Marine Science Institute

ANNUAL REPORT 2 0 1 7 2 0 1 8 Table of Contents

Mission Statement 3 From the Director 4 Overview 5 Executive Summary 6 Organizational Charts 10 Administrative Staff 11 Centers and Units 12 Other Projects & Activities 13 Coastal Research Center 14 Marine Biotechnology Center 16 Ocean and Coastal Policy Center 23 UC Natural Reserve System 24 Analytical Laboratory 26 Education and Outreach 27 Awards Administered 28 Awards 29 Research Summaries 38 Space 130 Statistical Summary 136 Research Support Summary 137 Statistical Summary 2015-2016 139 Five-Year Research Support Summary 141 Funding Agencies 144 MSI Advisory Committee, 145 Administrative & Technical Staff Principal Investigators 149

2 Mission Statement

The Marine Science Institute at the University of California, Santa Barbara, is committed to fostering innovative and significant research, to promoting effective stewardship, and to sharing exciting discoveries of the world’s oceans.

3 From the Director

4 Overview

The Marine Science Institute (MSI) provides an intellectual and physical environment at UCSB that fosters world-renowned marine research. The institute brings together marine researchers from across campus and supports multi-investigator collaborative projects and individual research efforts. The scientific membership at MSI consists of both ladder faculty and professional researchers. In 2017- 2018 MSI membership included 29 ladder faculty and 32 professional researchers with 292 additional participants distributed across postdoctoral scholarss, graduate students and undergraduates. Beyond research, MSI’s Research Experience and Education Facility (REEF) educates UCSB students and the general public about MSI science. MSI is housed in the marine science research building (MSRB) on the UCSB campus. The MSRB contains both MSI support services and research laboratories. Support services include the MSI administrative staff that support pre- and post- award activities, the MSI analytical facility that provides expertise in the chemical analysis of environmental samples from the marine environment, and the MSI information technology group support scientific computing. Research space is allocated to individual ladder faculty and professional researchers and to collaborative research groups. MSI professional researchers are also housed within departmental spaces, at Devereux and off campus lease space. MSI educational and outreach facilities are located at campus point. The MSRB is also one of the few research buildings at UCSB plumbed into the campus seawater system. Researchers have access to over 1,600 ft2 of seawater workroom space distributed across six seawater laboratories. An additional three walk-in environmental chambers provide access to temperature controlled conditions simulating environments from the tropics to the poles. Other common spaces provide access to common use scientific equipment including autoclaves, freeze dryers, centrifuges and refrigerator/freezer space. These common-use facilities serve the needs of individual research projects and collaborative efforts on an as needed basis. MSI has a reputation of providing strong pre- and post- award administrative support to its investigators. In 2017/2018 MSI submitted 171 proposals and managed 346 projects. Post award activities include accounting, personnel management, procurement and travel. Beyond pre- and post- award activities MSI staff are also responsible for MSRB management and maintenance, management and maintenance of common use scientific equipment, laboratory safety compliance, seawater system maintenance, room scheduling, and they serve as the interface between the Channel Island Marine Sanctuary offices and campus facilities and management offices. The MSI administrative staff are recognized as highly innovative with a history of bringing new systems to campus (GUS, Cayuse, Coupa, IT works) that increase efficiencies quickly and at modest cost. MSI staff are often called upon to serve on campus committees seeking to improve campus-wide management systems. The MSI analytical laboratory provides investigators with analytical services for environmental samples from the marine environment. The purpose of the facility is to provide investigators access to instrumentation and analyses that would be too costly or too inefficient for individual PIs to maintain. The laboratory also serves a strong educational function supporting research by graduate students and postdoctoral scholars and laboratory staff assist undergraduates conducting honors research and independent study projects. The laboratory routinely employs undergraduates to assist in sample preparation and in routine analyses providing vital real-world work experience. Moreover, laboratory personnel guide investigators in the development of new analytical methods to catalyze new avenues of research and to support new extramural proposals. The laboratory supports many large research programs including the SBC and MCR LTERs, the SONGS project, the CEIN program, the MBON program and the NASA EXPORTS project. It has also been vital in providing analytical support for high profile projects such as the Gulf Oil Spill.

5 The MSI Information technology group maintains the computational and data storage infrastructure supporting both individual and group science. The IT group also supports the computational needs of the MSI administrative unit and supports the audio-visual equipment throughout the MSRB. Currently about 50 servers (both virtual and physical) are running in support of the unit. They provide file sharing, web and web application hosting, database hosting, network monitoring, and compute nodes. Shared data are stored in a departmental SAN (Storage Area Network) system hosting 60 TB of data along with another 30TB of backups. End user support covers over 350 individual clients. MSI’s Educational and outreach program brings our discoveries to K-12 students, the general public and to UCSB students. A recent goal has been to engage more UCSB undergraduates. These efforts have been wildly successful. The REEF now serves nearly 4,000 UCSB undergraduates in activities ranging from laboratory classes to research training and other activities spanning six campus administrative divisions. This newfound success at the campus level is complimented by a very successful outreach program to the general public and K-12 schools. This past year the REEF served a record high number of visitors reaching nearly 18,000 members of our community. Like all organized research units MSI is led by the director who is advised by the business services officer and a deputy director. The MSI Advisory Committee, consisting of faculty and researchers from each of the participating campus departments and professional schools, serves an oversight role and reports on MSI needs and activities to the vice chancellor for research. Local governance is handled by the MSI resources committee that reviews requests for office and laboratory space with the MSRB and makes recommendation to the director. The MSI computing committee assesses the computer infrastructure necessary to support MSI research and makes policy and purchase recommendations to the director.

6 Executive Summary

Accomplishments: MSI has had another highly successful year of scientific discovery. Summarizing MSI’s research accomplishments over an entire year is a daunting task given the scope and breadth of the research conducted at the institute. This past year MSI investigators conducted nearly 350 research projects ranging from efforts to develop new policies for ocean management to developing new isotopic tools to understand ocean biogeochemistry. Some of these projects are large collaborative efforts while others represent individual efforts. This year I take the approach of highlighting a selection of collaborative efforts and then focus on individual efforts that highlight the success of some of our newer members recognizing that this approach overlooks many other areas of excellence. The BIO-SCOPE project is relatively new at MSI and is led by Professor Craig Carlson who is a microbial oceanographer. This is a multimillion dollar effort funded by the Simons foundation that has the goal of understanding the role of microbes in the movement and processing of carbon in the sea utilizing a broad suite of genomic, ecological, oceanographic and biogeochemical approaches to evaluate microbial process, structure and function on various scales. Carlson leads a cross- disciplinary team including a chemist (Kujawinski- WHOI), microbiologist (Giovannoni- OSU), zooplankton ecologists (Maas and Blanco-Bercial- BIOS) and a bioinformatician (Temperton- Exeter University). Their work is based at one of the long-term ocean time series sites funded by the NSF off the island nation of Bermuda. Researcher Jennifer Dugan leads a team of three MSI Researchers linking nearshore kelp forest dynamics to sandy beach ecosystems in the Santa Barbara Channel. Kelp forests are highly dynamic. Both biological and physical processes displace kelp plants many of which end up on adjacent beaches. This represents an enormous input of organic carbon to the beach ecosystem which is fed upon by a host of organisms making giant kelp an important nutritional subsidy sustaining biological diversity within the beach ecosystem. The study couples empirical work at local beaches to ocean circulation models and larger-scale (100 km) beach surveys to evaluate the trophic connections between kelp forests and beaches across southern California. MSI investigators have long studied the roles of parasites in structuring nearshore marine ecosystems with a focus on salt marshes, bays and coastal waters. The team of Professor Armand Kuris, Professor Ryan Hechinger (UCSD formerly MSI) and Kevin Lafferty (USGS & MSI) continue their long-standing collaboration to evaluate the level of complexity necessary to convert their empirical understanding of infectious disease into predictive numerical models of disease dynamics. Most people familiar with MSI know that the institute is the intellectual home of two of the nation’s long-term ecological research programs: The Santa Barbara Coastal (SBC) LTER, led by Researcher Dan Reed, that focuses on kelp forest dynamics and the Moorea Coral Reef (MCR) LTER, led by Professor Russel Schmitt, that studies the coral ecosystems of French Polynesia. This past year SBC was awarded its fourth increment of funding for a total of 24 years of continuous study. These programs are designed to test ecological theory on timescales not approachable in short-term studies and to evaluate how ecological communities respond to climate perturbations. These two studies bring together over 100 investigators from UCSB and elsewhere in a highly interdisciplinary effort to advance our understanding of these ecosystems. The last group project that I will summarize is a NASA/NOAA/BOEM-sponsored marine biodiversity observation network (MBON) effort to develop effective means of assessing marine biodiversity at all levels within an ecosystem from the smallest viruses to large whales. The project is led by Researcher Robert Miller and a team of ecologists, oceanographers, engineers and geneticists who are developing the technology needed to survey and quantify marine biological diversity in

7 an efficient cost-effective manner. The project involves developing new underwater robots, image analysis systems and genetic tools to assess both abundant and cryptic species. MSI continues to attract new young talent who are already making significant scientific impacts. Professor Deron Burkepile received a CAREER award from the NSF to further his studies of the dual role of marine consumers in coral reef ecosystems. Consumers serve a dual role first as consumers whose predation impacts prey populations but these same consumers can also be a significant source of nutrients for lower trophic levels via their excretion. Despite the important role of both consumers and nutrients in influencing community dynamics on coral reefs, the role of bottom-up forcing by fish excretion has generally been ignored as a mechanism for altering benthic community structure. Another young investigator, Researcher Adam Lambert, has just received substantial funding from Ventura County to investigate invasive species dynamics and restoration strategies in the Santa Clara River ecosystem. This project will restore between 150 and 170 acres of riparian habitat by removing invasive plant species and implementing native re-vegetation efforts. Removal of water-intensive invasive species will conserve approximately 3,500 AFY of water, reduce flood and fire risk, and improve riparian habitat for sensitive species. This is not only an example of solution science, but it illustrates the broad range of science conducted at MSI that extends from the ocean into freshwater ecosystems.

5-Year Plan Looking to the future MSI has the following goals for the next 5 years. Over the past few years MSI’s has broadened its REEF programs to serve an increasing number of UCSB undergraduates that participate in its programs. We have partnered with six campus divisions ranging from Academic Affairs to Student Affairs and Administrative Services to engage undergraduates at multiple levels. These efforts have been highly successful with nearly 4,000 undergraduates now benefitting from our programs each year beyond the record number, 18,000, public visitors. This level of activity is coordinated by a single staff member with the assistance from undergraduate student docents. The REEF used to have a full time coordinator that was let go for lack of funding. With this new level of activity we will be seeking mechanisms to restore the coordinator position. MSI seeks to capitalize on the untapped research potential of its investigators by creating a fund to catalyze new research endeavors that will provide seed money for turning new ideas into proposals. The MSI Advisory committee favors the creation of a fund based on IDC income that would return a fraction of IDC back to the investigator who generated it. The goal here is to create a mechanism whereby successful researchers are rewarded with the ability to accumulate their own ‘research war chest’ to self-seed new ideas and produce the data to support new innovative proposals. A system is envisioned whereby continued IDC return is predicated on demonstrated expansion of research activity making the system self-correcting and revenue neutral. MSI is also focused on support for our professional researchers who rely on grants for 100% of their salaries. Professional researchers account for over half of MSI’s grant and research activity. MSI continues to work with OR on finding ways of support this group. Beyond support for all researcher there is a subset of professional researchers that merit special attention. Professional researchers at MSI lead the largest of our collaborative group projects including the SBC LTER, the MBON and the SONGS project. These group projects are often leveraged by other investigators to bring in significant research funding beyond the original project. Leading one of these project demands considerable time and effort which is often not covered by the project budget. A system that rewards Researchers for taking on these leadership roles will help ensure that MSI can continue to organize the teams necessary to compete for, manage and renew these large programs. Future continued growth in marine research at UCSB will require that MSI to seek additional research space. MSI is fortunate to have access to research space in the MSRB which is strategically deployed in support of collaborative projects and individual projects for both ladder faculty and professional

8 researchers. Much of MSI’s membership is from departments that are also experiencing space limitations. MSI is now working with departments to explore creative solutions for new research space. Our approach is to develop partnerships that will produce synergies to allow new space to meet multiple needs across campus. For the past few years MSI has had the goal of working with the Office of Research to reorganize MSI’s budget to simplify the Institute’s fragmented and confusing funding profile. The goal was to eliminate funding sources gained through short-term deals to support the analytical facility, the education and outreach program and the administrative unit and to incorporate those costs into MSI’s base budget. This goal proved unrealistic and we have worked with OR to again find short- term funding for the education and outreach program and the analytical laboratory staff. Funding for these units is now on relatively firm round for the next 3 and 5 years for the analytical laboratory and outreach programs, respectively. Additional efforts to stabilize funding for the MSI administrative unit resulted in funds to retain one staff position in contract and grants and a new FTE now bolsters MSI’s procurement group and aids in the management of the MSRB. These gains were offset by the retirement of two senior managers who could not be replaced due to unanticipated budget cuts in FY 2016/2017. MSI begins the 2018/2019 fiscal year with one less staff FTE than in FY 2017/2018 with two vacant positions in senior management. MSI will be working with the Office of Research to address these challenges.

9 Organizational Charts

10 MARINE SCIENCE INSTITUTE 2017–2018 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

Mark Brzezinski Dan Reed Director Deputy Director

Tim Schmidt Administration Manager

Jim Woods Monica Pessino Lynne Joyce Wolever Luisa Velez Systems/Network Ocean o' Graphics Van Der Kamp Personnel Unit Budget Unit Administrator Creative Director C & G Officer Manager Manager

Melia Cutcher Purchasing Analyst

Brian Emery Ryan Vizena Deanna Cervantes Nicole Zavala India Morgan Server Support Web Developer C & G Analyst Personnel Analyst Budget Analyst

Christina Rivera Marisol Hernández Laura Susin Graphic Designer Personnel Analyst Budget Analyst

Veronica Perez Jenny Chu Personnel Analyst Budget Analyst

Lyndi Swanson Donna Dobis Personnel Analyst Travel Coordinator 11 MARINE SCIENCE INSTITUTE 2017–2018 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

Mark Brzezinski Director Dan Reed Deputy Director

Marine Analytical Coastal Reseach Ocean & Coastal Biotechnology Laboratory Marine Science Center Center Policy Center Georges L. Paradis Education & Outreach Russell Schmitt TBN Daniel Morse Manager TBN Director Director Deputy Director

Faculty/ Faculty/ Faculty/ William Clinton Scott Simon Professional Researchers Professional Researchers Professional Researchers Staff Research Assoc. REEF Manager

Specialists Specialists Student Assistant Student Docents

Postdoctorals Postdoctorals

Technical Staff Technical Staff

Graduate Students Graduate Students

Undergraduate Students Undergraduate Students 12 Other Projects and Activities

13 Coastal Research Center

The Coastal Research Center is an organizational unit within the Marine Science Institute at UCSB. The central theme of the Center is to develop scientific knowledge to gain a more complete understanding of coastal and island ecosystems, which is necessary for sound management of the natural resources within coastal and island regions. The Center links academic scientists from a wide variety of disciplines, enhancing the ability to address marine environmental issues.

While CRC scientists work in marine environments throughout the world, much effort is focused on coastal reefs found in the Santa Barbara Channel region and the coral reefs surrounding the island of Moorea, French Polynesia. These two locations provide excellent model systems for the scientific exploration of a wide range of marine issues and scientists at UCSB have long valued these environments as natural laboratories for scientific study. Both areas are enjoyed by those seeking recreation, support important local fisheries and are faced with growing conflicts amongst different user groups as human population pressures increase, a trend that is common for many marine environments. The nearshore marine environments of California and the islands of French Polynesia are used increasingly as a disposal site for waste products. Renewed exploitation of oil and natural gas reserves has augmented the number of conflicting demands placed upon the Channel resources, while issues related to global climate change have increased concerns about the sustainability of coral reef ecosystems. Local issues related to the sustainability of commercial and sport fisheries in both regions mirror global concerns regarding management of exploited stocks. The cumulative effects of human activities on the natural resources of both of these regions are just beginning to be understood. It is imperative that we learn how to balance the multiple uses of nearshore ocean waters in an environmentally sound manner. Lessons learned by scientists in the Coastal Research Center have wide implications for understanding and resolving present and future problems, and will help local, regional and national regulators develop better management policies. Development of sound management plans for areas such as the Santa Barbara Channel or the islands of French Polynesia is hampered by scientific uncertainty about the consequences of human activities. To understand and predict natural and anthropogenic disturbances, synthesis of new and existing knowledge of many scientific aspects of coastal marine systems - including biology, ecology, genetics, geology, chemistry and oceanography - will be necessary. Further, the development of new approaches and the use of emerging technologies are needed to resolve fundamental questions, some of which have remained unanswered for many years. Only with these advances will it be possible to make reliable predictions about the consequences of various activities, to develop the ability to restore degraded habitats and conserve valuable resources, and to foster development of environmentally sound policies for use of coastal or island regions in general.

The Center has four major objectives: • To act as a center for production and integration of basic scientific information to more fully understand coastal and island ecosystems and their natural and exploited populations. • To evaluate and predict effects of human activities on the marine environment, and to develop measures to ameliorate lost or degraded natural resources. • To train students in basic research on marine environmental issues that may be applicable to decision-makers. • To facilitate and promote interdisciplinary research initiatives.

14 Faculty/Professional Research Participants:

Russell J. Schmitt, Director and Professor of Michael I. Latz, Research Biologist, (Scripps Biology -UCSD) Alice Alldredge, Professor of Biological David Lea, Professor of Geology Oceanography Hua Lee, Professor of Electrical and Computer Giacomo Bernardi, Professor of Molecular Ecology Engineering (UCSC) James J. Leichter, Associate Professor of Andrew Brooks, Associate Project Scientist Oceanography, (Scripps -UCSD) Mark Brzezinski, Professor of Biology Hunter Lenihan, Associate Professor of Alison Butler, Professor of Chemistry Environmental Science Bradley Cardinale, Assistant Professor of Biology Milton Love, Research Biologist Craig Carlson, Associate Professor of Biology Sally MacIntyre, Professor of Limnology and Oceanography Robert C. Carpenter, Professor of Biology (CSU- Northridge) Stéphane Maritorena, Associate Researcher Joseph H. Connell, Research Professor of Zoology John Melack, Professor of Biology Jenifer E. Dugan, Associate Research Biologist Daniel Morse, Professor of Biology Peter J. Edmunds, Professor of Biology (CSU- Erik Muller, Assistant Research Biologist Northridge) Roger M. Nisbet, Professor of Biology John M. Engle, Associate Research Biologist Henry M. Page, Associate Research Biologist A. Russell Flegal, Professor of Environmental Daniel C. Reed, Research Biologist Toxicology (UCSC) Stephen C. Schroeter, Research Biologist Steven D. Gaines, Professor of Biology Hannah Stewart, Postdoctoral Researcher (Un. Ruth D. Gates, Assistant Research Biologist Washington) (University of Hawaii) Allan Stewart-Oaten, Professor of Biology Scott Hodges, Professor of Biology David Valentine, Assistant Professor of Gretchen Hofmann, Associate Professor of Biology Geological Sciences Sally J. Holbrook, Professor of Biology Libe Washburn, Professor of Geography Evelyn Hu, Professor of Electrical and Computer Allison Whitmer, Assistant Dean (Georgetown Engineering University) Ronald Iltis, Professor of Electrical and Computer Susan Williams, Professor of Environmental Engineering Science and Policy (UCD) Robert Jacobs, Professor of Biology Leslie Wilson, Professor of Biology Ryan Kastner, Assistant Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering

15 Marine Biotechnology Center

UCSB is recognized internationally for its leadership in Marine Biotechnology. This exciting field uses the latest breakthroughs in modern DNA and genetic technologies, bioengineering, molecular and cell biology – all closely integrated with quantitative ecology and evolution; environmental physiology; geochemistry; ocean, climate, and conservation science; and materials and energy engineering. The aims of these highly collaborative, interdisciplinary investigations are to solve basic problems in marine resource biology; to improve the production of medical, chemical, food, and energy resources from the ocean; to develop new products and industries based on more efficient use and management of the ocean’s resources, and to discover and develop new materials for future engineering needs, while training students for future careers in each of these vital areas. The state-of-the-art Marine Biotechnology Building is just one of the campus’s many facilities housing this diverse research and teaching, led by faculty from numerous departments and the the state-supported California NanoSystems Institute, the Materials Research Laboratory (an NSF-supported MRSEC), and the new BioEngineering Program. A small sampling of the faculty leaders and research projects across the spectrum of these areas includes the following:

Tony De Tomaso Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology ([email protected]) Discoveries in immunology, stem cell biology and regeneration in Botryllus: Our lab works at the intersection of immunology, stem cell biology and regeneration using the marine basal chordate, Botryllus schlosseri as a model. Unique biological features of Botryllus, including a natural transplantation reaction, parasitic stem cells, and a colonial life history that includes regeneration of all somatic and germline tissues on a weekly basis, allow novel approaches for studies in each of these fields. In turn, results from those studies have allowed us to explore new fields, including angiogenesis, mechanotransduction and aging. Botryllus has a wealth of biology ripe for experimentation, and our overall goal is to utilize these unique features and carry out innovative, interdisciplinary research.

16 Kathy Foltz Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology ([email protected]) Decision networks controlling cell differentiation and development: In biology, some cells make a once-in-a-lifetime decision to respond to a signal. A misfire results in cell death or disease. One example is immune cell activation – inappropriate activation leads to autoimmunity while failure to activate results in infection. My lab is interested in the evolution of these “decision networks” and also how they are tuned at a molecular level. Another example of a one-time-only response is the rapid activation of an egg to begin development at the time of fertilization. We use multiple marine invertebrate deuterostomes (primarily echinoderms and ascidians) as model systems to address this process, which is highly conserved across all multicellular species, including mammals. Some of our projects focus on specific proteins and signaling pathways, others are more discovery-based and address the question from a systems perspective. Recently, using high throughput, quantitative proteomics platforms, we built an information-rich network of thousands of proteins that undergo quantitative changes in phosphorylation state and exhibit dynamic interaction complexing in the first few minutes post fertilization. Using the exquisitely synchronous and biochemically tractable sea urchin fertilization system, this approach revealed excitable signaling systems that had not previously been implicated in egg activation. Predicted high-value candidate nodes are being investigated for novel roles in controlling the switch-like decision an egg makes at the time of fertilization. One goal is to understand the design principles that enable cells to carry out finely tuned, once-only responses.

(Left) Sea urchins induced to spawn, shedding eggs (yellow) or sperm (white). (Right) Sea urchin fertilization, showing sperm on the egg surface

17 Mike Gordon Department of Chemical Engineering ([email protected]) Optical device engineering inspired by marine biophotonics: My students and I are pursuing collaborative research aimed at translating new discoveries from marine biophotonics into useful optical device engineering. Our recent and ongoing collaborations have been focused on the mechanism by which squids dynamically and adaptively change their patterns of skin color for camouflage and communication, and the mechanism by which specialized cells in the giant clam direct solar photons deeper into the clam tissue to boost the efficiency of photosynthesis by the clam’s endosymbiotic microalgae. We’re collaborating with Dan Morse’s group, that recently elucidated the molecular mechanism by which the reflectin proteins act as a molecular spring-loaded Coulombic sensor, controlling an osmotic motor that changes the refractive index contrast and lattice dimensions of a subcellular Bragg reflector to smartly tune the color and intensity of light reflected from specialized cells in squid skin (cf. below). Our teams are now working together to translate that discovery to make tunably reconfigurable new materials that can tune the color of light emitted from lasers and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). We’re aiming first to develop reflectin-inspired synthetic block-copolymers capable of exhibiting the signal-dependent, cyclable reconfigurability discovered in the natural reflectins, and then incorporating these to drive the tunability of light emitted from solid- state devices. Beyond these studies, my students and I are interested to collaborate with other teams pursuing any of the myriad remarkable biophotonic systems in marine organisms. Our aim is to help translate exciting new discoveries from the marine biological realm into practical optical engineering.

(Left) Giant clam, showing brilliantly reflective cells in the mantle tissue exposed to sunlight. (Right) Quantitative simulation revealing that <10% of solar photons are reflected back to the observer; the majority are scattered deep into the tissue.

18 Dan Morse Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology ([email protected]) Molecular spring-loaded Coulombic sensor governs the squid’s biophotonics: Squids exhibit a remarkable ability to adaptively change skin color for camouflage and communication. We recently discovered the mechanism by which the unique “reflectin” proteins act as a molecular spring- loaded Coulombic sensor, controlling an osmotic motor that changes the refractive index, thickness and spacing of intracellular Bragg reflectors to tune the color and intensity of light reflected from cells in the squid skin: These reflectin proteins - major constituents of the membrane- bound Bragg lamellae – are block copolymers with repeated canonical domains interspersed with cationic linkers. Adaptive changes in reflectance from the Bragg lamellae are initiated by a neurotransmitter- activated signal transduction cascade that culminates in catalytic phosphorylation of the reflectins’ cationic linkers. The resulting charge-neutralization overcomes the linkers’ Coulombic repulsion, progressively triggering the spring-loaded condensation and secondary folding of the canonical repeat segments to form amphiphilic, bifacially phase-segregated structures, with the emergence of hydrophobic faces that mediate hierarchical molecular assembly. This phase-segregation provides the potential entropic drive, stored in the protein like a stretched spring, while neutralization- tuned Coulombic repulsion of the cationic linkers provides the “stretch.” Once released by charge- neutralization, the resulting condensation, folding and hierarchical assembly trigger Gibbs-Donnan dehydration, shrinking the thickness and spacing of the Bragg lamellae while increasing their refractive index. This progressively changes the color of light reflected from the Bragg lamellae from red to blue, while increasing its intensity. This process is reversible, cyclable and finely tunable, precisely regulating color across the visible spectrum without chromophores. Employing this tunability, the squid can produce any color in the individually innervated patches of reflective cells in the skin to produce intricate patterns of color for both communication and camouflage. Translation of the underlying mechanism of this biomolecular sensor to practical engineering is opening new approaches to smart, dynamically reconfigurable, nanostructured materials and tunable systems.

Activation with a droplet of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, induced a wave of color to ripple through the cells in squid skin from top to bottom. The individual cells sequentially reflected first red, then orange, yellow, green, and finally, blue, as proteins in the intracellular Bragg lamellae condensed to progressively drive osmotic shrinking of the thickness and spacing of the lamellae, thus changing color of the reflected light. (Each object shown is a single cell, ca. 10 micrometers long; the dark spot in the center of each cell is the location of the nucleus.)

19 Todd Oakley Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology ([email protected]) Evolution of genes for sensing and producing light: Evolution has produced amazingly diverse solutions for sensing and producing light, especially in marine environments. How did this diversity come about and can we harness and enhance these solutions for practical gain? Light sensing and vision are well understood in a few model systems like flies and humans, yet we know far less about these processes in other organisms. Oakley’s lab searches for light sensitivity by looking for the genes, especially in marine organisms, often leading to surprises. For example, jellyfish and comb jellies are very distant relatives of humans, yet they use very similar genes to sense light, some using this sensitivity to help decide when to fire their stinging cells. Additionally, Octopuses sense light directly with their skin using similar genes, and one squid senses light made by bacteria in its light-/producing/ organ, again using a similar gene. Oakley’s lab also studies light production, or bioluminescence, mainly in a group of crustaceans called ‘sea fireflies’. The lab discovers a diversity of new sea firefly species, each uses different patterns of light-pulses for courtship. The lab is working toward understanding the genetic basis for the diversification of these light pulses. While aiming to understand fundamental evolutionary questions, the answers to these questions could lead to better ways to engineer genetically encoded light detectors and light-producing molecules, for use in a variety of tools from biomarkers to reading or controlling neural circuits with light.

Marine copepod (ca. 2 mm length) emitting its species-specific nocturnal bioluminescence.

20 Herbert Waite Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology ([email protected]) Opportunistic wet adhesion: Marine organisms and their extended structures are held together by molecular glues whose adhesive and cohesive properties are adapted to their function. Wet bioadhesion can be specific or opportunistically nonspecific. Mussel adhesion is of the latter type and depends on elaborately tuned redox chemistry. Mussel adhesive proteins contain up to 30 mol% of the catecholic amino acid DOPA (3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine), an exquisitely redox sensitive functionality. At or near the interface between the adhesive proteins and the substratum, mussels impose a highly reducing local environment (low pH and high thiol content) in order to exploit the superior chemisorption of DOPA to a variety of surfaces. Farther from the interface, however, mussel proteins are maintained in either Fe3+-rich or oxidizing local environments (high pH and catecholoxidase). The first leads to protein gelation stabilized by multifunctional DOPA- Fe3+-complexation, whereas the latter, to the covalent cross-links between DOPAquinone and reactive amino acids. By adjusting the redox of the local environment, mussels “tune” the optimal level of adhesion (DOPA) or cohesion (quinone and cross-linking) needed in each part of the holdfast. A deeper understanding of mussel adhesive chemistry and its regulation is likely to inspire improvements in adhesive technology especially in wet applications.

(Left) Mussel showing protein attachment fibers and terminal adhesive plaques; (Right) Microscopic view of the wet- adhesive plaque at the end of a fiber, stained to reveal different molecular components.

21 Elizabeth Wilbanks Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology ([email protected]) Marine microbial ecology & biogeochemistry: Research in the Wilbanks lab examines how the ecology of microorganisms influences evolution and drives nutrient cycling in marine environments. We work to discover and quantify microbial interactions in natural marine ecosystems over scales bridging single cells to ecosystems. Understanding ecosystems with this resolution will help us improve predictive models of ecosystem function and discover fundamental principles governing the dynamics of microbial communities. Microbial metabolism has shaped our planet since early geological time, and is the engine powering global nutrient cycling. Key ecosystem processes are driven trophic exchanges between microbes, and often occur extremely rapidly and over nanometers – a scale that often makes them invisible to traditional approaches. At present, we focus on the bacteria and archaea associated with marine particles, aggregates, and biofilms. Our experiments range from the field to the lab and integrate a diverse toolset including (meta)genomics, microscopy, microsensors, cultivation, and stable isotope geochemistry. Current study systems include the giant kelp microbiome, marine snow, and photosynthetic bacterial aggregates (the pink and green “berries”) from salt marshes. Current research themes in the lab are inspired by several overarching questions: • How does the microscale structure of microbial food webs determine macro-scale ecosystem properties? Can we harness such information to improve predictive models? • How do the spatial and temporal distributions of microorganisms alter their physiology, ecology, and evolution over different scales? At what scale can we capture ecologically relevant bacterial populations? • Are theory and observations from “macrobial” ecology and evolution concordant with data from microbes? Within the same ecosystem? Across different systems?

22 Ocean and Coastal Policy Center

Ocean and coastal policy issues are becoming increasingly important in California, nationally, and internationally. The University of California, Santa Barbara is in a key position to make significant contributions in research and policy analyses of local, state, national, and international ocean management issues. The need for programmatic attention on ocean and coastal policy in California has never been greater. California has one of the longest and most valuable coastlines in the nation. Offshore California, significant development of offshore resources takes place and the ocean and coastal zone are used, with increasing frequency, by a wide range of users - including offshore oil and gas extraction, recreation, marine transportation, fishing, and marine research. Offshore oil development and the attendant multiple-use controversies, in particular, have dramatized the need for better methods of ocean policy planning. The Ocean and Coastal Policy Center (OCPC) is oriented toward problem-solving of significant coastal and ocean policy issues. Work at the center is interdisciplinary, involving perspectives from the different social science disciplines (broadly defined as political science, economics, law, history, anthropology, sociology, geography and aspects of environmental studies) and from the natural and physical sciences. In addition to interdisciplinary research, the Center engages in applied projects which directly relate research to specific marine policy problems. The OCPC is one of the few centers in California focusing on these issues. Major themes of the center include: • Coastal watershed management and ecosystem planning • California marine and coastal policy • Aquatic and marine biodiversity conservation policymaking • Studies in ecological restoration

The OCPC has received support from the National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of the Interior, and other governmental agencies. The Center has also produced a “White Paper Series” that includes several essays devoted to ecological and policy-related activities of the Southern California Bight and associated coastal watersheds and wetlands. The special series is available on the center’s webpage.

23 UC Natural Reserve System

The mission of the UC Natural Reserve System is to contribute to the understanding and wise management of the Earth and its natural systems by supporting university-level teaching, research, and public service at protected natural areas throughout California.

The University of California administers 39 natural reserves throughout the state which serve as outdoor classrooms and research laboratories for faculty, researchers, and college students in the field sciences and humanities. Community groups and K-12 classes also benefit from the reserve system through field trips and outreach programs. The reserves are natural areas that represent the ecological diversity of California. Most of the major habitats of California are included in the NRS. Each reserve is managed by a UC campus. UC Santa Barbara oversees seven of these reserve sites with habitats as diverse as coastal wetlands, coastal dunes, rocky intertidal, oak woodlands, grasslands, Monterey pine forest, island marine and terrestrial environments, and the mountain and Great Basin environments of the eastern Sierra. Unlike wilderness areas that are available for public recreation, the University reserves are devoted entirely to teaching and research. The reserves serve as “living laboratories,” where researchers, teachers, and students can pose questions of the natural world that can only be answered by studying the natural environment. Access to the reserves is restricted to preserve their natural resources and provide security for long-term research and education projects.

• Carpinteria Salt Marsh Reserve iis a significant coastal wetland reserve located 20 miles east of UCSB. It consists of 120 acres of south coast estuary, mudflats, beach and intertidal habitats, providing areas for studies on wildlife and fisheries biology, botany, and ornithology (site of several endangered species). The reserve is a part of the 230-acre Carpinteria Salt Marsh, one of the largest remaining coastal wetland habitats in southern California. Reserve Staff Andrew J. Brooks. Reserve Director Dar Roberts, Faculty Advisor

• Coal Oil Point Natural Reserve is located on the West Campus of UCSB and is composed of 158 acres of vulnerable and valuable coastal dunes, coastal terrace, south coastal estuarine lagoon, vernal pools, mudflats, beach and rocky intertidal habitats. It provides critical habitat for a number of endangered species including the Western Snowy Plover. This reserve is an ideal location for studies of migratory shorebirds and waterfowl, estuarine plants and animals, water quality and the impacts of human activities on coastal environments. Because of its close proximity to the main campus, the Coal Oil Point Natural Reserve provides a unique and accessible research and teaching resource. Reserve Staff Cristina Sandoval, Resident Reserve Director Hank Pitcher, Faculty Advisor

• Kenneth S. Norris Rancho Marino Reserve lies along the coast just south of Cambria. This 500 acre reserve offers access to offshore giant kelp forests, as well as a very diverse rocky shore. Important terrestrial natural resources include coastal terrace grassland and soft chaparral plant communities. The reserve contains the southern-most remnant of indigenous Monterey pine forest. Overnight facilities are available for research groups and university classes. Reserve Staff Don Canestro, Resident Reserve Director Steven Gaines, Faculty Advisor

24 • Santa Cruz Island Reserve, located 24 miles offshore from Santa Barbara, comprises 46,020 acres of the largest and most topographically diverse of Southern California’s offshore islands. Two thirds of the island is owned by The Nature Conservancy and remainder is part of the National Park Service. The island is used by the Natural Reserve System for research and environmental education under a long-term license agreement. The reserve field station is located in the center of the island and provides housing, laboratories, collections, information, a GIS database, and transportation to support research and teaching on and around Santa Cruz Island and neighboring islands in the Channel Island chain. Reserve Staff Lyndal Laughrin, Resident Reserve Director Sally J. Holbrook, Faculty Advisor

• Sedgwick Reserve is located less than one hour from the UCSB campus and is an excellent natural study area for classes in biology, botany, zoology, geography, geology, anthropology, agroecology, and environmental studies. Situated in the Santa Ynez Valley, the 5,860 acre reserve includes coast live oak forest, blue oak woodland, valley oak savannah, Ceanothus chaparral, coastal sage scrub, grassland, and willow riparian forest, plus a variety of wetland types, including vernal pools. The reserve’s large size and environmental heterogeneity provide an exceptional opportunity for teaching and research on biodiversity and landscape ecology. The extensive repetition of small drainages, distinct geologic and soil regimes (including large areas of unique serpentines), and complete drainage systems make the site uniquely suitable for replicated experimental studies. At least one significant Chumash archeological site is located on the property. The reserve has active K-12 science education and public outreach programs in addition to supporting research and university instruction. Reserve Staff Katherine McCurdy, Resident Reserve Director Chandra Krintz, Faculty Advisor

• The Valentine Eastern Sierra Reserves is composed of two reserve sites in the Mammoth Lakes area, SNARL and Valentine Camp. The Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory (SNARL) is located on 51 acres of the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada and is an ideal base for field research throughout the ecologically and geologically diverse eastern Sierra and Owens Valley. The reserve offers modern housing, including dormitory accommodations for short and long-term use by researchers and classes. Office space and laboratory facilities, including wet labs, controlled-environment rooms, chemistry and radio-isotope labs, and experimental stream channels, as well as meeting and classroom facilities, are offered on a year-around basis. An extensive GIS database, a library, and a computer/communications center are also available. The reserve supports a well-attended public lecture series in the spring and early summer. Valentine Camp encompasses 152 acres and contains one of the region’s few pristine montane meadows. It provides varied habitats, including coniferous forest, chaparral, and sagebrush plains in which to conduct observational and experimental studies. The considerable ecological diversity within the reserve makes it an excellent teaching resource. The facilities include housing and laboratories which are open in the summer and early fall and, on a limited basis, in the winter. A system of foot trails provides access to all of the site’s major habitats. The reserve has a very active K-12 outreach program during the summer. Reserve Staff Carol Blanchette, Resident Reserve Director John M. Melack, Faculty Advisor

UCSB Natural Reserve System Administration Patricia Holden, Director Marion Wittmann, Executive Director Deby Puro, Business Officer Alexa Johnson, Financial Analyst

25 Analytical Laboratory

The MSI Analytical Lab is a professionally managed chemical analysis facility with the objectives of improving the quality and efficiency of marine-related research efforts, and of providing advanced capabilities for new and expanded research programs. Originally established in 1977 to serve the needs of UCSB marine researchers, the facility is now recognized campus wide as well as nationally as a resource for high-quality analytical services. The major capabilities of the lab include wt% elemental analysis of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen (CHN) by combustion and automated determination of dissolved nutrients in natural waters using a 5-channel Flow Injection Analyzer. The lab also provides a stable isotope facility for UCSB researchers. The facility includes maintained instrumentation and training for the determination of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in biological and geological materials using continuous-flow Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. Most of the Lab’s current instrumentation was obtained with extramural funding from grants acquired by the Lab manager in conjunction with interested faculty and researchers. The Lab operation is supported largely through user fees. There are currently two full time staff members employed in the Analytical Laboratory. Please visit our Web site at msi.ucsb.edu/services/analytical-lab for more information.

26 MSI Education and Outreach

Throughout 2017-2018, MSI Oceans-To-Classrooms (O2C) Education/Outreach Programs provided marine science education and awareness to over 19,000 people (See Figure 1). This number is up over 3,000 from last year (16,258), reaching people within the Tri-Counties (SLO/SB/Ventura), as well as other communities from California and beyond. Exposure to this many people included visits to the Research Experience Education Facility (REEF) as well as community outreach events via the Mobile REEF Unit. This last year, K-12 education alone extended to over 12,000 students, our largest group of participants to date. University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB), as well as other Universities include the REEF as part of their curriculum, which allowed us to reach over 2,000 university students. None of this would have been possible without the continued support and collaborations from groups both on- and off-campus. This includes the Office of Education Partnerships, The AS Coastal Fund, Santa Barbara Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary (CINMS) and many more. One partnership of note is a unique opportunity with UC Santa Barbara alumnus, Dr. Robert Ballard, and his research vessel, the E/V Nautilus, which spent time in the SB Channel engaged in seafloor mapping and deep-sea exploration. UCSB has partnered with Dr. Ballard and his Ocean Exploration Trust (OET) to provide a Nautilus Live interaction to our programs.

