DOCSLIB.ORG

Expert Opinion December 2011 Gitxaala First Nation Page 67

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Expert Opinion December 2011 Gitxaala First Nation Page 67 Expert Opinion December 2011 Gitxaala First Nation Page 67 Expert Opinion December 2011 Gitxaala First Nation Page 68 Figure 29 a-e: For the selected area (red square), this shows the probability of oil from each of the 23 Spill Start Sites to bring oil above the Level of Concern to the selected area within five days. Each picture represents Spring season, with different selected areas (different red squares). These are summary statistics for 2010 only. A comparison analysis is presented for a single season with multiple query sites to show how the Threat Analysis area changes. Spill Start Sites can be adjusted before computation to meet with particular goals for discerning the threat area for spills to contact a particular area. Expert Opinion December 2011 Gitxaala First Nation Page 69 Expert Opinion December 2011 Gitxaala First Nation Page 70 Expert Opinion December 2011 Gitxaala First Nation Page 71 Expert Opinion December 2011 Gitxaala First Nation Page 72 Expert Opinion December 2011 Gitxaala First Nation Page 73 6.5.4 Resource Analysis: This analysis helps spill planners estimate the level of response needed to adequately address potential impacts from modeled spills, and the quantity of a particular resource that could be impacted by these modeled spills. This analysis could not be performed because the Proponent’s natural resource information was not provided. Also, geospatial response equipment information, such as meters of boom required for protecting particular areas was not available. 6.6 Alternative Spill Scenarios Some concerns of Gitxaala can best be described through spill scenarios. Below are two simple spill scenarios that allow further analysis of potential natural resource impacts in Section 8 within this report. Scenario 1: Dolphin Island Powered Grounding. There is concern that tanker loss of steerage in the vicinity of Dolphin Island could result in a powered grounding. If this occurred during continued onshore winds, the concern is that the vessel would be difficult to pull off the grounding site due to onshore winds and waves. The historical wind record from Hecate Strait was analyzed for a period of onshore winds in the vicinity of Dolphin island and the nearby proposed transit route; an example occurs during April 2007 (see Figures SC-1 and SC-2 below.) Expert Opinion December 2011 Gitxaala First Nation Page 74 Figure 30: There is a period during April 2007 when the winds have a sustained onshore component. Winds are primarily onshore (generally from the south) through early April 18, 2007. Figure 31: Wind speeds for the same April 9–18, 2007 as in Figure 30 Expert Opinion December 2011 Gitxaala First Nation Page 75 A simple ship drift was started at Spill Start Site 8 (Figure 30) at 12:00 PDT April 9, 2007. (This is not exactly the same as a powered grounding, but the GNOME model does not have any ship specific scenario tools). A drifting vessel could contact the vicinity of Dolphin Island by approximately 21:15 PST that night, after sunset (Table 4). Average monthly water column profiles of Temperature and Salinity are show below in Figures SC10 and SC11, with the full year of monthly mean Temperature and Salinity profiles shown above in Figures SC5 and SC6 from the nearest gridpoint available within the Live Access Server (LAS) National Virtual Ocean Data Server (NVODS) World Ocean Atlas (2005) (http://ferret.pmel.noaa.gov/NVODS/). A more complete analysis could be done with more detailed water column information for the area of interest. Table 4: Sunrise Sunset Calculations Date Sunrise (PST) Sunset (PST) Sunrise (PDT) Sunset (PDT) 4/09/2007 19:32 20:32 4/10/2007 05:54 19:34 06:54 20:34 4/11/2007 05:52 19:36 06:52 20:36 4/12/2007 05:49 19:38 06:49 20:38 4/13/2007 05:47 19:40 06:47 20:40 