UNDERSTANDING HUMAN FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE UNWANTED CAT PROBLEM Sarah Jane Maria Zito BVetMed MANZCVS (feline medicine) A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2015 School of Veterinary Science I Abstract The large number of unwanted cats in many modern communities results in a complex, worldwide problem causing many societal issues. These include ethical concerns about the euthanasia of many healthy animals, moral stress for the people involved, financial costs to organisations that manage unwanted cats, environmental costs, wildlife predation, potential for disease spread, community nuisance, and welfare concerns for cats. Humans contribute to the creation and maintenance of unwanted cat populations and also to solutions to alleviate the problem. The work in this thesis explored human factors contributing to the unwanted cat problem—including cat ownership perception, cat caretaking, cat semi-ownership and cat surrender—and human factors associated with cat adoption choices and outcomes. To investigate human factors contributing to the unwanted cat problem, data were collected from 141 people surrendering cats to four animal shelters. The aim was to better understand the people and human-cat relationships involved, and ultimately to inform strategies to reduce shelter intake. Participants were recruited for this study when they surrendered a cat to a shelter and information was obtained on their demographics, cat interaction history, cat caretaking, and surrender reasons. This information was used to describe and compare the people, cats, and human-cat relationships contributing to shelter intake, using logistic regression models and biplot visualisation techniques. A model of cat ownership perception in people that surrender cats to shelters was proposed. A revised questionnaire was then used to explore cat ownership perception in a broader population of 1013 Australians. Data were collected on demographic, attachment, and caretaking factors through an internet survey. A framework based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour was used to determine attitudes, beliefs, social norms, and perceived behavioural control factors associated with cat ownership perception. In the population of cat surrenderers, both cat owners and non-owners shared a common concern for cats and their welfare. The majority of non-owners interacted with, formed attachments to, and felt responsible for the cats they surrendered, but differed from owners in their level of caretaking. The extent of cat semi-ownership in the study population was considerable, emphasising the need for identification of semi-owners contributing to shelter intake. This could help direct strategies aimed at reducing unwanted cat numbers. Determinants of ownership perception in people surrendering cats included cat acquisition method, association time, closeness of the human-cat relationship, and II degree of responsibility for the cat’s care. Detailed analysis of surrender reasons, which were usually multifactorial, highlighted the complexity of the unwanted cat problem. The results suggested that the collection of more detailed information by shelters at the time of surrender is warranted to guide strategies to prevent future surrenders. The internet survey from a more general population also revealed that key determinants of cat ownership perception were association time and attachment. Cat factors (friendliness and health) and feelings about unowned cats and the acceptability of feeding an unowned cat were additional determinants of ownership perception. Cat interactions and caretaking were strongly associated with ownership perception. A revised definition of semi-ownership (including an association time of ≥1 month and frequent feeding) enabled semi-ownership to be distinguished from casual cat interactions. These findings improve our understanding of cat semi-ownership, can inform approaches to mitigate the contribution of semi-owners to the unwanted cat problem and provide criteria to distinguish semi-ownership from casual cat interactions. To investigate human involvement in alleviating the unwanted cat problem, 382 people adopting cats from a shelter were surveyed at the time of adoption to assess determinants of cat age group choice (adult or kitten) and, for adult cat adopters, the price they were willing to pay. These adopters were surveyed again 6-12 months later to assess the outcomes of the adoptions. Determinants and adoption outcomes were compared between cat age groups, and between price groups, using logistic regression models. Benevolent motivations for cat adoption predominated in the adopters and most had put considerable thought into the adoption and responsible cat ownership requirements. Adopters of adult cats were more likely to have been influenced by price than kitten adopters but adoption outcomes were generally positive for both adult cats and kittens, regardless of the price paid. These findings informed recommendations for future campaigns aimed at increasing adoptions and should alleviate concerns that “low cost” adoptions attract unsuitable adopters and/or result in poor outcomes. This research contributes to our understanding of the relationship between humans and cats insofar as it pertains to the unwanted cat problem and, in particular, enhanced our knowledge of cat ownership perception. Improved understanding of human-cat relationships and ownership perception can help to better define the complex unwanted cat problem and provides a basis for identifying and involving more stakeholders in alleviating the problem. The findings of this thesis can assist in designing cat management strategies to increase sterilisation of semi-owned cats, reduce cat surrender, and increase cat adoptions. III Declaration by author This thesis is composed of my original work, and contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text. I have clearly stated the contribution by others to jointly-authored works that I have included in my thesis. I have clearly stated the contribution of others to my thesis as a whole, including statistical assistance, survey design, data analysis, significant technical procedures, professional editorial advice, and any other original research work used or reported in my thesis. The content of my thesis is the result of work I have carried out since the commencement of my research higher degree candidature and does not include a substantial part of work that has been submitted to qualify for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution. I have clearly stated which parts of my thesis, if any, have been submitted to qualify for another award. I acknowledge that an electronic copy of my thesis must be lodged with the University Library and, subject to the policy and procedures of The University of Queensland, the thesis be made available for research and study in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968 unless a period of embargo has been approved by the Dean of the Graduate School. I acknowledge that copyright of all material contained in my thesis resides with the copyright holder(s) of that material. Where appropriate I have obtained copyright permission from the copyright holder to reproduce material in this thesis. IV Publications during candidature Peer-reviewed papers Zito, S., Paterson, M., Morton, J., Vankan, D., Bennett, P., Rand, J. and Phillips, C. Cross-sectional Study of Characteristics of Owners and Non-owners Surrendering Cats to Four Australian Animal Shelters (accepted for publication in Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science – in press). Zito, S., Paterson, M., Morton, J., Vankan, D., Bennett, P., Rand, J. and Phillips, C. Surrenderers’ Relationships with Cats Surrendered to Four Australian Animal Shelters (submitted to Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science). Zito, S., Vankan, D., Morton, J., Paterson, M., Bennett, P., Rand, J. and Phillips, C. What to do with an unowned cat? Reasons that people surrender cats to Australian animal shelters and barriers to assuming ownership of these cats (submitted to Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science). Zito S, Vankan D, Bennett P, Paterson M, Phillips CJC (2015) Cat Ownership Perception and Caretaking Explored in an Internet Survey of People Associated with Cats. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0133293. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133293 Zito, S.; Paterson, M.; Vankan, D.; Morton, J.; Bennett, P.; Phillips, C. Determinants of Cat Choice and Outcomes for Adult Cats and Kittens Adopted from an Australian Animal Shelter. Animals 2015, 5, 276-314. Conference abstracts Zito, S., Rand, J. and Vankan, D. University and Shelter Partnerships: The University of Queensland’s Shelter Practice Rotation. 4th National G2Z Summit to End Companion Animal Overpopulation, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. 7-9 September 2011. Zito, S., Vankan, D., Paterson, M., Morton, J., Bennett, P., and Phillips, C. A look at cat and kitten adoptions. RSPCA QLD Animals In Focus Conference. Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. 17-18th October 2014. V Zito, S., Vankan, D., Bennett, P., Paterson, M., Morton, J., and Phillips, C. Determinants of cat ownership perception and cat caretaking in Australia: results from a large, self-selected, internet survey. (6th Pan Commonwealth Veterinary Conference of the CVA and the 27th Congress of the Veterinary Association of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 23-27 March 2015). Zito, S., Paterson, M., Vankan, D., Morton,