27 Awards Administered

28 Contracts/Grants Awarded 2017-2018

AMEC (GREAT BRITAIN) D. Herbst 9/1/2015-8/31/2018 $49,500 Biomonitoring of Leviathan Creek Watershed for Fall 2015

AMEC (Great Britain) Subtotal $49,500

BERMUDA INSTITUTE OF OCEAN SCIENCES C. Carlson 11/1/2015-10/30/2020 $234,000 BIOS-SCOPE - A collaborative program for the study of microbial oceanography in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre

Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences Subtotal $234,000

BURLESON CONSULTING, INC D. Herbst 1/1/2018-12/31/2018 $52,270 Leviathan Mine Biomonitoring Support

Burleson Consulting, Inc Subtotal $52,270

CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE J. Dugan 05/1/2018-4/30/2019 $5,000 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Exposures using Talitrids

California Department of Fish and Wildlife Subtotal $5,000

CAL WILDLIFE CONSERVATION BOARD A. Brooks 11/13/2017-09/20/2020 $91,700 Carpinteria Salt Marsh Infrastructure Improvement Project M. Wittmann 11/13/2017-09/20/2020 $1,380,000 Sedgwick Reserve Infrastructure and Facilities Project: Phase 2

Cal Wildlife Conservation Board Subtotal $1,471,700

CALIFORNIA SEA URCHIN COMMISSION S. Schroeter 07/01/2018-01/31/2019 $5,044 Studies of Sea Urchin Settlement in Southern and Northern California

California Sea Urchin Commission Subtotal $5,044

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL FOUNDATION S. Gaines 01/01/2018-12/31/2018 $31,594 TASK 1 : Guiding Sustainable Aquaculture: Developing Policy and Planning Guidance for Governments and Business

Conservation International Foundation Subtotal $31,594

29 CSU SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY R. Miller 08/15/2015-6/30/2019 $483,285 Archaeological and Biological Assessment of Submerged Landforms in the Pacific Coast

CSU San Diego State University Subtotal $483,285

EPPLEY FOUNDATION FOR RESEARCH INC. (THE) D. McCauley 07/01/2017-06/30/2019 $14,733 Climate change mediated effects on watersheds: conservation and management of the vulnerable common hippopotamus

Eppley Foundation for Research Inc. Subtotal $14,733

EXXON MOBIL UPSTREAM RESEARCH COMPANY M. Love 06/01/2017-10/31/2018 $64,155 Worldwide Oil and Gas Platform Decommissioning: A Review of Practices and Reefing Options

Exxon Mobil Upstream Research Company Subtotal $64,155

MARISLA FOUNDATION J. Caselle 03/22/2016-03/22/2019 $175,000 Coral Reef Resilience in a Rare, Undisturbed Ecosystem: UCSB and Palmyra Atoll

Marisla Foundation Subtotal $175,000

NASA MISCELLANEOUS CENTERS C. Carlson 1/19/2018-1/18/2021 $230,595 Evaluating the Controls of Dissolved Organic Matter Accumulation, its Availability to Bacterioplankton, its Subsequent Diagenetic Alteration and Contribution to Export Flux

Nasa Misc Center Subtotal $230,595

NASA SHARED SERVICES CENTER R. Miller 10/01/2014-09/30/2019 $727,006 Demonstrating an Effective Marine BON in the Santa Barbara Channel

Nasa Shared Services Center Subtotal $727,006

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY S. Gaines 06/01/2018-11/30/2019 $216,328 Mapping Global Conservation Priorities A. Plantinga 8/01/2017-12/31/2017 $31,452 Cattle/Carnivore Coexistence Project

National Geographic Society Subtotal $247,780

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION C. Blanchette 08/01/2017-01/31/2019 $24,990 Developing a sustainable plan to advance research and education at the Valentine Eastern Sierra Reserve C. Briggs 05/01/2016-04/30/2021 $22,566

30 LTREB: Collaborative Research: Long-term Dynamics of Amphibian Populations following Disease-driven Declines M. Brzezinski 03/01/2018-02/28/2022 $512,233 Collaborative Research: Diatoms, Food Webs and Carbon Export - Leveraging NASA EXPORTS to Test the Role of Diatom Physiology in the Biological Carbon Pump M. Brzezinski 02/15/2018-01/31/2020 $778,865 A second generation silicon isotope mass spectrometer M. Brzezinski 10/01/2017-09/30/2020 $657,959 US GEOTRACES Pacific Meridional Transect (GP-15): Resolving Silicon Isotope Anomalies in the Northest Pacific C. D’Antonio 09/15/2016-08/31/2019 $14,650 Collaborative Research: Do ecological feedbacks across trophic levels affect alternate stable states and restoration of tropical forests? J. Dugan 04/01/2015-03/31/2019 $10,225 Linking Nearshore Kelp Forest Dynamics to Sandy Beach Ecosystem, REU Supplement S. Gaines 08/01/2017-01/31/2019 $12,860 Doctoral Dissertation Research: Assessing the effects of tourism development on small-scale fisheries S. Hodges 08/01/2015-07/31/2019 $107,874 Collaborative Research: The Aquilegia petal as a model for the elaboration and evolution of organ shape G. Hofmann 03/15/2017-02/29/2020 $127,682 REU Site: Ocean Global Change Biology G. Hofmann 03/15/2017-02/29/2020 $209,801 Mechanisms of physiological plasticity in early stage marine invertebrates - an epigenetic perspective with a global change focus S. Holbrook 09/15/2017-02/28/2022 $1,600,000 CNH-L: Multiscale dynamics of coral reef fisheries: feedbacks between fishing practices, livelihood strategies, and shifting dominance of coral and algae L. Lisiecki 04/01/2018-03/31/2021 $231,625 Collaborative Research: Bringing the Late Pleistocene into Focus: Better Estimates of Ages and Ocean Circulation Through Data-Model Comparison S. MacIntyre 01/15/2018-12/31/2019 $100,000 Circulation, Metabolism, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Arctic Lakes and Ponds S. Mazer 08/01/2017-07/31/2021 $778,809 Evolutionary adaptation to intensifying drought across a geographic gradient: a comprehensive test of Fisher’s Fundamental Theorem S. Mazer 08/01/2018-07/31/2022 $225,844 Digitization TCN: Collaborative: Capturing California’s Flowers: using digital images to investigate historical and geographic phenological change in a biodiversity hotspot T. Oakley 07/01/2018-06/30/2022 $250,000 Collaborative Research: Origin and Evolutionary Divergence of the Pancrustacean Brain D. Reed 12/01/2012-11/30/2019 $980,000 LTER: Land/Ocean Interactions and the Dynamics of Kelp Forest Ecosystems D. Valentine 02/01/2018-01/31/2019 $109,990 RAPID: Biogeochemical effects of fire ash deposition to the coastal ocean, in response to the 2017 Southern California fires

31 D. Valentine 03/01/2018-02/28/2021 $415,570 Collaborative Research: Chemical and microbiological studies of water-soluble alkanes in the ocean H. Young 06/01/2015-05/31/2019 $7,910 Using Replicated Empirical Networks to Understand Drivers of Ecosystem Structure and Stability H. Young 05/01/2016-04/30/2019 $8,418 SG Collaborative Research: The Changing Role on Watering holes in Concentrating Parasites in a Changing Climate O. Young 11/01/2016-10/31/2019 $16,345 Collaborative Research: Belmont Forum-Pan-Arctic Options, Holistic Integration for Arctic Coastal-Marine Sustainability

National Science Foundation Subtotal $7,204,216

NATIONAL FISH AND WILDLIFE FOUNDATION T. Dudley 10/01/2017-06/30/2019 $124,972 Evaluation and Biological Control of IFire-promoting Invasive Riparian Plants in LPNF River Systems T. Dudley 04/01/2016-04/30/2019 $168,183 Using environmental DNA to map the distributions of aquatic species in areas within and near the Zaca, Piru, and Jesusita fire scars C. D’Antonio 09/01/2017-06/01/2019 $145,730 Using environmental DNA to Map the presence of aquatic species of interest in watersheds within and near the Copper, Ranch and Sayre fire scars

National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Subtotal $438,885

NATURE CONSERVANCY (THE) J. Caselle 05/09/2018-10/30/2018 $7,059 TASK 27:Kelp Workshop and Action Plan C. Costello 01/01/2018-01/31/2019 $158,929 TASK 22: Diversifying Fisheries Investment for the PNA: Evaluating the Potential Benefits of Implementing a CDQ Program in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean C. Costello 04/01/2017-11/30/2017 $13,650 Task Agreement #14: Technical Training in the Economics of Fisheries Management for Peruvian Decision Makers C. Costello 01/01/2018-12/31/2018 $115,000 TASK 20: Catch Share Allocation Handbook C. Costello 06/01/2018-11/30/2018 $41,500 TASK 28: A Framework to Compare the Cost Effectiveness of Electronic Monitoring (EM) Systems and Human Observer Programs & Case Studies C. Costello 10/01/2017-9/01/2020 $35,000 Task Agreement #1: University Internships, Postdoctoral Positions, and Student and Staff Researcher Projects C. Costello 11/01/2017-06/30/2018 $5,000 TASK 18: Mapping Global Aquaculture C. Costello 10/17/2017-09/30/2018 $47,870 TASK 17: Technical training in the Economics of Fisheries Management for Mexican decision makers W. McClintock 01/01/2017-12/31/2017 $30,687 Task Agreement #11: eCatch Mobile Application Updates

32 W. McClintock 02/09/2018-10/31/2018 $30,687 TASK 19: Technology for Fisheries Management W. McClintock 04/26/2018-11/30/2018 $46,086 Task 23: Developer support for Abalone and Lobster Ocean Ruler Tools $90,829 W. McClintock 06/26/2017-12/31/2017 $39,942 Task Agreement #16: Developer support for Crab Gear Recon App W. McClintock 04/09/2018-11/30/2018 $97,166 Task 24: Developer support for Crab Gear Recovery Tool A.Plantinga 02/01/2018-08/31/2018 $25,000 TASK 21: Economic Assessment of Land-Based Strategies to Mitigate Climate Change in California

Nature Conservancy (The) Subtotal $784,405

NEXT 10 A. Plantinga 02/01/2018-11/01/2018 $40,221 Economic Assessment of Land-Based Strategies to Mitigate Climate Change in California

Next 10 Subtotal $40,221

NIH DENTAL AND NIH RESEARCH H. Waite 09/01/2017-08/31/2019 $316,440 Translating Mussel Adhesion

NIH Dental and NIH Research Subtotal $316,440

OCCIDENTAL COLLEGE M. Love 07/01/2017-06/30/2018 $13,095 The Current and Potential Contribution of Manmade Reef Habitats to Fisheries Resources and Protected Species Recovery in Southern California

Occidental College Subtotal $13,095

OCEAN CONSERVANCY C. Costello 11/01/2017-12/31/2018 $91,867 Driving Management Innovation in the Indonesian Deep-Slope Snapper Fishery

Ocean Conservancy Subtotal $91,867

OCEANO AZUL FOUNDATION C. Costello 11/01/2018-12/21/2019 $91,392 Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services in the Azores

Ocean Azul Foundation Subtotal $91,392

OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY C. Blanchette 04/01/2017-03/31/2019 $237,948 PISCO Science for an Informed Society $59,489 $178,532 Oregon State University Subtotal $475,969

33 PEW CHARITABLE TRUST C. Costello 05/31/2018-10/31/2018 $35,000 The Future of Fisheries Subsidies: Evaluating the Economic and Biological Effects of Imposing Subsidy Bans in Global Fisheries

Pew Charitable Trust Subtotal $35,000

PHYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA H. Moeller 09/01/2017-08/31/2020 $9,827 Quantifying Niche Partitioning along an Acquired Phototrophy Gradient

Phycological Society of America Subtotal $9,827

RARE C. Costello 01/01/2014-12/31/2018 $100,000 Fish Forever

Rare Subtotal $100,000

ROCKEFELLER PHILANTHROPY ADVISORS C. Costello 06/01/2018-05/31/2019 $25,000 Planning Grant for Collaborative Research Initiatives in French Polynesia

Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors Subtotal $25,000

SAN FRANCISCO ZOO R. Knapp 04/01/2018-03/31/2019 $10,500 Disease Assays for Frog Captive-Rearing Program

San Francisco Zoo Subtotal $10,500

SAN JOSE STATE UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION J. Caselle 06/01/2017-06/30/2018 $112,000 Statewide MPA Monitoring

San Jose State University Foundation Subtotal $112,000

SIMONS FOUNDATION X. Peng 04/01/2018-03/31/2021 $246,000 Impact of Marine Fungi on Global Biogeochemical Cycling of C and N

Simons Foundation Subtotal $246,000

SIMPSON AND SIMPSON BUSINESS AND PERSONNEL SERVICES, INC. S, Schroeter 01/01/2018-12/31/2019 $5,749,211 San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station Mitigation Project Monitoring Program

Simpson and Simpson Subtotal $5,749,211

34 SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY K. Ingeman 06/01/2018-05/31/2019 $89,318 Top-down restoration: a food web perspective on enhancing recovery of over-fished species and reducing the social costs of marine conservation

Society for Conservation Biology Subtotal $89,318

TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY U. Passow 01/01/2018-12/31/2018 $110,982 Aggregation and Degradation of Dispersants and Oil by Microbial Exopolymers – ADDOMEx-2

Texas A&M University Subtotal $110,982

TUFTS UNIVERSITY O. Young 12/01/2015-08/31/2019 $15,495 Collaborative Research: Holistic Integration for Arctic Coastal-Marine Sustainability (HIACMS)

Tufts University Subtotal $15,495

UC DAVIS H. Young 07/01/2017-07/31/2018 $9,238 COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: Scaling up and scaling out at the Kenya Long-term Exclosure Experiment (KLEE)

UC Davis Subtotal $9,238

UC LOS ANGELES J. Pruitt 05/01/2017-04/30/2018 $126,000 Consortium Grant: Quantitative Approaches to the Study of Keystone Individuals

UC Los Angeles Subtotal $126,000

UC SAN DIEGO M. Brzezinski 06/01/2018-10/31/2018 $5,000 CIMEC Science into the Oceans- to Classrooms Outreach Program M. Brzezinski 06/01/2017-05/31/2018 $47,300 Southern California Regional Coastal Ocean Observing System: Harmful Algal Bloom C. Szuwalski 10/01/2017-09/30/2018 $67,282 Eastern Bering Sea snow crab assessment and modeling L. Washburn 06/01/2017-05/31/2018 $343,800 Southern California Regional Coastal Ocean Observing System: Surface Current Mapping, and Quality Control

UC San Diego Subtotal $463,382

UC SANTA CRUZ P. Alagona 07/01/2016-12/31/2018 $58,891 Kevin Brown ISEECI Postdoctoral Fellowship J. Caselle 06/10/2016-05/31/2019 $65,520 Collecting Data: Assessing Ecosystem Conditions and Trends: Subtidal $78,754

35 S. Mazer 01/01/2018-12/31/2018 $13,486 Using UC Reserves to detect and forecast climate impacts

UC Santa Cruz Subtotal $216,651

UC SEA GRANT C. Culver 02/01/2018-01/31/2019 $6,973 Sea Grant Extension Program Funds M. Myers 02/01/2018-01/31/2019 $4,727 Sea Grant Extension Program Funds

UC Sea Grant Subtotal $11,700

UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA U. Passow 1/1/2016-12/31/2018 $105,738 Oil-Marine Snow-Mineral Aggregate Interactions and Sedimentation during the BP Oil Spill U. Passow 1/1/2015-12/31/2018 $130,108 ECOGIG-2: Ecosystem Impacts of Oil and Gas inputs to the Gulf

University of Georgia Subtotal $235,846

UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII C. Carlson 1/1/2015-7/31/2018 $43,048 Analyses of dissolved organic carbon and total nitrogen for the Hawaii Ocean Time- series (HOT) program

University of Hawaii Subtotal $43,048

UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA C. Jerde 5/01/2017-09/30/2018 $14,279 Wonders of the Mekong in Cambodia Project $14,592 University of Nevada Subtotal $28,871

UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH C. Briggs 09/26/2016-09/25/2018 $17,535 Effects of Climate on Host-Pathogen Interactions in Chytridiomycosis

University of Pittsburgh Subtotal $17,535

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA EARTHQUAKE CENTER C. Nicholson 5/1/2017-04/30/2018 $15,000 Developing a Technical Activity Group (TAG) for the Community Fault Model (CFM) to support SCEC science, community model development, and hazard assessment $35,000 University of Southern California Subtotal $50,000

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN M. O’Brien 07/15/2016-06/30/2018 $100,510 Environmental Data Initiative

36 D. Reed 03/15/2018-03/14/2019 $214,103 Genome wide association studies for breeding Macrocystis pyrifera

University of Wisconsin Subtotal $314,613

US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE C. D’Antonio 4/20/2016-4/19/2021 $50,000 Evaluating the status and trends of southern California Forest Service lands through long-term monitoring

US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Subtotal $50,000

USDI BUREAU OF OCEAN ENERGY MANAGEMENT M. Love 08/20/2015-04/30/2019 $191,633 Synthesis of Pacific Platform Research R. Miller 07/07/2015-06/30/2020 $250,000 A Demonstration Marine Biodiversity Network (BON) for Ecosystem Monitoring

USDI – Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Subtotal $441,633

USDI FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE R. Knapp 09/22/2015-07/31/2020 $95,549 Treatment and prevention of infection by Bd in two species of mountain yellow- legged frogs

USDI Fish & Wildlife Service Subtotal $95,549

USDI GEOLOGICAL SURVEY R. Knapp 08/10/2017-05/31/2019 $15,786 Understanding and Ameliorating Predation on Reintroduced Mountain Yellow-legged $20,724 Frogs by Terrestrial Garter snakes in the Sierra Nevada $50,000 USDI Geological Survey Subtotal $86,510

WAITT FAMILY FOUNDATION C. Costello 01/01/2018-12/31/2018 $500,000 Sustainable Fisheries Group: Sustainable Ocean Solutions through Rights-Based Management,Fisheries Certification, and Marine Protected Areas & Aquaculture Scope

Waitt Family Foundation Subtotal $500,000

ZEGAR FAMILY FOUNDATION D. Burkepile 11/29/2017-12/31/2018 $147,197 Coral Reef ‘Bright Spots’: Helping Coral Reefs Survive Climate Change D. McCauley 05/01/2018-04/30/2019 $25,000 Santa Barbara Ocean Friendly Restaurant Project

Zegar Family Foundation Subtotal $172,197

Total Contract and Grants Awarded FY 2017-18 $22,614,258

37 Research Summaries (Contracts/Grants Administered) July 2017 – June 2018

Peter Alagona, Kevin C. Brown 7/01/2016 to 12/31/2018 $153,753 UC Santa Cruz A15-0023-S011 Using UC Reserves to Detect and Forecast Climate Impacts This postdoctoral research project investigates the changing relationship between land use, ecology, and climate change on the northern Channel Islands (San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, and Anacapa) during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It asks, for example, how the introduction of ungulates to the islands, the human uses of wood products, the islands’ gradual incorporation into the national park system, and changes in climate have combined to reshape the islands’ landscapes. Ultimately, this work seeks to build a clear understanding of the mechanisms, tempo, and variations in environmental change across the Channel Islands during this period, providing a novel and nuanced portrait of the archipelago. This work can contribute not only to ongoing ecological and archeological research on the islands as well as management planning the National Park Service, but also to understandings of the political economy of southern California, the twentieth century development of ecology and range management sciences, and the broader history and historiography of island environments. The specific products of this research will be three manuscripts suitable for submission to peer reviewed journals. To produce this history, the project will utilize archival collections from around California and elsewhere, including at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles, the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at UC Berkeley, the Santa Barbara, Natural History Museum, and the National Archives in College Park, Maryland. Along with examining the textual records traditionally used by historians, this project will examine historical maps, photographs, climate data, and specimen collections. By examining the records of the Santa Cruz Island Reserve (UC Santa Barbara), meanwhile, this project will also help develop a methodological model for using the archival materials of, and writing about, sites within the UC Natural Reserve System.

Carol Blanchette, Jennifer Caselle, 1/01/2015 to 3/31/2018 $546,982 Steven Gaines, Robert Warner, Libe Washburn Oregon State University F08866A-C PISCO Science for an Informed Society, 2016 The Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO) requests funds for Year 1 and 2 of a 5-Year phase project (2015-2019) to: employ our unique set of long-term time series to advance society’s understanding of ecosystem change and the consequences, and • apply this new ecosystem knowledge to policy and management of nearshore resources (e.g., fisheries, adaptive management of marine protected areas), and effects of changing climate. Established in 1999, PISCO is a consortium of scientists located at Oregon State University, Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station, University of California Santa Cruz, and University of California Santa Barbara. Over the years, PISCO has refined and expanded its research program to add expertise and engage collaborators in specific projects. We will capitalize on the trusted relationships that we have built with colleagues in boundary organizations, state and federal agencies, and other academic centers to develop collaborations and partnerships that advance visions of (1) sustaining interdisciplinary, ecosystem science efforts that inform management and policy and (2) combining different but complementary organizational perspectives and approaches to address environmental problems in unique and innovative ways. This renewal request is organized in two major sections: Request for 2015 activities (this document): We aim to continue developing PISCO’s ecosystem time series that provide uniquely valuable perspectives on climate change, sustainable ocean resources, and ecosystem-based management. Our objectives are: 1. Time series advance new understanding about coastal marine ecosystems of the CCLME and inform multiple conservation actions. PISCO

38 ecosystem time series has multiple applications for conservation science and policy, and has been important for leveraging new awards. Due to regional differences in development of time series and leveraging opportunities for co-funding, not all time series activities span this entire temporal or geographic range. But, when combined coast-wide, they provide comprehensive insights into how the CCLME functions. In 2015, we will continue some time series efforts in the intertidal and subtidal, contribute to the development of genomic-based survey methods, and develop products that employ our long-term datasets to gain new insight into ecosystem dynamics and communicate our findings. 2. Apply insights from PISCO time series to key questions for MPA management, nearshore fisheries, and climate change policy. We will apply PISCO ecosystem approaches to key questions relevant for (a) adaptive management of marine protected areas, (b) nearshore fisheries, and (c) climate change. Cornerstones of our MPA and fisheries work will be select exploratory projects that we develop and initiate in 2015 with partners in academia, management, and policy to evaluate feasibility of longer-term and more formal academic-agency partnerships. Besides research and analysis, our climate change work will consist of continued engagement with policy advising processes, product development, and convening scientific exchanges with other research groups about ecosystem impacts along the West Coast. In 2015, we will also meet periodically with DLPF’s West Coast team to ensure that our activities are coordinated with DLPF and partner activities. These activities will determine the path and projects that we pursue in the remainder of this 5-year phase of PISCO.

Carol Blanchette, Jennifer Caselle 4/01/2017 to 3/31/19 $475,969 Libe Washburn Oregon State University F0975A-C PISCO Science for an Informed Society, 2017 Activities supported by these funds include: • Intertidal recruitment research in Southern California. • Contributions via personnel time to intertidal community and biodiversity surveys with UCSC. • Sea star wasting recovery data collections as part of field team trips to intertidal sites. • Analysis of existing subtidal data (community structure and recruitment) to address questions of Objective 1 and 2, including the developing of products that communicate the results. • Leadership engagement in management and policy processes as part of Objective 2 research. • Fish and urchin recruitment in Southern California. • Participation in Principal Investigator meetings, conference calls, and other collaborative consortium activities that support proposed Objectives 1 and 2.

Carol Blanchette, Marion Wittmann 8/1/2017 to 1/31/2019 $24,990 National Science Foundation 1722660 Developing a sustainable plan to advance research and education at the Valentine Eastern Sierra Reserve The Valentine Eastern Sierra Reserve (VESR) comprises 2 of 39 field stations in the University of California Natural Reserve System, and is located at the base of the eastern escarpment of the Sierra Nevada mountains. VESR attracts researchers from throughout the US to study many wide- ranging issues, from aquatic ecosystem ecology to ecological responses to climate change, and is well known for its active outreach programs. Scientists at VESR regularly engage with local and regional resource managers in water quality, snowpack assessments, and threatened and endangered species conservation. By user-days and publications in peer-reviewed journals, the station is productive. However, use is mainly opportunistic and, with recently-improved facilities attracting heighted interest, heavier use is anticipated. To best serve the growing VESR constituency while perpetuating VESR as a resource, we propose to develop a long-term strategic plan for VESR research, education, outreach programs, and facilities. The strategic plan will articulate a scientific vision for research and educational use, and an evaluation of the programs, facility needs and resources necessary to support that vision. To develop an effective strategic plan, we will form a steering committee,

39 engage extensively with key stakeholders through virtual and in-person workshops, and engage a professional strategic planner to facilitate the process. We will host a special strategic planning process module to identify regional coordination opportunities. The goal of the strategic plan is to enhance research and education activities at VESR as well as the regional coordination of research, education and outreach activities across the Sierra Nevada region through a network of regional agency, non-profit, academic and field station partners.

Cherie Briggs, Roland Knapp 8/15/2015 to 7/31/2019 $306,075 National Science Foundation 1457265 Collaborative Research: Linking Causes of Variation in the Amphibian Skin Microbiome with Consequences for Disease Risk Overview: This project has two objectives: To understand the factors that shape symbiotic microbial communities, and to understand how symbiotic microbial communities interact with invading pathogens. Animals serve as habitats to complex symbiotic microbial communities (referred to as the microbiome). The microbiome may interact with pathogens encountered by the host, and this interaction can affect disease resistance and/or alter the species composition of the microbiome. This project will examine microbiome assembly and microbiome-pathogen interactions in a wildlife disease system consisting of a frog species, the symbiotic bacteria inhabiting its skin, and a fungal pathogen. Molecular methods (16S amplicon sequencing and metagenomics of bacterial communities; microsatellite analysis of host genotypes) will be combined with field surveys and laboratory experiments to understand the relative influence of environment and host on microbial community composition. Mathematical models will be used to identify processes underlying patterns of community assembly. Field, experimental, and modeling approaches will then be used to investigate the interactions between the microbiome and the pathogen, to determine whether microbiome composition determines resistance to the pathogen, and/or if the invading pathogen disrupts microbiome composition and function.

Cheryl Briggs 9/26/2016 to 9/25/2018 $34,786 University of Pittsburgh 0051433-1 LTREB: Collaborative Research: Long-term Dynamics of Amphibian Populations Following Disease-driven Declines REU Supplement $22,927 The research builds on data from a long-term study of the population dynamics of mountain yellow- legged frongs (Rana sierra and Rana muscosa) in the California Sierra Nevada mountains, and the impacts of the amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (=Bd), as it has invaded and spread through frog populations in hundreds of high elevation lakes. In most cases, invasion of Bd results in epizootics of the disease chtrydiomycosis, rapid frog population declines, and local extinctions, but in some cases long-term persistence of frog populations occurs with Bd in an enzootic state. The proposed research will investigate the patterns of change in both the frog and the fungus as Bd swept across the Sierra Nevada, and the implications of these changes for Bd virulence and frog resistance/tolerance to infection. This will be accomplished through a combination of Bd cultures and frog mucosal samples from field populations, and laboratory experimentation on Bd virulence and frog susceptibility.

Cheryl Briggs 7/1/2015 to 09/30/2017 $17,100 UC MEXUS SB160014 Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Northwestern Baja California: An Examination of Incidence and Prevalence in Three Anuran Communities Project Goals Assess inter-specific dynamics of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection in three anuran communities in northwestern Baja California.

40 Project Objectives 1. Examine Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection prevalence and intensity between frog and toad species in three communities (Rana draytonii, Anaxyrus boreas, Anaxyrus californicus, Spea hammondii, and Pseudacris hypochondriaca). 2. Examine Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection prevalence and intensity between seasons. 3. Determine if there is a relationship between temperature and Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection prevalence and intensity among seasons. 4. Determine if the exotic species American Bullfrog is acting as disease reservoir for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. 5. Determine the phylogenetic origin of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis strains currently present in Baja California.

Cheryl Briggs 9/1/2013 to 6/30/2018 $1,664,693 NIH General Medical Sciences 1R01GM109499 EID Disease in Complex Communities: Multi-host Multi-pathogen Interactions One of the fundamental challenges facing contemporary disease ecology involves understanding infection dynamics within complex communities composed of multiple hosts and multiple pathogens. Hosts in nature are exposed to a ‘cocktail’ of different pathogens, therefore a central question concerns how interactions between co-occurring pathogens affect disease severity and pathogen transmission in host communities. Most research to date has been focused at a single level, examining either how multiple infections influence individual host pathology or using population surveys to identify correlations in pathogen co-occurrence within a host population. This ‘disconnect’ in scales (i.e., within-host vs. between- host) omits a critically important question – namely, how do pathogen interactions within hosts ‘scale up’ to influence between-host processes, such as transmission and disease dynamics? The primary goal of this project is to understand how interactions among three virulent pathogens at different scales of biological complexity, including within hosts, between species, and among communities, combine to influence disease dynamics in amphibians, a group of globally threatened vertebrates. This project combines cross-sectional field surveys of wetland communities with controlled laboratory and mesocosm experiments to determine (1) how amphibian pathogens covary in occurrence and intensity across multiple spatial scales (individual hosts, host species, wetland communities), (2) the individual and combined effects of each pathogen on host pathology and pathogen infection success, and (3) the net effects of variation in host and pathogen community structure for pathogen transmission and host-pathogen dynamics. A stochastic, simulation-based modeling framework uniquely focused on individual hosts will be used to interpret experimental results and link field distributions of pathogens with underlying mechanisms. This project focuses on three pathogens that have been widely implicated in causing amphibian pathology: the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, the trematode Ribeiroia ondatrae, and the viral genus Ranavirus.

Andrew Brooks, Marion Wittmann 11/13/2017 to 9/30/2020 $91,700 California Wildlife Conservation Board WC-1709SF Carpinteria Salt Marsh Infrastructure Improvement Project Reserve (CSMR) comprises the central 120-acre portion of the 230-acre Carpinteria Salt Marsh. Representing one of the more pristine coastal salt marshes remaining in southern California, the Reserve includes intertidal estuarine wetlands, adjacent palustrine wetlands and sub-tidal deep water habitat. The Reserve provides critical habitat for a rich assemblage of native plants and animals including several species of special concern. The Reserve serves as a valuable nursery and feeding ground for many species of commercial and recreationally important finfish, and provides an important refuge and feeding ground for many species of migratory birds traversing the Pacific flyway.

41 Research within the Reserve includes both large research programs funded by state and federal agencies (NSF, NIH, USGS, US National Park Service, and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife) as well as numerous graduate student dissertation and thesis projects. The Reserve is used annually as an outdoor classroom by eight to ten university level courses representing eight university and community college campuses located throughout southern California. Examples of public use of the Reserve include docent led tours for local K-12 classes and visits by bird watching groups, painters and members of the California Native Plant Society. The sole avenue of access into the Reserve for all users is the unpaved extension of Estero Road (Figure 4.A.2).As such, this roadway is a vital portion of the Reserve’s infrastructure and supports the Reserve’s missions of research, education and stewardship. Built in 1945 and extending southward from the Union Pacific Railroad tracks, the Estero Road extension effectively bisects the CSMR and creates two separate intertidal basins: Basin II and Basin III*(Figure 4.A.2). Unlike Basin III which maintains a natural connection to the Pacific Ocean, Basin II is isolated from natural tidal flows by the presence of several large, earthen berms constructed in the early 1970’s for increased flood control. Movement of ocean water into Basin II occurs from Basin III via six large culverts that run under the Estero Road extension. These culverts are heavily degraded and have begun to collapse under the roadway. Additionally, the sub-tidal channels located on either side of the Estero Road extension have deepened significantly over time and the existing culverts no longer lie on the bottoms of these channels. Our primary aim is to replace the existing culverts running beneath the Estero Road extension with new 30” HDPE culverts and lower the elevation of these new culverts so that they lie at the same elevation as the channel beds.

Mark Brzezinski 2/15/2018 to 1/31/2020 $778,8653 National Science Foundation 1756130 A second generation silicon isotope mass spectrometer This is a proposal to develop a second generation silicon isotope mass spectrometer. It is an admittedly unusual proposal for NSF Chemical Oceanography, and that issue is addressed directly in the main text. The proposed instrument will support research on marine Si isotope biogeochemistry. The field of marine Si isotope biogeochemistry is about 20 years old having been pioneered at UCSB in the early 1990s. The field has grown to where over 18 laboratories from 8 countries are now measuring Si isotopes in marine systems. Si isotopes are a powerful tool for understanding the marine silica cycle and the contribution of silicifiers to marine biogeochemistry. Variations in isotopes of Si in biogenic silica and in dissolved silicic acid are used to constrain net silica production rates in the modern ocean and variations in the Si isotopic composition of diatom frustules and of deep-sea sponge spicules are used to reconstruct the history of diatom productivity in surface waters and changes in deep water silicic acid content over geologic time. The reconstructions of diatom productivity in both the modern and past ocean using Si isotopes require knowledge of the isotopic composition of the silicic acid supplied to surface waters through mixing. That need has inspired efforts to understand controls on δ30Si(OH)4 distribution in deep waters through programs like international GEOTRACES. Recent modeling studies have been surprisingly successful at simulating Si isotope distributions in the global ocean pointing to significant progress in our understanding of the controls on Si isotope distributions and their relation to ocean circulation and biogeochemistry. In 2000 the P.I. was funded by NSF Chemical Oceanography to alter a MAT 252 IRMS mass spectrometer and Kiel III inlet system to enable their use for the analysis of Si isotopes. The project was successful and the prototype instrument has supported Si isotope research for the past 16 years via 6 NSF research awards to the PI and it has supported research by five other investigators from outside UCSB. Operation of the instrument is now highly problematic with no publishable data generated during 2017 to date. It is time for replacement. Intellectual Merit: The original prototype was a one-off instrument. For the second generation system the P.I. is partnering with Nu Instruments, Ltd to create a commercially available instrument based on the Nu Carb and/or Eurovector HT-PyrOH I° inlet system(s) and Nu Perspective isotope

42 ratio mass spectrometer. The two main goals for the new instrument are 1) to increase sample throughput by a factor of four and 2) to lower sample size by an order of magnitude. To meet these goals both acid and thermal decomposition of silicon fluorides to generate the analyte SiF4 gas will be explored. The second generation system should be faster, as or more precise, and much easier for the novice compared to the original prototype and compared to alternatives like MC-ICP-MS. Broader Impacts: The current prototype is the only instrument actively making measurements of isotopes of Si in marine materials in the country and it is failing. Success will restore routine measurements of isotopes of Si from marine systems in the United States. By partnering with Nu Instruments a commercial instrument will be produced that will be available to all at relatively low cost compared to competing technologies like MC-ICP-MS contributing to national and international capacity building in this field. Finally, achieving higher sample throughput would both lower costs and facilitate our ability to make the proposed UCSB instrument available to others further accelerating progress in the field.

Mark Brzezinski 3/1/2018 to 2/28/2022 $512,233 National Science Foundation 1756442 Collaborative Research: Diatoms, Food Webs and Carbon Export- Leveraging NASA EXPORTS to Test the Role of Diatom Physiology in the Biological Carbon Pump The research focuses on the fate of the carbon associated with a major group of phytoplankton, the diatoms. The major objective is to understand how diatom community composition and the prevailing nutrient conditions create taxonomic differences in metabolic state that combine to direct diatom taxa to different carbon export pathways. The focus is on diatoms, given their large contribution to global marine primary productivity and carbon export which translates into a significant contribution to the biogeochemical cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe) and silicon (Si).

Mark Brzezinski 12/1/2012 to 11/30/2017 $349,538 National Science Foundation OCE-1233028 GEOTRACES Pacific Section: Resolving Silicon Isotope Anomalies in the Eastern Pacific We propose to measure silicon isotope distributions along the US GEOTRACES section from Peru to Tahiti scheduled for the Fall of 2013. The silicon isotope proxy is increasingly being used to assess the role of diatoms and silicic acid in past shifts in ocean productivity and their implications for climate. It is becoming clear that successful application of the silicon isotope proxy for diatom productivity requires a mechanistic understanding of how the silicon isotopic composition of ventilating waters masses varies in time and space. Model results suggest control through the fractionation of isotopes of Si during silica production and during silica dissolution coupled to the movement of Si by biological pump and the meridional overturning circulation. Empirical support for model predictions is equivocal. The very few full ocean depth profiles of δ30Si(OH)4reveal systematic variations among ocean basins that can be understood in terms of thermohaline circulation patterns, but in the eastern Pacific the relationship between δ30Si(OH)4and [Si(OH)4] in deep waters are the opposite of what current models predict. The spatial resolution of the present data set is inadequate to resolve conflicting hypotheses regarding the mechanisms driving large-scale δ30Si(OH)4distributions in this region, but we hypothesize that the North Pacific Silicic Acid Plume plays a critical role. We propose to test model predictions regarding δ30Si(OH)4distributions within key water masses in the Pacific. Among the water masses sampled will be Lower Circumpolar Deep Water flowing from the south that should each be isotopically light due to incomplete nutrient depletion in the Southern Ocean. North Pacific Deep Water that flows into the region from the North should carry the signature the North Pacific Silicic Acid Plume. We will also investigate the influence of hydrothermal inputs along the East Pacific Rise. The strong gradient in productivity within surface waters between the Peru Shelf and Tahiti is also of interest as surface waters off Peru become preferentially depleted in silicic acid relative to nitrate. This strong decoupling of N and Si use by phytoplankton should result in contrasting N and Si isotope distributions allowing an empirical

43 test of the ability of Si and N isotopes to predict relative nutrient depletion patterns as is assumed in paleo-applications of these proxies. We also propose to expand our current modeling to construct the first numerical model that will incorporate the influence of the North Pacific SilicicAcid Plume that may account for the anomalous Si isotope patterns in the Pacific. Broader Impacts: While we can test hypotheses regarding the controls on Si isotope distributions using the proposed ocean section it is clear from anomalies in the current global δ30Si(OH)4data set that a comprehensive test will require spatially resolved δ30Si(OH)4data from multiple oceans basins. International GEOTRACES sections completed or planned by Canada, Great Britain, France, Germany, Sweden and India include δ30Si(OH)4 measurements that will compliment those proposed here. While Si isotopes are not a core GEOTRACES parameter all data collected as part of this project will be submitted to the GEOTRACES database to aid this larger global synthesis. The PI supplies both secondary standards as well as reference seawater samples to all PI’s measuring Si isotopes as part of International GEOTRACES. The research will also involve undergraduates who will be trained to assist in verification of [Si(OH)4] of each sample using colorimetric methods, data entry and data management.

Mark Brzezinski 10/1/2017 to 9/30/2020 $657,959 National Science Foundation 1732139 US GEOTRACES Pacific Meridional Transect (GP- 15): Resolving Silicon Isotope Anomalies in the North Pacific The silicon isotope proxy is increasingly being used to assess the role of diatoms and of silicic acid supply in driving modern day and past shifts in ocean productivity and their implications for climate. Application of the proxy requires knowledge of the Si isotopic composition of ventilating water masses. Uncertainty in those values translates directly into uncertainty in the level of productivity implied by the proxy. The growing δ30Si(OH)4 database implies that a first principle understanding of the controls on Si isotope distributions is attainable which would improve inferences in both modern- and paleo- reconstructions. Current data show systematic variations in the isotopic signature of major water masses that appear to be driven by interactions between biological Si isotope fractionation in surface waters, the biological pump and the MOC. The deep waters of the northeast Pacific are of interest for testing this concept as they contain the highest [Si(OH)4] and oldest waters at the ‘end’ of the MOC. Moreover, the northeast Pacific may be unique due to the presence of the North Pacific Silicic Acid Plume that originates in the Cascadia Basin. Current data imply that the plume constitutes the largest silicon isotope anomaly in the global ocean as the relationship between Si isotopes and Si concentration across the Plume are the opposite of model predictions challenging our current understanding of the mechanisms controlling Si isotope distributions. Outside the plume the section will sample several major water masses (North Pacific Intermediate ater,W North Pacific Deep Water, and Antarctic Intermediate Water and Circumpolar Deep Water) allowing further tests of predictions of how Si isotopes vary along the MOC. We will also work with GEOTRACES P.I.s measuring N isotopes in nitrate to investigate whether Si and N isotopes can predict the high silicic acid:nitrate drawdown ratios in the HNLC waters of the equatorial Pacific and the Subarctic Pacific that the section will sample. In addition, prior US GEOTRACES sections suggest that a comparison of Si and Zn isotopes may provide a new novel constraint on the mechanisms leading to the correlation between Si and Zn concentrations in the sea.

Mark Brzezinski 10/3/2014 to 12/31/2017 $500,866 National Science Foundation OCE-1434305 GEOTRACES Arctic Section: Diagnosing the Unique Silicon Isotope Composition of the Arctic Ocean Overview– This is a proposal to examine the mechanisms controlling silicon isotope dynamics in the Arctic Ocean as part of the US GEOTRACES Arctic section scheduled for 2015. Full-ocean depth profiles of the silicon isotopic composition of silicic acid in seawater are proposed along with measures of the Si isotopic composition of diatoms from the water column and from sea ice. These

44 data will be used to test hypotheses regarding the biogeochemical controls on Si isotope distributions in the Arctic Ocean as well as the role of sea ice diatoms in regional Si isotope dynamics. Among the water masses sampled will be surface melt water and Pacific halocline waters that are influenced by the Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea, Atlantic waters which dominate intermediate depths throughout the Arctic, and bottom waters of the Canada and Makarov Basins. Two full-depth profiles of the isotopic composition of diatoms will test for the effects of fractionation of Si isotopes during silica dissolution.

Mark Brzezinski 9/1/2015 to 3/31/2018 $124,263 USDI Geological Survey G15AC00439 Wave Energy in Kelp Forests BOEM, a client of USGS, seeks ways to better understand the ecological dynamics of nearshore ecosystems. A particular research gap is the effect of wave energy. For the past years, UCSB has been collaborating with USGS to build and deploy wave sensors at several sites throughout the channel. UCSB proposes to complete these measurements and the analysis of the associated data. b. Objectives. We plan to determine how marine communities (specifically kelp plants) respond to environmental variation. Two specific goals of interest are (1) determine the distribution of wave period and amplitude across the study region of the nearshore environments off the central California coast by using in-situ wave sensors in kelp forests, and (2) determine how wave model predictions compare to empirical observations field observations and the predicted wave energy from the CDIP Nowcast models. This comparison will indicate the extent that CDIP Nowcast models provide accurate wave energy information from BOEM and the extent to which they need to be corrected for future ecological analyses.

Mark Brzezinski 9/1/2013 to 8/31/2018 $484,536 National Science Foundation OCE-1334387 Collaborative Research: Linking Physiological and Molecular Aspects of Diatom Silicification in Field Populations Diatoms, unicellular, eukaryotic photoautotrophs, are one of the most ecologically successful and functionally diverse organisms in the ocean. Despite accounting for <1% of Earth’s biomass, diatoms are estimated to contribute ~20% of total global primary productivity. In addition to being a key component of the global carbon cycle, diatoms are also tightly connected to silicon (Si) biogeochemistry because of their obligate requirement of Si for cell wall formation and growth. It is estimated that diatoms process over 240 Teramoles of biogenic silica each year and that each molecule of silicon is cycled through a diatom 39 times before being exported to the deep ocean. This proposal seeks to understand Si regulation of diatom productivity in the sea at the molecular level through a unique combination of state of the art tracer methods and assessments of silicon transporter expression and diversity. Success will provide new insights into the physiological basis of Si limitation in the sea and the molecular mechanisms involved.

Mark Brzezinski 1/1/2016 to 12/31/2018 $485,970 National Science Foundation OCE-1341432 Collaborative Proposal: A Field and Laboratory Examination of the Diatom N and S Isotope Proxies: Implications for Assessing the Southern Ocean Biological Pump Diatom nitrogen and silicon isotopes, δ15NDB and δ30SiBSi, respectively, are important paleoceanographic tools used to investigate the role of the Southern Ocean biological pump in regulating atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Existing calibrations, including culture experiments, surface sediment data and downcore reconstructions, all suggest that nutrient utilization is the primary driver of δ15NDB and δ30SiBSi in the Southern Ocean. However, a strong species effect is implied by recent culture results. Moreover, field and laboratory studies present contradictory results on the relative importance of interspecific variation and diagenetic alteration of the nutrient isotope signals to isotope records. We propose a first-order test of the N and Si nutrient paleo-proxies using both field and laboratory studies. Field work will evaluate species effects at 13 stations across the Antarctic

45 Circumpolar Current measuring the concentration and isotopic composition of nutrients, bulk particulates, water-column diatom frustules and sedimentary diatoms relative to changes in diatom species composition to investigate species-related variability in fractionation and its relationship to surface nutrient fields. Field work will also address alteration during early diagenesis by collecting multicores at each station. For N we will test the hypothesis that observed isotopic differences between fresh material and sedimentary material reflects syndepositional processing that fractionates diatom- bound organic matter. For Si isotopes we will investigate alteration of the primary isotope signal by dissolution in the water column and in sediments to determine the relative importance of congruent dissolution of all frustules versus the complete loss of some species on sedimentary δ30SiBSi. Culture studies will evaluate the importance of interspecific variation in N and Si isotope fractionation to sediment records by targeting diatom species that dominate Southern Ocean sediment records.

Mark Brzezinski 6/01/2017 to 5/312/2018 $94,600 UC San Diego 94339A Southern California Regional Coastal Ocean Observing System: Harmful Algal Bloom UCSB will carry out a set of observations at Stearns’s Wharf Santa Barbara, paralleling the observational set taken by the other four HAB monitoring groups. The full set of regional sites for the harmful algal bloom monitoring include San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Santa Monica Bay, San Pedro Bay, and San Diego. A SCCOOS automated pier sensor is located at Stearns’s wharf providing a continuous data record of temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll fluorescence. Stearns’s wharf has been sampled as part of the SCCOOS HABS since the inception of the SCCOOS HABS effort. We will continue to sample this core site during the next five years.

Deron Burkepile 5/1/2015 to 4/30/2020 $509,217 National Science Foundation OCE-1547952 CAREER: Fish-Derived Nutrients in a Coral Reef Ecosystem-Impacts on Benthic Communities and Importance for Coral Overview: Dramatic changes in ecosystem function often follow changes to top-down and bottom- up forcing. Importantly, alterations of both top-down and bottom-up processes may be mediated through changing the abundance of consumers. That is, in addition to altering primary producer abundance through consumption, consumers may be a significant source of limiting nutrients via their excretion. Despite the important role of both consumers and nutrients in influencing community dynamics on coral reefs, the role of bottom-up forcing by fish excretion has generally been ignored as a mechanism for altering benthic community structure. Objectives: The goal of this proposal is to quantify how nutrients from fish excretion impact coral reef community structure and how this effect varies across environmental context. Specifically, I outline research to focus on three general sets of objectives that we will ask on reefs in the Florida Keys, USA: 1. Assess how fish-derived nutrients influence benthic community structure and coral growth and health both across and within reefs and how this influence varies with abiotic context. 2. Test how the physiology and growth of individual corals and algae respond to the different nutrient sources in fish excretion vs. anthropogenic nutrient loading. 3. Examine how fish-derived nutrients impact coral restoration and how to design restoration programs to take advantage of important of fish-derived nutrients for coral growth. I will address these questions with: (1) a field monitoring program (Objective 1), (2) mechanistic nutrient enrichment experiments (Objective 2), and (3) coral restoration experiments (Objective 3).

Deron Burkepile 11/29/2017 to 12/31/2018 $147,197 Zegar Family Foundation SB180089 Coral Reef ‘Bright Spots’: Helping Coral Reefs Survive Climate Change Climate change and rising ocean temperatures are causing massive, worldwide coral bleaching events. The Great Barrier Reef may have lost over 50% of its corals in the past two summers to

46 bleaching. Few corals may survive the next 100 years. Why is this a problem? Coral reefs are one of the world’s most diverse and valuable ecosystems. They provide numerous ecosystem services and are crucial sources of income and protein to around a billion people on the planet. Yet, we are at risk of losing many reefs within the next two to three generations. Our work asks two critical questions: (1) Where in the world do corals bleach and die less or more than expected based on NOAA’s predictive models? and (2) What factors predict these coral reef ‘bright spots’ and ‘dark spots’, respectively? Identifying the context for bright spots, places with less than expected bleaching, could help guide future conservation decisions by enabling managers to target reefs with lower probability of bleaching that could be protected from human encroachment. Identifying dark spots, places with more than expected bleaching, could lead to changes in stress mitigation strategies if the drivers of dark spots are amenable to local management, such as local nutrient pollution or sedimentation. These potential refuges from coral bleaching may ensure that coral reefs persist during our climate crisis as we begin to control our carbon emissions.

Craig Carlson 1/1/2015 to 7/31/2018 $231,855 University of Hawaii MA1126 Analyses of Dissolved Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen for the Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) Program Since 1988, the Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) program has provided information on time variability in biogeochemical and physical processes in one of Earth’s largest ecosystems, the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG). The program is built around interdisciplinary shipboard sampling and data collection at near monthly intervals (10 cruises/year) at the open ocean site Station ALOHA (22.75N, 158W). The multi-investigator program is based at the University of Hawaii (UH), with key long-term partners at Oregon State University (OSU), Montana State University (MSU), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (S10), and more recently (since 2004) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). Measurements conducted by HOT continue to transform our view of linkages between ocean biogeochemistry, plankton ecology, and physical processes in the NPSG. Foremost among the program objectives are to quantify time-varying (seasonal to decadal) changes in reservoirs and fluxes of carbon (C) and associated bioelements; and identify processes controlling air- sea C exchange, rates of C transformation through the planktonic food web, and fluxes of C into the ocean’s interior. This subcontract will support regular program analyses of dissolved organic carbon and total dissolved nitrogen in seawater samples collected on near monthly HOT cruises. In addition, the subcontract includes funds for analyses of several years of samples previously collected by HOT to establish a new analytical baseline for these inventories of carbon and nitrogen. University of California Santa Barbara.

Craig Carlson 9/1/2015 to 8/31/2019 $661,501 National Science Foundation 1537943 Tracking the Temporal and Spatial Variability of Dissolved Organic Matter, its Diagnetic State and Bioavailability During Various Bloom States in the North Atlantic Overview: The North Atlantic phytoplankton bloom is among the most conspicuous biological events annually recorded (McClain, et al., 1990; Siegel, et al., 2002; Yoder, et al., 1993). This bloom represents a “hot spot” of biological activity during which a significant fraction of net community production (NCP) can be partitioned into the dissolved organic matter (DOM) phase (Duursma, 1963; Williams, 1995). Recent work examining the spatial (horizontal and vertical) gradients of DOM in the north Atlantic coupled to measurements of mixing or water mass ventilation rates has estimated that as much as 81 Tg C as DOM is vertically exported out of the surface 100 m each year (Carlson, et al., 2010). DOM export in the North Atlantic can contribute to as much as 20 % of export production; thus, representing an important contributor to the biological pump. However, missing from these data sets is the valuable temporal resolution necessary to investigate the mechanisms that control DOM production, accumulation, and change in DOM quality as a result of changing bloom state and phytoplankton phenology.

47 Craig Carlson 12/1/2015 to 11/30/2019 $382,543 National Science Foundation 1538428 CR: Dissolved Organic Matter Feedbacks in Coral Reef Resilience: The Genomic and Geochemical Basis for Microbial Modulation of Algal Phase Shifts Overview: Coral reef degradation, whether driven by overfishing, eutrophication, declining water quality, or other anthropogenic factors, is associated with a phase shift towards a benthic habitat dominated by fleshy algae (Hughes 1994, McCook 1999, Fabricius 2005). Nearly a decade of esearchr by our team in coral reef ecosystems of the Pacific has demonstrated that these trajectories toward increasing algal dominance are restructuring microbial community composition and metabolism by fundamentally altering the dynamics and quality of dissolved organic matter (DOM). The resilience of reefs to these phase shifts is a critical question in coral reef ecology, and managing reefs undergoing these community shifts requires that we develop an understanding of the role of microbial-DOM interactions in facilitating algal overgrowth and altering reef ecosystem function. This proposal will integrate DOM geochemistry, microbial genomics and ecosystem process measurements at ecologically-relevant spatial and temporal scales to test hypothetical mechanisms by which microbially-mediated feedbacks may facilitate the spread of fleshy algae on Pacific reef ecosystems. A key product of this research will be understanding how the composition of corals and algae on reefs interact synergistically with complex microbial communities to influence reef ecosystem resilience to algal phase shifts.