4/14/2007 05:45 19:41 06:45 20:41 (Source: NOAA Sunrise/Sunset calculator, http://www.srrb.noaa.gov/highlights/sunrise/sunrise.html) Figure 32: Average April ocean temperature profile (Locarnini et al., 2006 and Antonov et al., 2005) Expert Opinion December 2011 Gitxaala First Nation Page 76 Figure 33: April average ocean salinity profile (Locarnini et al., 2006 and Antonov et al., 2005) Expert Opinion December 2011 Gitxaala First Nation Page 77 Figure 34: Annual monthly mean ocean temperature profiles (Locarnini et al., 2006 and Antonov et al., 2005) Expert Opinion December 2011 Gitxaala First Nation Page 78 Figure 35: Monthly mean ocean salinity profiles (Locarnini et al., 2006 and Antonov et al., 2005). Scenario 2: Banks Island Grounding Another concern is a spill in Principle Channel due to the narrowness of the channel. The second scenario is in winter, where a tanker drifts from the center of the channel. Considering simple vessel drift of 10% wind speed with the winds and currents at midday on February 11, 2007, grounding could occur in less than an hour on Banks Island. A catastrophic release would likely stay on Banks Island until the winds began to shift on February 13th, which leads to oil reaching McCauley Island and then the Dolphin Island vicinity by February 14th. Expert Opinion December 2011 Gitxaala First Nation Page 79 Table 5: Sunrise Sunset Calculations Date Sunrise (PST) Sunset (PST) 2/11/2007 17:44 2/12/2007 08:08 17:46 2/13/2007 08:05 17:48 2/14/2007 08:03 17:50 2/15/2007 08:01 17:52 2/16/2007 07:59 17:54 (Source: NOAA Sunrise/Sunset calculator) Expert Opinion December 2011 Gitxaala First Nation Page 80 Figure 36: Wind Speed for Feb 11-20, 2007 Figure 37: Wind Direction for Feb 11-20, 2007. Winds begin with a component from the north, and then shifts through a variety of directions, leading to surface oil movement in a variety of directions and contacting different coastlines. Expert Opinion December 2011 Gitxaala First Nation Page 81 Figure 38: Average April ocean temperature profile (Locarnini et al., 2006 and Antonov et al., 2005) Expert Opinion December 2011 Gitxaala First Nation Page 82 Figure 39: February average salinity profile Locarnini et al. (2006) and Antonov et al., (2005) 6.7 Critique of the Application 6.7.1 The Proponent’s application does not contain sufficient information that can be used to model all the products proposed, nor to provide quantitative analysis of potential resource impact. A more complete analysis of potential impact to natural resources of interest to Gitxaala could be obtained by adding spatial natural resource information to this TAP II implementation, if all relevant information were provided by the Proponent. This would allow Gitxaala to better evaluate their some of their concerns quantitatively 6.7.2 The analyses presented within this chapter leveraged established methodologies in the form of statistical trajectory analysis to provide initial information on potential trajectories of spills in the area of interest. These methodologies are not overly burdensome. model do take time, but the subsequent trajectory analyses is straight forward. For example, the 23,000 trajectory model runs (23 spill start sites with trajectories run for 250 random start times within each season between 2001-2010) and construction of the TAP II statistical analysis was run in less than Expert Opinion December 2011 Gitxaala First Nation Page 83 3 days on an off-the-shelf personal computer. Development of more detailed historical wind fields and current fields can be accomplished given time and budget. Development of operational (24x7) ocean current and wind nowcast/forecast capability would provide development of more detailed historical surface and subsurface current fields for future analyses, provide operational spill modeling capability, and, potentially, provide environmental fields that could be leveraged into other important activities, such as computer