves. Stems (culms): cylindric, to 1.5 mm diameter (swollen nodes), ± tough, light green to pale yellowish green, nodes often reddish to brownish, internodes increasing upward, often striped red and pale green, smooth, glabrous, sometimes glaucous; internodes hollow. Leaves: alternate distichous, simple with sheath; sheath closed 1−2 mm, at base of plant often splitting downward but for cauline leaves remaining intact, green with pale green, raised veins especially above midpoint as leaf dries, glabrous (most cauline leaves) to densely short-pilose slightly downward-pointing along veins, membranous on overlapped margin, without lobes or with membranous extensions at top from sheath margins and short−0.4(−0.8) mm long; ligule membranous, truncate, 0.2−0.8) mm long, entire or splitting in age, semi-transparent and whitish, continuous with sheath margins, minutely jagged on margin; collar wavy on margins, to 0.5 mm long, whitish, often glabrous; blade narrowly triangular to linear, in range 15−115 × 1−4 mm, the shortest = flag leaf, flat, entire, parallel-veined with veins raised on both surfaces, upper surface glabrous or short- pilose along veins with hairs to 0.3 mm long, lower surface short-pilose with hairs to 0.3 mm long.
    [Show full text]