Craig Carlson 11/1/2015 to 10/31/2020 $687,480 Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences 424UCSB BIOS-SCOPE - A Collaborative Program for the Study of Microbial Oceanography in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre BIOS-SCOPE is a cross disciplinary program in microbial oceanography with a primary focus on the interactions between microbial processes and DOM concentration and composition. The overarching goal of the BIOS-SCOPE is to form and foster collaborations of cross disciplinary science that utilizes a broad suite of genomic, ecological, oceanographic and biogeochemical approaches to evaluate microbial process, structure and function on various scales. Of particular interest to the BIOS-SCOPE team is better understanding the sources, sinks and transformation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and the interaction between complex DOM substrates and how they are incorporated, oxidized and transformed by distinct microbial communities at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site.

The BATS site ideally suits the BIOS-SCOPE vision of understanding carbon cycle transitions by applying time-series statistical methods to biological and chemical data, and applying insights gained from metagenomics and plankton cell biology to discover new carbon cycle transformations. DOM biogeochemistry, and its interactions with microbial processes and bacterioplankton phylogenetic diversity, have been studied more intensively and for a longer period (> two decades), than at any other ocean site. At BATS and elsewhere theories have emerged to explain patterns of DOM oxidation. Rapidly expanding genomic data have shown that planktonic ecosystems are intensely competitive, and that that generalist DOM oxidizers (heterotrophic bacterioplankton) don’t fair well in this competition. Theory supported by sparse examples explains patterns in DOM distributions as a consequence of the costs and benefits of specialized metabolism for the harvesting of DOM resources by oxidative cells. DOM may accumulate not because it is intrinsically resistant to biological uptake and oxidation, but because the “economics” of oxidizing the compound vary depending on the depth, season, and the availability of growth factors. Consequently, DOM quantity as well as its source, distribution and compositional nature are intricately related to the bacterioplankton communities that stratify along gradients of energy and nutrient availability.

These theories are being tested on a technically challenging scientific frontier that merges advances in measuring DOM chemistry and genome analysis with cell biology and field campaigns. The aim of BIOS-SCOPE is to expand knowledge about the BATS ecosystem and gather the new forms of data

48 that are needed to test these ideas. For this purpose we have assembled a cross-disciplinary team including a microbial oceanographer (Carlson- UCSB), a chemist (Kujawinski- WHOI), microbiologist (Giovannoni- OSU), zooplankton ecologists (Maas and Blanco-Bercial- BIOS) and bioinformatician (Temperton- Exeter University) with the expertise and technical acuity that are needed to study complex interactions between food web processes, microbes and DOM quantity and quality in the oligotrophic ocean.

Craig Carlson 1/1/2015 to 2/28/2021 $425,469 University of Miami S15-49 Collaborative Research: Global Ocean Repeat Hydrography, Carbon, and Tracer Measurements 2015-2020 Summary: DOM is one of the largest of the bioreactive pools of carbon in the ocean (680-700 Pg C; Williams and Druffel, 1987; Hansell and Carlson, 1998, Hansell et al., 2009), second only to TCO2. The size of the reservoir (comparable to that of atmospheric CO2), as well as its role as a sink for autotrophically fixed carbon, as a substrate to heterotrophic microbes (Carlson, 2002; Carlson and Hansell 2014), and as a sink/source of carbon involved in climate variations over long time scales (Sexton et al. 2011), highlights the importance of DOM in the ocean carbon and nitrogen cycles. DOC exports 1.9 PgC yr-1 out of the epipelagic zone, contributing ~20% to the biological pump via meridional overturning circulation (Hansell et al. 2002; Carlson et al., 2010). Mechanisms that control DOM accumulation, allowing it to persist and be transported to the regions of overturn, are still poorly understood. Small perturbations in the production or sink terms of the oceanic DOC pool could strongly impact the balance between oceanic and atmospheric CO2. In this global ocean repeat hydrography, carbon and tracer program D. Hansell (University of Miami) and C. Carlson of UCSB will be responsible for at sea sampling and analyses of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) measurements. The proposed program includes 14 legs over 11 cruises conducted in various ocean basins from 2015 – 2020. The tentative break down of Carlson’s cruise coverage is as follows: Year Cruise At sea participation 2015 P16N Leg 2 Yes 2016 I08S, I09N, I01E Yes- all legs 2017 P06 leg 1 Yes 2018 I05 Yes – all legs 2019 I06S Yes 2020 S4P No –sample analyses only Sample throughput will track that of the dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity measurements. DOC will be measured by high temperature combustion using a Shimadzu TOC-V or TOC –L systems with auto injection (CV of 1.5-2.5%). DON is calculated as the difference between total dissolved nitrogen concentrations this group will measure and dissolved inorganic nitrogen, measured by the hydrographic team. Oversight of project management for the UCSB component will be under the direction of C. Carlson. Sample analyses for each cruise takes approximately 9 – 16 months from receipt of samples depending on the length of the cruise. The at sea sampling personnel will be covered through a combination of PI, senior technician and student participation. Sample analyses for each cruise takes approximately 9 – 16 months from receipt of samples depending on the length of the cruise.

Craig Carlson 1/19/2018 to 1/18/2021 $230,595 NASA 80NSSC18K0437 Statewide MPA Monitoring This project will conduct collaborative fisheries monitoring data collection in the Santa Barbara channel and northern Channel Islands portion of the South coast MLPA region in the Kelp & Shallow Rock Ecosystems (0-30m) and Mid-depth Rock Ecosystems (30-100m). The team will also participate in Program Development.

49 Jennifer Caselle 2/1/2016 to 1/31/2018 $220,887 UC Sea Grant R/HCME-25A Evaluating the Controls of Dissolved Organic Matter Accumulation, Its subsequent Diagenetic Alteration and Contribution to Export Flux Food web dynamics play an important role in partitioning the pelagic net community production (NCP) between particulate (POM) and dissolved organic matter (DOM). Approximately 50% of the DOM produced is rapidly consumed to meet bacterial carbon demand. However, biotic and abiotic transformation of organic matter can lead to the accumulation of carbon-rich DOM resistant to rapid microbial degradation in the surface ocean; a fraction of this persists long enough to be entrained during overturn such that it impacts the efficiency and magnitude of the biological carbon pump. The vertical redistribution of DOM results in the global ocean export of ~1.8 Pg C from the euphotic zone, or ~20% of the total export production. Thus, vertical export of DOM represents one of the five major flux pathways central to the EXPORT program. The contribution of DOM to export flux is most pronounced at high latitudes where convective mixing and submesoscale processes deliver dissolved and suspended materials to the depth, whereby the carbon is sequestered for decades to millennia. To resolve the contribution DOM to export it is critical to obtain high quality DOM data, assess the controls on its net production, chemically characterize the accumulated pool, and quantify export; it is critical to assess the microbial bioavailability at each ecosystem / carbon cycling (ECC) state observed by the EXPORTS field campaigns in the North Pacific and North Atlantic.

Jennifer Caselle 6/01/2017 to 6/30/2018 $112,000 San Jose State University Foundation 22-1509-5619 Statewide MPA Monitoring This project will conduct collaborative fisheries monitoring data collection in the Santa Barbara channel and northern Channel Islands portion of the South coast MLPA region in the Kelp & Shallow Rock Ecosystems (0-30m) and Mid-depth Rock Ecosystems (30-100m). The team will also participate in Program Development.

Jennifer Caselle 5/10/2018 to 10/30/2018 $7,059 Nature Conservancy SB150143-Task27 TASK 27: Kelp Workshop and Action Plan Caselle will provide general assistance to The Nature Conservancy for conducting a Kelp Forest workshop and development of an Action Plan for California’s kelp forests. Specific tasks include: Pre Meeting: • Contact invited scientists to encourage attendance and answer questions about meeting content and logistics. • Help draft and revise agenda. • Draft a ~2 page problem statement in collaboration with TNC team (not only focused on kelp loss, but regional complexity). • Draft a “Kelp Interventions Table”, including table structure and addition of a few interventions, in collaboration with TNC team. • Draft an “Action Plan” outline in collaboration with TNC team. Meeting: • Give an opening presentation that sets up 3 regional presentations. • Facilitate break out discussions as appropriate, serve as subject-matter expert and meeting co-host, take notes when possible.

50 Post Meeting: • Assist when possible on 3 products (not the lead due to travel): 1) Problem Statement; 2) Interventions Table; 3) Plan for Action Plan.

Jennifer Caselle 2/1/2016 to 12/31/2018 $220,887 UC Sea Grant R/HCME-25A Species Distribution Models for Management of Fisheries and MPAs: Innovative Approaches to Cost-Effective Data Collection Project summary - As marine resource managers continue to adopt ecosystem-based approaches, there is a growing need to acquire reliable spatial information on species distributions (Fielding and Bell 1997, Manel et al. 1999, Costello et al. 2010). A landscape (seascape) approach that (i) identifies habitat and environmental features with which species associate, (ii) quantifies the numerical relationships of species with those habitats, and (iii) identifies the geographic distribution of habitats across a species range, is central to advancing our understanding of how and why marine populations are distributed throughout their environment and, as a result, can better inform a variety of management applications (Sala et al. 2002, Friedlander et al. 2006, Robinson et al. 2011). California has invested heavily in monitoring of coastal waters and as the baseline period of MPA monitoring comes to a close, future investment in long-term monitoring will require cost-effective, statistically robust methods. Here we propose to develop and apply advanced species distribution models (SDMs) while simultaneously testing new monitoring methods for coastal waters in southern California. Using state-of-the-art methods in spatial analysis, we will create highly resolved maps of geomorphic, biotic, geographic and oceanographic variables. The maps will be coupled with in situ survey data of ecologically and commercially important marine organisms using statistical models such as generalized linear models (GLMs) and generalized additive models (GAMs), which allow for typically nonlinear relationships between species and habitat and have, therefore, become widely used in modeling the distribution and abundance of species (Guisan and Zimmermann 2000). In situ survey data will be collected using established methods in conjunction with new methods. Newly designed stereo drop camera surveys will be explicitly compared to SCUBA surveys to evaluate the level of correspondence between the two methods as well as cost effectiveness and the potential for citizen science application.

Jennifer Caselle 6/10/2016 to 5/31/2019 $209,794 UC Santa Cruz A16-0555-S001 Collecting Data: Assessing Ecosystem Conditions and Trends: Subtidal The goal of this project is two-fold, and will aid the State in meeting the goals mandated by the Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA): 1). Use existing scientific tools and information, including models, to create siting recommendations for the Statewide Marine Protected Area (MPA) Monitoring Program, including specifying which MPAs and associated reference sites will need to be monitored statewide to assess network performance at meeting MLPA goals, and 2) collect data annually for two years in the sites identified by the recommendations in the North Central Coast, Central Coast, and South Coast MLPA regions within two priority ecosystem features. The capacity and expertise to conduct this work do no currently exist in the state service. By leveraging existing partnerships and capacity of academic partners, this project will lower costs and ensure a scientifically robust product that meets or exceeds the scientific standards established by the state in order to effectively evaluate the performance of the MPA network. The expert knowledge of the Principal Investigator (PI), Dr. Peter Raimondi at University of California, Santa Cruz, is necessary to select the most appropriate sub-recipients to partner and provide the scientific expertise and support to the sub-recipients in order to achieve these standards. Effective partnerships between the PI and potential sub-recipients that carry out this type of work are inherently dynamic due to funding cycles, personnel changes, and other factors that affect institutional operations. Due to this, it is critical to allow the PI to identify the most effective and efficient sub-recipients to partner with immediately prior to field operations to ensure all deliverables of the contract are met or exceeded.

51 Jennifer Caselle 6/21/2017 to 7/31/2018 $79,161 California Ocean Protection Council C0750600 Evaluation of Methods for Long Term Monitoring for the State of California The overarching goal of the project is to conduct a methodological comparison of existing data collected in and out of MPAs throughout the state in shallow (<20m) and mid-depth (30-100m) rocky ecosystems to inform long-term statewide monitoring. For shallow depths, we will focus on comparing results from the two primary scuba programs (PISCO and CA Reefcheck). For midwater depths we will gather existing data from drop cameras, hook and line surveys, and shallow ROV surveys. Nearshore SCUBA time series are long enough to allow an evaluation of suitability of the data streams for long-term MPA evaluation. Mid-depth data sets will focus on benefits and limitation of various tools used in these habitats. The results of the project will inform the MPA Action Plan which guide long-term monitoring to evaluate the performance of the MPA Network at meeting the goals of the Marine Life Management Act.

Jennifer Caselle 3/30/2016 to 03/22/2019 $525,000 Marisla Foundation 1-16-058/1 Coral Reef Research in a Rare, Undisturbed Ecosystem: UCSB and Palmyra Atoll The Marine Science Institute at UCSB requests continued funding to remain a member of the Palmyra Atoll Research consortium for 2012-2014 in order to continue and expand our research programs focusing on coral reef ecosystem resilience and conservation. The major outcomes will be a better understanding of how healthy coral reef ecosystems function in the face of climate change and knowledge to inform conservation practices globally.

Chris Costello and Gary Libecap 7/01/2016 to 12/31/2017 $280,000 Nature Conservancy SB150143 Task 8: Bio-Economic Modeling of Pacific Tuna Fisheries In collaboration with The Nature Conservancy, the Sustainable Fisheries Group (SFG) at the University of California, Santa Barbara, will conduct a bio-economic evaluation of alternative scenarios for the institutional structure of the tuna fisheries in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean. The primary goal of the Tuna Project is to ensure that the management of Pacific tuna fisheries – which are among the most valuable to commercial fisheries in the world – chart a path towards sustainable and economically sound management of tuna catch and bycatch, supporting both the long-term viability of the fisheries and fisher livelihoods. Modeling scenarios will be selected during the project.

Chris Costello 10/17/2017 to 9/30/2018 $47,870 Nature Conservancy SB150143-Task17 TASK 17: Technical training in the Economics of Fisheries Management for Mexican decision makers In collaboration with The Nature Conservancy, the Sustainable Fisheries Group (SFG) has developed a technical training workshop on the Economics of Fisheries Management for government officials in Mexico. SFG has created the curriculum and textbooks for the course that will be used in 2017, when two, week-long training sessions are offered to government officials in Mexico.

Christopher Costello 1/01/2017 to 12/31/2017 $81,541 Nature Conservancy SB150143 Task 10: TNC-Bren Collaboration on Climate-ready Fisheries and Frameworks for More Effective Fisheries and Ocean Management UCSB will conduct literature reviews, outreach, and independent research on three tasks of mutual

52 interest to The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management (Bren). Task 1: Support TNC-Bren collaboration on climate-ready fisheries. Task 2: Support the further development and implementation of FishPath Task 3: Track emerging issues and opportunities for TNC-Bren collaboration

Christopher Costello 1/01/2017 to 12/31/2017 $230,000 David and Lucile Packard Foundation 2016-65300 Analysis of Fisheries Management and Climate Change The Sustainable Fisheries Group (SFG) at UCSB proposes a research project to assess the impacts of climate change on fisheries dynamics. The main objective is to identify management approaches for which climate change will impose disproportionate losses and to distinguish situations in which adaptation strategies may be critical. It is known that climate change will impact global fisheries primarily in two ways: demographic changes to individual species (e.g., changes in pelagic larval dispersal, metabolism etc.) and shifts in the range and distribution of species. These biological changes are becoming increasingly well understood, but how managers and practitioners should plan and adapt for these changes is far less clear, and is the focus of our proposed work.

Christopher Costello 5/31/2018 to 10/31/2018 $35,000 Pew Charitable Trusts 31791 The Future of Fisheries Subsidies: Evaluating the Economic and Biological Effects of Imposing Subsidy Bans in Global Fisheries Despite the fact that nearly 90% of global fish stocks are either fully exploited or overfished, governments around the world continue to provide billions of dollars in subsidies to support the fisheries sector. These subsidies are often targeted at reducing or completely offsetting operational costs, fuel costs, and the cost of building new vessels or bringing more sophisticated technologies onto existing vessels, and thus often incentivize fishermen to remove more fish from the water. These subsidies are known to contribute to illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, as well as other unsustainable fishing practices. It is widely believed that any global effort to recover overfished stocks will require examining and addressing the role that subsidies play in driving overfishing. Long-running World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations on fisheries subsidies will culminate at the 2019 Ministerial Conference, where a new agreement on fisheries subsidies will be adopted. This agreement will deliver on Sustainable Development Goal 14.6, which, by 2020, calls for the prohibition and elimination of fisheries subsidies that contribute to IUU fishing, overcapacity, and overfishing, with special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries. At present, eight proposals with varying parameters on subsidy bans have been submitted for review at this WTO convening. In this proposed project, the Sustainable Fisheries Group at UC Santa Barbara will develop a first-of-its kind modeling framework that empirically evaluates the way fleets, and therefore fish stocks, would respond to a variety of policies that ban or otherwise modify different forms of subsidies. Our model will capture the full range of proposals put forward to the WTO so that it serves as a comprehensive decision making tool that can effectively inform Pew’s campaign on fishing subsidies, as well as the upcoming WTO negotiations.

Christopher Costello, Gary Libecap 1/01/2018 to 12/31/2018 $115,000 Nature Conservancy SB150143-Task20 Catch Share Allocation Handbook Catch share programs, such as individual transferable quotas (ITQs), are quickly becoming one of the most ubiquitous fishery management institutions, particularly in industrial-scale fisheries,

53 which generate most of the food and profits that come from global marine fisheries. Among the many known effects that these programs can have on the economic and biological status of fisheries, they have almost unanimously been shown to increase the profitability of the fisheries in which they are implemented. Because they typically assign a type of property right as a secure area or share of the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) in a fishery, they appear to change time horizons for fishers and associated incentives to preserve the stock and the related ecosystem. Many of these programs are granted as temporary or not defined use rights, subject to reallocation by the granting government. Catch share programs are predominantly distributed via grandfathering, but other allocation methods as auction and equal share rules are also possible. Reallocation could involve a change in the allocation mechanism. Recognizing the tremendous economic value produced by these programs, some governments are beginning to explore options for tapping into these benefits as (1) a source of government revenue, and/or (2) a funding source for fishery science and management. Whether and how governments choose to tap into these benefits can have significant implications for the incentives fishers face in a specific catch share program or their participation in a proposed system. If fishery profits are expropriated in reallocation and the security and time frame of the assigned use right called into question, then incentives for long-term investment in the fishery and the elatedr stock and ecosystem could change. Under these circumstances the economic, ecological, and social benefits that these programs are designed to generate could be jeopardized. In collaboration with The Nature Conservancy, the Sustainable Fisheries Group at the University of California, Santa Barbara will develop a user-friendly handbook on catch share allocation. This project will build on previous work we have conducted synthesizing relevant information on design, quota allocation, term and security of the quota, taxation in the industry in different types of catch share programs as ITQs, Individual Quotas (IQs), Individual Vessel Quotas (IVQs), and effects on biological, economic and social outcomes and will include additional modeling work to explore outcomes of various allocation methods. Users of the handbook can assess how quota might be allocated and/or reallocated and what theory and data indicate are the likely effects of different policies. No publicly available handbook of this kind currently exists, and as these systems expand, fishers and policy makers can benefit from a rigorous, neutral assessment of allocation options. In light of this information gap, we recognize the potential value of this product for NGOs, industry representatives, government officials, and scientists, all of whom play a key role in designing, implementing, and managing fisheries.

Christopher Costello 1/01/2018 to 12/21/2019 $91,392 Oceano Azul Foundation SB180127 Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services in the Azores Our proposed approach for this work includes the following three steps: Valuation of ecosystem services: We will work with Oceano Azul to identify local partners and experts to support our economic evaluation, and a small research team from SFG will travel to the Azores at the onset of the project to begin developing relationships with key partners and identify the scope of ecosystem services to include in our analysis. After identifying the ecosystem services of interest, we will create a list of data needs, available data, and data gaps for the economic evaluation. We will work closely with local partners to collect and synthesize key data inputs, and leverage proven methodologies to evaluate ecosystem services with use values (such as fishing, tourism, and seabed mining) and non-use values (such as species preservation, biodiversity, and bequest value). After completing the analysis, we will present and ground-truth our results with partners, ideally in person, but remotely if necessary. Assessment of existing and emerging markets: Once we have estimated the value of different ecosystem services, we will explore the opportunities for the value of these ecosystem services to be captured by existing and emerging environmental markets, or through new financing mechanisms that we will develop ourselves. While some ecosystem services will have a direct market value, others will have only non-market values for which revenue cannot be captured. For that class of services, we will assess the potential for the Azores to access newer markets, such as payments for ecosystem services programs or biodiversity markets, in order to capture the benefits of their conservation efforts.

54 Explore the conservation outcomes of future policy scenarios: While a more comprehensive understanding of the value of ecosystem services will be helpful, there may be particular policy interventions under consideration that could significantly affect ecosystem service provision. We will work with local partners to identify such policies under consideration, and will estimate the ecosystem values lost (or gained) from these interventions. Examples may include: MPAs, co-management regimes (including TURFs), and possible capacity building for sustainable new businesses (such as blue biotech, renewable energy, and scientific tourism). Ultimately we will quantify the costs and benefits of each policy scenario to evaluate the tradeoffs between the interventions, and our results can be used to inform the way Azorean authorities manage and conserve the islands’ marine resources and ecosystems moving forward.

Christopher Costello 1/01/2018 to 1/31/2019 $158,929 The Nature Conservancy SB150143-Task22 TASK 22: Diversifying Fisheries Investment for the PNA: Evaluating the Potential Benefits of Implementing a CDQ Program in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean This project asks: What are the economic benefits of different Community Development Quota (CDQ) program structures, and how might this play out for the PNA? CDQ programs are designed to provide small coastal communities with a viable pathway to participate and invest in their own fisheries, achieve more sustainable and diversified economies, and generate social and economic benefits that can help alleviate poverty. The CDQ program implemented in Western Alaska in the early 1990’s proved to be highly successful, providing a new source of revenue for the 65 participating Alaskan villages, and supporting the creation of more robust economies and social programs. In October 2017, members of The Nature Conservancy’s Pacific Fisheries Program (TNC) traveled to Alaska with leaders of the Parties of the Nauru Agreement (PNA) to get a firsthand look at the way the Alaska CDQ program positively transformed participating communities. Given the similarities between Western Alaska and Pacific Island economies and communities, TNC and PNA CEO Ludwig Kumoru are interested in exploring the potential for a CDQ program to be implemented in the PNA to help local communities increase value capture from their fisheries. In the coming months, Kumoru and TNC will begin socializing this novel concept with the Heads of Fisheries of the eight PNA member countries.

Christopher Costello, Steven Gaines 12/31/2012 to 12/31/2017 $3,261,324 Waitt Family Foundation SB130076 Sustainable Ocean Solutions through Rights-Based Management, Fisheries Certification, and Marine Protected Areas The Sustainable Ocean Solutions (SOS) project, made possible by the generous support of the Waitt Foundation, combines three important tools for ocean sustainability – rights-based management reform, marine protected areas, and demand-side incentives – into novel solutions for the world’s fisheries challenges. When employed individually, these three instruments can only successfully tackle a small percentage of ailing fisheries worldwide. A central challenge is to develop fisheries management systems to facilitate synergies among these approaches, thus capitalizing on their complementary strengths while overcoming their individual weaknesses. Although the necessary elements may differ across fisheries and settings, by combining changes that affect the supply of fish (such as catch shares), with conservation measures (such as MPAs), and tools that change consumer demand (such as fisheries certification), fisheries, communities, and ecosystems can simultaneously prosper. Our approach This project uses a two-pronged approach, focusing on 1) research and development, determining how and in what contexts to combine the sustainability tools of marine protected areas, property-rights based management, and demand-side incentives, and 2) demonstration projects, strategically selected as proofs of concept, which, if successful, will be scalable across the globe. The demonstration projects will link our research and development expertise with innovative partners who have proven skills at implementing reform in national and international settings.

55 Christopher Costello 9/01/2015 to 9/01/2020 $162,532 Nature Conservancy SB150143 Task 1: University Internships, Postdoctoral Positions, and Student and Staff Research Projects Across the globe, climate change is adversely affecting our oceans, our fisheries, our food system stability, and our coastal communities’ economic resilience. Climate-driven changes in the ocean are exacerbating existing stressors, including overfishing, pollution, and habitat degradation. Given the importance of California’s seafood economy and the interplay between temperature-dependent upwelling and ecosystems productivity, the California Current large marine ecosystem (LME) and fishery-dependent communities are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of a changing climate. Increased ocean temperatures, ocean acidification, changes in sea level and currents, as well as increased storm and drought intensity are all likely to significantly impact California’s ocean ecosystem, the population dynamics of marine species (including species of importance to fisheries), and coastal communities. Despite these known threats, the specific biological, social and economic risks associated with accelerating climate change are rarely factored into fisheries resource management, business, or investment decisions. There are many recent efforts to document climate change impacts to fisheries and the social vulnerability of coastal communities. For example, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) has recently launched an effort, using an expert panel approach, to assess the climate vulnerability of fish species in the California Current LME that are managed by the federal agency for the Atlantic coast, as well as nationwide assessments of social vulnerability of coastal fishing communities. In California, the California Ocean Sciences rustT and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife are considering the utility of ecological risk assessment approaches to evaluate the sustainability of California’s fisheries in the face of fishing essure,pr climate change, and other stressors. This information should be brought together in a risk assessment framework to evaluate the climate- related risks to fisheries productivity and fisheries-dependent assets and communities that could inform management or business decisions to ensure that California’s fisheries are “climate ready”. With a framework for risk analysis, we can better identify strategies and opportunities for risk reduction, preparedness and protection at every level in both the public and private sectors.

Christopher Costello 6/13/2016 to 7/31/2017 $250,000 Packard Foundation 2016-64364 Benefits of Fisheries Sustainability in Indonesia: Collaborative Modeling to Inform Strategic Institutional and Policy Reform in Indonesia The Sustainable Fisheries Group (SFG) at UCSB is currently working with the Packard Foundation on a planning grant to build a long-term collaboration and conduct preliminary analyses of the potential benefits of fishery reform in Indonesia. The project leverages our state-of-the-art bio- economic model developed by Costello and colleagues (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, March 2016) that evaluates fisheries benefits and recovery potential from institutional and policy reforms at a global level. Underpinning this model is the most comprehensive global database of fishery status, fishery-specific growth parameters, and fishery economic data ever compiled. While informative at a global scale to help motivate the case for fishery eform,r the model uses data sources that are unlikely to deliver accurate results for individual fisheries. This is true in Indonesia, where the data we currently have provide an incomplete picture, particularly for nearshore fisheries. To fill this gap, we propose to work with key partners to design and develop a parallel series of complementary customized models that leverage more detailed data sets and model real policy measure to more accurately predict the potential benefits of fisheries reform in Indonesia. We are currently pursuing a multi-phased approach to develop and deliver these fisheries reform predictions with the goal that they can motivate policy changes through collaborative efforts with our partners.

56 Christopher Costello, Steven Gaines 7/01/16 to 7/01/2018 $200,808 RARE SB150042 Fish Forever (Subaward from Waitt Foundation) TURF-Reserves combine spatial property rights with marine reserves where fishing is off-limits. Fishermen are given built-in incentives to defend reserves because reserves replenish fisheries and the rights-based system ensures that good management is in the self-interest of local communities. We will achieve scale through a multipronged approach that includes “top down” national level adoption and “bottom up” demand-building, where fishermen in neighboring communities seek out the benefits they see in the pilot and mass prototype sites. Fish Forever brings together three experienced organizations that are uniquely positioned to achieve lasting, scalable conservation solutions across multiple communities and countries.

Christopher Costello 6/13/2016 to 7/31/2017 $250,000 National Geographic Society SB170043 Pristine Seas The vision of the Pristine Seas project launched by the National Geographic Society is to identify, survey, and help protect the last wild places in the ocean. The Sustainable Fisheries Group at University of California, Santa Barbara, is continuing to collaborate with Dr. Enric Sala of the Pristine Seas project and Dr. Rashid Sumaila of the University of British Columbia to analyze the economic impacts of closing different regions of the high seas to fishing. In the next phase of our partnership with Pristine Seas and UBC, SFG will use stock assessment and Global Fishing Watch data to build a bioeconomic model evaluating the costs and benefits of closing high seas areas to fishing within each of the world’s Regional Fishery Management Organizations (RFMOs). The model will help SFG identify areas specific to each RFMO where closures would come at a low cost to fisheries and generate conservation benefits.

Christopher Costello, Hunter Lenihan 3/15/2017 to 9/15/2017 $48,337 Nature Conservancy SB150143-Task 13 TASK 13: An Island Nation TURF System to Sustain Fisheries and Culture: Phase 1 The work proposed here is a novel integration of economics, ecology, traditional knowledge, and cross-cultural communication that will advance marine fisheries conservation and management in French Polynesia. It will also provide a strategy for tackling complex, large-scale sustainable fisheries challenges around the globe, and will advance The Nature Conservancy’s current tuna fisheries reform efforts across the Pacific.

Christopher Costello 4/01/2017 to 11/30/2017 $36,650 Nature Conservancy SB150143 Task 14: Technical Training in the Economics of Fisheries Management for Peruvian Decision Makers In collaboration with The Nature Conservancy, the Sustainable Fisheries Group (SFG) has developed a technical training workshop on the Economics of Fisheries Management for government officials in Peru. SFG has created the curriculum and textbooks for the course, which will be used in 2017 when the training session is offered to government officials in Lima. As a one week extension to this workshop, the following activities will be added – • 5 lab sessions of three hours each where the students apply the theoretical concepts learned in class. • 5 training sessions of two hours each to teach Peruvian government officials how to conduct policy analysis using bioeconomic tools for anchoveta.

57 Christopher Costello 1/01/2014 to 12/31/2018 $400,000 RARE SB150042 Fish Forever (Subaward from Waitt Foundation) TURF-Reserves combine spatial property rights with marine reserves where fishing is off-limits. Fishermen are given built-in incentives to defend reserves because reserves replenish fisheries and the rights-based system ensures that good management is in the self-interest of local communities. We will achieve scale through a multipronged approach that includes “top down” national level adoption and “bottom up” demand-building, where fishermen in neighboring communities seek out the benefits they see in the pilot and mass prototype sites. Fish Forever brings together three experienced organizations that are uniquely positioned to achieve lasting, scalable conservation solutions across multiple communities and countries.

Christopher Costello 4/01/17 to 11/302017 $15,000 Nature Conservancy SB150143 Task 15: Identifying Best Practices in Global Pelagic ITQ Fisheries to Inform Peruvian Anchoveta Quota System In collaboration with The Nature Conservancy, the Sustainable Fisheries Group (SFG) at the University of California, Santa Barbara will conduct an in-depth literature review on global individual transferable quotas (ITQs) for pelagic fisheries. Through this literature review, SFG will identify best practices relate to the management of species similar to anchoveta. The findings of this research will be delivered to relevant stakeholders to inform the revision of the quota system for the Peruvian Anchoveta Fishery, which globally produces the largest volume of fish from a single fishery stock.

Christopher Costello 11/01/17 to 6/30/2018 $5,000 Nature Conservancy SB150143-Task18 Task 18: Mapping Global Aquaculture UCSB and The Nature Conservancy both recognize the growing importance of aquaculture as a sustainable food production system that can have negative environmental consequences if improperly managed. Properly managing the aquaculture sector globally will require improved information on how and where aquaculture is growing around the world to assess social, economic, and environmental costs and benefits. The purpose of this task agreement is to work towards development of a collaborative project between the Nature Conservancy and UCSB to globally map aquaculture facilities (“Mapping Global Aquaculture” project). Both parties recognize that a project of this ambition is a major undertaking under which resources need to be combined to be successful. It is envisioned that a collaborative project will involve staff from both UCSB and the Nature Conservancy to participate in the fundraising, project design and strategy and implementation for the project. Concurrently, UCSB and TNC will be pursuing funding from other independent sources to support the overall work.

Christopher Costello 11/01/17 to 12/31/2018 $91,867 Ocean Conservancy SB180069 Driving Management Innovation in the Indonesian Deep-Slope Snapper Fishery The Sustainable Fisheries Group at the University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB) will support a collaborative project with the Ocean Conservancy and the Nature Conservancy on modeling sustainable fisheries interventions in Indonesia. The joint project is focused on the deep-slope snapper-grouper fishery complex in Indonesia. The deep-slope snapper fishery in Indonesia’s Timor Sea (Fishery Management Area 573) serves as a great beta-site for the development of new, replicable fisheries management tools. Through their deep, on-the-ground engagement in Indonesia, TNC has assembled the fundamental building blocks of this effort: an accurate taxonomy of the local snapper complex, biological information regarding the health of key species, and spatial information on

58 fishing patterns. The joint project team will harness these critical datasets, as well as new field data on fisher decision-making and responses to price premiums. Our team will use an agent-based model to map pathways to MSC certification in the fishery by 2022, optimizing oundar the fishery objectives and key data sources identified in the MSC pre-assessment, scheduled to be completed in September 2017. UCSB will be primarily focused on supporting the development and validation of policy interventions on spatial effort controls and market interventions on price premiums to model for the snapper-grouper fishery, but they may also contribute more broadly to the project.

Carolynn Culver 3/01/2017 to 1/31/2018 $76,545 UC Sea Grant College Program A/EA-16CC Sea Grant Extension Program Funds This award is in support of Dr. Culver’s Sea Grant Extension program. This program is focused on discovering and transferring science-based knowledge to help California and its residents better balance the competing needs of using and conserving coastal and marine resources for future generations. Funds will be used to support activities and operating expenses for her research, education and extension program. Some funds are allocated toward support staff that will assist Culver with program activities, including undergraduate assistance with assembling and processing of samples and office support. General operating expenses are also included for such things as telephone, duplication, IT support.

Carolynn Culver 3/01/2017 to 1/31/2019 $83,518 UC Sea Grant College Program A/EA-16CC Sea Grant Extension Program Funds This award is in support of Dr. Culver’s Sea Grant Extension program. This program is focused on discovering and transferring science-based knowledge to help California and its residents better balance the competing needs of using and conserving coastal and marine resources for future generations. Funds will be used to support activities and operating expenses for her research, education and extension program. Some funds are allocated toward support staff that will assist Culver with program activities, including undergraduate assistance with assembling and processing of samples and office support. General operating expenses are also included for such things as telephone, duplication, IT support.

Carla D’Antonio 4/20/2016 to 4/19/2021 $204,503 USDA Forest Service 16-CS-11050700 Evaluating the Status and Trends of Southern California Forest Service Lands Through Long- term Monitoring The U.S. Forest Service manages nearly 4 million acres of land in southern and coastal central California. There are many resource management issues facing the U.S. Forest Service lands in southern California, including fire and fuels management, climate change vulnerability and adaptation and ecological restoration. The 2015-2020 U.S. Forest Service Strategic Plan highlights the importance of fostering resilient, adaptive ecosystems and this effort includes adopting management activities aimed at reducing the effects of wildfire, climate change and non-native species. Despite the U.S. Forest Service’s commitment to long-term conservation of its lands, there is a strong need for on-the-ground monitoring and data collection to generate knowledge regarding the condition and trajectories of U.S. Forest Service lands in southern California. Working collaboratively with the University of California, Santa Barbara the U.S. Forest Service seeks to meet these needs, while providing valuable field training and experience to undergraduate and recent UCSB graduates. In a joint effort to better serve applied ecological science needs and prepare students for careers in applied sciences, the U.S. Forest Service and UC Santa Barbara will enter into a cooperative agreement to enhance the province’s capacity to provide analytical and field monitoring support to the National Forests in southern California.

59 Carla D’Antonio 9/15/2016 to 8/31/2019 $808,712 National Science Foundation 1557177 Collaborative Research: Do Ecological Feedbacks Across Trophic Levels Affect Alternate Stable States and Restoration of Tropical Forests? REU Supplement $13,450 Objectives: (1) Advance an understanding of alternative stable state theory as it applies to terrestrial ecosystems and restoration; (2) Evaluate how ecosystem condition is affected by priority effects, multiple feedbacks and the presence/loss of key species; (3) Determine whether all feedbacks must be addressed simultaneously, or whether manipulation of individual state variables can drive change. Methods: The proposed research evaluates potential feedbacks constraining recovery of degraded Hawaiian mesic forest ecosystems focusing on avian seed dispersers, overstory and understory plant litter, and mycorrhizal fungi. It proposes intensive sampling of sites to understand relationships between birds, litter, and mycorrhizae and natural forest regeneration. It then tests interactions between these factors using a manipulative field experiment, greenhouse feedback experiments, and individual-based models to evaluate whether all factors must be addressed simultaneously for natural ecosystem recovery to proceed, or whether a subset of factors can be prioritized to achieve the same goal.

Carla D’Antonio 7/01/2016 to 6/30/2018 $195,668 National Fish and Wildlife Foundation 0806.16.052375 Evaluation and Restoration of Degraded Chaparral within Piru Fire Perimeter We propose to evaluate the influence of multiple short interval fires on degradation of chaparral within this region of the LPNF where fire frequency has been increasing and invasive species appear to be expanding. The project will include a synthesis of historical vegetation maps, aerial photos and fire occurrence mapping, and environmental factors such as slope, aspect, elevation, nitrogen deposition and proximity to roads and grazing lands, to evaluate those areas least resilient to short interval fire and recent drought and to improve understanding of how degradation creeps into wildland areas from the wildland/urban/agricultural interface. Ground validation of degradation will be an important outcome in producing a final vegetation and susceptibility map. Seeds of native shrub species will be collected and germination techniques tested. Plot scale experimentation will be done to determine methods for successfully establishing chaparral species within degraded sites. Additionally, in sites where shrub regeneration and growth is poor and native shrubs are surrounded by invasive European grasses, we will remove invasive grasses and measure outcomes in terms of shrub growth and susceptibility to drought. This project will greatly increase knowledge regarding techniques to restore degraded chaparral habitat.

Thomas Dudley, Adam Lambert 7/01/2016 to 12/31/2018 $98,169 National Fish & Wildlife Foundation 0806-16-052206 Assessment and Management of Invasive Riparian Plants in LPNF Rivers Systems The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF) in cooperation with its federal partner, the Los Padres National Forest (LPNF), is pleased to announce the Zaca and Piru Fires Restoration Grant Program for the recovery of lands and watersheds degraded from the influences of these two wildfire events. The grant program will be coordinated closely among LPNF and NFWF program staff. The goals of this competitive grant program are to (1) provide support for projects in the LPNF that address the factors facing the health and function of ecosystems affected by the Zaca and Piru Fires, (2) promote ecological resilience to future wildfire events, (3) improve the LPNF’s capacity to identify and address resource management issues, and (4) provide sustainable and lasting ecological benefits.

60 Thomas Dudley 9/01/2016 to 3/30/2019 $188,043 Cal EPA Pesticide Regulation 16-PML-G001 California Alliance for Tamarisk Control This alliance is intended to build a regulatory, managerial and scientific framework for the implementation of Tamarix biocontrol in California, with particular emphasis on the southern and central California regions. The arrival of Diorhabda carinulata into California via the Colorado River opens the door to regional re-distribution into tamarisk-infested systems where control is desired by agricultural and conservation groups as an alternative to chemical and mechanical treatments, and where wildlife protection agencies can verify that implementation will be beneficial. We will prepare and distribute informational materials and presentation to facilitate implementation to ensure a program that is coherent and meets with regional approval.

Thomas Dudley, Carla D’Antonio 3/1/2015 to 2/28/2018 $157,568 Desert Botanical Garden UCSB 03012015 Host Plant Allocation Strategies and Mortality in Response to a Specialist Herbivore UCSB will provide via the post-doctoral associate identified in this grant the co-ordination of all field and laboratory elements of the project, including oversight of experimental plant propagation facilities at Boulder City, NV and Yuma, AZ. He/she will have primary responsibility for ensuring sampling regimes are implemented according to plan, and that sample analyses and data management are collated into format suitable for data analysis and report preparation. Post-doc will work directly with PD and Cooperating scientists to develop and implement experimental protocols, as well as providing oversight of other personnel associated with field elements of the project. Dudley will also travel to participate in field activities and UCSB-associated travel costs will be borne by the sub-contract to UCSB, and he will provide supervision along with D’Antonio for the post-doctoral researcher.

Thomas Dudley 9/12/2015 to 5/21/2020 $129,944 USDI Fish and Wildlife Service F15AC00687 Research and Restoration Through the Santa Clara River Reserve: A Proposal to Develop a University of California Research and Education Station Since the start of the riparian restoration portion of this project, we have initiated work on 29 acres (Taylor property – 10 acres; Underwood property – 15 acres; Fillmore United School District Farm property – 4 acres). Additionally, Trustee Council funding has facilitated the acquisition of $2 Million in funding from the Department of Water Resources (Proposition 84) for restoration on a total of 150 acres of riparian habitat. A portion of year five Trustee Council funds will be deferred (as was done in year four) to support future restoration work that may be necessary on the three properties named above. Year five restoration activities will consist of the following elements: • Implementation of the Proposition 84 project. We will begin large-scale implementation of riparian restoration supported by funds received from the Department of Water Resources for Arundo removal, revegetation and monitoring on additional properties including Hedrick Property, Hedrick Ranch Nature Area, and Fillmore United School District Farm Property. The funding provided by the Santa Clara River Trustee Council is being used as match (cost share) for the Proposition 84 project. • Restoration on TNC’s Taylor property. We will continue removal and retreatment of Arundo resprouts and other invasive plants in the 10-acre project area. The bulk of the work will continue to focus on revegetation in areas where natural colonization is low. We will continue biological monitoring to track passive restoration and wildlife recovery by assessing establishment and regrowth of native vegetation, and habitat use by wildlife. We will also continue to evaluate the restoration treatment plots (mulch removal, passive plant recovery, active revegetation techniques, etc.) to provide information that will

61 improve regional restoration efforts in the future. Planting of native vegetation will occur as necessary after passive revegetation is assessed in the spring and summer of 2014. • Restoration on Underwood Farms property. We will continue Arundo removal in a fifteen acre riparian area on the Underwood Farms property, with a focus of connecting restored areas with the adjacent Taylor property. The majority of the work will involve 2 hand removals using cut and daub methods and will be conducted in February 2015 and between 15 September 2015 and 31 January 2016. • Restoration on Fillmore United School District Farm property. We will continue working with Fillmore United School district staff and students to remove Arundo in a 13 acre riparian area along the south bank of the Santa Clara River. Under the direction of UCSB staff, students will also collects seeds and cuttings of native plants and assist with replanting of areas where Arundo has been removed.

Thomas Dudley 7/01/2016 to 6/30/2018 $41,872 UC Agriculture and Natural Resources SA16-3315-02 Detection and Implication of Pholyphagous Shot Hole Borer in Riparian Ecosystems and Adjacent Agricultural Systems The Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer (PSHB), Euwallacea sp. (Scolytinae: Curculionidae), is a tny (ca. 2mm), recently established ambrosia beetle presumed to be from Asia and known to attack, and spread a damaging Fusarium fungus to several dozen species of both economic and native trees in southern California. PSHB was detected in 2015 in Santa Paula and Fillmore where it threatens avocados and numerous ornamental trees. Elsewhere PSHB is known to attack riparian trees such as sycamore, willows, maples, and box elder, cottonwoods, alders, live oaks, etc., many of which are foundational species for sustaining biodiversity (esp. listed species such as least Bell’s vireo, willow flycatcher and yellow-billed cuckoo) and for conserving water and other ecosystem functions. In the Santa Clara River (SCR), millions of dollars are spent on riparian restoration, removing invasive taxa such as giant reed (Arundo donax) and replacing them with native woodlands. It is unknown if PSHB is currently present in riparian systems of Ventura County or whether these systems are at-risk for future attack. In addition to the threat posed to riparian trees, beetles may be harbored in these systems and later attack nearby economic trees. We will establish and monitor a network of detection traps in riparian systems, and at the interface between riparian and adjacent agricultural areas, for the SCR and other key riparian systems in Ventura County to provide early detection of new PSHB infestations.

Thomas Dudley 12/12/2016 to 3/31/2019 $200,000 Cal EPA Water Control Board 16-023-140 Freshwater Mussel Assessment for Ventura/Los Angeles Region Unionid mussels are known to be sensitive to ammonia so this taxonomic group, with many locally and globally endangered species, warrant special attention with respect to USEPA’s recommendations for water quality criteria to protect aquatic life from acute and chronic exposure to ammonia in freshwater ecosystems. The specific objectives of the project will – • Evaluate existing literature and archival material to better establish historical distributions, environmental conditions and taxonomic composition of native unionids in order to guide field studies and interpret results. • Carry out field surveys (snorkel/visual observations, benthic sampling, etc. as needed) for the target species. • Collect water samples from field sites in order to characterize current water quality status for ammonia and other nutrients, and analyze the presence of DNA from the target species.

62 Thomas Dudley 4/01/2016 to 4/30/2019 $200,000 Cal EPA Water Control Board 16-023-140 Freshwater Mussel Assessment for Ventura/Los Angeles Region Unionid mussels are known to be sensitive to ammonia so this taxonomic group, with many locally and globally endangered species, warrant special attention with respect to USEPA’s recommendations for water quality criteria to protect aquatic life from acute and chronic exposure to ammonia in freshwater ecosystems. The specific objectives of the project will – • Evaluate existing literature and archival material to better establish historical distributions, environmental conditions and taxonomic composition of native unionids in order to guide field studies and interpret results. • Carry out field surveys (snorkel/visual observations, benthic sampling, etc. as needed) for the target species. • Collect water samples from field sites in order to characterize current water quality status for ammonia and other nutrients, and analyze the presence of DNA from the target species.