modeling for search-and-rescue at sea. 6.7.3 The Proponent’s application does not contain information that allows an adequate statistical analysis of risk to natural resources of concern to Gitxaala. A more complete analysis could be provided with the addition of the following types of information from the Proponent: 1. Testing of the proposed synthetic crude to allow accurate modeling of the fate and transport. Coastal British Columbia waters are influenced both by seasonal freshwater inputs and more saline oceanic waters. Laboratory studies regarding behaviour of the synthetic crude in a two-layer water system. Laboratory studies that place the product into a tank with a simple two-layer system with fresh water overlaying more saline water would allow determination of whether the separated product could potentially: i. remain at the surface, ii. sink to a specific oceanic density level and be transported along this density surface, or iii. sink to the bottom, An example spill from one of the Proponent’s pipelines into a freshwater system (river) is the Proponent’s oil spill into the Kalalmazoo River in 2010 (http://www.epa.gov/enbridgespill/ accessed December 20th, 2010). This spill indicates that this product separates with the heavier portion sinking in fresh water, and the lighter product rising to the surface. How the product will behave in coastal waters has not been put forward. 2. Coastal resource data collected by Polaris is viewed as proprietary, and thus not available for use in this assessment (Proponent’s response to IR 2.2).These data could be used with the Hecate Strait TAP II implementation to provide quantitative statistical analysis of potential product contact with natural resources within Gitxaala traditional territories. Though the Proponent has indicated that updated coastal sensitivity atlases would be finalized prior to commencement of operations (response to IR 2.2.3), this timeline did not allow the information to be used in this TAP II analysis with the statistical spill trajectories developed in order to quantify lengths of sensitive shorelines that could be impacted by potentially spilled product.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Historical Review Petroleum – Petroleum Use in Ancient Times Geology – Modern Petroleum Industry
    GEOL493k Lecture Outline • Course logistics Advanced • Historical Review Petroleum – Petroleum use in ancient times Geology – Modern Petroleum Industry Geology 373 Intro Petroleum Geology Geology 493K Adv. Petroleum Geology Class Web Site: http://www.geo.wvu.edu/~jtoro/Petroleum/index.htm Instructor: Dr. Jaime Toro Prerequisites: Geology 101 Grades: Office: G39 White Hall • Test 1 – Feb. 10 (Wed) 20 % Phone: 293-9817 • Test 2 – Mar. 11 (Fri) 20 % Email: [email protected] • Test 3 – April 13 (Wed) 20% Office Hours: 1:30-2:30 MF • Test 4 – May 4 (Wed), 3:00-5:00 PM 20% Text: Elements of Petroleum Geology, • Weekly Reading Quizzes – 12% R. Selley. • Attendance – 8% Class Topics • 2. The petroleum system • 3. What is Petroleum? Historical Review • 4. The subsurface environment • 5. Well Drilling and completion • 6. Formation Evaluation Petroleum • 7. Sedimentary Basins and Sedimentary rocks • 8. The source: How oil forms (πετρέλαιον, Greek) • 9. Migration • 10. The Reservoir Petra= Rock • 11. Traps and Seals • 12. Geophysical Methods of Exploration Oleum= Oil • 13. Exploration Process • 14. Prospect Evaluation • 15. Field Development Term first used by Agricola in 1546 • 16. Unconventional Resources • 17. The future of the Petroleum Industry Genesis 6:13-16 La Brea Tar Pits, Los Angeles • “And God said onto Noah … make yourself an arc of gopher wood; make rooms in the arc and cover it inside and out with pitch” Oil Seep Oil seep Rock streaked by oil. Ventura County, CA. USGS photo Asphaltum in Oil seep in Santa Barbara, CA. USGS Photo Gas Seep Gas seeps on the seafloor Gas seep in Ventura County, CA emits methane, ethane, propane.
