The Petroleum Potential of Onshore Tasmania: a Review

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The Petroleum Potential of Onshore Tasmania: a Review DEPARTMENT of INFRASTRUCTURE, ENERGY and RESOURCES MINERAL RESOURCES TASMANIA Tasmania GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 71 The petroleum potential of onshore Tasmania: a review By C. A. Bacon, C. R. Calver, C. J. Boreham1, D. E. Leaman2, K. C. Morrison3, A. T. Revill4 & J. K. Volkman4 1: Australian Geological Survey Organisation, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601. 2: Leaman Geophysics, GPO Box 320C, Hobart 7001. 3: K. C. Morrison Pty Ltd, 41 Tasma St, North Hobart 7000. 4: CSIRO Marine Research, GPO Box 1538 Hobart 7001. MINERAL RESOURCES TASMANIA, PO BOX 56, ROSNY PARK, TASMANIA 7018 ISBN 0 7246 4014 2 PUBLISHED MARCH 2000 Geological Survey Bulletin 71 While every care has been taken in the preparation of this report, no warranty is given as to the correctness of the information and no liability is accepted for any statement or opinion or for any error or omission. No reader should act or fail to act on the basis of any material contained herein. Readers should consult professional advisers. As a result the Crown in Right of the State of Tasmania and its employees, contractors and agents expressly disclaim all and any liability (including all liability from or attributable to any negligent or wrongful act or omission) to any persons whatsoever in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by any such person in reliance whether in whole or in part upon any of the material in this report. BACON, C. A.; CALVER, C. R.; BOREHAM, C. J.; LEAMAN, D. E.; MORRISON, K. C.; REVILL, A. T.; VOLKMAN,J.K. 2000. The petroleum potential of onshore Tasmania: a review. Bulletin Geological Survey Tasmania 71. 2 Petroleum Potential of Onshore Tasmania CONTENTS SUMMARY… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ……………………………………… 7 INTRODUCTION … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …………………………………… 9 HISTORY OF PETROLEUM EXPLORATION, ONSHORE TASMANIA … … … … ………………… 9 Introduction … … … … … … … … … ……………………………………………………… 9 Seeps and gas shows: historical significance … … … … … … ………………………………… 9 Reports of oil and gas seeps in Tasmania … … … … … ……………………………………… 10 Inland bitumens … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …………………………………… 17 Coastal bitumen strandings … … … … … … … … … … ……………………………………… 17 Exploration history … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …………………… 18 Conclusions … … … … … … … … … ……………………………………………………… 23 GEOLOGICAL SETTING … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ………………………………… 31 Basement … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ……………………………………… 31 Tasmania Basin … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …………………………………… 31 POTENTIAL SOURCE ROCKS … … … … … … … … … … ……………………………………… 38 Assessment of source potential using Maceral analysis and Rock-Eval ………………………… 38 Assessment of source potential and maturity using biomarkers … … … … … … … …………… 40 Potential pre-Carboniferous source rocks … … … … … ……………………………………… 43 Woody Island Formation and correlates… … … … … … … … … … … ………………………… 45 Tasmanite Oil Shale… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …………………… 48 Other possible source rocks, Parmeener Supergroup … … … … … … … … …………………… 52 THERMAL HISTORY AND TIMING OF HYDROCARBON GENERATION … … ………………… 53 Pre-Carboniferous hydrocarbon generation … … … … … … ………………………………… 53 Tasmania Basin thermal history … … … … … … … … … … ………………………………… 53 Apatite Fission Track data … … … … … … … … … … ……………………………………… 53 Maturation indices … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …………………… 54 Burial history analysis and time-temperature maturation modelling … … … … ………………… 59 Effect of dolerite intrusions on maturation … … … … … ……………………………………… 60 Discussion … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ……………………………………… 60 POTENTIAL RESERVOIRS … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …………………………… 61 Basement formations … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ………………………………… 61 Parmeener Supergroup … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …………………………… 61 SEALS AND TRAPS … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …………………… 62 KNOWN HYDROCARBON OCCURRENCES … … … … … … ………………………………… 63 EXPLORATION ISSUES … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ………………………………… 65 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS … … … … … … … … … … ………………………………… 66 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …………………………… 67 REFERENCES … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ……………………………………… 68 3 Geological Survey Bulletin 71 APPENDICES 1. Reported oil and gas seeps in Tasmania … … … … … … … … … …………………………… 75 2. Bores drilled in search of petroleum in Tasmania … … … … … … … … … … ………………… 84 3. Offshore oil wells, Tasmanian waters … … … … … … ……………………………………… 86 4. Tenements held to search for oil in Tasmania … … … … …………………………………… 87 5. Rock-Eval Pyrolysis analyses … … … … … … … … … ……………………………………… 91 TABLES 1. Analyses of various gas samples… … … … … … … … … …………………………………… 15 2. Analyses of Shittim 1B trip gas … … … … … … … … … …………………………………… 16 3. Classification of source rock parameters … … … … … … … … … …………………………… 38 4. Thermal maturity — conodont colour … … … … … … ……………………………………… 55 5. Maturation data of samples from the Tasmania Basin likely to be not significantly affected by proximity to dolerite intrusion … … … … … … … … … …………………………………… 56 6. Arrhenius TTI values for tasmanite and Woody Island Formation correlate source rocks at Douglas River and Tunbridge … … … … … … … … … …………………………………… 59 PLATES 1. Opening day at the shale works on the eastern side of the Mersey River, 1912 … … …………… 24 2. Southern Cross Motor Fuels Ltd oil shale mine near Latrobe, 1923 … … ……………………… 24 3. Australian Shale Oil Co., showing retort, condenser and storage tank (1926–31) … … … … … … 24 4. Australian Shale Oil Co. condensing plant (1926–31)… … …………………………………… 25 5. Condensing plant near Mersey River, date unknown … … ………………………………… 25 6. Australian Shale Oil Company works near Latrobe, 1928 …………………………………… 26 7. Vacuum Oil Company vehicle, late 1930’s … … … … … … … … … … … …………………… 26 8. Drilling at Andrews bore, Bruny Island, 1915 … … … … …………………………………… 27 9. Drilling at Andrews bore, Bruny Island, 1915 … … … … …………………………………… 28 10. Tasmanian Oil Bore No. 1, Danbury Park, 1939 … … … … … … … … … … ………………… 29 11. Drilling by Mr Sulzberger, Port Sorell, 1966; photo of Mr Lee and drilling bit … … …………… 29 12. Drilling at Port Sorell, 1966, Mr Lee and drilling rig … … …………………………………… 29 13. Drilling rig near Port Sorell, 1966 … … … … … … … … … … … … … ……………………… 30 14. Drilling on Bruny Island, 1996 … … … … … … … … … …………………………………… 30 4 Petroleum Potential of Onshore Tasmania FIGURES 1. Locality diagram … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ………………………… 8 2. Locations of reported oil, gas and bitumen … … … … ……………………………………… 12 3. Carbon isotope distribution, methane gas of biogenic and thermogenic origins … … … … … … 16 4. Location of petroleum exploration drillholes … … … … … … … … … … …………………… 19 5. Coverage of Licences to Search, Cradle Mt–Mt Pelion areas … … … … … … ………………… 20 6. Tasmania Basin and major drillholes … … … … … … ……………………………………… 32 7. Correlation diagram of stratigraphic columns through the Lower Parmeener Supergroup… … … 33 8. Palaeogeography of the Lower Freshwater Sequence, and inferred, highly generalised distribution of reservoir and non-reservoir facies … … … … … … ………………………………………… 35 9. Source characteristics, maturation and hydrocarbon product … … … … … … ………………… 39 10. Structures of some common hydrocarbon biomarkers found in oils … ……………………… 41 11. Gas chromatographs showing the n-alkane distributions in a relatively immature Triassic shale and the more mature Woody Island Siltstone … … … … … … … … … … …………………… 42 12. Mass chromatograms showing steranes and hopanes from a sample of Ordovician carbonate … 44 13. Isopachs and palaeogeography of the Quamby Mudstone, Woody Island Formation and correlates, and distribution of the Tasmanite Oil Shale … … … … ……………………………………… 46 14. Rock-Eval S2 versus TOC, Woody Island Formation and correlates … ……………………… 47 15. Mass chromatograms showing steranes and hopanes from a sample of Woody Island siltstone … 49 16. Mass chromatograms showing steranes and the hopane region from a sample of Tasmanite Oil Shale 50 17. Maceral analyses, Tasmanian coals … … … … … … ………………………………………… 52 18. Frequency histogram of Apatite Fission Track ages … … …………………………………… 54 19. Burial history curves for the base of the Quamby Mudstone correlate at Douglas River and Tunbridge drillholes … … … … … … … … … ………………………………………… 58 20. Hydrogen Index versus Tmax, Woody Island Formation and Quamby Mudstone samples… … … 58 21. m/z 191 Mass chromatograms in samples from Oonah, Douglas River and Lonnavale … … … … 64 5 Geological Survey Bulletin 71 6 Petroleum Potential of Onshore Tasmania Summary Onshore exploration for petroleum hydrocarbons in The second, wholly intra-Tasmania Basin play, involves Tasmania has continued intermittently for nearly a a lower Permian source charging lower Permian to century. Despite this exploration there has been no lower Triassic sandstone reservoirs during maximum production of hydrocarbons, other than from burial in the Jurassic–Cretaceous. Potential source rocks small-scale retorting of oil shale. comprise tasmanite (an oil shale rich in the fossil alga Historically, exploration interest has been driven by the Tasmanites) and the enclosing, moderately organic-rich reported presence of oil and gas seeps; very few of over mudstone of the Woody Island Formation and a hundred reports of seeps may be regarded as genuine. correlates. The tasmanite is an exceptionally rich, However, onshore Tasmania remains under-explored oil-prone potential source rock, but is thin and limited for hydrocarbons, and there has been almost no in areal distribution. One oil seep has been application of modern exploration
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