Thomas Dudley 4/01/2016 to 4/02/2018 $168,183 National Fish and Wildlife Foundation 0806.17.055495 Using Environmental DNA to Map the Distributions of Aquatic Species in Areas within and near the Zaca, Piru, and Jesusita Fire Scars We plan to use environmental DNA to determine presence of selected species of management interest in streams affected by the Zaca, Piru, and Jesusita fires. To achieve this, water samples will be taken from intermittent and perennial streams within these wildfire scar areas as well from nearby reference streams. DNA will be obtained using vacuum filtration and phenol-chloroform extraction. The presence of target species’ DNA will be evaluated using quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction with species-specific primers. Results will be sued to map the distribution of target species and will be compared to data on the history, intensity and areal extent of wildfire in surrounding areas.

Thomas Dudley 10/01/2017 to 6/30/2019 $124,972 National Fish and Wildlife Foundation 0808.17.057447 Evaluation and Biological Control of IFire-promoting Invasive Riparian Plants in LPNF River Systems Invasive plants in riparian systems, esp. non-native tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) and giant reed (Arundo donax), degrade habitat for biodiversity, and alter fire regimes by increasing ignition risks and subsequent fire severity and spread. We will assess the current status of these and other potentially fire-promoting weedy species in and adjacent to Angeles NF riparian systems, and develop management prescriptions based on a set of prioritization criteria. In particular, we will implement biological control measures for these and other weedy taxa for which agents have been approved by USDA-APHIS, and participate in development of biocontrol for other target weeds. Tamarisk biocontrol with D. carinulata will be implemented, and a monitoring program established to document its impact to invasive Tamarix and the responses of other plants and ecosystem elements to weed suppression. Arundo biocontrol with the two candidate agents will be implemented if feasible. We will prepare brochures and online information, along with meeting with agency representatives and citizen organizations, to enhance understanding of the process of weed biocontrol and the relative costs and benefits of biocontrol implementation as an alternative to herbicide use. This will be done in the context of our CalEPA-sponsored Calif. Alliance for Tamarix Biocontrol program for extending weed suppression to tamarisk-infested systems across California.

63 Jenifer Dugan, Robert Miller 4/1/2015 to 3/31/2019 $1,027,987 J Carter Ohlmann National Science Foundation OCE-1458845 Linking Nearshore Kelp Forest Dynamics to Sandy Beach Ecosystems Overview: Page A The proposed research seeks to understand trophic connectivity between a donor ecosystem, kelp forests, and a recipient ecosystem, sandy beaches, with two primary goals: 1) an evaluation of how variation in kelp wrack input affects patterns and processes in beach ecosystems and 2) a quantitative understanding of trophic connectivity through physical transport and input of drift kelp from kelp forests to sandy beaches. The project begins with two years of intensive work at a well-studied kelp forest, Mohawk Reef, and 10 km of adjacent coastline, where we will measure community structure over time in response to variability in kelp inputs. To assess effects of variation in wrack input on ecosystem function, we will measure kelp consumption and secondary production rates of consumers. We will directly observe kelp fate and transport from Mohawk Reef using complimentary approaches: 1) tracking kelp plants tagged using GPS; and 2) tagging large numbers of kelp plants (2000) with ’drift cards’. Ending distributions of recovered drift cards and drifter tracks along the shoreline will then be computed. These data will be used to inform and validate a kelp forest-to-beach drift kelp transport model based on numerical simulations of coastal surface currents from the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS). Using predicted kelp beaching rates from this model run regionally, we will then survey community structure and kelp wrack at a larger set of beaches spanning 100 km of the southern California shoreline to test the generality of our results. This combination of fate and transport observations, beach sampling, and modeling will allow characterization of temporal variability in kelp resource inputs and the consequences of this variability for community structure and function of recipient beach ecosystems.

Jenifer Dugan 5/1/2009 to 12/31/2017 $37,500 California Coastal Commission SB090092 Evaluating Status and Trends in California’s Sandy Beach Ecosystem California’s beaches are highly valued for recreation and tourism. Less appreciated is the role of beaches as ecosystems that support unique and rich biodiversity. The fate of California’s beaches in the face of rising sea levels and continuing population growth prompts this research. This research project will investigate ecological changes in sandy beach ecosystems in southern California over the past 30 years and evaluate potential causes using comparisons of historic and modern information on ecological communities of beaches. This project will calibrate historically used and modern sampling methods, collect new data at a subset of historically sampled beach sites and archive the historic and more recent physical and ecological data needed to evaluate the status and trends in biodiversity and ecological conditions of sandy beach ecosystems in California. These comparisons will be used to provide baseline information needed for management and assessment of the impacts of climate change and human activities on sandy beach ecosystems.

Jenifer Dugan 2/1/2014 to 3/31/2017 $45,000 UC Sea Grant College Program R/MPA-38D The Ecological State of Northern California’s Sandy Beaches and Surf Zones: A Baseline Characterization for MPA Northern California’s coast has many long and pocket beaches located within the boundaries of the region’s newly established MPAs. These ecosystem elements have regionally important ecological, cultural, recreational and commercial facets and are important indicators of coastal ecosystem health. The objective of this project is to provide a comprehensive baseline assessment of the biodiversity, structure and ecosystem state of sandy beaches and surf zones at the time of MPA implementation. We will 1) provide the first comprehensive, baseline description of the diversity and community structure of northern California’s sandy beaches and surf zones (including wrack, macroinvertebrates, surf zone fishes and marine birds, as well as people and their activities); 2)

64 collaborate with Smith River Rancheria and train tribal interns in monitoring methods and species identification to conduct baseline ecosystem assessment and long-term monitoring of culturally important species in their ancestral territories; 3) engage local environmental educators, schools and community volunteers (e.g., Mattole Restoration Council, Mattole Triple Junction High School, the Mattole Union Elementary School (grades 4-8) Mendocino High School), including recreational fishers (Humboldt Area Saltwater Anglers Association, Recreational Fishing Alliance), county/ state agencies (Humboldt Bay Harbor Recreation and Conservation District, Mendocino Fish and Game Commission, California Department Fish and Wildlife), and commercial fishers (California Commercial Beach Fishermen’s Association) to help with sandy beach and surf zone monitoring; and 4) interpret the important ecological links among sandy beach species for use in evaluating the effectiveness of northern California’s MPAs in conserving the structure and function of sandy beach ecosystems.

Jenifer Dugan 6/05/2017 to 12/31/2017 $7,500 California Department of Fish & Wildlife 6600 PCA 57350 Refugio Oil Spill NRDA Shoreline Research Plan, coordinate and conduct field surveys and collect biotic samples of sandy beach shorelines that provide data and information for the Refugio Oil Spill NRDA.

Jenifer Dugan 5/1/2018 to 4/30/19 $5,000 California Department of Fish and Wildlife P1775043 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Exposures using Talitrids Study Objectives: Plan, coordinate and collect biotic samples of intertidal biota using clean techniques. Provide the live animal culturing expertise and training needed to conduct a bioassay experiment on the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on intertidal talitrid amphipods. Task to be accomplished include: 1) Collect samples of adult talitrid amphipods for use in tissue analysis from a to be determined beach location along the coast of California, These samples of intertidal biota will be collected using clean techniques for tissue analysis and transmitted for to a laboratory for analysis using appropriate COC and handling protocols. 2) Establish laboratory culturing and bioassay testing techniques and set up replicated culture vessels for talitrid amphipods for use in a laboratory bioassay experiment to be conducted at the Granite Canyon Research Facility in Monterey, CA. 3) Collect live samples of adult talitrid amphipods from an uncontaminated site using clean techniques that will be suitable for use in laboratory bioassay experiments.

Erika Eliason Parsons 9/1/2017 to 6/1/2019 $145,730 National Fish and Wildlife Foundation 0808.17.057446 Using environmental DNA to Map the presence of aquatic species of interest in watersheds within and near the Copper, Ranch and Sayre fire scars Environmental DNA analysis is an inexpensive and highly effective tool for assessing the presence of aquatic species within watersheds. Sampling streams within and near the Copper, Ranch, and Sayre fire scars will further current knowledge of both native and invasive species distributions in relation to fire history. This knowledge will allow important questions concerning ecosystem responses to fires to be addressed and inform appropriate management actions to recover listed species and suppress invasive species.

65 Erika Eliason Parsons 5/9/2016 to 5/8/2021 $268,500 USDA Forest Service 16-CS-11050700-007 Evaluating the Status of South Central and Southern California Steelhead Populations and Stream Habitat Conditions on the LPNF through Data Acquisition and Analysis There are many resource management issues facing the United States Forest Service (USFS) in southern California. These include fire and fuels management, climate change vulnerability and adaptation, and ecological restoration. The 2015-2020 USFS Strategic Plan highlights the importance of fostering resilient, adaptive ecosystems and this effort includes adopting management activities aimed at reducing the effects of wildfire, climate change, and non-native species on natural resources, as well as restoring watersheds for the protection of water resources and the aquatic biota. Despite the USFS’s commitment to long-term conservation of its lands, there is a need for on-the-ground monitoring and data collection to generate knowledge regarding the state and trajectories of aquatic resources to USFS lands in southern California. In a joint effort to better serve vital applied ecological science needs, the Los Padres National Forest (LPNF) and the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) will enter into a Cooperative Agreement to enhance capacity, and provide analytical and field monitoring support to the LPNF through hands-on training of graduate and undergraduate students.

Steven Gaines, Karly Miller 8/1/2017-1/31/2019 $12,860 National Science Foundation 1735886 Doctoral Dissertation Research: Assessing the effects of tourism development on small- scale fisheries This research investigates the human-environment interactions of tourism development in rural coastal communities, specifically asking how tourism development affects small-scale fisheries. The goal of this proposal is to use qualitative research methods to investigate: (1) How the availability of alternative livelihoods changes fishing behavior, (2) How the presence of tourists changes the demand and local consumption of seafood, and (3) How these changes affect community and household socio-economic status, food security, and marine resource impact. Through interviews, participant-observation, and archival research this study will probe the directionality and causality of relationships that emerged during previous fieldwork conducted by K.M. Miller. This proposal hypothesizes that tourism development leads to an increase in seafood demand and a decrease in fishing effort in the community, leading to possible intensification, and ultimate displacement of effort to neighboring communities and international markets. This will be accompanied by an average increase in socio-economic status and food security, but as inequality increases with development, it will also mean that some families experience decreasing nutrition and food security as seafood becomes more expensive to acquire.

Steven Gaines 1/1/2018-12/31/2018 $31,594 Conservation International Foundation SB180117-Task1 TASK 1 : Guiding Sustainable Aquaculture: Developing Policy and Planning Guidance for Governments and Business The Sustainable Fisheries Group at the University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB) will support a collaborative project with Conservation International (CI) and the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership (SFP) on developing governance guidelines on best practices in aquaculture policy and regulation for government agencies, production industries and supply chain businesses in Indonesia. Aquaculture has grown substantially in the last few decades and will continue to grow with rising seafood demand. Appropriate and effective governance of this sector has lagged behind this growth, often leading to a degraded environment and jeopardizing this sector’s sustainability. Science-based, effective governance guidelines on how to best regulate and manage the aquaculture industry are needed urgently. This is especially true in Indonesia, the world’s second largest aquaculture producer.

66 Our joint team will review key scientific and technical guidance for zonal aquaculture management, analyze applicable legal and policy systems in Indonesia, and strengthen relationships between critical Indonesian government, communities and private sector partners. Our team will provide actionable guidance, enabling government and private sector partners to develop a responsible and sustainable aquaculture sector in Indonesia. UCSB efforts will be primarily focused on supporting the development and synthesis of scientific and technical guidance guidelines for two critical areas: 1) spatial planning of aquaculture and 2) interactions between marine aquaculture and wild fisheries, but they may also broadly contribute to the project. Specific responsibilities include: • Participate in virtual and, if possible, in-person meetings with CI, SFP, Indonesia government and/or other project participants to discuss project development, direction, and deliverables and advise on any guideline development. • Review and synthesize scientific and technical guidance for key issues elatedr to aquaculture spatial planning and siting and interactions between marine fisheries and aquaculture sectors. • Co-develop a white paper with SFP that outlines best practices for aquaculture governance and actionable scientific guidance for the planning and implementation of aquaculture management, focused on leading content related to aquaculture spatial planning and siting and interactions between marine fisheries and aquaculture sectors. • Support the development of two summary documents with SFP for government and supply chain stakeholders on the key findings of the white paper. • Participate in key stakeholder meetings to review the findings and guidelines of the white paper and advise on a blueprint for pilot implementation phase of this project.

Steven Gaines 7/1/2015 to 12/31/2017 $268,750 Ocean Conservancy SB150168 Reimagining Fishery Management: A Joint Project to Identify Breakthrough Approaches to Fisheries Management During the grant period, SFG, under the direction of Project PI Steve Gaines, will work collaboratively with other members of the Project Team to develop the human-ecosystem coupled fishery model. The UCSB-SFG team will include one full-time post-doctoral researcher and two additional team members providing part-time research and project management support. UCSB-SFG will be responsible for providing fisheries modeling expertise and data support leading to the development of the human-ecosystem coupled model, including participation in the following activities: • Model development o Furnish fisheries data, including leading renewal of data access agreements as necessary. o Support literature reviews and data collection. • Policy simulation o In partnership with Oxford University, develop a tightly coupled scope of work for hypothesis development and testing through a variety of analytic approaches. o Identify and develop innovative hypotheses for testing around faster, cheaper, simpler fisheries management strategies or indicators. o Furnish details on expected outcomes, testing parameters, etc. to Project team. o Test innovative hypotheses (using a variety of analytical approaches including first- principles, conventional bio-economic modeling). • Model verification and validation o Support validation and verification of model results through comparison with alternative analyses and first principles. For example, if machine learning within theABM produces a novel policy recommendation, we would explore its mechanistic basis (i.e., why it works) in order to make a convincing case for putting this policy into practice.

67 • On-going o Documentation of SFG-led processes and outcomes, including comparative analyses. o Co-author scholarly articles and other papers as agreed to by team. o Participate in team calls, in-person meetings, and workshops as requested with the Project Team. o Review project plans and documents to provide comment and recommendations. o Provide other project support functions as needed.

David Herbst 6/15/2017 to 5/30/2018 $25,200 California Trout, Inc SB170147 Prioritizing Meadow Restoration for Kern River Rainbow Trout Recovery Assessment of stream macroinvertebrate biological integrity in various meadow streams, and before/ after restoration actions. Field sampling invertebrates, laboratory sorting, identification and counting of preserved samples, data compilation, analysis of pattern and relationships to other measures of meadow and riparian structure and function, testing of hypotheses related to expected results, preparation of sub-report within framework of project.

David Herbst 9/1/2015 to 8/31/2018 $174,636 AMEC (Great Britain) C013105571 Biomonitoring of Leviathan Creek Watershed for Fall 2015 Scope of Work. Tasks are partitioned by season of collection (September 2015 in this case), with completion of each subtask at the listed task deliverable date: Task 1: September 2015 Leviathan Creek field sampling for biomonitoring of stream condition, consisting of 5 replicate samples collected at each of 7 Leviathan Creek monitoring stations (35 total samples). Field protocols will be as detailed in previous biomonitoring reports, taking each replicate as 3 combined riffle areas of 1 square foot collected each for each sample, using a 250 micron mesh D-frame net, processed in the field to remove organic debris, gravel and sand (elutriated from buckets, serial washed and sorted in trays). Sample preservation in ethanol in 500 mL containers. Work to be performed by David Herbst and Bruce Medhurst of the University of California, Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory (SNARL) during week of September 21, 2015. Deliverable: sample collections log sheet of dates and sites. Due Date: September 30, 2015. Task 2: September 2015 Leviathan Creek Aquatic Invertebrate Sample Processing, Identifications and Enumerations: David Herbst and Bruce Medhurst of SNARL will perform laboratory work for macroinvertebrate processing, sorting, identifications and counts from 5 replicate samples collected at each of 7 Leviathan Creek monitoring stations (35 total). These data will support preparation of annual reporting updates as conforms with previously prepared reports by the Contractor. SubTask 2.1: Sample processing September 2015 samples. Sample processing will include sample homogenization, subsampling, removal of invertebrates from stream debris, and preliminary sorting into taxonomic groups. Quality control includes checks on sample processing (splits, count minimum), condition of specimens, removal efficiency, and sample coding for each of the collections from the Leviathan Creek watershed. • Deliverables: Processing log sheets. • Due date: no later than June 30, 2016. (anticipated March 31, 2016) SubTask 2.2: September 2015 Bioassessment Data Benthic macroinvertebrate (BMI) identifications from sorted samples will be made to the lowest taxonomic level consistent with previous Leviathan data (usually genus or species), including small midges and mites requiring use of slide mounts and 400X compound microscope. All sample identifications will incorporate quality control for taxonomy and counts through confirmations both by the primary lab taxonomist (Herbst) and cross-checks by staff of the Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory (Medhurst). The Contractor will compile data in Excel spreadsheet format for Leviathan stream BMI counts and taxonomic identities consistent with existing biomonitoring data from Leviathan Creek watershed, and submit to AMEC, AR, US EPA and US ACE contacts.

68 Scott Hodges 8/01/2015 to 7/31/2018 $463,579 National Science Foundation 1456317 Collaborative Research: The Aquilegia Petal as a Model for the Elaboration and Evolution All plants build their bodies via the repetitive production of a small number of fundamental building blocks, one of which is the lateral determinate organ. While many aspects of lateral organ development appear to be highly conserved, there exists enormous morphological variation both within the plant body and among flowering plant taxa. In order to understand the basis for this variation, we need to address a series of questions: How does the interplay of cell division and expansion sculpt organ shape? How is complex shape generated from a developmental perspective and what genes control these processes? How do novel organ shapes first evolve? What types of developmental and genetic changes are associated with morphological variation between taxa? The dramatic development of the Aquilegia nectar spur, a complex three dimensional structure that is both recently evolved and highly variable between species, provides a rich context to investigate all of these fundamental questions. The specific aims of the current proposal are: 1) Elucidate major players in spur development from genetic, hormonal and biomechanic perspectives. 2) Use high- resolution genetic mapping approaches to identify additional genes controlling the initiation, length and shape of the petal spur. 3) Use evolutionary genomic and functional approaches to identify selective sweeps associated with nectar spur development. The initial analysis of the development and evolution of the Aquilegia petal spur demonstrates that it can serve as a powerful model for investigating the control and evolution of complex organ shape. In this case, an early phase of localized, oriented cell divisions create the prepatterned spur cup, which is then followed by a period of highly anisotopic cell elongation that gives rise to the final length and shape of the spur. Among the closely related and interfertile species of Aquilegia, variation in spur length and shape is generated by changing several developmental parameters: length is primarily controlled by cell anisotropy, which is in turn controlled by the duration of cell elongation; curvature is generated by varying cell elongation between the distal vs. proximal compartments of the spur; and circumference is controlled both by changes in cell anisotropy and cell number in the radial orientation. Thus, if the development and evolution of Aquilegia spurs can be understood, we will gain insight into all of these fundamental aspects of lateral organ development, which can provide new perspectives on the evolution of lateral organs more broadly across the angiosperms. The proposed Aims seek to integrate multiple lines of study drawn from the fields of developmental genetics, evolutionary genomics/genetics, and biophysics. Specifically, we will seek to understand the fundamental genetic control of petal spur development, explore the roles of hormonal signaling and biomechanical strain in controlling spur development, and use QTL-based approaches to identify the genes involved in the diversification of spur shape. Broader Impacts: This proposal brings together a range of techniques drawn from development, molecular genetics, evolutionary genomics and biophysics, creating a unique training opportunity for postdoctoral, graduate and undergraduate students. PI Kramer is working with Science Club for Girls (http://scienceclubforgirls.org/) to develop a research experience that would be based on performing VIGS and characterizing resultant phenotypes. These projects would involve morphological studies, RNA preparation, and qRT-PCR analyses. All students will, at the very least, prepare their own first author manuscripts for the Journal of Emerging Investigators (JEI; http:// emerginginvestigators.org/). PI Hodges will employ groups of 6-8 undergraduates for phenotyping of F2 individuals using a range of microscopy and imaging analysis techniques. Students will be encouraged to identify additional phenotypes segregating in the F2 population and create their own mapping project for this trait. Upon completion of the project, they will be mentored through writing the work up for publication, whether in a primary scientific journal or JEI. Special efforts will be made to recruit female and underrepresented minority students to this research program.

Gretchen Hofmann 10/1/2013 to 9/30/2018 $510,394 National Science Foundation PLR-1246202 Ocean Acidification Seascape: Linking Natural Variability and Anthropogenic Changes in pH and Temperature to Performance in Calcifying Antarctic Marine Invertebrates

69 Intellectual Merit: Ocean acidification (OA) has emerged as a major research area in the study of marine ecosystems and ocean change. From an organismal perspective, the goal of the research community has been to identify the physiological tolerances and/or vulnerabilities of key calcifying marine organisms. However, in most cases, the present-day pH/pCO2 dynamics that most marine organisms experience in their respective habitats are relatively unknown. This is a significant data gap as the resilience of organisms is closely related to the physical conditions to which they are adapted. Thus, data regarding the ‘OA seascape” would greatly facilitate organismal research; laboratory experiments could be performed in an environmental context and investigators would have a better baseline from which to project pH dynamic changes in the future that are driven by anthropogenic ocean acidification. The central focus of the current proposal is to better frame the study of the response of Antarctic marine organisms to OA conditions by measuring the annual pH dynamics in Antarctic coastal waters and performing organismal experiments that are parameterized using these field observations. The project has two main activities: (1) we will deploy autonomous pH sensors called SeaFETs in four sites in McMurdo Sound and at a nearshore Palmer site (the Palmer LTER Station A) in order to continuously record pH time series data; the sensors can be programmed to record all year and can be deployed on the benthos, below the sea ice and will not be interfered with by changes in sea ice coverage; (2) using these field observations of annual variation in pH dynamics, we will perform lab experiments using environmentally relevant pHs and pCO2 to study the resilience and tolerance of a key marine invertebrate, the Antarctic pteropod Limacina helicina antarctica. In these lab experiments, we will also examine the interaction of ocean warming and ocean acidification, two potentially interacting anthropogenic stressors that could drive ocean change in the future. For the pteropod exposure studies and temperature x CO2 combinations, we will measure the following: (1) examination of shell morphology using calcein staining, (2) oxygen consumption via respirometry as an indirect measure of metabolic rate, (3) organismal thermotolerance, and (4) gene expression patterns 454 pyrosequencing to obtain a normalized and annotated library of sequences following by the use of custom microarrays that are prepared using sequence data from the pteropod 454 sequence data. Importantly, the proposed research represents a new development in ‘biophysical coupling’ studies in Antarctic ecosystems research, and brings relatively new ocean sensor technology to Antarctic marine ecosystem science. The project also provides multidisciplinary training for postdoctoral researchers and graduate students in the study of global change biology of the Antarctic marine ecosystem. Broader Impacts: In addition to supporting the training of undergraduates, graduate students and postdoctoral researchers, we plan to have a significant informal public education element in this project. In collaboration with the Aquarium of the Pacific (AOP) in Long Beach, California, we plan to contribute to their education and outreach activities. The AOP recently opened an exhibit on polar ecosystems -entitled “Arctic & Antarctic: Our Polar Regions in Peril” and we plan to contribute to the development of materials for the Antarctic portion of the exhibit. The major focus of the polar exhibit is climate change and the public audience for the materials is large. In addition, in 2010, the Aquarium staff served 219,000 students in outreach classroom activities; these are on-site classroom activities for visiting K-12 students from the Los Angeles metro area. We will work to engage these students via live feeds, guest teaching and lectures by lab members, and by using our research results to create teaching materials for these on-site teaching events.

Gretchen Hofmann, Alice Nguyen 3/15/2017 to 2/29/2020 $252,467 National Science Foundation 1659835 REU Site: Ocean Global Change Biology The proposed site REU will provide research experiences for students from under-represented groups with particular attention to recruitment of undergraduates from groups under-represented in STEM, at institutions ranging from community colleges to 4-year liberal arts colleges. Using an interdisciplinary research, the OGCB project will contribute to creating a generation of scientists with greater knowledge in global change biology. Given that communicating climate science is simultaneously becoming more important for the nation, and also more problematic in terms of clarity and communication style with public audiences, we have included an activity that will

70 increase the communication skills of the OGCB participants. This project will include a science communication workshop facilitated by the PI. Finally, this program will provide the junior researchers with skills to connect their work in science to other groups affected by climate change, for example, local fisherman and shellfish growers. Thus, the proposed OGCB project provides hands-on experiences in addressing real-world problems.

Gretchen Hofmann 3/15/2017 to 2/29/2020 $773,593 National Science Foundation 1655262 Mechanisms of Physiological Plasticity in Early Stage Marine Invertebrates – An Epigenetic Perspective with a Global Change Focus The conceptual framework of the proposed research is grounded in the “genome to phenome” concept as we plan to investigate mechanisms that contribute to rapid shifts in organismal physiological capacities in response to environmental change – mechanisms that would alter physiological capacities on ecological rather than evolutionary time scales. Our model system is the purple sea urchin, both adults and early life history stages, and we will focus on two processes that could account for changes in physiological plasticity: (1) intra-generational effects where the genome of the developing embryo or larvae is altered to affect the phenotype, and (2) transgenerational plasticity or context dependent inheritance (aka maternal effects). Our goal is to use an epigenetic perspective to explore the physiological plasticity we have observed in the early life history stages of the purple urchin in response to variation in abiotic factors such as pH, temperature and hypoxia.

Sally Holbrook, Deron Burkepile, 3/1/2016 to 2/28/2018 $199,988 Russell J. Schmitt National Science Foundation 1619697 RAPID: How Does Nutrient Availability Alter Coral Bleaching, Mortality, and Recovery on Moorea Coral Reefs? Overview: The predicted worldwide coral bleaching event of 2015-16 provides an unparalleled opportunity to leverage the Moorea Coral Reef (MCR) LTER site to (1) test explicit hypotheses regarding the influence of human- versus fish-derived nutrients in altering the susceptibility of three major genera of corals to bleaching, (2) map island-wide patterns of bleaching onto landscape scale patterns of nutrient availability, and (3) ultimately link these short-term patterns to longer- term consequences to resilience of the benthic community and rates of key ecosystem processes. This RAPID proposal will enable scientists associated with the MCR LTER to obtain crucial “pre- bleaching” data from field surveys and satellite imagery that will be paired with subsequent “post- bleaching” data to explore bleaching patterns in relation to gradients in nutrient availability on the reef complex that surrounds Moorea. In addition, RAPID funds will be used to initiate a field experiment prior to the warm-water anomaly to explicitly test the hypothesis that different forms of nitrogen will have contrasting effects on the bleaching probability a coral colony. Intellectual Merit: Nutrient enrichment is a major anthropogenic force altering coastal ecosystems worldwide, particularly in oligotrophic systems such as coral reefs. Based on differences in how ammonium versus nitrate enrichment affect the physiology of corals, some coral reef biologists have speculated that under stress, nitrate enrichment from anthropogenic sources should weaken the coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis, whereas recycled nitrogen excreted by reef fishes could be beneficial. Thus, different forms of nitrogen (nitrate vs. ammonium) and different sources of nutrients (fish- derived vs. anthropogenic) can have fundamentally different effects on coral biology, which may lead to contrasting effects on how they alter the susceptibility of coral to bleaching from warm-water anomalies. Further, spatial heterogeneity in nutrient availability could shape landscape scale patterns in the intensity of bleaching and subsequent community consequences. Thus our proposed research will assess the interaction of two major global change drivers on coral reefs - elevated sea surface temperature and nutrient pollution. Broader Impacts: Results from this work can inform resource managers and policy makers regarding the effects of nitrogen enrichment in two different forms (nitrate vs. ammonium) from two different

71 sources (human- vs. fish-derived) on altering the probability different types of corals will bleach during a major warm-water anomaly. Human activities can enhance nitrate pollution directly, and lower ammonium enrichment indirectly (via fishing or destruction of nursery habitat), both of which might adversely affect corals by increasing the probability they will bleach during warm-water events. As such, the project can provide much-needed information about how human activities can impact coral reefs around Moorea that will help inform local risk-reduction strategies and planning for sustainable development. Results will be presented to the Government of French Polynesia, as well as to other Tahitian stakeholders via meetings held with the local community at the Te Pu Atiti’a Center on Moorea. Outcomes also will be incorporated into MCR’s ongoing LTER School Yard and other outreach and public education activities. With respect to training, two MCR LTER graduate students will assist with the initial (RAPID) phase of the project, and we anticipate that several more will become involved in follow-on studies conducted as part of the MCR LTER program.

Sally Holbrook 9/15/2017 to 2/28/2022 $1,600,000 National Science Foundation 1714704 CNH-L: Multiscale dynamics of coral reef fisheries: feedbacks between fishing practices, livelihood strategies, and shifting dominance of coral and algae Overview: Millions of coastal dwellers rely on coral reef fisheries for food, income, and their personal and cultural identities, yet reefs are under threat worldwide as corals are increasingly replaced by macroalgae. Although overfishing of herbivorous fish has been identified as one of the key drivers behind coral to algae transitions, we have little understanding of the feedbacks and interrelations between fishing practices, coral reef livelihoods, and spatial patterns of coral and algal dominance. In this project we propose to bring cutting-edge techniques together in an integrated social, ecological, and modeling research program centered on the coral reef fishery of Moorea, French Polynesia. The research will be groundbreaking in that it will employ newly available high resolution (<1m) satellite imagery to provide comprehensive spatio-temporal data on shifts between coral and algae in Moorea’s lagoons, complemented by fisher-led, participatory data collection techniques where local reef fishers use GPS enabled smartphones to document where they fish and what they catch. Livelihoods, social networks, and fish flow analyses will help reveal the adaptive capacity and livelihood strategies of households and communities who face fluctuating fishing opportunities and provision of seafood. This social and ecological work will be combined in spatially explicit models and analyses that explore how ecological dynamics and fisher decision-making processes jointly drive spatial dynamics on coral reefs. Intellectual Merit: Coral reefs in the lagoons of Moorea are comprised of a patchwork of coral and macroalgae whose shifting dominance has broad implications. Understanding the mechanisms causing reefs to transition from coral to algal dominance is one of the most pressing issues facing those who use or manage coral reef systems. The role of herbivores in preventing these transitions is commonly acknowledged, as is the importance of fishing on herbivores, but the factors that drive fishing effort and behavior are poorly understood. In particular, the broader adaptive capacity of these social-ecological systems is determined by factors such as available livelihood opportunities, unequal access to resources and command over ecological services, and the structure of networks through which information and resources are shared. In addition, both ecological and human dynamics in these systems are spatially structured and fluctuate through time. Understanding feedbacks between these components requires accounting for the spatial dynamics of ecological interactions and human behavior. By capitalizing on recent advances in satellite technology, inexpensive smartphones, and innovative ecological, social network, and modeling techniques this research program will reveal how fishing links the physical landscape with the landscape of social interactions, and reveal unique insights into the dynamic interrelations of the system. Broader Impacts: We will provide an exceptional integrative training environment for six graduate students, two postdoctoral researchers and numerous undergraduates who will gain experience in ecology, social science, and modeling. Graduate students and post-doctoral researchers will attend our fisher community workshops at the Te Pu Atitia Center on Moorea, and participate in the Moorea Coral Reef LTER All Investigator Meeting held annually at UC Santa Barbara. K-12 outreach activities

72 will occur in both the U.S. and in Moorea; by partnering with teachers, we will develop multilingual curricula for California and Moorea elementary schools based on the new LTER Schoolyard series book “Kupe and the Corals”. Our project will improve local capacity for monitoring, data collection and fishery management. We will foster interaction between local Moorea institutions and between local institutions and others (e.g., the Territorial government, the international science community) by (1) skill building at the community level through training and collaborative science and learning and (2) fisher and community workshops on Moorea to enhance understanding and interest in coral reef co- management. Capacity building will be further enhanced via our long-term partnerships with local NGOs. The proposed research will also be of direct value to coral reef conservation and management practitioners, yielding insights into sustainably managing similar systems across the Pacific region and into the processes that determine the spatial dynamics of coral reefs worldwide.

Debora Iglesias-Rodriguez, 1/1/2014 to 12/31/2018 $494,091 Mark Brzezinski, Craig Carlson, Uta Passow, David Valentine National Science Foundation OCE-1337400 MRI: Acquisition of a Flow Sorter Cytometer to Advance Marine Research and Education Intellectual Merit: The MRI requested is a BD Influx sorter cytometer that enables the identification, enumeration and sorting of cells with subtle differences in their optical signatures. The novelty of this state-of-the-art instrument is its unparalleled modular system, sensitivity and sorting power, provided by its manual adjustment of detectors to distinguish varying ranges of spectral bands, fluorescence intensities and other optical parameters (e.g., polarized forward scatter). This instrument will revolutionize marine research and education at UCSB for the following reasons: Pushing the frontiers of microbial oceanography. Acquiring this instrument will enable building a flow cytometry facility (FCF) to test hypotheses where adaptable manual control of parameters (e.g., alignment of laser beams, detectors and filters) is required to (1) identify cells with subtle differences in their optical properties; and (2) sort cells/viruses for further genotyping/phenotyping. The PI has successfully used this approach to distinguish degrees of biomineralization between strains of the same species[1] that are differentially selected under climate stress. The Influx will make it possible to diagnose and forecast shifts in biogeochemically important functional types, by studying populations in a dynamic context. Synergy between disciplines: The broad range of questions and applications, using different cell types and diagnostic tools will stimulate cross-fertilization of ideas across UCSB and extended community. The FCF will be of tremendous benefit to seven research groups located in the Marine Science Institute, and the Depts. of Earth Science and Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology (EEMB). The PIs and broader teams will use the FCF extensively to pursue research on phytoplankton and bacterioplankton population physiology, ecology, biogeochemistry, genetics and evolution as well as host-virus interactions. Training the next generation of UCSB marine scientists: Iglesias-Rodriguez has funding for a technician, who will be trained to use and manage the FCF. The PI and two more EEMB technicians will also be trained by BD to coach the next generation of marine scientists. The FCF will represent a tremendous benefit to UCSB and its maximized use is guaranteed from the start given the large number of marine science programs, students and interested teams within and outside the UCSB marine community. Long-term maintenance of FCF state-of-the-art features: To guarantee the FCF success, it must benefit from new technological advances. Firstly, its modular system is ideally designed to incorporate new technology. Secondly, a close collaboration with Prof van den Engh, the inventor of the instrument, will ensure that its utility and development are maximized. He will work closely with the team in the research implementation or instrument development and the PI will submit regular feedback to BD. Broader Impacts: A series of research and teaching programs are planned or underway to investigate single-cell responses to their environment to quantitatively study microbial ecosystems. Acquiring

73 the BD Influx will profit from the Iglesias-Rodriguez’s lab success in distinguishing degrees of calcification between/within species that are key to marine carbon sequestration. Biomineralization will also be studied in silicate-producing phytoplankton using fluorescent probes. The BD Influx will also assist in elucidating the role of viral infections on microbial evolution and partitioning of organic carbon. Promoting state-of-the-art technology in research, teaching and training the broader community: As a research-lead institution, UCSB promotes bringing research into the classroom. A new undergraduate and postgraduate course: “Flow Cytometry Applications in Modern Microbial Oceanography” will be at the interface between bio-optics, microbial ecology and molecular biology and will equip the next generation of oceanographers with the modern tools to ask molecular, physiological, ecological, biogeochemical and evolutionary questions. We anticipate that 100 undergraduates, 20 postgraduates and 12 postdoctoral scientists will use the flow cytometry facility every year. Induction courses and a two-day workshop will be offered to UCSB and other Californian research institutions and industry. This program will impact directly on evolutionary biologists, biogeochemists, chemical and biological oceanographers and climate scientists, as well as providing advance to biomedical, marine biotechnology, private and public sectors and in outreach programs.

Kurt Ingeman, Adrian Stier 6/01/2018 to 5/31/2019 $89,318 Society for Conservation Biology SB180154 Top-down restoration: a food web perspective on enhancing recovery of over-fished species and reducing the social costs of marine conservation Conservation “wins” can sometimes create new tradeoffs and threaten broader conservation goals. For example, predator protection has produced some notable successes, yet growing predator populations can suppress and delay the recovery of prey that are themselves conservation priorities. These stalled prey recoveries can have dramatic social, economic, and ecological consequences; therefore, integrating predator-prey interactions into conservation plans to facilitate rapid and direct, whole ecosystem recoveries represents a vital conservation challenge. Coordinated, multispecies management may improve conservation outcomes and increase economic opportunities by employing adaptive predator harvest (culling) to accelerate simultaneous recovery of predators and prey. Yet, not all predator removals are effective and even when predator populations are reduced, they do not always produce the desired outcome. As such, the contexts in which predator removal will enhance recovery outcomes and the optimal application of predator control remain poorly understood. I propose to address this critical knowledge gap and advance ecosystem-based management for restoration of marine food webs by: 1) determining the empirical generality of top-down regulation of marine recoveries, 2) identifying contexts where predator harvest is predicted to enhance multispecies recovery, and 3) evaluating the utility of predator harvest within a high-profile case study of delayed species recovery. Working in collaboration with NOAA, I will first synthesize predator-prey time series of recoveries at multiple spatial scales from NE Pacific to identify the signature of top-down regulation in a marine ecosystem. Building on the results of this synthesis, I will construct a strategic model generalizing the effects of species traits, ecological context, and management decisions on the utility of predator removal for accelerating mutual recovery. In collaboration with NOAA and TNC, I will then apply this model to spatially-explicit data on the interaction between lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) and recovering rockfish species (Sebastes spp.) to evaluate the proposed selective lingcod harvest across large-scale environmental and ecological gradients, thereby building coalitions among organizations to support conservation science. My proposed research will simultaneously answer basic questions about the processes that drive variation in species recoveries and produce specific guidance for accelerating recoveries in a marine ecosystem, which I will integrate into existing and future management plans for conservation targets. This research will advance the leading edge of conservation science by integrating ecosystem-based principles into species recovery strategies. By applying community ecology theory to marine resource management, this research will allow practitioners to successfully manage the conservation tradeoffs inherent in restoring degraded marine food webs and will identify potential socio-ecological “win-win” scenarios.

74 Christopher Jerde 5/01/2017 to 9/30/2018 $45,585 University of Nevada UNR-17-70 Wonders of the Mekong in Cambodia Project The Wonders of the Mekong in Cambodia activity seeks to stimulate and inform a discussion about how to achieve the optimum balance of meeting current needs without diminishing future potential – in other words, how to make development more sustainable. The activity will conduct applied field research and develop communications products designed to increase the public’s and government’s valuation and conservation of the vital ecosystem services that the Mekong River, its watershed and biodiversity provide for the sustainable development of Southeast Asia and resilience to climate change. The results of multidisciplinary analyses will be used to produce a multimedia package of regional and international publications that encourage appreciation of the Mekong as a global asset, and that facilitate government, civil society, and private sector entities across the region to advocate for and pursue sustainable development options in the face of a changing climate. The activity will build a constituency for sustainable development options.

Christopher Jerde 1/01/2017 to 4/30/2019 $13,236 Great Lakes Fishery Commission WEL-77011 Uses and Limitations of Environmental DNA (eDNA) in Fisheries Management Great Lakes fishery managers require an objective understanding of potential uses and limitations of eDNA surveillance, and tradeoff’s of employing eDNA over more traditional survey methods. To meet needs of managers. We are proposing to develop a project that summarizes potential uses and limitations of environmental DNA in fishery management. The products developed during this project will also transparently acknowledge areas of scientific controversy, and compile resources to help manages make informed decisions about eDNA monitoring in their jurisdictions.

Roland Knapp 9/22/2015 to 7/31/2020 $289,549 USDI Fish and Wildlife Service F15AC00500 Treatment and Prevention of Infection by Bd in Two Species of Mountain Yellow-Legged Frogs There are approximately 22 R. sierra and R. muscosa populations in the Sierra Nevada that remain Bd-naïve. Thirteen of these occur within Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (SEKI) and the remainder occur on the adjacent Sierra, Sequoia, and Inyo National Forests. These populations comprise the largest remaining populations of both species, with population sizes commonly exceeding 1000 adults. As such, these populations are critically important for their role as donor populations for current and future frog conservation efforts. Unfortunately, based on current rates of Bd spread, all are expected to become Bd-positive and suffer serious declines or extirpations within the next 10 years. The severity of these declines can be mitigated using anti-BD treatments applied at the beginning of an epizootic, treatments that increase frog survival by allowing time for treated frogs to develop effective immune responses that subsequently render them much less susceptible to Bd. To allow effective treatments to be conducted, intensive monitoring (2+ site visits per summer) is necessary to detect Bd outbreaks at an early stage and quickly implement a treatment effort.

Roland Knapp 9/30/2016 to 9/30/2021 $70,500 USDI National Park Service P16AC01701 Critical Restoration Efforts to Recover Endangered Mountain Yellow-Legged Frogs in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks This project is anticipated to be conducted in two phases, subject to the availability of additional funds. Funding in this task agreement is for the initial phase of the project, in which investigators from UCSB and NPS staff will collaborate to accomplish the following specific objectives. This project is targeted at mitigating the effects of Bd on MYLF population persistence in SEKI, with a primary goal of using visual and CMR surveys and translocations to help stabilize dwindling populations or re-establish extirpated populations in up to two watersheds. The

75 following is a detailed description of each project component including: methods; and an indication of respective UCSB and NPS roles in the project execution, project schedule, and planned products (reports and datasets). 1) Conduct visual surveys (Crump and Scott 1994) of one moderate size population persisting with disease in one small pond with simple habitat to determine how many adult frogs (at least 40 mm in snout-vent length) can be safely collected for direct translocations to a nearby waterbody. 2) Conduct CMR surveys and disease monitoring at one small population that is struggling to survive with disease in a basin of complex habitat (several lakes, ponds, and streams).

Roland Knapp 6/10/2015 to 6/20/2020 $290,745 USDI National Park Service P15AC01412 Restoring Rare Frogs in Yosemite National Park The goal of this study is to expand the distribution of the endangered Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frog (Rana sierrae) in Yosemite National Park. This will be accomplished using translocations of adult frogs collected from populations that are persisting despite ongoing infection with the frog- killing chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Translocations will be conducted as carefully-monitored experiments to allow as much as possible to be learned from implementation of the conservation measures, and will include the following elements: (1) use of mark-recapture methods to describe the population sizes and trends of several naturally-occurring R. sierrae populations that may serve as sources of frogs for future translocations, (2) use of mark-recapture methods to describe the population sizes and trends of several frog populations that were established during previous translocations conducted between 2006 and 2014, (3) conduct several supplemental and new translocations to continue the effort to reestablish frog populations at several sites from with they were previously extirpated, and (4) conduct amphibian visual encounter surveys at additional sites to assess the status of particularly important populations. New potential source populations include those at Mono Pass, Unicorn Pond, and Gallison Basin. If these and other source populations are large enough to allow collection of adults, translocations and/or mark- recapture monitoring will be conducted at Skelton Lake, Miller Lake, Soldier Lake, Upper Mattie Lake, two South Lyell Lakes, Dog Lake, Ardeth Lake, Miwok Lake, Budd Lake, Gallison Basin, and Roosevelt Lake. To the extent possible, mark-recapture monitoring will be conducted using a robust design to allow the accurate estimation of frog population sizes.

Roland Knapp 4/15/2017 to 9/30/2018 $10,815 Oakland Zoo SB170145 Disease Assays for Frog Captive-Rearing Program – Oakland Zoo The Oakland Zoo participates in a broad range of public outreach and public service programs, including supporting the recovery of endangered amphibians in California by rearing animals in captivity. For the past five years, my laboratory at the Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory has been assisting the zoo in their efforts related to recovery of the endangered mountain yellow- legged frog (Rana muscosa, Rana sierra). During this time, we have collected early life stage animals for captive rearing and reintroduced captive-reared animals back into the wild. One of the major threats to the mountain yellow-legged frog is the amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis; Bd). This novel pathogen has been spread worldwide by global commerce and has caused the decline or extinction of hundreds of amphibian species. Given the high susceptibility of mountain yellow-legged frogs to this pathogen, as part of the captive- rearing protocol animals are frequently screened for the presence of Bd. Because the Bd assay requires highly specialized and expensive equipment that the zoo does not have access to, the zoo has requested the assistance of my laboratory in analyzing these samples. Samples will be analyzed at the microbial laboratory at the Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory (SNARL) using established protocols. This entails extraction of DNA from skin swabs,

76 and the use of real-time quantitative PCR to estimate Bd concentration. Samples will be analyzed within one week of receipt at SNARL. Sample results will be provided to the zoo in digital form, without any interpretation or analyses.

Roland Knapp 3/01/2017 to 8/31/2018 $17,850 San Francisco Zoo SB170112 Disease Assays for Frog Captive-Rearing Program- San Francisco Zoo The San Francisco Zoo participates in a broad range of public outreach and public service programs, including supporting the recovery of endangered amphibians in California by rearing animals in captivity. For the past five years, my laboratory at the Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory has been assisting the zoo in their efforts related to recovery of the endangered mountain yellow- legged frog (Rana muscosa, Rana sierra). During this time, we have collected early life stage animals for captive rearing and reintroduced captive-reared animals back into the wild. One of the major threats to the mountain yellow-legged frog is the amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis; Bd). This novel pathogen has been spread worldwide by global commerce and has caused the decline or extinction of hundreds of amphibian species. Given the high susceptibility of mountain yellow-legged frogs to this pathogen, as part of the captive-rearing protocol animals are frequently screened for the presence of Bd. Because the Bd assay requires highly specialized and expensive equipment that the zoo does not have access to, the zoo has requested the assistance of my laboratory in analyzing these samples. Samples will be analyzed at the microbial laboratory at the Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory (SNARL) using established protocols. This entails extraction of DNA from skin swabs, and the use of real-time quantitative PCR to estimate Bd concentration. Samples will be analyzed within one week of receipt at SNARL. Sample results will be provided to the zoo in digital form, without any interpretation or analyses.