    [Show full text]
  • A37952) (A37952
    (A37952) (A37952) Expert Opinion on Petroleum Tanker Accidents and Malfunctions in Browning Entrance and Principe Channel: Potential Marine Effects on Gitxaała Traditional Lands and Waters of a Spill During Tanker Transport of Bitumen from the Northern Gateway Pipeline Project (NGP) Contributors: CJ Beegle-Krause B. Emmett M. Hammond J. Short R. Spies Editor: L. Beckmann Prepared for: JFK Law Corporation, Counsel to Gitxaała First Nation 340 – 1122 Mainland Street Vancouver, BC V6B 5L1 December 2011 (A37952) Table of Contents 1.0 Background, Purpose and Scope of Work.......................................................................1 2.0 Report Structure .................................................................................................................1 3.0 Nearshore Habitats, Biological Communities, and Key Marine Resources .................2 3.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................2 3.2 Nearshore Physical Features...................................................................................3 3.3 Nearshore Habitats ..................................................................................................5 3.4 Nearshore Habitat Types and Oil Residency...........................................................9 3.5 Potentially Affected Marine Resources ..................................................................12 3.6 Critique of the Application with Respect to Habitat Issues ....................................13
    [Show full text]
  • Differential Taphonomic Effects of Petroleum Seeps and Karstic Sinkholes on Ancient Dire Wolf Teeth
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.04.425345; this version posted January 5, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Differential taphonomic effects of petroleum seeps and karstic sinkholes on ancient dire wolf teeth: Hydrocarbon impregnation preserves fossils for chemical and histological analysis Sabrina B. Sholts1,2, Leslea J. Hlusko3,4, Joshua P. Carlson3,4, and Sebastian K. T. S. Wärmländer1,5,6* 1 Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Sweden 2 Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA. 3 Department of Integrative Biology, University of California in Berkeley, California, USA 4 Human Evolution Research Center, University of California in Berkeley, California, USA 5 UCLA/Getty Conservation Programme, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA 6 Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, Sweden *Corresponding author: Dr. Sebastian K.T.S. Wärmländer, Division of Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Email: [email protected] Keywords: Dental histology; petroleum; tar seep; fossils; dire wolves Short title: Petroleum effects on fossil tooth histology 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.04.425345; this version posted January 5, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Issues Associated with Fossil Fuel Resources an Evaluation of Research Opportunities for the U.S
    uses science for a changing world Environmental Issues Associated with Fossil Fuel Resources An Evaluation of Research Opportunities for the U.S. Geological Survey's Energy Resources Program By M.L. Tuttle1 and G.N. Breit1 , with contributions from R.G. Stanley, 2 G.N. Breit, 1 R.B. Finkelman, 3 E.I. Bobbins3 and C.B. Cecil3 Open-File Report 99-590 1999 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 'Denver, Colorado 2Menlo Park, California SReston Virginia TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction.................................................................................................................... 1 Internal Workshops.........................................................................................................2 World Wide Webb Workshop......................................................................................... 3 Proposed Topics of Research .......................................................................................... 4 Geology Based Environmental Factors of Energy Production.............................. 4 Subsidence due to petroleum production, coal mining, and geothermal development................................................................................. 5 Overburden and associated waste
    [Show full text]
  • Southern California Channel Islands Bibliography, Through 1992
    UC San Diego Bibliography Title Southern California Channel Islands Bibliography, through 1992 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8h79t1p0 Author Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary Publication Date 1992-12-31 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Southern California Channel Islands Bibliography, through 1992 Comprises 4035 references to the scientific literature on Southern California's Channel Islands. The Bibliography was compiled by the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary and is presented here in a February 1993 version. The Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History presents a California Channel Islands Bibliography on its website. It has more recent references and overlaps considerably with this bibliography. However this bibliography has some references not in their database, so it is maintained in original form. # 1. Abbott PL, Kies RP, Bachmann WR, Natenstedt CJ (San Diego State Univ., Dep. Geol. Sci., San Diego, CA; Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA; Nor. Res. Cent., Norway; Union Oil Co., United- States). A tectonic slice of Eocene strata, northern part of California continental borderland. Larue DK, Steel RJ. in Cenozoic marine sedimentation; Pacific margin, U.S.A.: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Section ; Cenozoic marine sedimentation; Pacific margin, U.S.A.; 1983 May 18; Sacramento, CA,. Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Section; 1983. p. 151-168. 29 refs., illus., 1 table, strat. cols., sect., sketch maps. sedimentation/tectonic controls/sedimentary rocks/clastic rocks/conglomerate/sedimentary petrology/paleogeography/Eocene/Paleogene/Tertiary/Pacific Coast/continental borderland/San Miguel Island/Santa Cruz Island/Santa Rosa Island/San Nicolas Island/rhyolite/volcanic rocks/SRD.