Roland Knapp 4/15/2018 to 3/31/2019 $10,815 San Francisco Zoo SB180160 Disease Assays for Frog Captive-Rearing Program – San Francisco Zoo The San Francisco Zoo participates in a broad range of public outreach and public service programs, including supporting the recovery of endangered amphibians in California by rearing animals in captivity. For the past five years, my research group at the Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory has been assisting the zoo in their efforts related to recovery of the endangered mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa, Rana sierrae). During this time, we have collected early life stage animals for captive rearing and reintroduced captive-reared animals back into the wild. One of the major threats to the mountain yellow-legged frog is the amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis; Bd). This novel pathogen has been spread worldwide by global commerce and has caused the decline or extinction of hundreds of amphibian species. Given the high susceptibility of mountain yellow-legged frogs to this pathogen, as part of the captive-rearing protocol animals are frequently screened for the presence of Bd. Because the Bd assay requires highly specialized and expensive equipment that the zoo does not have access to, the zoo has requested my assistance in analyzing these samples. Samples will be analyzed at the Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory (SNARL) using established protocols. This entails extraction of DNA from skin swabs, and the use of real-time quantitative PCR to estimate Bd concentration. Samples will be analyzed within one week of receipt at SNARL. Sample results will be provided to the zoo in digital form, and additional interpretation and analysis of the results will be provided as necessary to aid the zoo in making husbandry decisions. During the next six months, I expect to analyze a total of 1,500 swabs for the zoo.

77 Roland Knapp 3/23/2017 to 10/31/2019 $195,000 Cal Department of Fish & Wildlife P1620105 Three Crucially Important Conservation Actions to Recovery R. sierra in the Northern Sierra During the 2016 Traditional Section 6 grant cycle CDFW successfully sponsored a grant to continue a research project undertaken by a UC Santa Barbara research to inform recovery of Federally Endangered Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frogs. Actions will be undertaken to reestablish three Rana sierra populations in the portion of the Desolation Wilderness managed by the Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit. This work will continue efforts conducted during 2013-16, that included translocations of adults and egg masses from the Rivendell source population (Eldorado National Forest) to Lake Lucille and/or Jabu Lake in 2013 and 2014, collection of eggs and/or metamorphs from the Rivendell source population in 2013 and 2014 for captive rearing at the San Francisco Zoo, and reintroduction of captive-reared adults to Lake Lucille and/or Tamarack Lack in 2014, 2015, and 2016. Insufficient time has elapsed to determine the outcome of these efforts. During the current project (11/1/2016 – 10/31/2019), we will continue efforts to establish self-sustaining R. sierra populations at Jabu Lake, Lake Lucille, and Tamarack Lake. This will be accomplished via translocations, and reintroductions of captive-reared frogs. All populations will be intensively monitored using capture- mark-recapture (CMR) methods. On completion, this project will provide key insights into the feasibility of restoring R. sierra to this portion of the Desolation Wilderness, allow comparisons of the success of frog translocation versus captive rearing/reintroduction, and make recommendations regarding recovery methods that should be considered in future R. sierra recovery efforts both in the Desolation Wilderness and across the species’ native range.

Roland Knapp 6/1/2016 to 5/31/2019 $142,733 USDI Geological Survey G16AC00220 Understanding and Ameliorating Predation on Reintroduced Mountain Yellow-legged Frogs by Terrestrial Gartersnakes in the Sierra Nevada Objective 1: Snake occurrence and abundance.— This work has two components: A) We will calculate the probability that gartersnakes occur at lakes that are also frog habitat using new and existing observational survey data of snake and amphibian occurrence. We will determine which ecological and environmental factors affect that probability, such as the abundance of MYL frogs, Sierran treefrogs (Pseudacris sierrae), or lake elevation. We predict a positive relationship between both frog species and snake occurrence, and a negative relationship between elevation and snake occurrence. B) We will monitor snake population size in frog-containing lakes using capture-mark-recapture methods. This work is important because it can guide future selection of MYL frog reintroduction sites, by indicating habitats where frogs may thrive but snakes are unlikely to occur. Objective 2: Gartersnake diet.— We will quantify the proportion of mountain gartersnake diet made up of MYL frogs versus other amphibians and other aquatic or terrestrial prey. We predict that MYL frogs form a majority of the mountain gartersnake diet. This is important because it clarifies the extent to which mountain gartersnakes are dependent on MYL frogs as prey, or whether they have a broad diet. This will indicate how likely snakes are to survive in the absence of MYL frogs. It is also important for later snake relocation work; knowing which resources are required by snakes will help us choose which lakes translocated snakes are released into. Objective 3: Snake translocations.— Concurrent with our ongoing MYL frog reintroduction work, we will remove snakes from lakes where frogs are released, and translocate snakes into frogless lakes. Snake recipient lakes will vary in their distance from source lakes and in the complexity of the intervening topography. All translocated snakes will be marked to enable us to measure how many return to frog-recipient sites. We predict that distance and topographical complexity will reduce the rate at which snakes return to frog-recipient sites; we also predict that snake removals will enhance

78 survival of released frogs and persistence of the reintroduced frog population. This work is important because it reduces one of the threats to reintroduced frog populations, and simul- taneously indicates whether this is a viable management action to enhance frog reintroduction success.

Roland Knapp 9/22/2015 to 7/31/2020 $194,000 USDI Fish & Wildlife Service F15AC00500 Preventing Extirpation of Frog Population Following Arrival of the Frog-killing Fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis During the summers of 2016, 2017, and 2018, personnel from the University of California-Santa Barbara Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory (SNARL) will visit approximately two-thirds (14-16) of the 22 Bd-naïve frog populations (Table 1), primarily those not in close proximity to SEKI’s current fish removal efforts. All sites will be visited 1-2 times per summer to assess their disease status. The remaining approximately one-third (6-8) of the sites will be visited by personnel from SEKI. During each visit, swabs will be collected from 10-20 frogs in each population (~1000 swabs total per year). Swabs will be analyzed within two weeks of collection using standard qPCR methods. Results from swabs will be used to plan subsequent site visits. If an outbreak is identified, a treatment will be implemented, led by personnel from SNARL, and assisted by personnel from SEKI. In addition, if conditions in certain populations warrant it, some early life stages (eggs, tadpoles, and/or juveniles) may be collected and transported to a zoo for captive rearing. These frogs would be raised to adulthood, infected with Bd to immunize them, cleared of infection, and then reintroduced into the population from which they were collected.

Armand Kuris, Ryan Hechinger, 8/1/2011 to 7/31/2017 $2,149,227 Kevin Lafferty National Science Foundation P13AC01131 Collaborative Research: Modeling Infectious Diseases: How much Ecological Complexity Must We Address? This project focuses on how ecological complexity influences infectious disease dynamics and how we should best go about predicting disease dynamics. Ecological systems are undeniably complex and to fully understand their dynamics we must first take their complexity into consideration. One of the most complex aspects of ecology is how biodiversity interacts in ecological networks. Ecologists have been making strides toward describing and analyzing complex ecological networks, but are only very recently considering the role of infectious diseases. Particularly challenging is that infectious diseases affect ecological networks while ecological networks affect infectious diseases. The research will not only increase our understanding of infectious disease dynamics, but also illuminate the general role of infectious processes in ecological systems, helping ecological science better address the fundamental and overlooked implications of parasitism.

Armand Kuris, Sara Weinstein 6/01/2016 to 5/31/2018 $19,550 National Science Foundation 1601362 Dissertation Research: Understanding Effects on Climate Change on Parasitism in Small Mammals The rapid rates of global climate change are increasingly accepted as a major driver of the recent Holocene to Anthropocene biotic transition. In addition to its effects on free-living biodiversity, global climate change is now established as a major driver of changes in patterns of parasitism and disease. Given that 19% of human mortality, particularly in the developing world is due to infectious disease and parasitism, this will have enormous implications for human health and well being. Yet, we are sorely lacking in our fundamental understanding as to how climate change is likely to alter basic patterns of parasite distribution, diversity, and transmission dynamics, much less the mechanisms that drive these changes. Closing these gaps will be essential for any public health or policy efforts to mitigate the deleterious effects of climate change on infectious disease. This dissertation to date has

79 focused on the impacts of a range of other major types of anthropogenic disturbance (urbanization, defaunation, invasive species) on wildlife disease transmission, but has not yet been able to examine the effects of climate change. The work proposed here will allow the addition of research on this critical type of human disturbance: climate-mediated impacts on disease patterns. Specifically, using host parasite data from 850 small mammals collected along 2700m elevation gradient on Mount Kenya, this project will first describe the role of parasite life history and host demography in determining parasite richness and intensity. Using elevation gradients as a natural laboratory for studying climate change, cumulatively these results should represent strong progress towards developing a predictive frame work for understanding how climate change will impact parasite communities and their hosts.

Armand Kuris, Susanne Sokolow, 8/1/2014 to 1/31/2019 $1,499,897 David Lopez-Carr National Science Foundation BCS-1414102 Healthy Ecosystems, Healthy People: The Coupled Human Health and Environmental Dynamics of Schistosomiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa Ecological damage caused by human activity can directly influence infectious diseases and human health. Yet, public health campaigns rarely turn to ecological solutions to mitigate infectious disease risk, instead favoring traditional approaches such as vaccine development or drug treatment. Here, we propose an experimental investigation of a novel disease control strategy for schistosomiasis, one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases in the world. The proposed strategy will mitigate the ecological damage caused by dam building on a river in sub-Saharan Africa, and thereby reduce the transmission of this disease that emerged and spread to epidemic levels following dam completion. We propose the novel integration of bio-economics, aquaculture, social science, ecology, and epidemiology to develop and test an unprecedented, ecology-based solution. More than 700 million people are at risk of schistosomiasis worldwide, mostly children in poor, rural villages, and Africa contains 97% of the world’s infected population. Schistosomes are waterborne parasites that require aquatic snails as obligate intermediate hosts. There is convincing evidence that dam construction has increased habitat for, and decreased native predators of, medically important snail hosts in the Senegal River, contributing to the emergence of human schistosomiasis. Macrobrachium vollenhovenii is a large, edible, native crustacean that has suffered dramatic declines in the Senegal River ecosystem. Causes and consequences of the decline have not been previously recognized or studied. Our preliminary research reveals that prawns probably declined due to dam construction: prawns are currently in low abundance below the dam and nearly extirpated above the dam. Prawns are predators of snails. Therefore, we propose to test environmental re-introduction of the native prawn, M. vollenhovenii, using village-based aquaculture, as a socially and economically sustainable control strategy for schistosomiasis. Our proposed research will test two hypotheses: (1) that we can mitigate the ecological disruption of aquatic food webs to greatly reduce disease transmission, and (2) that this mitigation will be sustainable in the long-term, given fusion of mitigation with an aquaculture enterprise.

Adam Lambert 9/30/2014 to 6/30/2020 $1,962,430 Ventura County SB150130 SC-13: Invasive Plant Removal, Ecosystem Restoration, and Habitat Protection in the Santa Clara River This project consists of an Arundo control and habitat restoration program in the Santa Clara River floodplain on properties between Sespe Creek and Santa Paula Creek. This project will restore between 150 and 170 acres of riparian habitat by removing Arundo and other invasive plant species and implementing native re-vegetation efforts. Removal of water-intensive invasive species will conserve approximately 3,500 AFY of water, reduce flood and fire risk, and improve riparian habitat for sensitive species.

80 Adam Lambert, Tom Dudley 8/1/2015 to 7/31/2020 $1,349,008 Ventura County SB150163 Santa Clara River Upstream of Balcom Canyon Wash Habitat Restoration Project The Watershed Protection District (WPD) is contracting with UC Santa Barbara (UCSB) to perform habitat restoration work, monitoring, and related environmental research to support restoration efforts for the Santa Clara River Upstream of Balcom Canyon Wash Habitat Restoration Project, located near Fillmore, Ventura County. The Project involves conducting habitat restoration within 15.5 acres of riparian habitat on Underwood and Kenter Canyon Farm Properties, known as the project area. Project elements include retreatment of giant reed (Arundo donax) resprouts and other non-native plant species throughout the project area, revegetation with native riparian species, site maintenance (including irrigation if needed), and biological monitoring of vegetative cover and wildlife as required by regulatory permitting and to facilitate compliance with permit conditions. WPD completed initial giant reed removal for the entire site in February 2015, and will continue treating resprouts until June 30, 2015. The work period for this Scope of Work begins on July 1, 2015, and all site work is to be completed by June 30, 2020 with the final annual report submitted by July 15, 2020.

Adam Lambert 7/1/2014 to 12/31/2017 $34,909 UC Agriculture and Natural Resources SA14-2254-06 Invasive Weeds as Alternate Hosts for the Newly Introduced Cole Crop Pest Bagrada hilaris This project will examine the biology and interactions with weeds of a new invasive insect pest (Bagrada hilaris) of cole crops in Ventura County and provide information for reducing its economic impact on agriculture in the region. Specifically, the project will determine the extent to which invasive mustards in riparian areas, which are alternative hosts for B. hilaris, support bug populations and facilitate the spread of this pest into cropping systems. Bug populations will be monitored on weeds adjacent to agricultural fields to evaluate life history characteristics, such as phenology, growth, and reproduction, and population dynamics over the growing season. Cole crops commonly grown in Ventura County will also be evaluated in an agricultural plot to determine their susceptibility to B. hilaris. The project will be conducted at the Hansen Agricultural Center and field sites in Ventura County, and in our lab at UC Santa Barbara, but will have implications for management of this insect across its introduced range. This research project will directly address the Endemic and Invasive Pests and Diseases and Sustainable Food Systems initiatives of ANR, as well as the Hansen goal of assuring the economic viability of agriculture to sustain agriculture’s contribution to a healthy Ventura County.

Hunter Lenihan, Erik Muller 2/1/2016 to 1/31/2018 $212,912 UC Sea Grant College Program R/HCME-24 Impact of Neonicotinoid Pesticides on Estuaries and Coastal Streams The overall goal of this project is to provide meaningful data to the City of Santa Barbara along with State and Federal agencies about potential coastal and estuarine ecological impacts of neonicotinoid pesticides in urban and agricultural run-off. The specific objectives are: 1. To determine the temporal [wet and dry season] patterns of imidacloprid and five related neonicotinoid insecticides as well as several major metabolites in stormwater feeding coastal streams and estuaries in agricultural and urban areas. 2. To test the hypothesis that streams receiving runoff from urban land uses and agricultural (nursery) land uses have different concentrations or loading rates of imidacloprid. 3. To test the hypothesis that samples from creek and estuaries in Santa Barbara will exhibit toxicity when neonicotinoid-sensitive test species and assays are used.

81 4. To produce pilot-scale data on transport mechanisms of neonicotinoids to urban streams. 5. To test the hypothesis that two species of aquatic organisms [Chironomus riparius and Leptocheirus plumulosus] develop lethal and/or sublethal responses when exposed to field-relevant concentrations of neonicotinoid insecticides in modified routine controlled laboratory sub-chronic [10 day] and chronic [28 day life cycle] bioassays. 6. To predict the individual and population level impacts from field-relevant concentrations of imidacloprid, using Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) models.

Hunter Lenihan 3/20/2016 to 12/31/2017 $40,000 Nature Conservancy SB150143 Task Agreement #6: Survey and Assessment of California Rock Crab Task 1: Develop necessary relationships, secure necessary permits, communicate with the regulatory agency, perform necessary fishermen trainings and develop written documentation of process and scientific research plan. Task 2: Conduct field research program and manage the day to day logistics of fishermen-led data collection and ensure all QA/QC concerns are mitigated. Perform port side monitoring of catch and record size data, effort and other pertinent information at locations along the California coastline. Task 3: Preparation of manuscript comparing the current research survey to similar data collected in 2008. Task 4: Use FishPath software to evaluate cost-effective and context appropriate management strategies.

Sarah Lester, Christopher Costello 1/1/2014 to 12/31/2018 $400,000 Rare SB150042 Fish Forever (Waitt Foundation) During the grant period, the Sustainable Fisheries Group at UCSB (SFG), under the direction of Project PIs Lester and Costello, will design and refine analytical tools and provide technical support to improve project implementation and capture learning on how to adapt and improve future strategies and tactics across Fish Forever sites in the Philippines, Indonesia, Belize and Brazil. Specifically, SFG will be responsible for: 1. Providing scientific guidance on site assessment and selection, including assisting with the application of a Rapid Site Assessment tool. 2. Providing technical support in the development of global and regional monitoring and evaluation plans and baseline assessments, including data collection protocols and guidance on the development of a data management platform. 3. Performing data analysis and modeling to inform implementation decisions such as TURF- reserve design and adaptive fisheries management, including the use and development of new data-limited fisheries assessment methods; assistance with setting harvest controls; tracking and evaluating progress towards our stated goals for the program; and providing technical expertise on barrier removal strategies. 4. Writing scientific papers, to be submitted to peer-reviewed journals, based on research related to Fish Forever, when appropriate. 5. Participating in the Fish Forever Science and Design team, including attending regular meetings. 6. Assisting with the development of Fish Forever curriculum on technical/scientific topics, including attending Fish Forever Training Team meetings. 7. Participating in the development of strategic plans for Fish Forever.

82 Lorraine Lisiecki 4/1/2018 to 3/31/2021 $231,625 National Science Foundation 1760878 Collaborative Research: Bringing the Late Pleistocene into Focus: Better Estimates of Ages and Ocean Circulation Through Data-Model Comparison Overview: Understanding the causes and rates of climate change in the past requires accurate age models; however, age estimates for many climate records from ocean sediment cores are based on stratigraphic alignment of benthic G18O (a proxy for global ice volume and deep ocean temperature), which produces age uncertainties of several thousand years. This project focuses on creating more accurate benthic G18O age models with smaller uncertainties for the last glacial cycle (0-150,000 yr ago), a time period which includes the Last Glacial Maximum, the previous interglacial, two rapid deglaciations, and large amplitude millennial-scale variability. Over this time period, a major source of uncertainty for G18O alignments is that the timing of benthic G18O change can differ by 4000 years between different parts of the ocean. These differences have been observed during the last deglaciation at a few core sites with very accurate radiocarbon (14C) age models, but overall little is known about how benthic G18O signal propagation may have varied throughout the last glacial cycle. Specifically, this research will characterize benthic G18O lags and improve alignment age models using a three-pronged approach that incorporates ocean circulation models, analysis of paleoclimate data (benthic G18O and 14C) from ~100 globally distributed cores, and statistical inference. The final products of the project will be (1) probabilistic stacks (averages) describing regional and global patterns of benthic G18O variability, (2) probabilistic algorithms for multiproxy core alignments and for generating Bayesian inferences of lags, (3) a database of age models for ~300 cores with benthic G18O data, and (4) estimates of ocean circulation changes based on comparing benthic G18O data with different ocean model scenarios. Intellectual Merit: Paleoclimate studies rely on age models when identifying cause-and-effect (lead/ lag) relationships, creating snapshots of the climate state at a specific point in time, or characterizing the magnitude of natural variability on different timescales. Such information is crucial for testing the effectiveness of climate models and improving confidence in their ability to simulate potential future climate changes. Compilations of marine sediment core data are also used to estimate past changes in global mean surface temperature and in deep ocean carbon storage. To maximize the spatial coverage of such datasets, they often include cores with indirect age estimates, such as benthic G18O alignment, that have large, poorly constrained uncertainties. This project will improve age and uncertainty estimates for benthic G18O alignments and allow for more informed selection of which data to include in compilations and overall better accuracy. Data-model comparison will also better constrain ocean circulation changes (e.g., mixing pathways and rates) and the surface climate signals which propagate to the deep ocean (e.g., distinguishing signals which originate from the North Atlantic versus Southern Ocean). These results may help describe the causal chain of events for past climate changes and identify isolated ocean reservoirs that may have sequestered carbon from the atmosphere during glaciations. Broader Impacts: This project may benefit society by improving paleoclimate reconstructions used to validate the climate models that forecast future climate change. Its impact will be enhanced by incorporating results into community data compilation efforts. This research also bridges the gap between paleoclimate and the mathematical sciences and will provide interdisciplinary training to two graduate students. Research methods and findings will be incorporated into undergraduate and graduate classes through the development and dissemination of two course modules that include interactive computer lab activities. PI Lisiecki has a strong record of mentoring female and under- represented minority students; she also organizes bimonthly meetings for female Earth Science graduate students and post docs to discuss articles about overcoming the challenges faced by women in science and academia.

Milton Love and Ann Bull 6/01/2017 to 10/31/2018 $64,155 Exxon Mobil Upstream Research Company EM11103 Worldwide Oil and Gas Platform Decommissioning: A Review of Practices and Reefing Options

83 We propose to review existing information and write a report for general readership that will inform managers, decision-makers, and the general public about global and regional oil and gas platform decommissioning and reefing.

Milton Love and Robert Miller 9/20/2016 to 9/30/2019 $455,000 USDI Bureau of Ocean Energy Management M16AC00025 Net Environmental Benefit Analysis of Pacific Platform Decommissioning Scenarios All oil and gas platforms have a finite economic life span. When that life span is eachedr a process called decommissioning occurs during which the fate of that platform is decided. The Bureau of Offshore Management has a role to play in this process for platforms in federal waters. Off California, the State of California will also play a role in the decommissioning process. Based on California AB 2503, the Net Environmental Benefit (NEB) of each platform will be an important factor in the state’s decision on what will be done with each structure. At this time, NEB remains undefined, particularly for California oil and gas platforms. This study is designed to explore what NEB is, how it can be measured, and to use the oil and gas platforms off California as a model for how this analysis would be done. Specifically, we will 1) estimate the productivity of fish and invertebrate communities and key fish species under different decommissioning scenarios on offshore California platforms, 2) compare platform productivity and community structure with that of the natural habitat that is replaced by each platform, 3) explore how these differences might change over time as decommissioning options alter the conditions for associated biological communities, and 4) model and predict positive and/or negative effects to the marine environment that could result from partial removal versus full removal of the structure.

Milton Love 8/20/2015 to 8/19/2018 $400,000 USDI Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) M15AC00014 Synthesis of Pacific Platform Research The ecology and assemblages of platforms off California continue to be a subject of interest and about 30-yrs. of scientific research. Since 1985, federal and state agencies have invested over $25 M to conduct research on fishes, mega-invertebrates, and corals that may exist around the platforms and on natural reefs of southern California. Research has also examined contaminant load, oceanography, trophic links, and larval transport, to name a few subjects. A brief survey of the peer-reviewed literature has found about 25 peer-reviewed articles (17 as a result of MMS funding) and at least an equal number of agency reports. The purpose of this study is to publish a special, peer-reviewed issue of a journal that includes review articles and new data analyses that synthesize the scientific research focused at oil and gas platforms off California. The single resource will provide the basis for evaluating potential environmental effects of platform structures on regional marine ecology and consequences to their eventual removal.

Milton Love 6/01/2016 to 12/31/2018 $150,000 California Artificial Reef Enhancement SB160136 Fish Surveys Around California Oil and Gas Platforms Preparatory to the Decommissioning Process California has a rigs-to-reef procedure in place and a major factor in any decision regarding platform reefing is Ecological Net Benefit (ENB). One of the components of this metric is an analysis of the fish communities around the platform to be decommissioned. Because our last fish surveys were in 2011, it could be argued that this data is out of date and new surveys would be required to address the ENB question.

84 Milton Love 7/01/2016 to 6/30/2018 $25,836 Occidental College G650-SUB1 The Current and Potential Contribution of Manmade Reef Habitats to Fisheries Resources and Protected Species Recovery in Southern California Project will focus on providing taxonomic expertise and development of recommendations for manmade reef placement and design.

Milton Love 10/01/2016 to 9/30/2017 $51,200 UC Santa Cruz A16-0309-S004 Quantifying Avoidance and Attraction of Demersals Fishes to Mobil Visual Survey Platforms University of California, Santa Crus researchers and staff will work with NMFS/SWFSC scientists to conduct cooperative research to broaden the scientific basis for aspects of marine studies that will ultimately yield results intended to add to the scientific basis to guide resource managers in developing policies to recover ESA listed anadromous fish stocks and conserve West Coast groundfish. This research will span the full spectrum of topics ranging from basic research to improve the theoretical basis of fishery science to those with a clear policy application in fisheries management. Activities will include both field and laboratory experiments and investigations, modeling and computational studies, and will involve both marine and freshwater habitats and species. While most research will be biological in nature, the spectrum of topics will include physical, chemical, geological and economic aspects of marine freshwater environments as well.

Sally MacIntyre 1/15/2018 to 12/31/2019 $100,000 National Science Foundation 1737411 Circulation, Metabolism, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Arctic Lakes and Ponds The goal of the proposed work is to analyze, synthesize, and publish results obtained from physical and biogeochemical data sets obtained from five arctic lakes of different sizes over four years during fall, winter, and spring. In short, we will quantify the lakes’ physical limnology and under ice metabolism. Specifically, in the manuscripts we will quantify seasonal and interannual variability in thermal structure and hydrodynamics. Results will include assessing the pathway and retention of snowmelt water with its loading of dissolved organic carbon and greenhouse gases, the convective processes which induce circulation under the ice, the extent of penetrative convection in spring, and the internal wave dynamics and related extent of mixing at ice off. We will quantify production of greenhouse gases in winter. We will develop and test scaling laws which will enable results from our study sites to predict processes and fluxes in lakes of a range of sizes across the landscape. One set of scaling laws will enable prediction of lake-size dependent controls on under ice mixing, production of CO2, and formation of anoxia. Another set will predict the lake-size dependent controls on the fraction of climate forcing trace gases produced over the winter which are emitted at ice off. We will use observations from multiple thermistor arrays in one lake to validate commonly used one and three dimensional hydrodynamic models. This work is important as the parameters used for mixing coefficients in the models were primarily developed by laboratory experiments in the 1970s and 1980s and have not been tested with comprehensive field data. Additional manuscripts will validate new equations for turbulence in the upper water column based on meteorology and within lake thermal structure and used to compute gas transfer coefficients and the coefficient of eddy diffusivity. These two coefficients are required for accurate computations of fluxes within lakes and ultimately across the air-water interface. Manuscripts on turbulence will be based on data from thaw ponds and glacially formed lakes. The planned manuscripts, with their goals of improved understanding of physical limnology under the ice and controls on winter respiration and gas evasion in the ice free period, will fill a major gap in limnological understanding of high latitude lakes and enable increased accuracy in modeling greenhouse gas emissions.

85 Sally MacIntyre 8/1/2012 to 7/31/2017 $943,094 National Science Foundation ARC-12045267 Circulation and Respiration in Ice-covered Arctic Lakes For approximately nine months of each year, the waters of arctic lakes are under ice. Although wind no longer acts directly on the water surface setting it in motion, the waters of arctic lakes are not still. Respiration occurs in the water column and within the sediments with rates temperature dependent. Classical studies have demonstrated circulation is induced by sediments heating the overlying water and by decomposition processes which create localized increases in salt content which further modify density. Gravity currents flow to deeper depths and an overall convective circulation results. The lower water column may become anoxic and greenhouse gases accumulate. A large fraction of snow melt waters exits lakes without mixing. Spring heating induces vertical convective mixing. Over the last several years we have collected a unique time series of under ice temperature and conductivity data from arctic lakes of different sizes. These data show departures and extensions of the classical picture described above which warrant further investigation both by analysis of the existing data and by studies which link the hydrodynamics under the ice, during melting, and just after ice off to biogeochemistry. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that lake morphometry and geological setting cause between lake differences in the magnitude of cryoconcentration, respiration and sediment temperatures and thus differences in resistance to the convective mixing induced by spring time heating with consequences for persistence of anoxia and evasion of greenhouse gases. Internal waves contribute to mixing of snowmelt water with its high concentrations of CO2, labile organic matter, and nutrients so important for a lake’s productivity in spring and summer. We propose time series studies to 1) quantify physical controls on under ice thermal structure and circulation, mixing of snow melt waters, mixing during spring and fall, 2) to quantify respiration rates in arctic lakes of differing morphology and on different geological substrates, and 3) to illustrate the linkages and feedbacks between these physical and biogeochemical processes. Measurements will include temperature and conductivity, meteorology, sediment temperatures, ice thickness, snow cover, and respiration with newly developed oxygen and pCO2sensors. Winter limnological studies are rare, and rarer still in the Arctic with its harsh environment. The proposed research, with its goals of better understanding physical limnology under the ice and controls on winter respiration and spring time gas evasion will fill a major gap in limnological understanding of high latitude lakes.

Susan Mazer, Isaac Park 6/15/2016 – 5/31/2019 $249,999 National Science Foundation 1556768 Phenological Sensitivity to Climate Across Space and Time: Harnessing the Diversity of Digital Herbarium Data to Generate and to Test Novel Predictions This study will use historical herbarium samples and citizen-collected data to assess the magnitude and direction of changes that occur in the timing of flowering onset in response to interannual variation in climate across an unprecedented number of taxa representing the continental United States. This study is designed to detect differences (if present) in the magnitude of phenological responsiveness to climate changes across functional groups, phyla, or regional floras, and to provide risk assessments of “floral deserts” (in which the diversity of flowering species iseduced r below historical norms) that may develop in response to changes in climate. To accomplish this, we will produce a species-level models of flowering phenology across thousands of plant taxa and determine the potential for inferring the phenological responses to climate change of previously unstudied taxa based on the responses of closely related species. Thus, this work will both improve predictions of frost-related reproductive damage, and predict changes to bloom synchrony among co-occurring taxa under projected climate conditions.

Susan Mazer, Cheryl Briggs 4/1/2015 to 12/31/2018 $76,963 UC Santa Cruz A15-0023-S001 Using UC Reserves to Detect and Forecast Climate Impacts As a member of the Executive Board, Susan Mazer will oversee the distribution of funds for GSR

86 projects at UC NRS sites, and also supervise the distribution of funds among UC NRS collaborators in southern California, and potentially supervise postdoctoral research projects if the ISEECI board distributes a postdoc to her laboratory. In addition, as an ISEECI researcher Mazer will also conduct ISEECI funded projects directly related to her lab’s research program.

Susan Mazer 8/1/2017 to 7/31/2021 $778,809 National Science Foundation 1655727 Evolutionary adaptation to intensifying drought across a geographic gradient: a comprehensive test of Fisher’s Fundamental Theorem Many studies of wild plant species have either detected plastic responses of phenological traits (e.g., flowering time) to experimentally induced or natural climatic variation, or have eportedr changes in the strength or direction of phenotypic selection in populations occupying different environments. Few studies, however, have measured the process of adaptive evolutionary change, in real time, in phenological, morphological, or physiological traits. The proposed research will integrate the study of geographic variation in fitness-related traits among populations of a widespread annual herb (Nemophila menziesii, Hydrophyllaceae) with measures of: phenotypic selection on traits that contribute to drought-escape and drought-tolerance; inter-generational change in additive genetic variance in fitness; and the response to selection in order to test predictions regarding adaptation to environmental conditions across an aridity gradient. We will use the powerful quantitative genetic Aster models to estimate additive genetic variance in individual lifetime fitness in pedigreed populations under field conditions as well as to estimate the strength and direction of selection on phenological, morphological, and physiological traits. Recent statistical innovations of the Aster model (including the incorporation of random effects) now allow the estimation of genetic variance in lifetime fitness. The intellectual merit of this project includes its application of the Aster model, enabling an empirical evaluation of the accuracy of Fisher’s Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection, which predicts that the rate of change in population mean fitness should equal the ratio of additive genetic variance in fitness to mean absolute fitness. This ratioepresents r a population’s capacity to adapt to current conditions, or its “adaptive capacity”. The broader impacts of this project include intensive undergraduate participation and outreach to members of Tribal communities near the targeted study sites.

Douglas McCauley 7/1/2015 to 4/30/2018 $40,000 Safari Club International SB150167 Promoting Sustainable Hippopotamus Management Through Research on the Ecology of Hippopotamus Habitat Use The common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) is one of the most iconic species of African wildlife and is a valuable resource in both sport hunting and ecotourism operations across Africa. The hippopotamus is also becoming increasingly well known for the important role it plays in both aquatic and riparian ecosystems (Mosepele et al. 2009, Kanga et al. 2013). In the last several decades concern has been raised about declines in hippopotamus populations that have been caused by anthropogenic development of watershed and landscapes and by escalating conflict between hippopotamus and local communities. The hippopotamus has never been tracked electronically. It is perhaps the last of Africa’s charismatic megafauna for which we have no understanding of its spatial ecology. Consequently, managers seeking to sustainably manage this important resource have no rigorous data to rely upon to adapt current management protocols into tools that are more effective. Put simply, we cannot begin developing scientifically sound management plans for the hippopotamus until we have a basic quantitative understanding of how much space this species uses and what habitats it depends upon the most. We propose to generate data on the spatial ecology of the hippopotamus that will directly meet this need. Specifically, we will determine: 1) what the home range size is of the common hippopotamus,

87 2) what habitat features it prefers and which features appear deleterious to its ecology, and 3) how changes to watershed and hydrology shape both hippopotamus home range and habitat use. In preliminary methodological trials we have established that GPS tags can be successfully applied externally to hippopotamus in a safe fashion and can yield direct information on hippopotamus habitat use. This proposal includes a match of $21,500 to cover the purchase of all of the GPS tags to be employed in this research. This data will be combined with remotely-sensed data on habitat distribution and advanced movement modelling tools to generate answers to the above three questions. This work will be carried out in the Ruaha ecosystem of Tanzania where threat to hippopotamus habitats is high and the species carries multiple important values to users. Results from this research will be applied directly to informing the development of new management tools that will help to ensure a sustainable future for this important species.

Douglas McCauley 5/1/2018 to 4/30/2019 $25,000 Zegar Family Foundation SB180192 Santa Barbara Ocean Friendly Restaurant Project In collaboration with the Benioff Ocean Initiative and the Surfrider Foundation, two graduate-level UCSB students will be employed for the summer of 2018 to lead the launch of an Ocean Friendly Restaurants (OFR) program in Santa Barbara. The OFR program helps restaurants minimize their impact on the ocean by adopting practices that reduce single-use plastic waste, maximize energy efficiency and conserve water. As part of their scope of work, the interns will: • Implement the OFR communication strategy that was developed by students in the Bren School Communication Capstone during the spring of 2018. • Enroll new restaurants in the OFR program and maintain restaurant relationships through the registration process. • Plan and administer surveys to quantify restaurants’ plastic waste reduction achieved through the OFR program. • Design and implement a public outreach campaign around OFR, including writing press releases, assisting to develop graphics on ocean plastics, and creating social media and website content. • Plan public events at OFRs, including a program launch event and events celebrating key program milestones (e.g. 25, 50, 75 restaurants enrolled). • Assist with training and overseeing Surfrider OFR volunteers, including coordinating restaurant outreach and maintaining a shared database of restaurants. • Collaborate with local nonprofits, government bodies, and green business certification programs as needed.

Douglas McCauley 7/1/2017 to 6/30/2019 $14,733 Eppley Foundation For Research Inc. (The) SB180008 Climate change mediated effects on watersheds: conservation and management of the vulnerable common hippopotamus through spatial ecology research Hippopotamuses have never been tracked electronically, and consequently no rigorous study of their spatial use has been conducted. We propose a novel approach to study hippopotamus spatial use, using GPS tracking collars. The use of GPS technology to understand habitat use by wildlife is not a new technique. However, this approach has never been successfully used on hippopotamuses. We plan to conduct this research in Ruaha National Park. The Great Ruaha river and associated rivers are the main source of water for wildlife within this region. Rapid development of industrial

88 rice plantations in the basin have transformed the Greater Ruaha River from a perennially flowing river to a river that now dries for multiple months (Mwakalila 2005, Kashaigili 2007). Thus, the Ruaha River provides an ideal study site to assess how changing hydrology influences the spatial ecology of the hippopotamus. Furthermore, current climate change predictions suggest a decrease in rainfall across the distribution range of the hippopotamus. Consequently, rivers that are inhabited by hippopotamus will experience severe reduction in hydrology. Therefore, we can apply the results obtained in Ruaha National Park to predict how climate change may affect hippopotamus population throughout Africa. We plan to attach customized ankle collars to 10 hippopotamuses in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania. This proposed research has been approved by the UCSB Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). Collaring will span both the wet and the dry season in the Ruaha ecosystem over the course of one year to determine how reduced flow in degraded rivers affects attributes of hippopotamus spatial ecology. The main objective of this research is to obtain multi-seasonal information regarding hippopotamus spatial use.

Douglas McCauley 9/15/2015 to 9/14/2019 $50,000 Alfred P. Sloan Foundation FR-2015-65479 Sloan Research Fellowship: Marine Community Assembly and Function in a Rapidly Changing World Using Sloan Fellowship funds my research group will focus on two spatially ambitious projects that consider how the effects we are having on marine wildlife will influence the ecology of marine macro-ecosystems and how these impacts scale up to influence human health. First, through both field-based (centered in central/south Pacific) and review-based (global scale) research I am working to evaluate the efficacy of newly established “mega-marine protected areas (MPAs)” for protecting a broad suite of more mobile marine vertebrates. Second, I will be moving forward with an investigation of the utility of Automated Identification System (AIS) big data to monitor vessel activity in the global oceans. Use of this AIS data will allow provide an improved view of legal and illegal fishing in both protected in non-protected zones.

Will McClintock 6/26/2017 to 12/31/2017 $76,427 Nature Conservancy SB150143-16 Task 16: Developer Support for Crab Gear Recon App Continue to assist primary software developer Falk Schuetzenmeister in software development tasks.

Will McClintock 2/09/2018 to 10/31/2018 $30,687 Nature Conservancy SB150143-TASK19 TASK 19: Technology for Fisheries Management TNCs coastal fisheries program and the McClintock Lab seek to develop a collaboration to create and test comprehensive technological solutions to improve the collection, sharing and dissemination of information for use in improving marine conservation outcomes and fisheries management decision- making. Through development of SeaSketch and other web-based visualization and analytical tools, the McClintock lab has improved conservation of marine resources and worked effectively with a suite of collaborators, including TNC. The McClintock Lab at UCSB will alter an algorithm to automatically measure abalone length for use by TNC in their support of CDFW management of the recreational abalone fishery, to explore expansion to the Lobster and finfish commercial fisheries. In addition, the McClintock Lab will provide a prototype application using ARkit to capture length data, to compare the two methods and inform future application development.

89 Will McClintock 4/26/2018 to 11/30/2018 $136,915 Nature Conservancy SB150143-TASK23 Task 23: Developer support for Abalone and Lobster Ocean Ruler Tools TNCs coastal fisheries program and the McClintock Lab seek to develop a collaboration to create and test comprehensive technological solutions to improve the collection, sharing and dissemination of information for use in improving marine conservation outcomes and fisheries management decision-making. Through development of SeaSketch and other web-based visualization and analytical tools, the McClintock Lab has improved conservation of marine resources and worked effectively with a suite of collaborators, including TNC. The McClintock Lab at UCSB will alter an algorithm to automatically measure abalone length for use by TNC in their support of CDFW management of the recreational abalone fishery, to improve usability, scalability, and to include additional abalone fisheries. In addition, the McClintock Lab will provide a new application to measure lobster length in support of the commercial lobster fishery. For both applications, they will work with Ocean o’ Graphics at the Marine Science Institute at UCSB to develop app logos, giving the tools a clear visual identity.

William McClintock 1/01/2017 to 12/31/2017 $66,532 Nature Conservancy SB150143-11 Task 11: eCatch Mobile Application Updates Software development work on the eCatch Mobile and Server applications. Distribute eCatch to beta testers via TesFlight App for both groundfish and crab fishery testing. Provide user support in the form of written materials and remote communication to TNC staff and external beta testers. Coordinate receipt and prioritization of software issues that arise, and feature requests, with development team and TNC staff.

William McClintock 4/09/2018 to 11/30/2018 $97,166 Nature Conservancy SB150143-Task24 Task 24: Developer support for Crab Gear Recovery Tool Crabgear Recovery Tool Web-based Software Development Take over lead development role from Falk Schuetzenmeister of TNC: • Travel to Half Moon Bay, CA for in-person meeting(s) with lead port coordinator and user Lisa Damrosch. • Continued electronic communication with Lisa Damrosch to identify uses, changes, and improvements to the tool. • Collect, organize and triage a continuously-evolving list of work on the tool (using GitHub) • Coordinate decisions with TNC on work priority and cost. • Participate in weekly status meetings with TNC and other McClintock Lab/UCSB members. Completion of feature development tasks resulting in: • Deployment of the repository code versions as of 3/31/18 to production. • A working, tested email submission workflow. • Generation of a ‘yard report’ or ‘yard list’ to be used when verifying recoveries in land storage. • Submission of reports from mobile devices via a simple mobile webpage (as an alternative to email). Full validity checks on uploaded content. • Support selection of, and bulk operations on, multiple gear reports and recoveries. • Support advanced filters on the reports displayed on map, particularly date and reporter filters.

90 • Persistence of the user’s map selections between application reloads. • Auto-complete and suggestions for repeated field entry in forms (to support manual entry of multiple similar recoveries). • Addition of a tab or section serving as a port coordinator ‘knowledge base’ containing documentation and reference materials. • Allow port coordinators to add/remove content from the knowledge base. • Support for logging calls to gear owners & call outcomes. • Correct rounding behavior during the conversion of decimal degrees. • Continuous improvement and updating of the back-end tools, libraries, and mechanisms to keep the app maintained, current, and using up-to-date systems. Maintenance and oversight of a portion of web operations: • Ensure the service is available more-or-less continuously for testing and use. • Coordinate with TNC technical staff when Amazon AWS setups must be changed. Delivery of all code to TNC via GitHub Participation in, and support of, port coordinator training Research potential major features or changes: • Consider re-implementing the client app in React instead of the currently-used, obsolete Angular 1 framework. • Other emergent issues.

Robert Miller 7/7/2015 to 6/30/2020 $750,000 USDI Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) M15AC00006 A Demonstration Marine Biodiversity Network (BON) for Ecosystem Monitoring Abstract: Time series data on marine biodiversity is collected at great expense, with the expectation that it will improve our capacity for science-based decision-making aimed at protecting natural ecosystems and sustaining the services that they provide. Unfortunately, most monitoring efforts in marine systems target specific sites, habitats or key groups of species, and are not linked, rendering them inadequate to address regional and global shifts in biodiversity and ecosystem services that result from climate change, pollution, fishing, and other regional- to global-scale impacts. Existing but under-utilized technologies have the potential to dramatically expand our ability to assess species change at all scales. Coordination of available tools, development of new techniques and infrastructure, and integration of these components into a cohesive program will significantly advance our knowledge and understanding of the patterns and drivers of change in marine biodiversity. This project will address these challenges in the Southern California region, with particular focus on the Santa Barbara Channel, and has two broad goals: (1) tie existing monitoring efforts together into a coordinated network and (2) fill the gaps in existing programs with new methods for marine biodiversity monitoring. 2. Background/Relevance: Current knowledge about biodiversity in United States waters is limited in spatial and temporal scale and taxonomic scope. This compromises the ability of BOEM to understand, predict, manage and mitigate potential impacts of proposed marine energy projects, both conventional and renewable. To perform timely environmental reviews, data from ongoing projects and activities can be integrated and augmented to reduce the uncertainty in the range of outcomes and intensity of environmental consequences. NASA’s Carbon Cycle & Ecosystems (CC&E) Focus Area aims to detect and predict changes in Earth’s ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles. Resolution of uncertainties is needed because of the profound implications for future climate, food production, biodiversity, sustainable resource management, and the maintenance of a healthy, productive environment. Under the auspices of the National Oceanographic Partnership Program ((10 U.S.C. 7902 et seq.) which allows for inter-agency partnership on funding projects, DOI/

91 BOEM has agreed to partner with NASA and NOAA to support selected projects which will increase understanding of marine biodiversity and facilitate cooperative conservation. Biological diversity, or biodiversity, is defined as the variety of life, encompassing variation at all levels of complexity -genetic, species, ecosystems, and biomes -and including functional diversity and diversity across ecosystems. A growing body of research demonstrates that: (1) the maintenance of marine biodiversity (including coastal biodiversity) is critical to sustained ecosystem and human health and resilience in a globally changing environment; and (2) the condition of marine biodiversity offers a proxy for the status of ocean and coastal ecosystem health and ability to provide ecosystem services. Thus, managing our marine resources in a way that conserves existing marine biodiversity would help address other ocean management objectives. For example, it would provide information to enhance biosecurity against threats such as invasive species and infectious agents, enable predictive modeling, better inform decision making, and allow for adaptive monitoring and Ecosystem-Based Management.

Robert Miller 10/1/2014 to 9/30/2019 $2,867,893 NASA NNX14AR62A Demonstrating an Effective Marine BON in the Santa Barbara Channel - NASA Although we spend millions annually monitoring marine resources, these efforts are uncoordinated and have major information gaps. We propose to develop a scalable and transferable demonstration Biodiversity Observation Network (BON) in the test bed of the Santa Barbara Channel (SBC), one of the most monitored areas of the world. This BON will network existing monitoring efforts and fill the major remaining information gaps. Our focus on SBC allows us to effectively cover the complete spectrum of biodiversity from ecosystems to microbes within a reasonable scope of funding. This is due to the profusion of existing biological monitoring and research programs by our partners including government agencies, universities and NGOs. Yet there are significant gaps in our knowledge of even this relatively well-studied area, such as microbial diversity. We propose to use a pincer strategy to attack these issues, using optical and acoustic imagery to approach diversity from ecosystem scales downwards and genetics to assess diversity from genes and microbes upwards. Expanded use of imagery will be facilitated using cutting-edge machine learning image analysis techniques developed by the UCSB Center for BioImage Informatics. The Scripps Institution of Oceanography’s Whale Acoustics Lab will develop signal-processing algorithms to identify marine mammals from noise passively collected in SBC. Metabarcoding and eDNA analyses will benefit from state-of-the-art molecular biology labs at the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center and UCSB. Our overall objective is to provide a complete picture of biodiversity in SBC using a transferable system that integrates and augments existing monitoring programs including the NSF-funded SBC LTER program and the Channel Islands National Park. Products created by SBC BON will include geographically-integrated time-series metrics of biodiversity and ecosystem health, a transferable BON data management system, a sampling cost-benefit optimization framework that can be used to design a BON anywhere, and dissemination of products and results to a wide range of end users from scientists to schoolchildren. Partners: Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary, Channel Islands National Park, USGS San Nicolas Island Monitoring, SCCOOS, Plumes and Blooms, Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Santa Barbara Coastal Long-Term Ecological Research Program, Gray Whales Count, San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station Mitigation Monitoring Program, BOEM, NASA.

Robert Miller 6/1/2016 to 6/30/2018 $81,266 Southern California Coastal Water Research Project 10234 Develop Techniques to Batch-Identify Ichthyoplankton Larvae Develop methods to batch-identify ichthyoplankton larvae using modern genetic methods.