    [Show full text]
  • Ice Age Megafauna and Time Notes Contents
    Ice Age megafauna and time notes Contents 1 Ice age 1 1.1 Origin of ice age theory ........................................ 1 1.2 Evidence for ice ages ......................................... 2 1.3 Major ice ages ............................................ 3 1.4 Glacials and interglacials ....................................... 4 1.5 Positive and negative feedback in glacial periods ........................... 5 1.5.1 Positive feedback processes ................................. 5 1.5.2 Negative feedback processes ................................. 5 1.6 Causes of ice ages ........................................... 5 1.6.1 Changes in Earth’s atmosphere ................................ 6 1.6.2 Position of the continents ................................... 6 1.6.3 Fluctuations in ocean currents ................................ 7 1.6.4 Uplift of the Tibetan plateau and surrounding mountain areas above the snowline ...... 7 1.6.5 Variations in Earth’s orbit (Milankovitch cycles) ....................... 7 1.6.6 Variations in the Sun’s energy output ............................. 8 1.6.7 Volcanism .......................................... 8 1.7 Recent glacial and interglacial phases ................................. 8 1.7.1 Glacial stages in North America ............................... 8 1.7.2 Last Glacial Period in the semiarid Andes around Aconcagua and Tupungato ........ 9 1.8 Effects of glaciation .......................................... 9 1.9 See also ................................................ 10 1.10 References .............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrocarbon Production from the South Ellwood Oil Field (Platform Holly) and the Effects on Naturally Occurring Oil and Gas Seeps
    Hydrocarbon Production from the South Ellwood Oil Field (Platform Holly) and the Effects on Naturally Occurring Oil and Gas Seeps James R. Boles1 1Jim Boles, Emeritus Professor of Geology, Department of Earth Science, University of California Santa Barbara INTRODUCTION There is clear scientific evidence that hydrocarbon production from Platform Holly has reduced naturally occurring oil and gas seepage in the surrounding areas. This observation should not be a surprise, as removal of hydrocarbon reduces the amount of oil and gas available for seepage. Early works including Fischer and Stevenson, (1973), Quigley and others, (1999) and Hornafius and others (1999) have come to the same conclusion. The removal of a large amount of hydrocarbon also results in a reduction in buoyancy force, which is the driving force for hydrocarbon escape. Furthermore, the rate of hydrocarbon extraction from producing wells far exceeds the rate of natural hydrocarbon generation, migration, and accumulation. As a result, reservoir fluid pressure is reduced and the rate of seepage decreases due to the pressure reduction. All of this is occurring in the vicinity of Platform Holly where production from wells is influencing hydrocarbon escape to the surface. One of the most surprising aspects of the effect of hydrocarbon production on seepage is how quickly the effect takes place, for example when wells are drilled within the crest of the anticline where gas accumulation is greatest or near faults that provide high permeable pathways for hydrocarbon flow. BACKGROUND Geologic Evidence of Prehistoric Seepage Hydrocarbons have been observed as inclusions within calcite crystals in fault zones. This is indicative of ancient oil seepage along these faults.