92 Robert Miller, Mark Page, 8/15/2015 to 6/30/2019 $560,121 Jenifer Dugan San Diego State University SA0000474 Archaeological and Biological Assessment of Submerged Landforms in the Pacific Coast 1) Identify the relationships of coastal landforms to shoreline biological productivity and biodiversity, including the delivery and deposition of trophic and habitat forming subsidies, such as hydrocarbons and drift marine macrophytes. Hydrocarbons and kelp subsidies are buoyant and therefore collect in shallow subtidal and intertidal environments where they may provide both energy and habitat to biological communities. Key among these are surf zone fishes, and juvenile as well as adult fishes are known to use drift algal subsidies as habitat. The influence of seep subsidies on these communities, however, and the interaction of hydrocarbons with drift algae are unknown. We will evaluate the connection of seep subsidies with drift algae and surf zone fishes through sampling drift algae, hydrocarbon abundance, and fish community structure across sites varying in proximity to hydrocarbon seeps. 2) Evaluate the influence of landforms and coastal processes on the structure of coastal food webs using field observations and food web analysis. In particular, information is needed on dietary responses and condition of surf zone fish to beach productivity/landforms. 3) Quantify the trophic subsidy provided by relict hydrocarbon seeps to benthic and shoreline communities. Explore the spatial extent of this subsidy and its effects on community composition, abundance and food web structure in shoreline communities. Hydrocarbon seeps are reported as “hotspots” of productivity in the form of sulfate-reducing bacteria that support a higher abundance and more diverse community of benthic organisms than found at sites distant from these features. Although known to enhance local productivity, less explored is the extent to which relict hydrocarbon features subsidize the food webs of adjacent shoreline habitats. This task will be executed using stable isotope analysis, taking advantage of the unique isotopic signature of hydrocarbons compared to primary producers. Shallow subtidal hydrocarbon seeps will be explored and sampled by divers. 4) Rank coastal habitats and land form features by productivity: Using synthesis of information from observational studies and other published and unpublished sources to provide productivity information for the development of simple models linking coastal productivity and land forms with Chumash foraging and trade economies. We will synthesize information from observational studies and other published and unpublished sources to provide productivity information for coastal sites in the Channel Islands. Biological surveys will be conducted to measure abundance of organisms at a range of Channel Islands and appropriate comparative sites, with particular focus on species known to be important resources to indigenous Chumash e.g. Pismo clams, Purple Olive Snail, and bean clams (and fish?). Data will be normalized to mean abundances across sites to generate a productivity index for predictive spatial archaeological models.

Holly Moeller 9/01/2017 to 8/31/2020 $9,827 Phycological Society of America SB180016 Quantifying Niche Partitioning along an Acquired Phototrophy Gradient Kleptoplastidic microeukaryotes transiently obtain photosynthetic abilities by retaining stolen chloroplasts from their algal prey. These organisms therefore provide insight into the endosymbiosis pathway that led to the permanent incorporation of plastids into diverse extant eukaryotic phytoplankton lineages. However, while much attention has been paid to the cell and molecular biology of these organisms (e.g., quantifying photophysiology, carbon budgets, and gene expression, and identifying horizontal gene transfer events), comparatively little is known about the ecology of these organisms, particularly how they partition their niche space and achieve ecological success in the context of a diverse planktonic community. This proposed research uses the Mesodinium

93 genus, which contains sister species of ciliates ranging from entirely heterotrophic grazers to entirely phototrophic acquired phototrophs, as a model system to study niche partitioning as acquired phototrophs emerge from a heterotrophic background. Specifically, this work will use a combination of laboratory co-culture experiments and mathematical models to test for niche partitioning along axes of prey specialization and light availability, and then use these data to predict the evolutionary trajectories that led to the emergence of the modern eukaryotic phytoplankton. This work is synergistic with existing studies of Mesodinium physiology and ongoing efforts to sequence the genomes of several Mesodinium species, and also lays the foundation for future research testing other axes of niche partitioning.

Monique Myers 2/01/2017 to 1/31/2019 $15,409 UC Sea Grant A/EA-15MM Sea Grant Extension Program Funds The Sea Grant Extension Program provides a diverse array of research and extension activities. Activities include workshop and outdoor education program planning and implementation and field and laboratory research and field trips. Providing information to local communities about climate change adaptation of coastal ecosystems is a key goal.

Craig Nicholson 3/1/2016 to 07/31/2017 $48,933 US Geological Survey G16AP00100 An Integrated Onshore-Offshore Re-evaluation of 3D Fault and Fold Geometry, Coastal Uplift and Seismic Hazard in the Santa Barbara-Ventura Area Recently, several investigators have proposed that very large, damaging earthquakes with magnitudes of M7.7 to M8.1 may have occurred in the western Transverse Ranges based on repeated Holocene uplift of coastal marine terraces [Rockwell, 2011; Rockwell et al., 2014]. The principal locus of fault slip for these inferred events is believed to be the Pitas Point-Ventura fault [Hubbard et al., 2014], part of the larger, primarily offshore North Channel-Pitas Point-Red Mountain fault system [Kamerling et al., 2003; Fisher et al., 2005; Sorlien et al., 2014]. Owing to the increased seismic and tsunami hazard associated with such events, and the high degree of fault complexity likely needed to generate such potential large earthquakes, the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) designated the Santa Barbara-Ventura region as a Special Fault Study Area for focused, integrated, multi-disciplinary research [Dolan et al., 2012]. There are, however, fundamental inconsistencies with this proposed model, not the least of which are: the appropriateness of the 2D fault-related fold model used to infer 3D fault geometry, the implied Holocene slip for the blind Pitas Point-Ventura fault, and the lack of expected widespread tsunami deposits. A viable alternative interpretation is that coastal uplift at Pitas Point is being driven instead by slip on the S-dipping, listric Padre Juan fault. Different fault models and alternative representations have also been proposed for the active N-dipping fault system. These models all need to be tested and evaluated with seismicity, subsurface structure mapping, geodetic strain data, or fault slip rates to see which fault set best fits the observations and patterns of surface deformation. These models, and their hazard implications, also need to be updated to incorporate alternative interpretations that properly account for the observed complex 3D fault and fold geometry and their possible fault interactions. This specifically includes active S-dipping thrust faults (like the Padre Juan fault) also involved in driving the near-surface folding and coastal uplift. I propose to test and re-evaluate these existing fault models for the Santa Barbara-Ventura area, including their related fold geometry and expected patterns of coastal uplift and fault slip. High- resolution marine seismic reflection data will be used to estimate rates of offshore fault slip and fold development, and compared with the fault slip expected from the observed coastal uplift and fault model geometry [e.g., Ryan et al., 2015].

94 Craig Nicholson 5/1/2017 to 4/30/2018 $35,000 University of Southern California 91270139-MSI-B Refine 3D Fault & Deformed Surface Geometry to Update & Expand the SCEC Community Fault Model I propose to continue conducting detailed studies of active faults along major fault zones in southern California. The primary focus would be to generate new and improved 3D fault models of principal slip surfaces, and to incorporate these new digital 3D fault models into CFM in collaboration with Andreas, John, Egill, Chris, and other members of the CFM Working Group. This includes evaluating hypocenters and focal mechanisms for active subsurface 3D fault geometry, developing new digital 3D fault surfaces for inclusion into CFM, and evaluating alternative fault models with available independent datasets. I also plan to incorporate where possible deformed reference horizons consistent with the faults in CFM, that can be used to help model additional off-fault or fault-related fold deformation, or which may act as important rheological, stress or strain boundaries. Within the Transverse Ranges region, including the proposed Cajon Pass EGA, we will continue to update & complete various representations for the San Andreas, San Jacinto & Sierra Madre fault systems and adjacent secondary faults based on relocated seismicity and other subsurface datasets. This includes evaluating the extent to which major faults may or may not be detached at shallow, mid-crustal or deep structural levels as proposed by previous investigators. New or updated faults will also be developed in the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada regions. In addition, the associated CFM fault database will be expanded, updated and improved to allow for this increasing variety and complexity of multi-stranded principal slip surfaces, adjacent secondary faults, and alternative fault representations that have been or will be developed for CFM. Nominal travel funds to Harvard have been included in the budget to allow Andreas and I to collaborate on this continued systematic update of CFM and its associated fault database.

Craig Nicholson 5/1/2017 to 4/30/2018 $15,000 University of Southern California 91270139-MSI-A Developing a Technical Activity Group (TAG) for the Community Fault Model (CFM) to support SCEC science, community model development, and hazard assessment We propose to continue development of the Community Fault Model (CFM) (Plesch et al., 2007, 2016; Nicholson et al., 2015) to support a broad range of earthquake science and hazard assessment activities within SCEC. The CFM is one of the most mature modeling efforts within SCEC, and has seen widespread use in many aspects of our science, including block modeling, wave propagation simulations, and probabilistic seismic hazards assessment (e.g., UCERF3). Nevertheless, it remains critical that the CFM continues to be updated, improved, assessed, and validated – and that it effectively supports a wider range of community modeling activities targeted by SCEC5. Thus, for FY2017, we propose to: Complete and release a new version of the southern California CFM (v.5.2), along with a supporting database spreadsheet that provides fault attributes. This new model has been substantially improved with updated 3D fault sets, refined fault traces, hypocenter catalogs, and focal mechanisms. The associated CFM database spreadsheet includes basic geometric information about the faults, as well as a hierarchical organization of fault area, system, section, name and source identifiers and equivalent CGS/USGS Quaternary fault (Qfault) ID numbers that can be used to access slip rate and other fault information. Coordinate with SCEC CME and the new Community Models (CXM) manager to implement an interactive CFM database and web-based graphical interface that can be used to access the model and supporting information. Participate in the Earthquake Simulator Workshop and coordinate with this group to identify and develop representations of the latest CFM model version that will support their use in earthquake simulators. Coordinate activities with other community modeling projects in SCEC that will benefit from CFM

95 representations, including the Geologic Framework and the Community Rheologic Model TAG. This will involve targeted enhancements to the CFM for these groups, as well as greater user accessibility. Based on feedback from the panel, we do not anticipate conducting a full peer review of the CFM 5.2 or developing a CFM TAG at this time. Rather, we will focus on improving the current model and coordinating efforts with other groups in SCEC. If a TAG is warranted by these efforts, this will be proposed in the future. This proposal represents a collaborative effort between the lead development team for the CFM at Harvard University (John Shaw & Andreas Plesch) and the University of California, Santa Barbara. The attached budget reflects only the UCSB portion of the project. UCSB will collaborate with Harvard on these project elements, including helping to coordinate CFM activities with various CFM user groups and participation in the Earthquake Simulator workshop, and will take the lead on further development and refinement of the CFM fault database spreadsheet.

Roger Nisbet, Erik Muller 6/1/2015 to 5/31/2019 $799,723 Environmental Protection Agency 83579701 Dynamical Systems Models Based on Energy Budgets for Ecotoxicological Impact Assessment Objective: We propose theoretical and experimental research that uses Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) models to inform ecological risk assessment by determining how the effects of exposure to chemical stressors are expressed across levels of biological organization. Approach: We will: (i) develop new modular DEB models with explicit feedbacks representing regulatory processes in response to toxicant exposure in an organism; (ii) determine how genomic data on two model organisms (the waterflea Daphnia and the estuarine fish Fundulus) experiencing combined food and chemical stress relate to parameters in DEB models; (iii) predict organismal and population “tipping points” caused by failure of physiological and population regulatory processes ; (iv) develop models of adaptation to stress in chronically polluted environments; and (v) evaluate the applicability of our findings to non-model organisms. Expected results: The anticipated outcome is an enhanced and improved ability to identify key toxic mechanisms at various levels of biological organization and to predict the implications for the sustainability of populations. Outputs will include new, rigorously tested, systems models relating organism performance to suborganismal information. The models will provide a quantitative basis for Adverse Outcome Pathway analyses. Models will be tested on two model animals using both literature data and data from this project. We will conduct the first test of the ability of a bioenergetic model with toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics to predict population dynamics and adaptation in response to a chemical stressor. If the models have demonstrated predictive value, the research will enhance the capacity for using organismal and sub- organismal information for evaluating potential ecological effects of manufactured chemicals entering the environment. If predictions require additional information, the required higher level data will be defined, thereby helping design of cost-effective studies to support ecological risk assessment. Supplementary key words: Individual-based model; DEBtox; systems biology; metabolism; ecology; ecosystem; scaling; toxics.

Mary Nishimoto 8/14/2014 to 4/15/2018 $600,000 USDI, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) M14AC00027 Potential Impacts of Submarine Power Cables on Crab Harvest The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) requires information concerning the level of impacts from seafloor power cables on marine fisheries. West coast fishermen have expressed concern over the potential effects of renewable energy power cables on their ability to harvest target species of rock and Dungeness crabs (OCN 2008; PFMC 2010). Fishermen are concerned that electromagnetic fields (EMF) associated with renewable energy power cables will present an electrified fence on the seafloor that their resource will not cross. If true, their ability to catch crab species near power cables could be negatively impacted, as well as potentially affecting crab home range. This study is designed to test the fear of crab fishermen that their target species will not traverse power cables, even in response to baited traps. Combined with the assistance of professional fishermen, submarine transmission cables that electrify communities and offshore oil platforms in the Pacific Region

96 provide an opportunity to test the harvest of crab species across power cables. The information will be applicable to consideration of offshore renewable energy projects.

Margaret O’Brien, Dan Reed 7/15/2016 to 6/30/2018 $301,397 University of Wisconsin 692K182 Environmental Data Initiative Organize available documentation on best practices for formats, metadata, and processing approaches for specific data types based on input from the communities vested in their production and use, in the context of a data type’s life cycle. Specific tasks include developing templates for data life cycle description and data curation processes, and archiving resulting process documentation; facilitating working groups to define life cycles and processes for specific data types associated with the EDI; collaborating with other project personnel on issues of code management; gathering input from EDI research groups (LTER, MSGB, LTREB, OBFS) for handling thematically similar data; contributing data quality rules that provide feedback to data submitters on their adherence to best practice recommendations.

Todd Oakley, Emily Ellis 6/01/2017 to 5/31/2019 $19,955 National Science Foundation 1702011 Dissertation Research: Correlated Diversification of a Sexual Male Trait and Associated Female Perception Whether the influence of sexual selection can be detected at deep, macroevolutionary time scales has recently been called into question due to the abundance of ambiguous empirical studies. Population-level studies show a clear link of how sexual selection can lead to rapid species accumulation, as well as phenotypic diversification of male sexual signals and associated female preferences. A missing link in the literature is a study that tests specific population genetic theories in a macroevolutionary context, and one that correlates phenotypic differentiation in male signals and female perception. If population genetic theory holds at macroevolutionary time scales, I expect to find a close association between diversification of the male sexual trait (emission spectra) and female perceptual spectra. Next, I propose to investigate these signal-receiver dynamics to implicate a driver of phenotypic diversity in signals and receiver physiology. Divergence in female perception across species is potentially an overlooked driver of signal and species diversity. As female perception largely underlies preference, it is essential that we understand how raw perception diversifies. Bioluminiscent, courtship signaling ostracods offer a unique arena to understand how closely associated sexual signals are to their intended receivers and to their signaling environment.

Todd Oakley 5/15/2015 to 4/30/2019 $370,000 National Science Foundation 1457754 DEB: RUI: Collaborative Research: Evolutionary Origins of Bioluminescence and Complex Mating Signals: Phylogenomics of Cypridinidae (Ostracoda) Statement of Work: UCSB. Oakley will serve as Co-PI and two graduate students (Ellis and Hensley) will be involved. UCSB researchers will help plan and execute 5 field collection trips to collect and preserve 45 species of cypridinid ostracods. Hensley will also assist PI-Gerrish with collecting video recordings on luminescent displays during the field work. They will also help plan and participate in a taxonomy workshop, to be held in San Francisco. Oakley and Ellis will collect Illumina sequencing data from the collected species and conduct phylogenetic analyses from those data, combining it with previously published data.

97 Todd Oakley, Daniel Speiser 1/15/2014 to 3/31/2018 $350,0003 National Science Foundation DEB-1354831 RUI: Collaborative Research: Timing and Molecular Origins of Recently Evolved Chiton Shell- Eyes: Phylogenomics of Chitonia Overview: To establish how many times, when, where, and how ‘shell’ eyes evolved in chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora), the following proposal will reconstruct a data rich phylogeny of Chitonina using fossil calibrations, preliminary 16S/COI data, new transcriptomes, and new sequences of conserved gDNA. Chitons are the target for study because most species have photosensory organs (known as aesthetes) yet ancestrally lack image-forming eyes. Nevertheless, at least one lineage within Chitonina contains species that have hundreds of eyes embedded in their dorsal shell plates. These ‘shell’ eyes provide spatial vision and are the only eyes known to focus light using lenses made of aragonite. Chitons are an excellent system in which to study the origins of eyes because eyes evolved recently in this group, behavioral and molecular experiments are tractable, and certain extant taxa may act as morphological intermediates that link species with and without eyes. Using dense molecular and taxonomic sampling, combined with divergence time estimates of nodes using fossil and molecular clock calibrations, the following proposal will test the prediction that the eyes of chitons originated within the last 56 mya. The proposal seeks three years of funding to: (1) Produce an unparalleled dataset for resolving relationships within Chitonina by adding to existing 16S/COI data for 126 estimated species: a) transcriptome data for 17 species of chitons (9 already completed) and b) gDNA Target Enrichment (gTE)regions from 126 species across Chitonina; (2) Combine 16S/COI, transcriptomes, and gDNA sequences from gTE to achieve dense taxon sampling and produce a robust phylogeny of Chitonina; (3) Estimate divergence times for Chitonina using fossil and biogeographic records; (4) Analyze transcriptome data to find the ancestral source(s) of genes employed by chiton eyes; (5) Implement existing tools and new analysis scripts in Galaxy, an open source bioinformatics platform. Intellectual Merit: Establishing a data rich phylogeny for Chitonina (the group of chitons that includes species with ‘shell’ eyes) will be important to systematists, evolutionists, paleontologists, and other scientists who are using a phylogenetically-informed approach to study non-model organisms. Co-PI Oakley will develop new scripts for bioinformatics and implement existing tools for estimates of divergence time in Galaxy (an open source bioinformatic platform). PI Eernisse and Co-PI Oakley will also develop methods for using transcriptome data to design probes for the multi-gene sampling of genomic DNA through gTE. Additionally, Co-PI Speiser will refine methods for assigning specific identities to the gene fragments produced by assembly programs, a necessary step in the study of the origin of complex traits. Current annotation methods depend on BLAST similarity scores, which do not necessarily correspond to phylogenetic relatedness. Instead, Co-PI Speiser will develop a tree-based framework for annotating transcriptomes that is more specific, informative, flexible and objective than current methods. Broader Impacts: Research on the ‘shell’ eyes of chitons will benefit society by advancing the field of biomaterials. To learn more about how mollusks build precisely shaped structures through biomineralization, Co-PI Speiser and Senior Collaborator Brooker are using transcriptome data to identify genes in chitons that are associated with the development of their aragonite lenses. Studying the origins of chiton eyes will help counter popular misconceptions about evolution by demonstrating how complex traits evolve through stepwise processes. Therefore, all of the PIs will continue to engage the public by submitting articles to popular publications such as Scientific American, contributing to biodiversity websites like iNaturalist, and collaborating with science blogs such as EarthSky, Wired, and Discover Magazine. To help develop a diverse, globally competitive STEM workforce, PI Eernisse will train three undergraduate students from CSUF (at 15- 20 hours per week for 2.5 years) who will curate voucher specimens and use cutting-edge molecular techniques to sequence conserved segments of gDNA from chitons. These students will present their work at the Society for the Study of Evolution and will co-author publications. With 33% of its students self-identifying as Hispanic, CSUF has been a noted Hispanic-Serving Institution since 2004; CSUF ranks No. 1 in California and fourth in the nation among top colleges and universities awarding bachelor’s degrees to Hispanics.

98 Todd Oakley 9/1/2015 to 8/31/2018 $162,969 National Science Foundation 1456859 Collaborative Research: Evolutionary Origins of Chiton Shell-Eyes: Integrating Structure, Function, and Gene Expression Within a Phylogenetic Context Co-PI Oakley and Graduate Student Ramirez are responsible for the following work, in collaboration with U South Carolina. First we will collect and preserve individuals from 4 chiton species, 2 with eyes 2 without eyes. Using 3 individuals from each species, we will isolate RNA for Illumina Paired End sequencing of aesthate tissue that we will dissect. Next, we will perform de novo assembly of all Paired End fragments into a reference transcriptome for each species. Using data from each individual, we will map all reads using BowTie to each species’ respective reference transcriptome. We will compare overall rates of expression in aetsthetes with and without eyes to identify differentially expressed genes to uncover candidates genes for eye function. We will publish these results in scientific journals and present our progress at SICB conferences.

Ryoko Oono 7/1/2015 to 12/31/2017 $16,400 UC MEXUS SB160015 Foliar Fungal Endophyte Assemblage and Diversity Compared Across Multiple Host Phylogenetic Scales - A Study on Pine Hosts of California and Mexico Host specialization of any particular fungal species or the evolutionary and ecological factors contributing to community assemblages have been shrouded in mystery and speculative at best (Arnold, 2007). Host specificity is challenging to assess without a thorough sampling of diverse host species and geographic locations, but necessary to understand the evolution and ecology of symbiotic organisms like endophytic fungi. Patterns of specificity also depends on the host taxonomic and spatial scales (Cavender-Bares et al., 2006). Hence, we propose to explore the community assemblage patterns and host specificity of foliar fungal endophytes associated within a host group that is taxonomically well-defined and relatively geographically narrow, the Pinus genus found in southwest USA and Mexico. Our main Research Question surrounding our long-term goal to understand evolution of fungal endophytes is: How are community structures and host specificity of fungal endophytes related to the evolutionary history of the host species? To this end, we propose investigating this question at three host phylogenetic scales: 1. All common conifer species 2. All major Pinus species (Ponderosae, Australes, Strobi, Contortae) 3. All Ponderosae species Conifer trees tend to have high infection frequencies for FFE species, most likely due to their long- lived evergreen foliage and dominance in certain ecosystems. FFE community studies have a long history with conifers, beginning with Carroll’s study on the redwoods (Carroll & Carroll, 1978), Ganley & Newcombe’s study on the western white pine (Ganley et al., 2004), and more recently, Carrell & Frank’s work with Pinus flexilis and Picea engelmanii (Carrell & Frank, 2014). Furthermore, one of the most well-studied FFE species, Lophodermium spp., are dominant among pine hosts and is becoming a model endophyte species to explore population genetic and ecological questions (Salas-Lizana et al., 2012, Oono et al., 2014).

Dan Ovando, Christopher Costello 8/01/2016 to 6/30/2019 $76,569 Steven Gaines UC Sea Grant College Program E/PD-15 A Bayesian Framework for Utilizing Fishery Independent Marine Protected Area Monitoring Data in Stock Assessments The proposed study will develop innovative methods for using fishery independent length frequencies and densities inside and outside of marine protected areas (MPAs) to inform fisheries

99 assessment and management. The methods resulting from the proposed project will bolster existing assessment methods, and help open the door for science-based assessment and management in places lacking traditional streams of fishery dependent data.

Mark Page, Jenny Dugan, 7/1/2013 to 12/31/2018 $800,000 Robert Miller National Science Foundation OCE-0962306 Sources of Particulate Organic Matter and Their use by Benthic Suspension-Feeders in the Coastal California Ecosystem The purpose of this award is to survey offshore oil and gas platforms in the Santa Barbara Channel/ Santa Maria Basin and San Pedro Basin, other artificial structures, and natural reefs for the non- indigenous species (NIS) Watersipora subtorquata, measure the reproductive seasonality of this species and identify potential vectors for dispersal among platforms and between platforms and natural habitat, propose mitigation measure(s) that may be employed to manage Watersipora, and to incorporate this information into environmental reviews regarding managing the spread of Watersipora at ongoing operations, during decommissioning of oil and gas platforms, and at potential renewable energy facilities. The need for this information is to elucidate the role that offshore artificial structures may have in affecting biological communities. Information is needed for use by the State of California to consider for decommissioning options under the California legislation AB 2503 (the California Marine Resources Legacy Act). The Act requires California to consider reefing OCS oil and gas platforms, if their ecological value warrants, before decommissioning and potential removal. The information is also needed to comply with the duties of Federal agencies that are outlined in Section 2 of Executive Order 13112 (Invasive Species). BOEM will use study results for environmental reviews concerning ongoing operations and decommissioning alternatives of offshore oil and gas platforms and potential marine renewable energy facilities. The issue of platform decommissioning and decisions related to decommissioning and possible reefing will be decided on a platform by platform basis with each of the platforms judged on its own merits as far as ecological value is concerned. This study will also extend the application of existing methodology to develop results applicable specifically for Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) management decisions so that BSEE can specify requirements to industry or other interested parties when decommissioning occurs. Using the results, the State of California can ensure proper evaluation under the California Rigs-to-Reefs Program law AB 2503 (the California Marine Resources Legacy Act), and BSEE can ensure that specified criteria can be properly evaluated during the decommissioning process pursuant to the federal regulations at 30 CFR 250.1730. Thus, the overarching purpose of this research is to collect information on Watersipora for environmental reviews regarding managing the spread of Watersipora during decommissioning of oil and gas platforms for the State of California.

Mark Page, Jenny Dugan, 7/1/2013 to 5/31/2018 $800,000 Robert Miller USDI, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) M13AC00007 Understanding the Role of Offshore Structures in Managing Potential Watersipora Invasions The purpose of this award is to survey offshore oil and gas platforms in the Santa Barbara Channel/ Santa Maria Basin and San Pedro Basin, other artificial structures, and natural reefs for the non- indigenous species (NIS) Watersipora subtorquata, measure the reproductive seasonality of this species and identify potential vectors for dispersal among platforms and between platforms and natural habitat, propose mitigation measure(s) that may be employed to manage Watersipora, and to incorporate this information into environmental reviews regarding managing the spread of Watersipora at ongoing operations, during decommissioning of oil and gas platforms, and at potential renewable energy facilities. The need for this information is to elucidate the role that offshore artificial structures may have in affecting biological communities. Information is needed for use by the State of California to consider for decommissioning options under the California legislation AB 2503 (the California Marine Resources Legacy Act). The Act requires California to consider reefing OCS oil and gas platforms, if their ecological value warrants, before decommissioning and potential removal. The

100 information is also needed to comply with the duties of Federal agencies that are outlined in Section 2 of Executive Order 13112 (Invasive Species). BOEM will use study results for environmental reviews concerning ongoing operations and decommissioning alternatives of offshore oil and gas platforms and potential marine renewable energy facilities. The issue of platform decommissioning and decisions related to decommissioning and possible reefing will be decided on a platform by platform basis with each of the platforms judged on its own merits as far as ecological value is concerned. This study will also extend the application of existing methodology to develop results applicable specifically for Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) management decisions so that BSEE can specify requirements to industry or other interested parties when decommissioning occurs. Using the results, the State of California can ensure proper evaluation under the California Rigs-to-Reefs Program law AB 2503 (the California Marine Resources Legacy Act), and BSEE can ensure that specified criteria can be properly evaluated during the decommissioning process pursuant to the federal regulations at 30 CFR 250.1730. Thus, the overarching purpose of this research is to collect information on Watersipora for environmental reviews regarding managing the spread of Watersipora during decommissioning of oil and gas platforms for the State of California.

Uta Passow 1/1/2016 to 12/31/2018 $308,420 University of Georgia RR100-663/S001058 Oil-Marine Snow-Mineral Aggregate Interactions and Sedimentation during the BP Oil Spill Samples collected in years 1 and 2 along a N-S transect beginning at the river (west of the Mississippi mouth) will be analyzed. Specifically I will determine aggregation potential, potential vertical flux, and partitioning of PAH in triplicate on samples from the 3 trap stations at two depths (150 m, 250 m) each (6 samples in triplicate each in year 1 & 2). 1. aggregation potential: Aggregate abundance and total aggregate volume as a function of time (dependent on particle characteristics) will be measured using rolling tanks. 2. potential vertical flux: The characteristics of the aggregates that form (size, composition, carbon content, sinking velocity) and the determination of the fraction of material that aggregated in each sample will be determined and will allow us to estimate the potential for material to sediment. 3. partitioning of PAH: The fractionation between sinking and suspended matter will determine the fraction of PAH that is in the water column, but will eventually accumulate at the seafloor. This experimental data with fresh samples will provide mechanistic understanding for in situ measurements provided by others.

Uta Passow 1/1/2018 to 12/31/2018 $110,982 Texas A&M University M1802078 Aggregation and Degradation of Dispersants and Oil by Microbial Exopolymers – ADDOMEx-2 An estimated 5-30% of the oil spilled during the Deepwater Horizon (DwH) accident settled on the sediments via marine oil snow (MOS). Microbially produced exopolymeric substances (EPS), which are an important component of MOS, are central in mediating sinking and degradation pathways of oil in the water. Our mesocosm and roller table experiments suggest that the presence of water accommodated fraction (WAF) of oil or chemically enhanced WAF made with dispersant (ie, CeWAF) triggers the microbial community to produce more EPS. However, Corexit disperses EPS, resulting in a decrease in the formation of oil-laden marine snow. Moreover Corexit increases the oil content in aggregates that do form. These opposing processes lead to complex consequences. Synthesis of the different processes and pathways of marine oil snow formation will be a primary goal of ADDOMEx-2. We will integrate mechanisms of EPS production and its fate in relation to oil and Corexit on the different scales, emphasizing sub-cellular (nm) to cellular (µm) to marine snow sized (mm to cm) scales. Our synthesis efforts will build a conceptual framework and contribute to ongoing modeling efforts: we will work with Burd, Daly and Passow. To support these synthesis efforts wrap up experiments on roller tanks and mesocosm experiments will be conducted. Specifically, the longer term signal of

101 oil or oil and Corexit degradation in organic matter will be investigated. Another focus of our efforts will be on EPS to examine how it is serving as both a vehicle for sedimentation and a habitat for oil degradation, with the non-aromatic portion of the oil degrading much faster than the aromatic portion (WAF) that we studied. This will facilitate the synthesis of the possible mechanisms that may have led to MOS, MOSSFA, and sedimentation of the oil, after the DwH spill. Last but not least, we (Quigg, Passow, Santschi) will continue to work with the MOSSFA community to further understand and develop this concept, and deliver new information to a broad range of the community.

Uta Passow 10/1/2015 to 9/30/2019 $663,945 National Science Foundation 1538602 Collaborative Research: Effects of Multiple Stressors on Marine Phytoplankton Summary Overview: The objective of the proposed work is to investigate the acclimatization response of phytoplankton to different, simultaneous environmental stressors. Each phytoplankton species has the capability to acclimatize to changes in temperature, light, pCO2 and nutrient availability – at least within a finite range. However, the response of phytoplankton to multiple simultaneous stressors is frequently complex, because of interactive effects in the physiological response. To date, no datasets exist for even a single species that could fully test the assumptions and implications of existing models of phytoplankton acclimation to multiple environmental stressors. We propose to combine modeling analysis with laboratory experiments to investigate the combined influences of changes in pCO2, temperature, light, and nitrate availability on phytoplankton growth using cultures of an open ocean and coastal diatom strain (Thalassiosira pseudonana CCMP1014, CCMP1335) and an open ocean cyanobacteria species (Synechococcus sp.). Intellectual Merit: Increasing atmosphericpCO2 is altering all the environmental conditions important for phytoplankton growth, including increases in temperature and pCO2 in the surface ocean, and changes in the availability of nutrients and light due to the stronger vertical temperature gradient. As the competitive success of a phytoplankton species is determined by the balance between grazing pressure and its growth conditions, changes in phytoplankton composition and productivity are expected. Such shifts in in phytoplankton community and production have important implications, because phytoplankton play a key role in marine systems, determining for example fisheries yield, and carbon sequestration by the ocean. However, the capacity of phytoplankton to acclimatize to simultaneous changes in several environmental parameters is largely unexplored and predictive models lack data on interactive effects of multiple stressors on phytoplankton. Our planned multifactorial experiments on the response of specific phytoplankton species to four primary environmental parameters, will address this knowledge gap and provide a framework to model phytoplankton response. Broader Impacts: The planned experiments represent ideal case studies on the complex and interactive effects of the environmental conditions on organisms. We plan to use these for teaching on three different levels. (1) Undergraduate and graduate students working in our lab or attending our lectures will profit from the proposed work directly by participating in or hearing about the research. (2) High school students will benefit from the training of a teacher and the development of a teaching unit, which will be readily available for use by teachers. (3) The comic story developed by A. Warner on the topic will attract a larger and more diverse audience, communicating basic biological principals in a simple manner. In a world that is getting more and more multifaceted, the understanding of the complexity of biological interactions is important for future voters and residents alike.

Uta Passow 1/1/2015 to 12/31/2018 $840,259 University of Georgia RR100-047/5054876 ECOGIG-2: Ecosystem Impacts of Oil and Gas Inputs to the Gulf Sedimentation: In collaboration with Vernon Asper, six time series sediment traps (4 deep and two shallow) will be deployed at 3 main ECOGIG sites in association with other moored gear. We will support the recovery and deployment efforts of the traps, and the ordering and organizing of these field trips. Samples from these six sediment traps (2 shallow, 4 deep at 3 stations) will be fractionated

102 and processed. Sample fractions will be shipped to interested collaborators. Basic biogeochemical parameters (dry weight particulate organic carbon and particulate organic nitrogen) will be analyzed in all trap samples in my lab. Depending on those results and on results from water column work, more detailed analysis will be conducted on selected traps/ cups, including stable or radio isotopes, biogenic or lithogenic silica, particulate inorganic carbon, transparent exopolymer particles, microscopical enumeration. Data sheets will be prepared and submitted to GRIDCC and scientific publications will be written in collaboration with our colleagues. ithinW ECOGIG strong collaborations with the water column work, the resuspension work and the trap camera will be fostered. Besides the close collaboration with our colleagues within ECOGIG we will especially seek the collaboration with other “trappers”, like N. Prouty (USGS) and C. Germane (WHOI) to develop a spatial and temporal understanding of sedimentation events in the GoM. Aggregation mechanisms: Targeted laboratory experiments that address the formation of oil-containing, sinking, marine snow are another focus of our ECOGIG work. We will conduct a series of rolling table experiments investigating the conditions under which oil a) may inadvertently be integrated into sinking aggregates and b) may cause the formation of sinking aggregates. Experiments will be conducted jointly with the Arnosti lab to look at degradation patterns of aggregates. These rolling table experiments will be conducted in close collaboration with modeling studies that investigate the relative importance of different types of aggregate formation, and simulate the sedimentation event observed in fall 2010 to spring 2011. The goal is to integrate this mechanistic small scale model into larger scale models on particle distributions in the GoM (collaboration with ECOGIG modelers). Collaborations with microbiological colleagues in ECOGIG will look at the fate of such marine snow and the role of microbes for marine snow formation. Collaborations with Bill Lehr (NOAA) should provide input to ADIOS 3 or similar models, developed for rapid response planning. We will prepare and submit the data to GRIDCC and write scientific publications in collaboration with our colleagues.

Uta Passow 1/1/2015 to 12/31/2018 $483,825 Texas A&M 10-S151007 Role of Microbial Exopolymers in Aggregation and Degradation of Oil and Dispersants In the presence of oil and /or dispersants, many microbes release high molecular weight exudates, variously called EPS, TEP and micro-gels, which physically protect the microbes, aid in their attachment, or emulsify and solubilize oil products, thus increasing the bioavailability of diverse components of oil. The physico-chemical properties of these exudates will significantly determine the fate of hydrocarbons and their distributions in marine systems. We suggest that the evolution of the microbial community will be towards a state that increases the output of amphiphilic EPS, which is most important in removing oil by dispersion, aggregation, chemical bonding or degradation mechanisms. We will use a hierarchical approach of increasingly larger and more complex experiments to investigate the response of different microbes to oil in terms of EPS production. Experiments range from first level evaluations using microchips (mL scale) to a large mesocosm study (100’s Liter) to determine the roles of exopolymeric substances for the fate of oil. The Passow lab will analyze TEP concentrations in samples from microchip experiments. We will set up and conduct some of the planned roller table experiments based on the results of these microchip experiments. We will measure various parameters and collect samples for colleagues to analyze. Early in year three we will support and participate in the mesocosm experiment conducted in Texas. We will participate scientifically in regular calls and meetings. Data submission, preparations of scientific publications and outreach activities will take place during all three years.

Uta Passow 3/15/2017 to 2/29/2020 $69,626 Arizona State University 17-170 Aggregation of Marine Picoplankton This project will investigate the aggregation behavior of picoplankton under different environmental conditions between January 2017 and December 2019. The experiments will be conducted at Arizona State University. I will advise in designing these experiments, and contribute to their interpretation.

103 Regular determination of TEP (transparent exopolymer particles) and CSP (coomassie stainable particles) dynamics will be an important component of this study, because TEP and CSP are central for coagulation processes. Preparation of the calibration solutions for TEP and CSP are non-trivial and require an ultra-sensitive balance. My laboratory will generate the calibration solutions needed for TEP and CSP measurements during these experiments.

Xuefeng Peng, David Valentine 4/01/2018 to 3/31/2021 $246,000 Simons Foundation 547606 Impact of Marine Fungi on Global Biogeochemical Cycling of C and N Fungi have been long overlooked as a player in the biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nitrogen in marine environments. Compared to their terrestrial counterparts, marine fungi are vastly understudied partly due to the bias of research interests, and partly because of their cell biology and feeding strategies. As osmotrophs, fungi feed by secreting extracellular enzymes into the environment to depolymerize food substrates before transporting the digested monomers and nutrients back into the cell for growth. As major decomposers of a wide range of complex carbon substrates such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, fungi produce carbon dioxide, volatile fatty acids, and under anoxia, potentially hydrogen. Recent evidence has suggested that fungi in marine sediments could be responsible for a significant portion of denitrification and nitrous oxide (N2O) production. Moreover, fungi’s ability to degrade large particles in the water column, along with their spore-forming life cycles, provides them a special position in the microbial food web, which remineralizes organic matter in the mixed layer and reduces particle export. However, most of our knowledge describing marine fungi’s ecological roles remains qualitative. Research on marine fungi in the past decade has focused on their diversity. Little is known about the marine fungi’s activity and their quantitative contribution to geochemical cycles of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). I propose to work in David Valentine and Michelle O’Malley’s laboratories at UC Santa Barbara to determine the fungal activity in organic matter degradation and N2O production in coastal and estuarine sediments in Santa Barbara, coastal waters off Santa Barbara, and on a research cruise to the eastern tropical North Pacific oxygen minimum zone (Chief Scientist: Bess Ward). Next-generation sequencing will be used to link fungal abundance and diversity to their activities. Additional incubations will be performed to examine the influence of elevated nutrient input and temperature (individually) on the contribution of fungal biomass degradation and denitrification. This project will contribute to elucidating the potentially significant role marine fungi play in the global biogeochemical cycling of C and N.

Andrew Plantinga 8/1/2017 to 12/31/2017 $31,452 National Geographic Society SB180040 Cattle/Carnivore Coexistence Project The Big Cats Initiative at National Geographic Society was founded by Dereck and Beverly Joubert in 2009. Since then, the program has given over 100 grants to individuals working in 27 countries to protect 7 different species of big cats. The Bren School of Environmental Science & Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara is internationally recognized for its integration of science, management, law, economics and policy as part of an interdisciplinary approach to environmental problem-solving. The Big Cats Initiative has identified incentive-based coexistence between cattle and livestock as an opportunity to positively impact big cat conservation. The Bren School is uniquely positioned to conduct an initial research analysis on this topic with oversight from Dereck and Beverly Joubert and National Geographic’s Big Cats Initiative. These findings will inform the next phase of the Big Cats Initiative to facilitate on the ground intervention in Africa. Phase 1: Bren will review and synthesize existing literature, data and input from key experts on global conservation and human-wildlife conflicts, with a particular emphasis on conflicts between wildlife and livestock, to culminate in a whitepaper answering the following research questions:

104 1) What has been done to manage conflicts with big cats and livestock globally? 2) What types of interventions are working well or not working well? What types of interventions should be tackled first and where? 3) What are the factors that lead to successful outcomes across various global contexts? Other key topics to research include: Research done on cattle number reductions against cattle quality Economics of present cattle industry Key areas and communities in Africa to invest in first Phase 2 (to be continued after completion of Phase 1): National Geographic Society and the Bren School will convene a group of key international stakeholders and practitioners to determine new innovative carnivore/cattle coexistence solution strategies to pilot in Africa in 2018 based on Phase 1 findings.

Andrew Plantinga 2/1/2018 to 8/31/2018 $25,000 Nature Conservancy SB150143-Task21 TASK 21: Economic Assessment of Land-Based Strategies to Mitigate Climate Change in California The State of California has set ambitious targets for future reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Part of the strategy for meeting these targets is land-based interventions such as fuels management to reduce wildfire severity and land conservation to promote carbon sequestration in biomass and soils. This project will provide an economic assessment of alternative interventions. The work will be done by the economics team (Professor Erik Nelson at Bowdoin College and Professor Andrew Plantinga at the University of California, Santa Barbara) in collaboration with researchers at The Natural Conservancy (TNC). The main objective is to monetize the costs associated with modifications in land use and land management strategies. We will also monetize the climate regulation and other ecosystem service and human health benefits associated with interventions when possible; otherwise, we will present these benefits in physical or qualitative terms. For the assessment of Merced County, the set of countywide interventions have been identified (step 1) and will include a) avoided conversion of natural lands to cropland and urban uses, and b) restoration of woodlands and riparian areas. We will also include changes in agricultural management and specific landowner case study examples of these interventions if feasible.A land use change model has already allocated the land use and land management changes these interventions are expected to create on the Merced landscape. That same model will also measure the expected impacts these interventions will have on the county’s agricultural production, water quality, human wellbeing, and biodiversity (steps 2 and 3). The cost analysis (step 4) will focus on quantifying the costs, including opportunity costs, of the projected land use and land management changes: the value of foregone opportunities associated with the interventions in step 1. For example, the opportunity cost of avoided land conversion can be quantified using the market value of agricultural and urban lands. Or the costs can be quantified using agricultural and forestry enterprise budgets. The evaluation of natural areas restoration would account for direct costs associated with removal of non-native vegetation, planting of preferred species, etc., and any ongoing maintenance costs. Some benefits from the interventions will be relatively straightforward to monetize. For example, the value of additional carbon sequestered can be calculated with an estimate of at least the social cost of carbon. Further, there are now straightforward ways to estimate the monetary value of pollutants removed by trees. Other benefits are more difficult to value (e.g., biodiversity gains) and will be described in physical or qualitative terms. Since the costs and benefits of interventions will occur over time, we will use discounting to translate cost and benefit flows into esentpr value measures.

105 Andrew Plantinga 2/1/2018 to 11/1/2018 $40,221 Next 10 SB180130 Economic Assessment of Land-Based Strategies to Mitigate Climate Change in The State of California has set ambitious targets for future reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Part of the strategy for meeting these targets is land-based interventions such as fuels management to reduce wildfire severity and land conservation to promote carbon sequestration in biomass and soils. This project will provide an economic assessment of alternative interventions. The work will be done by the economics team (Professor Erik Nelson at Bowdoin College and Professor Andrew Plantinga at the University of California, Santa Barbara) in collaboration with researchers at The Natural Conservancy (TNC). The main objective is to monetize the costs associated with modifications in land use and land management strategies. We will also monetize the climate regulation and other ecosystem service and human health benefits associated with interventions when possible; otherwise, we will present these benefits in physical or qualitative terms. For each scenario we evaluate the economic assessment will involve four steps: 1) identify the set of land-based interventions to be evaluated, 2) identify the land use and land management changes relative to a baseline, 3) use biophysical models to project changes in land-based carbon stocks and fluxes, habitat quality, and other outcomes relative to a baseline projection and under alternative climate regimes, 4) evaluate the costs and benefits of the interventions, and 5) summarize results for presentation and publication. More details on each of these steps are provided below. For the statewide assessment, the economics team will participate in the identification of interventions (step 1). Interventions will span forest, agricultural, and rangeland systems. For example, one potential intervention in the forest sector is fuels management to reduce the severity and extent of wildfires. The LUCAS model will be used to generate the baseline and alternative projections of land use and land management patterns and the production of various land-based outputs (steps 2 and 3). In addition to enhanced carbon storage and sequestration, land-based outputs that could improve on the alternative landscapes relative to the baseline will include habitat quality, risk to natural disturbances, commodity production, and employment. The cost analysis (step 4) will focus on quantifying the costs, including direct and opportunity costs, of the projected land use and land management changes. For example, the opportunity cost of avoided land conversion can be quantified using the market value of agricultural and urban lands. Or the costs can be quantified using agricultural and forestry enterprise budgets. Some benefits from the interventions will be relatively straightforward to monetize. For example, the value of additional carbon sequestered can be calculated with an estimate of at least the social cost of carbon. Further, there are now straightforward ways to estimate the monetary value of pollutants removed by trees. Other benefits are more difficult to value (e.g., biodiversity gains) and will be described in physical or qualitative terms. Since the costs and benefits of interventions will occur over time, we will use discounting to translate cost and benefit flows into present value measures. A report on the economic analysis will be produced in time for inclusion in a larger report for the Global Climate Action Summit, September 12-14 (step 5). The economics team will also pursue publication of articles in scholarly journals in collaboration with TNC collaborators. Tasks of Economics Team: Participate in relevant calls with TNC collaborators to align economic assessment with scenarios development and model runs. Inform intervention selection and definition. Work with broader team to define the integration of the simulation modeling and economic analysis. Manage research analysts to conduct relevant research tasks. Review literature and determine data availability for the development of the methodological approach for economic analysis in coordination with other team members. Provide written summary of the selected methodology. Assemble data for costs of intervention implementation and selected economic benefits. Create database or spreadsheet, reference manager with citations, and library of reference materials. Clean data and organize to facilitate analysis.

106 Use model output for statewide scenarios to run economic models to assess implications of alternative GHG mitigation scenarios. Summarize results of economic analysis for reporting and publication, write report on statewide results for Global Climate Action Summit, and contribute to jointly-authored publications.

Jonathan Pruitt 5/01/2017 – 4/30/2018 $252,000 University of California, Los Angeles 20164989A Consortium Grant: Quantitative Approaches to the Study of Keystone Individuals The Pruitt laboratory will contribute to the proposed research by performing aspects of all aims. The lab will take a lead role in the field work, experimental manipulations of colony composition, colony development experiments, and the filming of collective behavior. The lab will be responsible for deploying colonies in the field and then monitoring their behavior and success. These experiments will be vital for obtaining parameter estimates for our mean field model and agent- based simulations. Pruitt will establish experimental colonies both in the laboratory and in the field, execute the entirety of the experiments, and provide all of the videos to the Pinter-Wollman laboratory for network analysis. Likewise, Pruitt will establish all of the experimental colonies and perform the removal experiments in the wild.

Jonathan Pruitt 1/1/2016 to 5/31/2019 $321,582 National Science Foundation 1626668 Collaborative Research: The Effects of Keystone Individuals on Collective Behavior Overview: Collective behavior emerges from self-organized interactions among group members. Despite the traditional model that all group members follow similar rules, in many systems certain individuals, referred to here as keystone individuals, may have a greater impact on collective behaviors than others. However, only little is known about how keystone individuals influence collective behavior or about the consequences of their presence on the collective success of the group. We propose to study the causative mechanisms by which keystone individuals affect collective behavior, the effects of keystones on the development of collective behaviors, and the ecological and evolutionary consequences of the presence of keystone individuals in a group. We will use a model system that allows for detailed experimental manipulations that will serve as a basis for generating broad theory on keystone individuals: the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola, which forms multi-female societies. Specifically, we will: (1) Test whether keystone individuals produce tradeoffs among group-level processes such as prey capture and pathogen transmission, and how these tradeoffs change group performance in different environments; (2) Probe the temporal dynamics of the effects of keystone individuals on the development of collective foraging and web building behaviors of groups in the field; (3) Elucidate the behavioral mechanisms (affiliative vs. agonistic interactions) that underlie the catalytic effects that keystone individuals have on the behavior of their fellow group members, and the collective behavior of the group; and (4) Design and parameterize a series of simple and versatile agent-based models that will uncover the general mechanisms by which keystones influence collective behavior. We will address these questions by combining lab and field experiments and analyses using sophisticated image analysis technology and social network analysis with computational modeling. Intellectual Merit: By examining how keystone individuals influence the formation and function of collective behavior, we will advance our understanding of how complex systems operate and the role of animal personalities in their success. The ease with which our study system, social spiders, can be manipulated and studied at both the individual and the group levels, will allow the testing of rigorous hypotheses about the emergence of collective behavior that cannot be examined experimentally in other complex systems, such as the brain. Furthermore, our work will move forward the study of keystone individuals, which currently includes mostly anecdotal and correlative work and lacks fundamental theory, by conducting large scale experimental manipulations, employing state of the art data analysis, and developing a general conceptual model. The collaboration we propose will bring together two young and energetic PIs with

107 expertise in studying the effects of individual variation on collective behavior, both in the lab and the field, in a wide array of social species, using a broad range of analytical techniques. Broader Impacts: Both labs will continue their strong track record of mentoring students, K-12 education, and general public outreach activities. The proposed work will generate numerous undergraduate and graduate research projects. Both PIs are committed to the education of K-12 students through established and successful outreach programs and will continue to translate their work into appropriate lesson plans on collective behavior. Public outreach activities geared towards adult science education will continue in the form of public lectures and one-on-one conversations at local communities, both near the home institutions and the field sites of the PIs. The PIs and graduate students will continue to engage in outreach with local game park managers in southwest Africa, thus enhancing the public’s understanding of invertebrate ecology. Finally, both PIs will disseminate their findings through scientific publications and by engaging with the public through various media outlets.

Andrew Rassweiler and Dan Reed 8/15/2014 to 7/30/2018 $40,000 USDI National Park Service P14AC01661 Analysis and Publication of Long-term Channel Islands National Park Kelp Forest Monitoring Data Project Abstract: Channel Islands National Park (CHIS) implemented the long term Kelp Forest Monitoring Program (KFMP) in 1982. The KFMP now has 32 years of data for over 70 species of algae, invertebrates and fish, as well as data from all species of fish observed since 1996. There have been over 25 scientific papers utilizing KFMP data, but many of these papers are about single species or disease events. While these are important, they have minor relevance to larger marine management actions, such as the recent implementation of Channel Islands marine protected areas, direction of future management actions or the monitoring program itself. In this project, UCSB investigators and CHIS staff will collaborate to analyze KFMP data and will coauthor at least two papers and publish the results in well-known scientific journals. The project will result in the analysis of three topics that are the focus of public interest and present relevant information regarding marine resource monitoring and protection efforts in similar environments. At least two and likely three peer-reviewed publications will result from these analyses. Unless otherwise mutually agreed upon by UCSB and CHIS the analysis and papers will consist of: 1) A paper using CHIS data to document changes in the size distribution of fish inside and adjacent to the no-take marine protected areas; 2) A paper using CHIS data to describe the cascading effects of reserve protection on kelp and other non-fished species in the park; and 3) A complete evaluation of the parks fish monitoring techniques including accounting for the tradeoff between precision and completeness in visual census of fish. The first two listed are identified as the top priority as they have high public interest. Depending upon the outcome of the analyses future phases of work may be needed to refine understanding of specific aspects of the KFMP dataset. Future phases would be added through modification of this Task Agreement and is dependent upon availability of funding.

Andrew Rassweiler 8/30/2013 to 12/31/2016 $34,000 UC Santa Cruz UCSCMCA-14-006 Mediterranean Coast Network Kelp Forest Monitoring: Protocol Review and Data Synthesis Channel Islands National Park (CHIS) initiated kelp forest (KF) monitoring in 1982 to better understand the long-term dynamics of these important ecosystems. Monitoring data have been collected continuously for 31 years with a total of 33 sites currently being sampled annually. The purpose of the KF monitoring program is to understand the natural variation within these communities and collect baseline data for comparing resources inside and outside of marine protected areas, and to better understand the dynamic nature of these communities so that it can be properly conserved for current and future generations. In 1994, a detailed review of the CHIS KF monitoring program was conducted by a scientific panel (Schroeter and Dixon 1994). Several adjustments were made to the monitoring protocols following the 1994 review. With the

108 establishment of new marine protected areas in 2003, KF monitoring at CHIS was extended to several new locations resulting in a greatly expanded monitoring effort. This resulted in an increase in monitoring from 16 original sites in 1982 to 33 sites in 2005 in order to monitor and assess the new marine protected areas. As a result of these changes an in-depth review of monitoring protocols and sampling design is needed to identify recommendations for prioritizing monitoring efforts, streamlining protocols, and evaluate the monitoring effectiveness for marine protected area evaluation. In addition, an updated synthesis and interpretation of the long-term KF monitoring dataset is needed to support the protocol review and to share KF monitoring results with scientists, resource managers and the interested public. KF monitoring data are currently available on the web at http://pyrifera.marinemap.org. CHIS staff and others have authored a data paper for Ecology (Kushner et al. In Press) that summarizes the KF methodology and data set. These KF data resources will be updated as part of this project.

Andrew Rassweiler and Dan Reed 8/15/2014 to 7/30/2018 $40,000 USDI National Park Service P14AC01661 Analysis and Publication of Long-term Channel Islands National Park Kelp Forest Monitoring Data Project Abstract: Channel Islands National Park (CHIS) implemented the long term Kelp Forest Monitoring Program (KFMP) in 1982. The KFMP now has 32 years of data for over 70 species of algae, invertebrates and fish, as well as data from all species of fish observed since 1996. There have been over 25 scientific papers utilizing KFMP data, but many of these papers are about single species or disease events. While these are important, they have minor relevance to larger marine management actions, such as the recent implementation of Channel Islands marine protected areas, direction of future management actions or the monitoring program itself. In this project, UCSB investigators and CHIS staff will collaborate to analyze KFMP data and will coauthor at least two papers and publish the results in well-known scientific journals. The project will result in the analysis of three topics that are the focus of public interest and present relevant information regarding marine resource monitoring and protection efforts in similar environments. At least two and likely three peer-reviewed publications will result from these analyses. Unless otherwise mutually agreed upon by UCSB and CHIS the analysis and papers will consist of: 1) A paper using CHIS data to document changes in the size distribution of fish inside and adjacent to the no-take marine protected areas; 2) A paper using CHIS data to describe the cascading effects of reserve protection on kelp and other non-fished species in the park; and 3) A complete evaluation of the parks fish monitoring techniques including accounting for the tradeoff between precision and completeness in visual census of fish. The first two listed are identified as the top priority as they have high public interest. Depending upon the outcome of the analyses future phases of work may be needed to refine understanding of specific aspects of the KFMP dataset. Future phases would be added through modification of this Task Agreement and is dependent upon availability of funding.

Dan Reed, Sally Holbrook, 12/1/2012 to 11/30/2018 $6,246,158 John Melack, David Siegel, ROA & REU support $89,000 Robert Miller National Science Foundation OCE-1232779 LTER: Land/Ocean Interactions and the Dynamics of Kelp Forest Communities, SBC-LTER II Intellectual Merit: The Santa Barbara Coastal LTER (SBC) is an interdisciplinary research and education program established in April, 2000 to investigate the role of land and ocean processes in structuring ecosystems at the land-sea margin. Our study main area is the Santa Barbara Channel and the steep coastal watersheds, small estuaries and sandy beaches that drain into it. The focal ecosystem of our research is giant kelp forests, a diverse and highly productive marine ecosystem that occurs on shallow rocky reefs at the interface of the land-sea margin in the Santa Barbara Channel and other temperate regions throughout the world. The major emphasis of our proposed work is developing a predictive understanding of the structural and functional responses of giant kelp forest ecosystems to environmental forcing from the land and the sea. The amount

109 of nutrients and organic matter delivered to the kelp forest from land and the surrounding ocean varies in response to changes in climate, ocean conditions and land use. Variation in the supply of these commodities interacts with physical disturbance to influence the abundance and species composition of kelp forest inhabitants and the ecological services that they provide. The overarching question motivating our proposed research is: How are the structure and function of kelp forests and their material exchange with adjacent land and ocean ecosystems altered by disturbance and climate? To address this question our research will focus on three themes: (1) biotic and abiotic drivers of kelp forest structure and function, (2) material exchange at the land-ocean margin, and (3) movement and fluxes of inorganic and organic matter in the coastal ocean. The relevance of our research is far reaching as we address fundamental questions pertaining to biodiversity and ecosystem function, vulnerability and resilience of communities to climate change and fishing, the roles of land use and fire on landscape change and watershed hydrology, and the physics of dispersal in the little studied coastal waters of the inner continental shelf. The dynamic nature of kelp forests, including their frequent disturbance and rapid regeneration coupled with high productivity and diverse food webs make them ideal systems for investigating ecological questions that require decades to centuries to address in other ecosystems. Our research will utilize a variety of approaches including: (1) coordinated long-term measurements, (2) manipulative field experiments, (3) measurement-intensive process studies, and (4) integrated synthetic analyses and modeling that allow for predictions beyond the spatial and temporal scope of our measurements, and help guide future research. SBC’s information management system, which focuses on data organization, integrity, preservation and web-based public access geared for a variety of end users will facilitate these efforts. Broader Impacts: Education and training are tightly integrated into all aspects of our research. We have successfully developed a multifaceted, interdisciplinary approach to education and outreach that highlights research interests of SBC investigators, students, and the general public. Our programs include active links with K-12 students and teachers that target historically under- represented groups from underserving, low-achieving schools. We are also very proactive in undergraduate and graduate student training, direct public outreach, and productive interactions with the media, government agencies and local industries. We will continue these outreach and education programs and maintain our efforts to attract additional funding to support them. We are committed to sharing our research results with resource managers, decision makers, stakeholders, and the general public who are interested in applying our findings to policy issues concerning natural resources, coastal management, and land use.

Daniel Reed, Robert Miller 3/15/2018 to 3/14/2019 $214,103 University of Wisconsin 183405383 Genome wide association studies for breeding Macrocystis pyrifera UCSB investigators Reed and Miller are collaborating with scientists from the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, the University of Southern California and the J. Craig Venter Institute on a proposal to the Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy (ARPA-E) that aims to develop a state of the art genomics selection breeding program for the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera for potential use in offshore ocean farming of giant kelp for biofuel production. Reed and Miller will be responsible for the field component of this project, which includes: (1) collecting reproductive tissue from natural populations of giant kelp throughout southern California for purposes of establishing genetically distinct gametophyte strains used for selective breeding of sporophyte cultivars, (2) designing, installing and maintaining an ocean farm system at Catalina Island for growing selected sporophyte cultivars, (3) outplanting small sporophyte cultivars reared in the laboratory to the ocean farm and maintaining them throughout the 5-month growing season, and (4) measuring phenotypic traits of the farm raised sporophyte cultivars during and at the end of the growing period.

110 Daniel Reed, Andrew Rassweiler 9/22/2011 to 3/31/2018 $449,927 and Kevin Lafferty USDI Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) M11AC00012 DOI Partnership: Distinguishing Between Human and Natural Causes of Changes in Kelp Forests Using Long-term Data from DOI Monitoring Programs Monitoring and predicting the potential impacts of outer continental shelf (OCS) energy production on nearshore ecosystems requires an ability to distinguish between changes caused by natural processes and those caused by human activities. This ability is often hampered by the lack of long-term data to describe natural variation. Offshore southern California, two Department of the Interior (DOI) monitoring programs that focus on kelp forest communities have the potential to provide considerable insight into the patterns and causes of change in kelp forest ecosystems. Analysis of these data sets (which span 25+ years) will enable scientists and managers to evaluate possible impacts from offshore oil and gas and renewable energy activities and develop options to mitigate these impacts. This is especially important in light of global climate change and the need to understand the cumulative impacts of multiple projects on the OCS.

Daniel Reed, Stephen Schroeter 1/1/2016 to 12/31/2017 $5,362,124 Mark Page Simpson & Simpson SB160079 San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station Mitigation Project Monitoring Program, 2016-17 Background: Condition D of coastal development permit for the operation of SONGS Units 2 & 3 requires the permittee (SCE) to fund scientific and support staff retained by the California Coastal Commission to oversee the site assessments, project design and implementation, and monitoring activities for the mitigation projects designed to compensate for the past and ongoing adverse effects of .SONGS operations on coastal marine resources. Implementation Structure: Scientific expertise is provided to the Commission by a small technical oversight team hired under contract. The technical oversight team members include three Research Biologists from UC Santa Barbara (Principal Scientists): Stephen Schroeter, Ph.D., marine ecologist, Mark Page, Ph.D., wetlands ecologist (half time), and Daniel Reed, Ph.D., kelp forest ecologist (half-time). A part-time senior administrator (Lane Yee) completes the core contract program staff. In addition, a science advisory panel advises the Commission on the design, implementation, monitoring, and remediation of the mitigation projects. Current science advisory panel members include Richard Ambrose, Ph.D., Professor, UCLA, Peter Raimondi, Ph.D., Professor, UC Santa Cruz, and Russell Schmitt, Ph.D., Professor, UC Santa Barbara.

Cristina Sandoval, Sue Swarbrick 9/22/2015 to 6/30/2020 $61,920 USDI Fish and Wildlife Service F15AP00672 Exhibits for the Coal Oil Point Reserve Nature Center The UCSB Coal Oil Point Reserve (COPR) will renovate a 5,390 square foot building adjacent to the Reserve on the former Devereux School property that will serve as a Nature Center (the Center) as well as a the new headquarters for COPR’s ongoing education, scientific research, and environmental stewardship programs. Our vision for this Center is to maximize the Reserve’s potential for research and teaching and for the public to learn about and engage in natural history, conservation, and restoration. The Reserve already serves over 6,000 people of all ages each year, but has lacked an appropriate space to support outreach activities. The Nature Center will provide a place to train tour guides and the docents supporting the Reserve’s Snowy Plover Management Program, and provide interpretive and interactive displays for visitors. Having facilities for lectures and discovery will expand opportunities for the Reserve staff and volunteers to implement education programs and

111 facilitate research. When the building is completed, we expect to 30% more research projects, which is typical of other reserves with a field station. We also expect to increase the visitation for education by 50%. The displays located in the large meeting room will be a central attraction of the Nature Center that will convey information about the COPR ecosystem and special status species. The Reserve is home to several threatened and endangered species. The Reserve’s educational programs provide opportunities to view these species in their natural habitat. The displays in the Center will enhance a visitor’s experience at the Reserve by providing an introduction to the Reserve’s natural resources prior to a tour or other programmed activity.

Cristina Sandoval, Sue Swarbrick 6/29/2015 to 6/30/2018 $505,000 California Wildlife Conservation Board WC-145BC Coal Oil Point Reserve Infrastructure and Facilities Project The entire infrastructure and facilities project will be completed in two phases. Phase 1 has just been completed and will provide matching funds for the funding we are requesting from the Wildlife Conservation Board (WCB). The infrastructure improvements in Phase 1 include: ·reconstruction of the entrance road to the COPR field station, ·installation of an electronic gate on the entrance road, ·expansion and resurfacing of the field station parking lot, ·replacement of the culvert under the road accessing the northern and western sections of COPR with a bridge to span Devereux Creek, ·installation of two new storage buildings and a workshop at the field station to replace the aforementioned 50-year old sheds, and ·electrical upgrades at the field station. Phase 2 of the infrastructure and facilities project will complete the renovation of a 5,390 square ft. building adjacent to the Reserve that will serve as the new Reserve headquarters. The proposed headquarters building is not on COPR property but is located on UCSB property next to the eastern edge of the Devereux slough only 50 ft. from the Reserve boundary. Reserve users and staff will be able to readily access the Reserve directly from the headquarters building. The building has an adjacent parking lot to accommodate Reserve users, including school buses. UCSB has approved a 25-year commitment for use of the building by COPR.

Cristina Sandoval, Sue Swarbrick 6/30/2015 to 12/31/2017 $345,000 California Coastal Conservancy 14-094 Education Center at Coal Oil Point Reserve Coal Oil Point Reserve (COPR), located adjacent to the University of California, Santa Barbara, includes rare native coastal dune and wetland habitats that provide key opportunities for research and university-level teaching. The reserve is also broadly recognized for its conservation value with five endangered and threatened species and diverse bird populations. Currently about 20 research projects and university classes use the reserve annually. A large volunteer docent group assists with management of the threatened snowy plover, extensive restoration projects, and public environmental education programs. COPR users, and the programs that support them, require a basic infrastructure of buildings for administration, maintenance of the reserve, research and monitoring, and education gatherings.

Cristina Sandoval and Sue Swarbrick 11/01/2016 to 02/15/2018 $23,000 Santa Barbara County SB170105 Coal Oil Point Reserve Education & Conservation Center Education and conservation centers are important facilities that engage communities in the effort to sustain natural areas by providing venues and programs to enrich our connection to nature. The centers become hubs for education, research, and outreach activities and broaden our experiences of the natural world. The goal of the Education & Conservation Center is to support conservation, restoration, environmental education, and research programs for all ages by providing a venue for classes, tours, volunteerism and science. COPR is a protected natural area with important coastal

112 wetland resources. The key to protecting these coastal resources in areas that are impacted by oil and gas development lies in conservation, restoration, education and research. The Center will also support Reserve staff members who lead these activities and are stewards of the natural resources.

Alyson Santoro 9/15/2016 to 9/14/2019 $16,531 Alfred P. Sloan Foundation FG-2016-7129 Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship The mesopelagic ocean is one of the most poorly described biomes on Earth, yet has a global impact on global marine elemental factors. This project will investigate controls on the phylogenetic, genetic, and functional biodiversity of three abundant microbial groups involved in carbon and nitrogen remineralization thoughout the mesopelagic that have diverse, often distinct, but in some cases overlapping metabolic capabilities. The PI will explore the hypothesis that gradients in subsurface dissolved oxygen and trace metals together control the biodiversity of these three taxa across basin scales. It is hypothesized that these taxa control the distribution of mealloenzymes necessary for the remineralization of carbon and nitrogen. Phylogenetic diversity will be determined through high-resolution mapping of taxa using 16S rRNA gene amplicons and of select phylogenetically informative protein coding genes. Genetic diversity will be assessed using long read metagenomics, assembly, and binning methods designed to efficiently recover entire genomes of individual taxa both within and between lineages. Functional diversity will be assessed using global and targeted metaproteomics, stable isotope probing, and isotope tracer incubations to determine process rates and substrate affinities. Integration of phylogenetic, genetic, and functional diversity will be accomplished by correlating community-level rates with trace metal concentrations and the presence of specific taxa and metalloenzymes, and by using stable isotope probing techniques to determine the phylogenetic distribution of complex functional traits (carbon fixation) among abundant microbial lineages. Novel technological capabilities will be tested and deployed, including quantitative metaproteomics to elucidate the biogeography and stoichiometry of metalloenzymes across a Pacific Ocean transect, long read metagenomics sequencing, and a new autonomous underwater vehicle capable of high-resolution ‘omic sampling named Clio.

Alyson Santoro 7/01/2016 to 3/31/2018 $10,313 National Science Foundation 1739144 Collaborative Research: Gene Content, Gene Expression, and Physiology in Mesopelagic Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea The goal of this project is to use comparative genomics and transcriptomics of a model ammonia- oxidizing archaea (AOA) grown under a range of energy availability and nitrosative stress conditions to identify genes that can be used to diagnose the physiological state of natural populations in the ocean. These experiments will facilitate a thorough reinterpretation of existing metagenomic and metatranscriptomic datasets, as well as provide a better contextual understanding in future studies.

Alyson Santoro 7/01/2016 to 7/31/2018 $101,545 National Science Foundation 1740538 Collaborative Research: New Approaches to New Production Our project goal is investigating primary production and nitrogen (N) dynamics at the SPOT station, specifically an analysis of new production at this site. The new production conceptual model has been a powerful organizing principle in biological oceanography since its inception and provides a means to constrain the amount of primary production which may be exported or “sequestered” from the system. Despite qualifications to the definitions of new and regenerated forms of N as originally articulated, the concept has, for the most part, been narrowly applied with respect to the model compounds assessed, namely nitrate as the primary form of new N and ammonium as the predominant recycled form. Evidence continues to accumulate that in certain ecosystems, these definitions warrant expansion. N2 fixation, for instance, can be at

113 times a substantial source of new N; similarly, forms of dissolved organic N (e.g., urea) may contribute significantly to recycled production, but the specific organisms taking part in these transformations are still uncertain. Nitrification in the upper water column may also compromise the strict definitions of new and recycled N. With the recent advent of molecular techniques, scientists can probe more deeply into new and regenerated production, and directly identify major agents of these processes.

Alyson Santoro 5/15/2017 to 6/30/2019 $75,000 National Academies Keck Futures Initiative NAKFI DBS17 Small Wonder: Inside World of Marine Microbes on the Smithsonian Ocean Portal The ocean’s living biomass is ninety percent microbes by weight, yet they are invisible to the naked eye. Microbes are found from shallow to deep waters, from the poles to the tropics. In this project, science communication experts from the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History will work with marine microbe researchers and digital media practitioners to produce fun, easy to understand and informative marine microbe content for the Ocean Portal website (https:ocean. si.edu). Anticipated products from the grant include a short video, a digital interactive, and instructions for microbe-focused “tangible interactives” that viewers can create themselves.

Alyson Santoro 10/01/2016 to 01/31/2020 $370,840 University of Exeter SB170187 Transporter Function and Kinetics in Uncultivated Marine Microbes The gap between our ability to generate sequence information from the ocean and our ability to interpret it continues to grow. Fording this gap requires novel approaches and collaboration among ecologists, molecular cell biologists, and engineers. We propose to employ a high- throughput screening approach to understand the functional characteristics of one group of proteins – membrane transporters- that determine which chemical compounds are being used and consumed by microbes in the ocean. Transport proteins will be reconstituted in both model systems and model lipid bilayers (giant unilamellar vesicles, GUVs). Using a novel microfluidic platform as a tool, we will identify the substrate(s) transported through each protein, determine their relative affinities, and ultimately calculate quantitative kinetic parameters such as half- saturation constants and saturated uptake rates.

Alyson Santoro 7/01/2016 to 3/30/2019 $408,515 Simons Foundation 345889 Growth Efficiency in the Mesopelagic at Station ALOHA The gap between our ability to generate sequence information from the ocean and our ability to interpret it continues to grow. Fording this gap requires novel approaches and collaboration among ecologists, molecular cell biologists, and engineers. We propose to employ a high-throughput screening approach to understand the functional characteristics of one group of proteins – membrane transporters- that determine which chemical compounds are being used and consumed by microbes in the ocean. Transport proteins will be reconstituted in both model systems and model lipid bilayers (giant unilamellar vesicles, GUVs). Using a novel microfluidic platform as a tool, we will identify the substrate(s) transported through each protein, determine their relative affinities, and ultimately calculate quantitative kinetic parameters such as half-saturation constants and saturated uptake rates.

Russell Schmitt, Sally Holbrook 9/01/2016 to 8/31/2022 $1,127,000 National Science Foundation 1637396 LTER: MCR III: Long-Term Dynamics of a Coral Reef Ecosystem Coral reefs have enormous ecological, economic and cultural value, but are threatened by natural disturbances and human activities including those causing global-scale changes. Worldwide,

114 corals increasingly are being replaced by macroalgae or non-coral invertebrates. The reefs of Moorea, French Polynesia, provide an ideal model system to understand factors that mediate ecological resilience and to develop the capacity to forecast the composition and function of reefs in a future ocean of warmer water and a lower pH. The overarching goal of the Moorea Coral Reef (MCR) LTRE, established in 2004, is to gain a predictive understanding of the dynamics and functionality of oceanic coral reef ecosystems. MCR science achieves this goal through long-term observations, experiments and modeling. Changes in community structure revealed by the time series are used to generate hypotheses, which are tested using process-oriented studies including long term experiments. Empirical studies are synthesized process-oriented studies including long term experiments. Empirical studies are synthesized and modeled to gain novel insight into the responses of coral reefs of Moorea to changing environmental conditions, to search for ecological generality, and to advance ecological theory.

Russell Schmitt, Sally Holbrook 9/1/2012 to 8/31/2018 $4,432,747 National Science Foundation OCE-1236905 LTER: MCR IIB: Long-Term Dynamics of a Coral Reef Ecosystem Chem-OCE Supplement $2,145 UNOLS Supplement $125,213 LIDAR Supplement $194,040 Thailand Travel Supplement $41,215 Equipment Supplement $200,000 Intellectual Merit: The Moorea Coral Reef (MCR) LTER is an interdisciplinary research and education program that was established in 2004, to explore the joint effects of climate and disturbance on the structure and function of coral reefs. Our study area is the reef complex that surrounds the island of Moorea in French Polynesia. Our initial focus (MCR I) was to advance understanding of major controls of processes that modulate ecosystem function, shape community structure and diversity, and determine abundance and dynamics of constituent populations. We build on this foundation by adapting a unifying conceptual framework (US LTER 2007) and developing a set of research themes to organize the MCR II research program and facilitate cross-site collaboration. Coral reef ecosystems appear especially vulnerable to changes in abiotic drivers associated with Global Climate Change (GCC). These arise from two mechanisms related to increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2: rising seawater temperature due to greenhouse warming, and changing seawater chemistry known as Ocean Acidification (OA). A paradigm shift occurred within the past decade regarding the relative importance of these climate-related drivers to coral reefs. The focus initially was on rising seawater temperature because it triggered several large-scale, conspicuous coral bleaching (i.e., loss of the endosymbiont Symbiodinium) events. There now is widespread recognition that OA and its interaction with rising temperature have the potential to cause even more sweeping changes. These drivers occur against a backdrop of other press (e.g., fishing) and pulse (e.g., storms) perturbations. During MCR I, a brief outbreak of crown- of-thorns seastars (COTS) resulted in the death of virtually all coral on the fore reef of Moorea, bringing issues related to state change, resilience (recovery), interactive effects and indirect cascades to the forefront. The fundamental question that we address in MCR II is: How do drivers that operate over different spatial and temporal scales interact to influence the structure and function of coral reef ecosystems? Our three organizing themes are: (i) interactive effects among drivers, (ii) indirect effects arising from structure – function linkages, and (iii) resilience and resistance in relation to structure – function feedbacks. The six goals of MCR II are to: (a) continue our long- term datasets on physical drivers, community dynamics and ecosystem processes; (b) maintain a long-term resilience experiment; (c) contribute to understanding of how Global Climate Change drivers will affect coral reefs and what factors influence resistance and resilience; (d) develop and test general ecological theory; (e) continue to improve our information management system to more fully meet the needs of the LTER network and broader scientific community; and (f) enhance our outreach components.

115 Broader Impacts: Coral reefs are not just ecologically important - they yield upwards of $375 billion annually in goods and services (most of it in the developing world) that are vulnerable to human activities and climate forcing. Hence our research has relevance and application to resource managers, policy makers and stakeholders worldwide. Broader Impacts arising from our educational activities include postdoctoral mentoring, research that integrates undergraduate and graduate training, progress towards an ethnically diverse MCR student community, active participation of K-12 teachers in MCR research, incorporation of MCR findings in teaching curricula, participation of MCR faculty and graduate students in the Three Seas Program, and involvement of faculty and students from predominately undergraduate and minority-serving institutions. Additional impacts are realized by our outreach efforts, including partnerships with three local schools that serve socio- economically disadvantaged and minority students, and with the Atitia Center on Moorea to reach Tahitians. While our information-rich web site will continue to be a primary outreach portal, we plan to develop a partnership with another web-based entity to target middle-school students.

Stephen Schroeter 7/1/2006 to 6/30/2018 $113,978 California Sea Urchin Commission SB070019 Studies of Sea Urchins Settlement in Southern and Northern California The patterns of settlement of red (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) and purple (S. purpuratus) sea urchins may have important impacts on the commercial fishery and provide an important fishery- independent measure of stock health. The investigators have monitored weekly to bi-weekly sea urchin settlement at multiple sites in southern and northern California since February 1990. Studies to date have identified spatial and temporal patterns in sea urchin settlement (including the effects of periodic El Niños and La Niñas) and have identified some of the likely mechanisms responsible for these patterns. They have added value to their work by volunteering their time and collaborating with University researchers and private industry. In particular, work done in collaboration with Jan Svejkovsky of Ocean Imaging has given important insights into the effects of large-scale oceanographic forcing on sea urchin settlement patterns, while collaborative work on population genetics with Dr. Ron Burton has shed light on the structure of parental source populations during a heavy settlement event. Perhaps most importantly, their long-term and geographically extensive record of sea urchin settlement continues to provide the only integrated, fishery independent index of the condition of the breeding stock, since larval supply and settlement are a function of the effective breeding population. The value of this inexpensive tool for monitoring the health of the sea urchin resource in California increases each year the study is continued.

Stephen Schroeter, Daniel Reed 1/1/2018 to 12/31/2019 $5,749,211 Mark Page Simpson & Simpson SB180148 San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station Mitigation Project Monitoring Program, 2018-2019 BACKGROUND Condition D of coastal development permit for the operation of SONGS Units 2 & 3 requires the permittee (SCE) to fund scientific and support staff retained by the California Coastal Commission to oversee the site assessments, project design and implementation, and monitoring activities for the mitigation projects designed to compensate for the past and ongoing adverse effects of SONGS operations on coastal marine resources. Implementation Structure Scientific expertise is provided to the Commission by a small technical oversight team hired under contract. The technical oversight team members include three Research Biologists from UC Santa Barbara (Principal Scientists): Stephen Schroeter, Ph.D., marine ecologist, Mark Page, Ph.D., wetlands ecologist (half time), and Daniel Reed, Ph.D., kelp forest ecologist (half-time). A part-time senior administrator (Lane Yee) completes the core contract program staff. In addition, a science advisory panel advises the Commission on the design, implementation, monitoring, and remediation of the mitigation projects. Current science advisory panel members include Richard Ambrose, Ph.D., Professor, UCLA, Peter Raimondi, Ph.D., Professor, UC Santa Cruz, and Russell Schmitt, Ph.D., Professor, UC Santa Barbara. To meet the goals specified in the permit under Condition D and to complete

116 the tasks identified in the 2018-2019 work program, the contract program staff is aided by contract staff biologists who are responsible for collecting and assembling the monitoring data. The contract program staff is also assisted on occasion by independent consultants and subcontractors when expertise for specific tasks is needed or when additional field assistance is needed for monitoring tasks. The Commission’s permanent staff also spends a portion of their time on this program, but except for direct travel reimbursements, their costs are paid by the Commission and are not included in the SONGS budget. The staff implements the Commission’s technical oversight and independent monitoring program through a contract with the University of California, Santa Barbara. UCSB has an international reputation for excellence in ecology and marine biology and is well equipped to support extramural contracts and grants in these areas. The UCSB contract uses the existing Principal Scientists as project managers for both the wetland restoration and reef mitigation oversight and independent monitoring, with data collection done by the university contract staff biologists under their direction. The Principal Scientists are responsible for supervising the contract staff biologists, subcontractors and consultants, authorizing purchases, and interacting with UC administrative staff on issues pertaining to personnel, budget, and UC policies (e.g., boating and diving safety regulations) relevant to the project. Monitoring of these projects is being adaptively managed in order 2 to streamline effort and minimize costs without compromising the integrity of the data and their value in decision making with regards to the performance of the mitigation projects. Continuous interaction between the Principal Scientists and contract staff biologists is crucial to fulfilling the monitoring tasks for both the wetland restoration and mitigation reef. Before starting the five-year experimental reef monitoring program in 1999, staff conducted a cost comparison among UCSB, other universities, and private consultants and concluded that use of a qualified university would save SCE a substantial sum over use of private consultants. Based on 1995 real cost data from private consultants for work that included the same physical and biological variables used in the SONGS reef monitoring program, costs for private consultants were nearly three times higher than the cost of implementing the monitoring program through UCSB. The Commission concurred with staff at the start of the monitoring program and continues to find that implementing the field monitoring programs through a contract with UCSB is the most efficient, cost-effective, scientifically rigorous, and timely method of achieving the goals of the independent monitoring required by the SONGS permit.

Scott Simon, Michele Johnson 8/1/2015 to 7/31/2017 $99,968 NOAA NA15NOS4290030 Oceans-to-Classrooms Watershed Education and Training Program Summary of work: This Oceans-to-Classrooms Watershed Education and Training Project consists of two main activities: 1) a five-day, 40-hour professional development workshop for teachers from the Santa Barbara Unified School District, and 2) three meaningful watershed educational experiences for the students of these teachers during the school year. This project will train and support 22 6th grade teachers and their 700 students in watershed and coastal marine science and ocean acidification, and spend $150 per student from the total project cost.

Cody Szuwalski 10/1/2017 to 9/30/2018 $67,282 UC San Diego 20174555 Eastern Bering Sea snow crab assessment and modeling Two key duties will be performed for the duration of this grant: 1) performing work in support of the assessment and management of eastern Bering Sea snow crab, and 2) beginning the process of designing and coding a spatial projection framework to evaluate the future extent of the snow crab fishery under climate change scenarios. Support for assessment and management Each year, survey and catch data are used to provide assessments of the exploitable biomass of male snow crab in the eastern Bering Sea in order to set a total allowable catch. This process requires lengthy analyses of different model scenarios to ensure appropriate harvest levels. A key duty under this grant will be to begin the process of updating and documenting the assessment model to accommodate scenarios deemed necessary by the Crab Plan Team and the Science and Statistical Committee (SSC), which will be determined at the October 2017 meeting of the SSC. Spatial projection framework

117 The productivity of the population of snow crab in the eastern Bering Sea has been suggested to be influenced by environmental variables such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. This population of snow crab supports a valuable fishery and has produced an average of ~27,000 tons a year over the last ten years. Large changes in the physical environment of the eastern Bering Sea are projected under all climate change scenarios examined by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Spatial assessment methods and the resolution of climate projections has recently improved dramatically. Our goal is to seize these improvements and begin to lay the groundwork for a spatial projection model that will accept spatial projections of environmental variables deemed important in snow crab population dynamics. The ultimate goal of this modeling framework is to evaluate harvest strategies under projections into the near future to understand how fishers and fisheries managers may adapt to the coming environmental changes. During the grant duration, input data will be cleaned, a roadmap for the coding process will be developed, and coding will begin. It is unlikely that the framework will be completed over the grant period.

Cody Szuwalski 9/01/2016 to 8/31/2018 $500,000 Christopher Costello Packard Foundation 2016-64741 Capacity Building in China Through Collaborative Marine Research The Sustainable Fisheries Group (SFG) at UCSB seeks a partnership with the Packard Foundation on a project grant to engage Chinese researchers in collaborative research aimed at understanding the status and evaluating the management of Chinese marine resources. The planned research collaborations will increase our Chinese partner’s capacity to employ more quantitative methods by exposing them to cutting edge management tools and analytical methods. The Chinese government is enthusiastic about involving international experts in the process of exploring potential management strategies for their ocean resources, but sensitivities exist, particularly with regard to sharing data. SFG proposes the following approach to respect our collaborators’ need for privacy while offering meaningful guidance in ocean management. SFG will design a user-friendly tool to quantitatively assess the impacts of alternative changes in fishery management with an emphasis on flexibility so that it can be applied to many species. This tool will be able to consider the influence of climate change and trophic interactions in the process of evaluating potential management interventions from both ecological and economic perspectives. We will provide training in the use of the tool and the concepts behind it to researchers at multiple institutes and universities in China so they can use it in their own research. Currently, four projects are planned using this tool, and more projects will emerge as SFG continues to build relationships with Chinese scientists and fisheries researchers. The planned projects are aimed at deepening the sophistication of China’s ocean management and increasing the visibility of the potential benefits of management reforms. To further our goal of building capacity in China and raising the profile of the results of our collaborations, we will host up to 4 visiting scholars over the grant period, targeting individuals for their potential to influence future management decisions and to spread technological innovations more broadly within the Chinese academic and management communities. SFG will collaborate with these researchers and others to produce peerreviewed publications in English-speaking journals related to the management of species fished by the Chinese fleets.

Thomas Turner 8/1/2011 to 12/31/2017 $1,452,662 NIH General Medical Sciences 5R01 GM098614-04 Evolutionary Behavioral Genomics of Drosophila Courtship Genome-wide association studies hold the promise of comprehensive and systematic identification of the genetic basis of natural trait variation. By quantifying how genetic polymorphisms induce large, small, precise, general, or conditional effects on traits, we can unlock a vast reservoir of natural variation that will help us understand how biological systems function and evolve. However, good statistical power to identify variants with low population frequencies or modest effects requires

118 sample sizes that are generally prohibitive. Here, we develop a new approach, “Evolve and Resequence” (E&R), that overcomes this barrier using the genetic model system Drosophila. We have re-purposed experimental evolution of D. melanogaster, which has been used for over 100 years to address fundamental questions in population genetics, and adapted it for use in genome- wide mapping. Together with high-throughput behavioral quantification and various statistical approaches, our technique will be used to build models of behavior based on genotype. The predictive power of these models will tell us a great deal about the nature of genetic information and the molecular systems that translate this information into behavioral output. The long- term goal of this research is to characterize the genetic and environmental influences that result in variation in courtship behavior, for both males and females, in multiple Drosophila species. This work begins with characterization of male courtship song production: during courtship, a Drosophila male extends a single wing and “twangs” this wing repeatedly to produce a wing vibration song consisting of a series of pulses. These traits are among the best characterized of Drosophila behaviors, both in D. melanogaster and across the genus, and they are currently the focus of intensive efforts in neurobiology and molecular genetics. As such, these traits serve as a model system for studying the genetic basis of behavior in animals. Specifically, this proposal aims to 1) locate and characterize the genetic variants affecting courtship song in D. melanogaster, 2) do the same for the closely related D. simulans, to compare and contrast results from multiple species, and 3) begin molecular genetic investigation of the genes and gene systems discovered in aims 1 and 2.

David Valentine 10/1/2013 to 9/30/2018 $341,714 National Science Foundation OCE-1333162 Collaborative Research: Oxygenation of Hydrocarbons in the Ocean Overview: More than 400,000 tons of petroleum hydrocarbons are released annually into the ocean, with human activities and natural seepage contributing comparable amounts. Once in marine environments, hydrocarbons are subject to physical, chemical and biological processes, collectively referred to as weathering, that are well established to remove select hydrocarbons from the ocean. However, little attention has been given, mainly due to analytical limitations, to the ubiquitous residues left by oil’s weathering. Recent studies from oil spills point to the importance of hydrocarbon oxygenation, the incorporation of oxygen into hydrocarbons, as an important process in forming major constituents of recalcitrant tar. Furthermore, other oxyhydrocarbons could dissolve into ocean water, and several studies suggest that oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds can be toxic. This proposal seeks to lay a scientific foundation for understanding which processes control the formation of oxygenated hydrocarbons, the rates of these processes, the identity of the major products, the rates at which they are formed and destroyed, and for distinguishing photochemical oxygenation from biological oxygenation. The primary hypotheses driving this study are that (i) hydrocarbon oxygenation in the ocean is controlled by a balance between photooxidation and biodegradation, with each process leading to distinct suites of products and (ii) oxygenation produces both terminal recalcitrant products, which dominate the mass of tar in the environment, and lesser amounts of dissolved organic carbon. The approach involves a series of field and laboratory studies that include using hydrocarbon seeps as natural laboratories and oil spills (Deepwater Horizon oil spill 2010, and Cosco Busan spill 2007) as individual experiments. Laboratory experiments will isolate photochemical and biological oxygenation, whereas field studies will assess changes and patterns of oxygenation in natural slicks at the sea surface and biodegraded oils from underlying natural seeps. To identify specific oxidation processes and recalcitrant products, labile and recalcitrant oxygenation products will be identified using ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCGC), and changes in the stable oxygen isotopic composition characteristic of biological and photooxidation will be determined. These are novel approaches not previously applied to oxygenation of hydrocarbons. Intellectual Merit: The results from these experiments will contribute to a better understanding of the petroleum oxygenation processes and the environmental fate of understudied oxygenation products. Thereby, characteristic changes in bulk, molecular, and isotopic composition of weathered petroleum seep and spill samples collected by the PIs will be linked to photooxidation and

119 biodegradation processes. Overall, this study promises to reveal the composition, source, and fate of oxygenated hydrocarbons that result from petroleum released in marine systems by natural seepage or anthropogenic discharge. Broader Impact: This study provides for several undergraduates and two postdoctoral scholars to be trained in innovative analytical and experimental techniques. The proposed oceanographic expedition in the Gulf of Mexico will double as a course offered at UCSB that will bring undergraduates to sea and provide a rich and integrated research and learning experience; undergraduate students from the University of Mary Washington will also be incorporated into the laboratory and oceanographic phases. Furthermore, the results of this effort will help regulatory agencies to define new analytical methods and target compounds for oil spill research. The involved PIs have built a strong relationship with federal and industry oil spill scientists in order to communicate and apply these results. Last, the iconic 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill has drawn attention to a wider audience of marine scientists studying cycling of organic matter in the ocean, beyond traditional oil spill research. The proposed study will add to their efforts to understand the fate and impacts of hydrocarbons released into the ocean.

David Valentine 9/01/2016 – 8/31/2019 $364,254 National Science Foundation 1635562 Collaborative Research: Do Cyanobacteria Drive Marine Hydrocarbon Biogeochemistry? More than 400,000 tons of petroleum hydrocarbons are released annually into the ocean, with human activities and natural seepage contributing comparable amounts. This quantity is dwarfed, according to recent work, by the production of 308,000,000 – 771,000,000 tons of hydrocarbons by cyanobacteria. While the ubiquity of hydrocarbons in the oceans has long-been attributed to phytoplankton source, no study has considered the latent biogeochemical cycling of such biogenic hydrocarbons or the effects of this cycle. This proposal seeks to lay a scientific foundation for understanding the distribution, partitioning, and cycling of biogenic hydrocarbons in the ocean. The hypotheses driving this proposal focus on the abundance and molecular diversity of biogenic hydrocarbons in relation to the cyanobacterial population; the extent to which volatilization to the atmosphere acts as a sink for biogenic hydrocarbons; and the rate at which hydrocarbons are produced by cyanobacteria and consumed by hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria.

David Valentine 3/1/2018 – 2/28/2021 $415,570 National Science Foundation 1756947 Collaborative Research: Chemical and microbiological studies of water-soluble alkanes in the ocean This award addresses the chemical and biological processes affecting watersoluble alkanes in the ocean, using natural seeps to study their fluxes, partitioning between ocean and atmosphere, and the bacterial response to their input. Intellectual Merit: Hydrocarbons enter the Ocean through a combination of natural seepage, anthropogenic discharge and biological production, with profound impacts on Ocean biogeochemistry, ecology, and the atmosphere. Impacts can be viewed from two perspectives - where hydrocarbons in the marine setting can act as both an energy-rich food substrate and as a toxic substance - with impacts modulated by the activity of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria. The transport, fate, and effects of marine hydrocarbons have been the subject of numerous studies, and the importance of petroleum hydrocarbons in the sea has been reiterated through an ongoing series of reports published by the National Academy of Sciences (i.e., Oil in the Sea). These efforts have led to significant advances toward understanding the behavior of liquid phase oil in the ocean, with a focus on the long chain alkanes and multicyclic compounds. However, the behavior of highly volatile hydrocarbons - a class that is abundant in petroleum reservoirs and many crude and refined products - is less studied and is poorly understood. Such hydrocarbons display distinct behaviors compared with traditional oil in that they will partition to seawater or the atmosphere depending on their

120 molecular structure and the context by which they enter the ocean, a combination of characteristics unsuitable for traditional fate and transport models that govern our understanding of liquid oil. The current research proposal addresses this gap in knowledge and describes a plan to study volatile, water-soluble hydrocarbons in the context of natural seepage, focusing on key questions about their transport and fate, and the Ocean’s microbial response. Two key questions include: 1) What factors control the partitioning of water-soluble alkanes between water and the atmosphere at natural seeps, and how does this affect their availability to microbes? 2) What genomic and metabolic factors enable the microbial response to the input of water-soluble alkanes and how does the microbial response vary with regional oceanographic and geologic factors such as proximity and flux of natural seepage? The hypotheses that result from these questions will be tested through a series of oceanographic and laboratory-based experiments designed around natural oil seeps in the Pacific and in the Gulf of Mexico. The results of these studies promise to inform our understanding of the transport, fate, and effects of water-soluble alkanes in the ocean. Broader Impacts: The broader impacts of this research include both educational opportunities and broader societal relevance. Toward educational opportunities, the proposed research includes training of multiple undergraduate and graduate students. The requested research expedition would be leveraged to provide the capstone experience driving a field studies course - a proven mechanism by which ~8 undergraduate and ~4 graduate students will directly engage in oceanographic research. An additional ~10 undergraduate students from a primarily undergraduate institution will gain hands on experience with atmospheric sampling and data analysis as part of their senior capstone course. The results of this research will inform policy and public debate, insomuch as they will provide a scientific foundation to understand the transport and fate of water-soluble alkanes in the ocean - an issue of direct societal relevance. Such basic scientific knowledge is especially prudent in the context of numerous scenarios that involve large scale discharge of water soluble alkanes to the ocean. Lastly, the PIs of this proposal are actively engaged in the public discussion about hydrocarbons and Ocean health - with industry, Government officials, policy makers and NGOs - a discussion which will be informed by this research.