    [Show full text]
  • A Synthesis Review of Emissions and Fates for the Coal Oil Point Marine Hydrocarbon Seep Field and California Marine Seepage
    Hindawi Geofluids Volume 2019, Article ID 4724587, 48 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4724587 Review Article A Synthesis Review of Emissions and Fates for the Coal Oil Point Marine Hydrocarbon Seep Field and California Marine Seepage Ira Leifer Bubbleology Research International, Solvang, CA 93463, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Ira Leifer; [email protected] Received 15 April 2019; Accepted 17 June 2019; Published 17 October 2019 Academic Editor: Umberta Tinivella Copyright © 2019 Ira Leifer. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Anthropogenic oil in the ocean is of great concern due to its potential immediate and long-term impacts on the ecosystem, economy, and society, leading to intense societal efforts to mitigate and reduce inputs. Sources of oil in the ocean (in the order of importance) are natural marine seepage, run-off from anthropogenic sources, and oil spills, yet uncertainty and variability in these budgets are large, particularly for natural seepage, which exhibits large spatial and temporal heterogeneity on local to regional scales. When source inputs are comparable, discriminating impacts is complicated, because petroleum is both a bioavailable, chemosynthetic energy source to the marine ecosystem and a potential toxic stressor depending on concentration, composition, and period of time. This synthesis review investigates the phenomena underlying this complexity and identifies knowledge gaps. Its focus is on the Coal Oil Point (COP) seep field, arguably the best-studied example, of strong natural marine hydrocarbon seepage, located in the nearshore, shallow waters of the Northern Santa Barbara Channel, Southern California, where coastal processes complicate oceanography and meteorology.
    [Show full text]
  • A Multiple Lines of Evidence Approach for the Ecological Risk Assessment
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Science of the Total Environment 542 (2016) 495–504 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Science of the Total Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scitotenv A multiple lines of evidence approach for the ecological risk assessment of an accidental bitumen release from a steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) well in the Athabasca oil sands region Robert G. Berger a,MelissaWhitfield Aslund b, Greg Sanders c, Michael Charlebois c, Loren D. Knopper d, Karl E. Bresee e,⁎ a Intrinsik Health Sciences Inc., 6605 Hurontario Street, Suite 500, Mississauga, Ontario L5T 0A3, Canada b Intrinsik Environmental Sciences Inc., 6605 Hurontario Street, Suite 500, Mississauga, Ontario L5T 0A3, Canada c Omnia Ecological Services, 722 27th Avenue NW, Calgary, Alberta T2M 2J3, Canada d Stantec Consulting Ltd., 200-835 Paramount Drive Stoney Creek, Ontario L8J 0B4, Canada e Intrinsik Environmental Sciences Inc., 736 — 8th Avenue SW, Suite 1060, Calgary, Alberta T2P 1H4, Canada HIGHLIGHTS GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT • A Multiple LOE ERA characterized risk at two SAGD accidental bitumen release sites • ERA predicted negligible likelihood of adverse outcomes • Small mammal collection conducted to substantiate the conclusions of the ERA • An increase in EROD activity observed in voles, but no other adverse outcomes • Biological sampling program supported the conclusion of the initial ERA article info abstract Article history: To assess the ecological impacts of two independent accidental bitumen releases from two steam assisted gravity Received 2 September 2015 drainage (SAGD) wells in the Athabasca oil sands region, a multiple lines of evidence (LOE) approach was devel- Received in revised form 8 October 2015 oped.
    [Show full text]
  • Reassessment of the Rates at Which Oil from Natural Sources Enters the Marine Environment
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USGS Staff -- Published Research US Geological Survey 1983 Reassessment of the Rates at which Oil from Natural Sources Enters the Marine Environment Keith A. Kvenvolden U.S. Geological Survey John W. Harbaugh Stanford University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Kvenvolden, Keith A. and Harbaugh, John W., "Reassessment of the Rates at which Oil from Natural Sources Enters the Marine Environment" (1983). USGS Staff -- Published Research. 426. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsstaffpub/426 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the US Geological Survey at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USGS Staff -- Published Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Marine Enrironmental Research 10 (1983) 223-243 Reassessment of the Rates at which Oil from Natural Sources Enters the Marine Environment* Keith A. Kvenvolden US Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA & John W. Harbaugh Department of Applied Earth Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA (Received: 3 March, 1983) ABSTRACT Previous estimates of the world-wide input of oil to the marine environ- ment by natural seeps ranged from 0"2 to 6.0 million (metric) tonnes per year with a 'best estimate' of 0"6 million tonnes per year. Based on considerations of the aL'ailability of oil for seepage from the world's known and assumed oil resources, we believe that the world-wide natural oil seepage over geological time should be revised to about 0.2 million tonnes per ),ear with a range upward or downward of a factor of ten leading to estimates between 0.02 and 2 million tonnes per year.
    [Show full text]
  • The Petroleum Potential of Onshore Tasmania: a Review
    DEPARTMENT of INFRASTRUCTURE, ENERGY and RESOURCES MINERAL RESOURCES TASMANIA Tasmania GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 71 The petroleum potential of onshore Tasmania: a review By C. A. Bacon, C. R. Calver, C. J. Boreham1, D. E. Leaman2, K. C. Morrison3, A. T. Revill4 & J. K. Volkman4 1: Australian Geological Survey Organisation, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601. 2: Leaman Geophysics, GPO Box 320C, Hobart 7001. 3: K. C. Morrison Pty Ltd, 41 Tasma St, North Hobart 7000. 4: CSIRO Marine Research, GPO Box 1538 Hobart 7001. MINERAL RESOURCES TASMANIA, PO BOX 56, ROSNY PARK, TASMANIA 7018 ISBN 0 7246 4014 2 PUBLISHED MARCH 2000 Geological Survey Bulletin 71 While every care has been taken in the preparation of this report, no warranty is given as to the correctness of the information and no liability is accepted for any statement or opinion or for any error or omission. No reader should act or fail to act on the basis of any material contained herein. Readers should consult professional advisers. As a result the Crown in Right of the State of Tasmania and its employees, contractors and agents expressly disclaim all and any liability (including all liability from or attributable to any negligent or wrongful act or omission) to any persons whatsoever in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by any such person in reliance whether in whole or in part upon any of the material in this report. BACON, C. A.; CALVER, C. R.; BOREHAM, C. J.; LEAMAN, D. E.; MORRISON, K. C.; REVILL, A. T.; VOLKMAN,J.K. 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • (Catostomus Commersoni) EXPOSED to OIL SANDS
    Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 69:967–994, 2006 Copyright© Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1528–7394 print / 1087–2620 online DOI: 10.1080/15287390500362154 CYP1A INDUCTION AND BLUE SAC DISEASE IN EARLY LIFE STAGES OF WHITE SUCKERS (Catostomus commersoni) EXPOSED TO OIL SANDS Maria V. Colavecchia1,2, Peter V. Hodson2, Joanne L. Parrott1 1Environment Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Burlington, Ontario, Canada 2Queen’s University, School of Environmental Studies, Kingston, Ontario, Canada The objectives of this study were to evaluate the influence of natural oil sands on the early developmental stages of white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) and to determine whether biochemical responses in this species were similar to native fish caught in the Athabasca Oil Sands area. Early life stage (ELS) sediment toxicity tests were conducted using controls, refer- ence sediments, natural oil sands, and industrially contaminated (wastewater pond) sediments collected from sites along the Athabasca River, Alberta (Canada). Eggs and larvae were observed for mortality, hatching, deformities, growth, and cytochrome P-4501A (CYP1A) activ- ity using immunohistochemistry. E-Nat-, S-Nat-, and wastewater pond sediment-exposed groups showed significant premature hatching, reduced growth, and exposure-dependent increases in ELS mortality and larval malformations relative to controls. The most common lar- val deformities included edemas (pericardial, yolk sac, and subepidermal), hemorrhages, and spinal defects. Juveniles exposed to oil sands and wastewater pond sediments (96 h) demon- strated significantly increased 7-ethoxyresorufin–O-deethylase (EROD) activity (30- to 50-fold) as compared to controls. Reference sediment-exposed groups and water controls demon- strated reliable embryo and larval survival, minimal malformations, and negligible CYP1A stain- ing.
    [Show full text]