David Valentine 8/29/2016 – 12/31/2017 $499,949 USDI Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement E16AC00002 The Effect of Hydrocarbon Production on Offshore Natural Seep Rates in the Coal Oil Point Area, Santa Barbara, California This proposal describes a research project led by the UCSB and conducted with sub equal contribution from the University of New Hampshire. The primary research goal of this project is to quantify the capitalizing on two conditions: shut in versus resumption of hydrocarbon production. This goal will be achieved by using geophysical methods to survey and monitor the flux of oil and gas at a hydrocarbon seep located at close proximity to Platform Holly, in the Coal Oil Point seep area. The platform is currently shut in, providing an opportunity to quantify oil and gas flux in the absence of hydrocarbon production; the return to production will provide an opportunity to test the hypothesis that production reduces the rates of natural seepage. The results from this study should inform the public, the local County and State governments, the media, and academia about natural seepage by assessing the potential for oil and gas production to reduce environmental release of petroleum. The results from this study should further inform as to the role of gas-driven transport in the migration of heavy Monterey oil through overlying strata and waters, and may further help BSEE and the U.S. Coast Guard anticipate/explain anomalous occurrences of oil in the water and on the beaches such as happened in July 2015, two months after the platforms were shut-in.

David Valentine, Debora 2/1/2018 to 1/31/2019 $109,990 Iglesias-Rodriguez, Craig Carlson National Science Foundation E16AC00002 RAPID: Biogeochemical effects of fire ash deposition to the coastal ocean, in response to the 2017 Southern California fires

121 This RAPID proposal describes a study to investigate the impact of fire ash deposition on coastal ocean biogeochemistry. This will be achieved through a combination of experimentation and environmental measurement, capitalizing on the ongoing occurrence of fires in Southern California and a previously-scheduled graduate student cruise on the R/V Sally Ride.

David Valentine and Blair Paul 4/01/2016 – 6/30/2018 $206,370 University of Southern California 72781708 Using a Targeted Metagenomic Approach to Examine Adaptive Protein Diversification by Microorganisms and their Viruses in Subseafloor Sediments Parasitic organisms depend upon evasive genetic strategies towards defense, including adaptive protein diversification. Although this phenomenon has not been widely examined in subsurface ecosystems, my recent assessment of subseafloor and subterranean archaeal genomes revealed a prodigious driver of protein evolution. Here, I propose to expand upon this discovery, leveraging the C-DEBI collaborative network, to examine the role of targeted protein diversification in shaping host- parasite interactions in subseafloor ecosystems. Importantly, I propose to investigate this mechanism in the following three stages. 1. Directly probe methane seep sediments sampled from the Santa Monica Basin, using a novel screening diversifiers. 2. Conduct metagenomics sequencing and bioinformatics analysis for samples prioritized in the previous step. 3. In collaboration with current C-DEBI researchers, apply newly developed bioinformatics tools to screen for latent hypervariable proteins in existing subseafloor metagenomes. This research will directly address C-DEBI phase II research themes 2 and 3 by investigating a targeted mechanism thought to drive protein evolution in subsurface microorganisms and their viruses. The collective efforts of this proposal will lead to a broad collaboration for the identification and annotation of proteins that have evolved through adaptive diversification in subseafloor microorganisms.

J. Herbert Waite, 9/1/2013 to 8/31/2019 $1,942,671 Jacob Israelachvili NIH Dental and NIH Research, National Institutes of Health 5R01DE018468-10 Translating Mussel Adhesion Polymer adhesion to wet mineral surfaces is typically limited by the lack of polymer-surface interactions strong enough to compete with water. Marine mussels overcome this limitation by using a suite of specific DOPA-containing proteins that chemically bind even to wet, atomically smooth surfaces. Protein biochemistry and surface physics are combined in this proposal to investigate the adhesive strategies of mussels on surfaces of hydroxyapatite - the mineral of tooth and bone. In the first aim, mass spectrometry and molecular surface sensors will be used to interrogate the proteins, pH, redox, and water fastness of adhesive secretions deposited onto hydroxyapatite. In aim 2, hydroxyapatite-specific proteins will be tested for adhesion in the surface forces apparatus using the pH and redox conditions used in mussel adhesion. In the third aim, a 3-dimensional surface forces apparatus will be introduced to measure the effect of multidirectional motion on the dynamic adhesion of mussel-derived proteins to dentinal and enamel surfaces.

J. Herbert Waite 9/1/2013 to 8/31/2018 $1,942,671 NIH Dental and NIH Research, National Institutes of Health 2R01DE018468-06 Translating Mussel Adhesion Polymer adhesion to wet mineral surfaces is typically limited by the lack of polymer-surface interactions strong enough to compete with water. Marine mussels overcome this limitation by using a suite of specific DOPA-containing proteins that chemically bind even to wet, atomically smooth

122 surfaces. Protein biochemistry and surface physics are combined in this proposal to investigate the adhesive strategies of mussels on surfaces of hydroxyapatite - the mineral of tooth and bone. In the first aim, mass spectrometry and molecular surface sensors will be used to interrogate the proteins, pH, redox, and water fastness of adhesive secretions deposited onto hydroxyapatite. In aim 2, hydroxyapatite-specific proteins will be tested for adhesion in the surface forces apparatus using the pH and redox conditions used in mussel adhesion. In the third aim, a 3-dimensional surface forces apparatus will be introduced to measure the effect of multidirectional motion on the dynamic adhesion of mussel-derived proteins to dentinal and enamel surfaces.

Libe Washburn 6/1/2017 to 5/31/2018 $730,600 UC San Diego NA16NOS0120022 Southern California Regional Coastal Ocean Observing System: Surface Current Mapping (HFR) and Quality Control (QC) Task Title: HF Radar Operations Washburn’s research group will operate a network of HF radar systems designed to measure ocean surface currents and developed with funding from NOAA/IOOS. The surface current mapping network will aid in remotely sensed measurement of ocean surface currents for purposes of assessing and mitigating impacts of impaired water quality, tracking oil spills, assisting search and rescue efforts, and monitoring the physical environment for purposes of understanding ecosystem change. The Southern California Coastal Ocean Observing System (SCCOOS) proposes to maintain and improve the network to ensure continued distribution of near real-time surface currents along the coast of Southern California. Funds obtained from this program will support continued operation and maintenance of HF Radar systems including supporting infrastructure. This Statement of Work is for the UCSB component of the SCCOOS HF radar system. The systems are operated by Washburn’s research group at UCSB in collaboration with Ian Robbins and other HF radar technicians at the California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (CalPoly). Washburn’s group will also collaborate with Dean Wendt and Ryan Walter of CalPoly in the operation of the radars. The systems are deployed from Nicholas Canyon in the south to Ragged Point in the north. Task Title: HF Radar Quality Control Brian Emery and Libe Washburn will continue development of software tools for monitoring the quality of IOOS HF radar data. Emery will be the principal programmer on the project and he will consult with Washburn and other members of Washburn’s research group during the project. The software tools will generate operational, real-time comparisons of time-series from overlapping HF radar sites in NOAA/IOOS Surface Current Mapping Network. These include comparisons along the baseline between two sites (baseline comparisons), and what we define as pseudo-radial comparisons: the use of two or more sites to generate radials to compare with measured radials from another site. Automated real-time comparisons will provide the metrics HF radar operators need to efficiently and objectively monitor the quality and consistency of HF radar radial data. eW intend these metrics for use by regional associations, program managers and NOAA officials to assess network health and function. An important objective is to develop a framework for objectively monitoring IOOS HF radar data quality. The proposed framework will also enable the assessment and validation of elliptical surface current components produced with multi-static software. We will continue developing a MATLAB toolbox for: (1) Automatically comparing baseline radial currents; (2) Automatically comparing radials for a given site with radials components derived from other sites. We call this procedure pseudo-radial comparisons.

123 Development of the toolbox for automated calculation and visualization includes: • Determining sites with where over-water baselines and pseudo radials can be computed; • Determining the optimal comparison areas such as over a range of bearings or along portions of baselines; • Establishing time series of useful metrics (e.g., root-mean-square (RMS) differences, and r2); • Constructing useful visualizations of results for operators.

Libe Washburn, Brian Emery 3/15/2017 to 2/29/2020 $536,279 National Science Foundation 1658475 Collaborative Research: Resolving Complex Coastal Flows via Advances in High-Frequency Radar Coastal oceanography aims to understand and quantify complex coastal flows that transport momentum, heat, salt, nutrients, and other waterborne materials such as plankton and sediment along and across continental shelves. The rapid evolution of these flows over a wide range of spatial scales makes them challenging to observe. Oceanographic HF radar is an important approach for observing these flows through persistent measurement of surface currents over large areas of the coastal ocean. While HF radar is capable of resolving scales of surface currents essential for understanding the dynamics of larger scale transport processes, the present state of HF radar techniques constrains the accuracy and resolution of surface current observations in regions of higher complexity, thus limiting understanding of the full range of dynamics present. The overarching goal of this proposal is to advance knowledge of complex coastal dynamics by improving surface current observations from oceanographic radars. These improvements will increase the value of HF radar observations for basic research of the coastal ocean and for operational applications directly benefiting society.

Douglas Wilson 5/01/2016 – 12/31/2017 $65,558 US Geological Survey G16AC00094 Sythesis of Mendocino Ridge Regional Geologic Framework, Tectonic and Magmatic Processes and Margin Evolution in Support of Extended Continental Shelf Assessments The objective is to document the 30 million year history and evolution of the Mendocino system (ie the part of Mendocino history of direct relevance to ECS issues of US margin prolongation and continuity), through integrated interpretation of newly collected multibeam data with marine magnetics, seismics, and kinematic modeling, and to draft results into a manuscript for peer- reviewed publication. This scientific synthesis paper will focus on the geological, geophysical, morphologic and tectonic evidence for Mendocino transform and fracture zone system history and its broad eastern Pacific context, suitable for use as a basis for geologic background for the US ECS Project’s Pacific West Coast regional submission.

Marion Wittmann 11/13/2017 to 9/30/2020 $1,380,000 Cal Wildlife Conservation Board WC-1710SF Sedgwick Reserve Infrastructure and Facilities Project: Phase 2 Sedgwick Reserve has all the attributes of a world-class field site for university esearchr and teaching, except that its facilities are inadequate to support high levels of use, particularly longerterm use. The Sedgwick Reserve Infrastructure and Facilities Project (henceforth ‘the Project”) will create the infrastructure and facilities needed to serve the Reserve’s current and projected needs and to turn it into a world-class natural reserve and field station. Phase 1 of the Project was supported by WCB Proposition 84 (henceforth WCB) funds. Developing the infrastructure needed for Phase 2 is the subject of this proposal. Phase 2 will further the Project by creating much-needed facilities for housing, office space, and camping and day-use support.

124 Marion Wittmann and Chris Jerde 12/02/2016 to 12/01/2017 $16,000 Santa Barbara Foundation SB170079 A pilot project to demonstrate best water management practices for sustainable agriculture, wildlife conservation and regional fire security at UCSB’s Sedgwick Reserve This project will reconfigure the well water system at the Sedgwick Natural Reserve in order to concurrently 1) decrease water demand by improving water storage for enhanced agricultural irrigation and emergency firefighting purposes and 2) maintain habitat for water-dependent wildlife on the Reserve, including the California state threatened species: the Tri-Colored Blackbird and the Western Pond Turtle. Project results will be communicated online and distributed in hard- copy through a brief document intended to recommend on-farm water management practices and demonstrate the benefits gained through water conservation for agriculture, environmental sustainability and improved emergency firefighting support.

Hillary Young 5/1/2016 to 4/30/2019 $135,985 National Science Foundation 1556786 SG Collaborative Research: The Changing Role in Watering Holes in Concentrating Parasites in a Changing Climate Overview: Watering holes (WHs) are iconic for their role in aggregating animals in dryland ecosystems, and any form of animal aggregations should tend to increase disease transmission risk. In addition, WHs may change microclimatic effects so as to favor parasite development and survival, contributing to heterogeneity in disease risk across a landscape. This study will examine the effect of WHs on parasite concentration and, ultimately, on landscape scale disease dynamics in a well- studied East African savanna ecosystem. The proposed research will especially consider how climate change modifies these dynamics of aggregation and habitat suitability for parasites, under different climate change scenarios for East Africa. This project will use a complementary combination of observational study, experimental manipulation, and individual based models. Specifically, this study will (1) examine the extent to which WHs increase risk of three regionally important parasite groups (helminths, ticks, and tick borne pathogens) using an observational study of 26 WH and control sites set across an established climatic gradient. (2) It will experimentally test these effects using an experimental drain and fill design at five pairs of watering pans. (3) It will experimentally examine the elativer importance of host aggregation versus microclimatic factors as drivers of parasitism near WHs, via an established and replicated exclosure experiment along a climatic gradient. (4) It will then examine the landscape scale consequences of WHs on disease for multiple pathogens using individual based models that scale up from a single host species to a multiple host community. Collectively these efforts will identify the extent to which WHs affect parasite transmission risk for various parasites, and the extent to which they are likely to change under changing climatic and anthropogenic conditions, such as defaunation or increased water extraction. Intellectual Merit: In terms of Intellectual Merit, this research will add crucial insights to the overlooked role of essential resources as sources of within- and between-species transmission of disease, while also incorporating effects of climate change on rainfall. An extensive and growing body of literature has examined the role of climate change on parasitism and disease dynamics. Yet, most of this work has focused on direct effects, mostly of temperature change, on parasite growth, life history and range shifts. Empirical research on WH effects on parasitism is essential given the importance of WHs to wildlife, livestock, and humans in dryland ecosystems globally, and the economic and health importance of wildlife borne diseases in these ecosystems. Given the rapid changes in water regimes and wildlife communities that are already occurring in many dryland ecosystems, it is critical to understand the ecology of infectious disease in relation to WHs. Broader Impacts: In terms of Broader Impacts, this project, through partnerships with the UCSB KIN program, will reach a large number of underserved grade school children in California, while simultaneously training future school teachers in concepts of ecology and ecosystem services. Likewise, through partnership with Daraja Academy this project will be able to spread similar

125 lessons in sustainability and environmental science to high achieving Kenyan girls that come from impoverished families near to the study sites. The combination of internships and classroom teaching will give these girls tangible skills and experiences in science in their final year of school. This project will supplement training for a graduate student researcher, provide training for a young scientist with a B.S. or B.A. looking for research experience prior to grad school, and support extensive undergraduate research, with a priority given to underrepresented groups for all cases. Given the potential importance of climate change on infectious disease dynamics, results will also have applied value for public health in dryland ecosystems. Specifically the esearchr and models may help in creating clear predictions for likely consequences of water draw-down and wildlife loss on disease in changing climatic conditions. Finally, the research team will publish open-access publications, post all raw data and models in long-standing repositories, and present results at national and international meetings.

Hillary Young 1/01/2017 to 12/31/2017 $7,519 UC Davis 201700177-01 Megafires and Ecological Networks The funded postdoctoral student at UCSB will be supervised by Hillary Young and will work closely with both PI’s at other institutions. The postdoctoral research will focus research efforts on developing foodweb and network models based on field data, and modeling stability, resilience and network properties in these networks. The student will compare predictions from various model types and across burned and unburned sites and then synthesize findings regarding the effects of catastrophic megafire on these network responses.

Hillary Young 10/20/2016 to 5/30/2018 $23,109 National Geographic Society 9829-15 Interacting Effects of Climate Change and Defaunation on Tick-borne Disease in East Africa There is increasing consensus that both climate change and wildlife declines can have strong impacts on infectious disease risk with significant downstream effects on human health and well being. This project aims to understand how these two aspects of global change may interact to determine prevalence of tick-borne disease in East Africa in the future. Given that biotic interactions are well established to mediate or exacerbate the effects of climate change on many other ecosystem properties, it is important to consider these interactions in the context of disease impacts. We thus propose to utilize existing large-scale and long-term manipulations (“exclosures”) of large mammal communities along a strong climate gradient in East Africa, in order to understand the interactive effects of large wildlife and climatic conditions on tick-borne disease prevalence. To understand the extent to which the addition of livestock in real-world landscapes may mediate the effects of the loss of large wildlife, we will also partner the experimental manipulations with additional surveys in the surrounding landscapes where livestock replaces large wildlife. Cumulatively, this research will both inform our understanding of the extent to which biotic interactions mediate climate effects on disease transmission, and provide practical guidance on public health impacts of wildlife loss with and without livestock replacement.

Hillary Young 7/1/2017 to 7/31/2018 $9,238 UC Davis A14-0034-S001 LTREB RENEWAL: COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: Scaling up and scaling out at the Kenya Long-term Exclosure Experiment (KLEE) After much thought and consideration, the PIs of this NSF REU grant (number: 1720003, title: LTREB RENEWAL: COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: Scaling up and scaling out at the Kenya Long- term Exclosure Experiment (KLEE) are requesting changes to the project proposed in the original grant proposal. There are several important logistical considerations at play in this request: first, the

126 severe drought currently afflicting the Laikipia region of Kenya (where the Mpala Research Centre, the home institution of the KLEE, is located) has recently resulted in some conflicts between pastoralists seeking water and pasture for their herds, and large-scale private landowners. Several of these conflicts have resulted in violence. Second, there is some speculation that these conflicts are exacerbated by the upcoming general elections to be held in early August of 2017.

Hillary Young, Kevin Lafferty 6/1/2015 to 5/31/2019 $547,149 National Science Foundation 1457371 Using Replicated Empirical Networks to Understand Drivers of Ecosystem Structure and Stability Despite a long history of inquiry, we still lack a clear understanding of the drivers of community structure and the ways this structure affects ecosystem stability. In this project, we will examine how ecosystem size and productivity structure ecological networks. To do this, we will assemble and compare high-resolution interaction networks replicated across a series of 23 islets in the central Pacific (Palmyra Atoll) that vary independently in size and productivity. Our preliminary data suggest that these basic environmental properties drive strong variation in community structure across these islets. Next, we will predict how this variation in community structure should affect network stability, measured using multiple metrics of network stability. We will then test if models can predict system responses to a perturbation by comparing expected persistence to observed changes in empirical networks before and after system-wide rat (Rattus rattus) eradication. Finally, we will use path analyses to evaluate the relative importance of ecosystem size, productivity, and network structure, in predicting system stability. All together, these efforts will help identify not only how environmental characteristics structure communities but also the extent to which they drive system-level responses to perturbation. Intellectual Merit: Ecological complexity makes it difficult to identify general patterns in nature, such as community stability. To understand what drives stability, one could measure changes in systems over time across environmental gradients. Another approach has been to consider how system structure (e.g., their complexity) affects community stability. However, it is unlikely that structure and environmental gradients are independent, because environmental factors might alter system structure as well as their stability. Here, we address how system size and productivity affect structure, how system size and productivity affect stability, and the extent that size and productivity drive stability through their effects on system structure Although these topics seem simple, they remain largely unanswered and it thus remains challenging to predict how removing a single species will affect an ecosystem due to the potential for indirect effects to cascade through complex ecological networks. This can be investigated in mesocosms and with dynamical and structural models, but there are few such studies from replicated natural systems, and none that measure more than a few interacting species. Likewise, although several studies assess and model food-web stability, there are no systematic empirical tests of these findings in natural settings. Systematic comparisons are also difficult because current published networks comprise different ecosystems collected by different authors with different methods, making it unclear whether the variation seen among networks is due to ecology or disparate methodologies. The methods we propose thus represent many conceptual advances. We will create the best-replicated, high- resolution ecological networks to date; these will range across relevant ecological gradients, but be within the same system and location; and they will be subject to an experimental perturbation so we can test model predictions and measure the extent to which productivity, system size, and system structure affect stability. Broader Impacts: This project will train multiple graduate students, undergraduates, and a postdoctoral researcher, with a focus on underrepresented groups. Furthermore, through partnerships with the UCSB KIN program, we will also reach grade school children, and train elementary school teachers in ecology and invasive species. Because invasions and removals are important challenges for resource managers, we will also position our general results in an applied context. Specifically, our in-depth biological characterization will allow better management and restoration of an isolated and important National Wildlife Refuge. This work should also produce broad management insight on the importance of environmental characteristics on species removals

127 and invasions, greatly improving our capacity to predict and prioritize conservation actions. We will also publish open-access publications and make presentations at national and international meetings on our research results and data. By making our data freely available, we will also create opportunities for other researchers to repeat our analyses as well as ask novel questions.

Oran Young, Ben Halpern 12/1/2015 to 8/31/2019 $235,562 Tufts University NS3819 Collaborative Research: Holistic Integration for Arctic Coastal-Marine Sustainability (HIACMS) Interests are awakening globally to take advantage of extensive energy, shipping, fishing, and tourism opportunities associated with diminishing sea ice in the Arctic Ocean. Responses to this environmental state-change are generating risks of political, economic, and cultural instabilities that will affect societies at local, regional, national, and international levels. Addressing the “common arctic issues” of sustainable development and environmental protection articulated by the Arctic Council, this 3-year project will develop and demonstrate a process that will enhance the practice of governance for sustainability in Arctic coastal-marine systems, balancing national interests and common interests; environmental protection, social equity and economic prosperity, and needs of present and future generations. To achieve this project goal, we will carry out a series of tasks addressing the four ArcSEES themes (Natural and Living Environment; Built Environment; Natural Resource Development; and Governance) and including: interdisciplinary data aggregation; geospatial integration of the data to reveal plausible developmental scenarios; annual workshops to generate infrastructure and policy options, and applications of the findings to current issues of Arctic governance. This sustainability process will be elucidated and demonstrated through case-studies focusing on current ‘hot spots’ in the Western Arctic - Bering Strait and Beaufort- Chukchi Seas (United States, Canadian and Russian interests) – and the Eastern Arctic - Barents Sea (Norwegian and Russian interests) and West Greenland (Greenlandic, Danish, and Canadian interests). We will engage policy makers in the process from bodies like the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, which has a transboundary remit in the Arctic Ocean. To make the process cost effective, we have established links to the SEARCH (Study of Environmental Change: www.arcus.org/search) and ACCESS (Arctic Climate Change, Economy and Society: www.access-eu.org) projects that are supported extensively within the United States and Europe, respectively. We will leverage the capacity, networks and expertise associated with these already-funded research activities. Our international, interdisciplinary, and inclusive project also will add value through partnerships with the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (www.nceas.ucsb.edu) in the United States and institutions in France associated with the ACCESS project as well as the Ice Atmosphere Arctic Ocean Observing System project (www. iaoos-equipex.upmc.fr). The holistic process we develop to generate and share options for Arctic coastal-marine sustainability will be memorialized through a video series involving lessons of ‘science diplomacy’ to further stimulate education by and for the benefit of all stakeholders (i.e., representatives of government agencies, academia, industry, non-governmental organizations, and civil society). The sustainability process we develop and demonstrate in this project focusing on the Arctic Ocean will have implications everywhere on Earth where resources, human activities, and their impacts extend across or beyond the boundaries of sovereign states.

Oran Young 11/01/2016 to 10/31/2019 $32,371 National Science Foundation 1660916 Collaborative Research: Belmont Forum: Pan-Arctic Options – Holistic Integration for Arctic Coastal-Marine Sustainability The Arctic Ocean is experiencing an environmental state-change with expanding human activities ranging from commercial shipping and energy development to ship-based tourism. Accordingly, with involvement of indigenous peoples, Arctic and non-Arctic states have begun to develop national and international management regimes to address emerging issues, impacts and resources in the Arctic Ocean. In every case, there will be challenges to implement agreements in the face of political and financial constraints. “Pan-Arctic Options – Holistic Integration for Arctic Coastal-

128 Marine Sustainability” is designed in an international, interdisciplinary and inclusive manner, involving cost-effective collaboration with currently funded projects to contribute to informed decision making by policy makers from government to industry. The core team includes natural and social scientists from Canada, China, France, Norway, Russia, and the United States who will integrate document collections, geospatial data and stakeholder perspectives. This integrated decision-support tool will involve users in the co-design and co-production of options for both policy and built elements that are needed together for sustainable infrastructure development in the Arctic Ocean. A unique observational contribution from Pan-Arctic Options will be the analysis of Automatic Identification System (AIS) data of ship traffic across the Arctic Ocean collected from polar-orbiting satellites from 2009 forward. Results will be disseminated via journals (e.g. Science, Nature) and books as well as less-conventional methods involving facilitated dialogues in annual venues (e.g. Arctic Frontiers, Arctic Circle) and in the 2016 Arctic Expedition Summit involving the National Geographic Society and Google Ocean program Management of this holistic project will be in the hands of a Steering Committee and an international Advisory Board involving global thought leaders and organizations contributing to Arctic Ocean sustainability on a pan-Arctic scale.

129 Space

130 Marine Science Research Building Bldg. No. 520 - 1st floor 06/2017

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA BARBARA

1001 Seawater workroom 1002 Common support laboratory 1208 Graduate student office space 1003 Valentine laboratory 1302 Auditorium 1004 Page/Dugan laboratory 1304 Graduate student office space 1005 Valentine laboratory 1304a Graduate student office space 1006 SONGS 1304b Graduate student office space 1007 Siegel laboratory 1308 Copier room 1008 Hacker laboratory 1310 Carrie Culver & Monique Myers 1009 Analytical laboratory 1312 Postdoc office space 1010 Hacker laboratory 1314 Postdoc office space 1011 Analytical laboratory 1409 Seawater workroom 1204 Graduate Student office space 1411 Seawater workroom 1206 Graduate Student office space 1413 Seawater workroom 131 Marine Science Research Building Bldg. No. 520 - 2nd floor 06/2017

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA BARBARA

2001 Seawater workroom 2015 SONGS project 2405 Visiting Scholar 2002 Common support laboratory 2304 Postdoc office 2407 Mark Torchin 2002a Environmental room 2306 Erika Eliason 2409 Wong/Kotal 2002b Environmental room 2308 Kevin Lafferty 2411 Gretchen Hofmann 2003 Hofmann laboratory 2310 Bob Miller 2413 Chamorro/Leach 2004 Miller laboratory 2312 Benioff Ocean Initiative 2005 Hofmann laboratory 2314 Benioff Ocean Initiative 2006 Miller laboratory 2314a Benioff Ocean Initiative 2007 Hofmann laboratory 2318 Conference room 2008 Shared laboratory 2401 Mark Page 2009 Burkepile laboratory 2403 Jenifer Dugan 2011 Burkepile laboratory 2404 Storage 132 2013 Burkepile laboratory Marine Science Research Building Bldg. No. 520 - 3rd floor 06/2017

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA BARBARA

3001 Seawater workroom 3015 MacIntyre laboratory 3403 Kolbe Ahn 3002 Common support laboratory 3304 Postdoc office 3405 BON 3003 Reed laboratory 3306 Postdoc office – Castorani 3407 BON 3004 Holbrook laboratory 3308 Dan Reed 3409 Chris Jerde 3005 Reed laboratory 3310 Andrew Brooks 3411 Cody Szuwalski 3005a Common support laboratory 3312 Postdoc office 3006 Schmitt laboratory 3312a Postdoc office 3008 Blanchette laboratory 3314 Russell Schmitt 3009 Warner laboratory 3316 Sally Holbrook 3011 Caselle laboratory 3322 Conference room 3013 Washburn laboratory 3401 Margaret O’Brien – 3014 Storage Mary Gastil-Buhl 133 Marine Science Research Building Bldg. No. 520 - 4th floor 06/2017

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA BARBARA

4002 Receiving 4008 Break room 4322a Michaela Clemence 4003a Ocean o’ Graphics – Monica Pessino 4009a Jim Woods 4322b Robert Warner 4003b NRS 4009b Marine Map 4326b Matt Fratus 4003c NRS 4009d Brian Emery 4326 Development 4004a File Room 4012 Server room 4326a MSI Director 4004c 4013 Marine Map 4401 Tim Schmidt 4004d Melia Cutcher 4304 Will McClintock 4403 Joyce Wolever 4005a Nicole Zavala 4306 Libe Washburn 4405 Luisa Velez 4005a Marisol Hernandez 4308 Sally Macintyre 4407 4005b Veronica Perez 4310 Gretchen Hoffman 4409a Lynne Van Der Kamp/Jenny Chu 4005c Lyndi Swanson 4312 Deron Burkepile 4409b Deanna Cervantes 4006a India Morgan 4314 Jen Caselle 4409C Donna Dobis 4006a Laura Susin 4316 Carol Blanchette 4006b Jenny Chu/Melia Cutcher 4318 Conference Room 4007 Mail room 4322 Lennon Thomas 134 Marine Science Institute Trailers

319-a Jenn Caselle 319-b Jenn Caselle 319-c Jenn Caselle 319-d Herb Waite 319-e Herb Waite

325-a John Richards 325-b Craig Nicholson 325-c Craig Nicholson 325-d Scott Simon 325-e Scott Simon

334-a Scott Simon 334-b REEF 334-c REEF

135 Statistical Summary

136 Research Support Summary 2017-2018

Percentage Awards of Total Federal Agencies National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) $230,595 1.02% National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Shared Serv) $727,006 3.21% National Fish and Wildlife Service $438,885 1.94% National Science Foundation-NSF $7,204,216 31.86% National Institutes of Health (NIH) Dental $316,440 1.40% USDA, Forest Service $50,000 0.22% USDI Bureau of Ocean Energy Management $441,633 1.95% USDI Fish and Wildlife Service $95,549 0.42% USDI Geological Survey $86,510 0.38%

Federal Totals $9,590,834 42.40%

State California Department of Fish and Wildlife $5,000 0.02% California Wildlife Conservation Board $1,471,700 6.51% CSU San Diego State University $483,285 2.14% San Jose State University $112,000 0.50% UC Davis $9,238 0.04% UC Los Angeles $126,000 0.56% UC San Diego $463,382 2.05% UC Santa Cruz $216,651 0.96% UC Sea Grant College Program $11,700 0.05%

State Totals $2,898,956 12.83%

137 Private Amec (Great Britain) $ 49,500 0.22% Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences $ 234,000 1.03% Burleson Consulting $52,270 0.23% California Sea Urchin Commission $5,044 0.02% Conservation International Foundation $31,594 0.14% Eppley Foundation for Research, Inc. $14,733 0.07% Exxon Mobil Upstream Research Company $64,155 0.28% Marisla Foundation $175,000 0.77% National Geographic Society $247,780 1.10% Nature Conservancy (The) $784,405 3.47% Next 10 $40,221 0.18% Occidental College $13,095 0.06% Ocean Conservancy $91,867 0.41% Oceano Azul Foundation $91,392 0.40% Oregon State University $475,969 2.10% Pew Charitable Trusts $35,000 0.15% Phycological Society of America $9,827 0.04% Rare. Inspiring Conservation $100,000 0.44% Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors $25,000 0.11% San Francisco Zoo $10,500 0.05% Simons Foundation $246,000 1.09% Simpson & Simpson Business Services $5,749,211 25.42% Society for Conservation Biology $89,318 0.39% Texas A&M University $110,982 0.49% Tufts University $15,495 0.07% University of Georgia $235,846 1.04% University of Hawaii $43,048 0.19% University of Nevada $28,871 0.13% University of Pittsburgh $17,535 0.08% University of Southern California $50,000 0.22% University of Wisconsin $314,613 1.39% Waitt Family Foundation $500,000 2.21% Zegar Family Foundation $172,197 0.76%

Private Totals $10,124,468 44.75%

Total $22,614,258 100.00%

138 Statistical Summary for the Marine Science Institute 2017-2018

MSI NRS TOTAL 1. Academic personnel on payroll Faculty 27 2 29 Professional Researchers 24 0 24 (including Visiting) Project Scientists 8 0 8 Specialists 39 3 42 Postdoctoral Scholars 46 0 46 Postgraduate Researchers 0 0 0 Academic Coordinators 1 1 2 TOTAL 145 6 151

2. Graduate Students on payroll Employed on contracts and grants 57 57 114 Employed on other sources of funds 0 0 0 Participating through assistantships 0 0 0 Participating through traineeships 0 0 0 Other- students at other campuses 2 0 2 TOTAL 59 57 116

3. Undergraduate Students on payroll Employed on contracts and grants 181 6 187 Employed on other funds 0 0 0 Number of volunteers, & unpaid interns 0 0 0 TOTAL 181 6 187

4. Participation from outside UCSB: (optional) Academics 0 0 0 (without Salary Academic Visitors) Other (specify) 0 0 0 TOTAL 0 0 0

5. Staff (Univ. & Non-Univ. Funds): Technical 125 36 161 Administrative/Clerical 16 10 26 TOTAL 141 46 187

139 6. Seminars, symposia, workshops sponsored 0 7. Proposals submitted 171 - 171 8. Number of different awarding agencies 109 - 109 dealt with* 9. Number of extramural awards 230 - 230 administered 10. Dollar value of extramural awards $86,460,197 - $86,460,197 administered during year** 11. Number of Principal Investigators*** 127 - 127 12. Dollar value of other project awards **** $4,621,694 $3,821,919 $8,443,613 13. Number of other projects administered 80 36 116 14. Total base budget for the year $1,865,524 $992,948 $2,858,472 (as of June 30, 2018) 15. Dollar value of intramural support $270,860 $68,302 $339,162 16. Total assigned square footage in ORU 38,807 - 38,807 17. Dollar value of awards for year $22,614,258 - $22,614,258 (2018 Total)

* Count each agency only once (include agencies to which proposals have been submitted). ** If the award was open during the year, even if for only one month, please include in total. *** Number of PIs, Co-PIs and Proposed PIs (count each person only once.) **** Other projects - such as donation, presidential awards, fellowships, anything that isn’t core budget, extramural, or intramural.

140 Five-Year Statistical Summary 2014-2018

2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 1. Academic personnel engaged in research a. Faculty 18 27 25 30 29 b. Researchers/ 58 32 40 36 32 Project Scientists c. Visiting Researchers d. Specialists/ 40 40 42 49 44 Academic Coord/ Academic Admin. e. Postdoctorals/ 36 28 36 37 46 Postgraduates Total 152 127 143 152 151 2. Staff (Univ. & Non-Univ. Funds) a. Technical 167 125 158 143 161 b. Administrative/Clerical 46 36 37 32 26 Total 213 161 195 175 187 3 Graduate students 47 51 63 67 59 employed by MSI 4. Undergraduate students 140 122 153 127 187 employed by MSI 5. Publications 1** 1** 1** 1** 1** 6. Seminars, symposia, workshops, etc., sponsored by MSI 7. Proposals submitted 159 161 156 192 171 8. Annual extramural awards $20,515,654 $18,017,630 $21,780,363 $17,781,660 $22,614,258 9. Extramural awards 262 231 247 249 230 administered 10. Other project awards $3,953,513 $2,574,097 $4,524,827 $6,423,928 $8,443,613 11. Other projects 34 93 111 118 116 administered 12. MSI base budget $1,406,831 $1,643,266 $2,327,940 $2,849,823 $2,858,472 13. Intramural support $88,978 $87,525 $124,543 $194,037 $339,162 14. Total Funds Administered $126,564,018 $90,505,464 $87,991,153 $82,475,035 $86,460,197

**Only Departmental Publications

141 142 143 Funding Agencies 2017-2018

Alfred P. Sloan Foundation King Abdullar University of Science and Technology AMEC (Great Britain) Marine Fisheries Service American Chemical Society Marisla Foundation Arizona State University Montana State University Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences National Academies Keck Futures Initiative Boston University National Aeronautics and Space Burleson Consulting Administration (NASA) California Artificial Reef Enhancement (CARE) National Fish and Wildlife Foundation California Coastal Commission National Geographic Society California Coastal Conservancy National Institutes of Health, NIH General California Department of Fish and Wildlife Medical Sciences California Department of Plant Health and National Institutes of Health, NIH Dental Pest Prevention Services and Research California EPA Water Resources Control Board, National Institutes of Health, Public Pajaro Health Services Cal EPA Pesticide Regulation NIH Center for Scientific Review California Institute of Technology (CalTech) National Science Foundation-NSF California Ocean Protection Council Nature Conservancy, The California Sea Urchin Commission Next 10 California Trout, Inc. North Pacific Research Board California Wildlife Conservation Board Oak Ridge Associated Universities Chico State University Oakland Zoo Coastal Fund (UCSB Assoc. Students) Occidental College COM National Marine Fisheries Oceana Azul Foundation Conservation International Oceana, Inc. County of Santa Barbara Ocean Conservancy David and Lucile Packard Foundation (The) Oceans 5 Department of Defense and Engineering Oregon State University Duke University Pepperdine University Eppley Foundation for Research, Inc. (The) Pew Charitable Trusts ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company Phoenix Zoo Global Fishing Watch Phycological Society of America Great Lakes Fishery Commission Rare Harvard University Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors

144 Roy F. Weston, Inc. University of Minnesota Safari Club International University of Nevada San Diego State University University of Pittsburgh San Francisco Zoo University of Southern California San Jose State University University of Tennessee Santa Barbara Foundation University of Washington Simons Foundation University of Wisconsin Simpson and Simpson Business and USDA Forest Service Personnel Services, Inc. US Dept of Commerce, National Oceanic Society for Conservation Biology and Atmospheric Administration Southern California Coastal Water Research USDI Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Project (SCCWRP) USDI Bureau of Safety and Environmental Strategic Growth Council Enforcement Texas A&M University USDI Fish and Wildlife Service Tufts University USDI Geological Survey UC Agriculture and Natural Resources USDI Minerals Management Service UC Davis USDI National Park Service UC Los Angeles USDI, NPS, Channel Islands National Park UC MEXUS US Environmental Protection Agency UC San Diego U.S.-Israel Binational Science Foundation UC Santa Cruz Ventura County UC Sea Grant College Program Waitt Family Foundation University of Exeter Walt Disney Company University of Georgia World Wildlife Fund, Canada University of Hawaii Zegar Family Foundation University of Miami

145 MSI Advisory Committee, Administrative, and Professional Technical Staff

146 Marine Science Institute 2017-2018

CHANCELLOR HENRY T. YANG

EXECUTIVE VICE CHANCELLOR David Marshall

VICE CHANCELLOR FOR RESEARCH Joe Incandela

DIRECTOR MARK A. BRZEZINSKI

DEPUTY DIRECTOR DAN REED

Advisory Committee

Francesco Bullo, ME Deron Burkepile, EEMB Jenny Dugan, MSI Erika Eliason, EEMB Kathy Foltz, MCDB Bob Miller, MSI David Siegel, Geography David Valentine, Committee Chair, Earth Science Hillary Young, EEMB

Ex-Officio Members –

Mark Brzezinski, Director, MSI Patricia Holden, Director, Natural Reserve System Daniel Morse, Director, Marine Biotech Center Dan Reed, Deputy Director, MSI Tim Schmidt, Manager, MSI Russell Schmitt, Director, Coastal Research Center

147 Marine Science Institute Administrative, Professional and Technical Staff

Director, Mark Brzezinski Deputy Director, Dan Reed Manager, Tim Schmidt Budget Unit Manager, Luisa Velez Budget Analyst, Jenny Chu/Melia Cutcher Budget Analyst, India Morgan Budget Analyst, Laura Susin Contracts & Grants Officer, Lynne Van Der Kamp/Jenny Chu Contracts & Grants Officer, Deanna Cervantes Development Officer, Matt Fratus Education & Outreach, Scott Simon Graphic Designer, Christina Rivera Graphics Manager, Monica Pessino Web Developer, Ryan Vizena IT Manager, Jim Woods Server Support, Brian Emery Payroll/Personnel Unit Manager, Joyce Wolever Personnel Unit Coordinator, Nicole Zavala Personnel Analyst, Marisol Hernandez Personnel Analyst, Veronica Perez Personnel Analyst, Lyndi Swanson Purchasing Analyst, Melia Cutcher Travel Coordinator, Donna Dobis

148 Marine Science Institute Principal Investigators 2017-2018

149 Marine Science Institute Principal Investigators 2017-2018

Adam, Thomas Assistant Researcher Marine Science Institute

Ahn, Byung-Jun Kollbe Assistant Researcher Marine Science Institute

Alagona, Peter Associate Professor History/Environmental Studies

Bell, Thomas Assistant Project Scientist Earth Science

Blanchette, Carol Associate Researcher Marine Science Institute

Bradley, Darcy Postdoctoral Researcher Marine Science Institute

Briggs, Cheryl Professor Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Brooks, Andy Project Scientist Marine Science Institute

Brown, Kevin Postdoctoral Researcher Marine Science Institute

Brzezinski, Mark Professor Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Bull, Ann Visiting Researcher Marine Science Institute

Burgess, Matthew Postdoctoral Researcher Marine Science Institute

Burkepile, Deron Associate Professor Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Cabin, Zachary Graduate Student Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biolog

Cabral, Reniel Postdoctoral Researcher Marine Science Institute

Carlson, Craig Professor Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Caselle, Jennifer Researcher Marine Science Institute

Caylor, Kelly Professor Earth Science

Clark, Jordan Professor Earth Science

Cooper, Scott Emeritus Research Professor Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biolog

Costello, Christopher Professor Bren School of Envir. Sci. & Management

Couture, Jessica Graduate Student Bren School of Envir. Sci. & Management

Culver, Carrie Associate Researcher Marine Science Institute

150 D'Antonio, Carla Professor Environmental Studies

DeMartini, Daniel Assistant Researcher Marine Science Institute

Deschenes, Olivier Professor Economics

Dore, Hugo Postdoctoral Researcher Ecology, Evolution, & Marine Biology

Dudley, Tom Associate Researcher Marine Science Institute

Dugan, Jenifer Associate Researcher Marine Science Institute

Eliason, Erika Assistant Professor Ecology, Evolution, & Marine Biology

Ellis, Emily Graduate Student Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Emery, Brian Computer Network Tech. Marine Science Institute

Fisher, Alexander Postdoctoral Researcher Geography

Florsheim, Joan Researcher Earth Research Institute

Fredstone-Hermann, A Graduate Student Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Gaines, Steven Dean, Bren School, Professor Bren School of Envir. Sci. & Management

Halpern, Benjamin Professor Bren School of Envir. Sci. & Management

Haskell, William Postdoctoral Researcher Marine Science Institute

Hechinger, Ryan Assistant Researcher Marine Science Institute

Herbst, David Associate Researcher Marine Science Institute

Hodges, Scott Professor Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Hofmann, Gretchen Professor Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Holbrook, Sally Professor of Biology Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Iglesias-Rodriguez, Maria Professor Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Ingeman, Kurt Postdoctoral Researcher Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Israelachvili, Jacob Professor Chemical Engineering

Jerde, Chris Assistant Researcher Marine Science Institute

151 Kapsenberg, Lydia Graduate Student Researcher Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Kendall, Bruce Professor Bren School of Envir. Sci. & Management

Kennett, James Emeritus Research Professor Earth Sciences

Knapp, Roland Researcher Marine Science Institute

Kuris, Armand Professor of Biology Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Lafferty, Kevin Research Biologist Marine Science Institute

Lambert, Adam Assistant Research Biologist Marine Science Institute

Larsen, Ashley Assistant Professor Bren School of Envir. Sci. & Management

Laughrin, Lyndal Recall Academic Natural Reserve System

Lenihan, Hunter Professor Bren School of Envir. Sci. & Management

Lerch, Sarah Postdoctoral Researcher Marine Science Institute

Libecap, Gary Professor Bren School of Envir. Sci & Management

Lisiecki, Lorraine Associate Professor Earth Sciences

Lopez-Carr, David Professor Geography

Love, Milton Researcher Emeritus Marine Science Institute

MacIntyre, Sally Professor Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Mazer, Susan Professor Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

McCauley, Douglas Assistant Professor Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

McClintock, William Project Scientist Marine Science Institute

Melack, John Professor of Biology Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Meng, Kyle Associate Professor Bren School of Envir. Sci. & Management

Miller, Karly Graduate Student Ecoloby, Evolution & Marine Biology

Miller, Robert Associate Researcher Marine Science Institute

Moeller, Holly Assistant Professor Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

152 Morikawa, Megan Postdoctoral Researcher Marine Science Institute

Morse, Marisa Graduate Student Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Muller, Erik Associate Researcher Marine Science Institute

Mychajilw, Alexis Postdoctoral Researcher Marine Science Institute

Myers, Monique Associate Researcher Marine Science Institute

Nguyen, Alice Academic Coordinator Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Nicholson, Craig Researcher Marine Science Institute

Nidzieko, Nicholas Assistant Professor Geography

Nisbet, Roger Professor of Biology Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Nishimoto, Mary Assistant Researcher Marine Science Institute

Oakley, Todd Professor Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

O'Brien, Margaret Specialist Marine Science Institute

Ohlmann, J. Carter Researcher Marine Science Institute

Oono, Ryoko Assistant Professor Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Ovando, Daniel Graduate Student Researcher Bren School of Envir. Sci. & Management

Page, Henry Mark Researcher Marine Science Institute

Pak, Dorothy Academic Coordinator Marine Science Institute

Passow, Uta Researcher Marine Science Institute

Park, Isaac Associate Project Scientist Marine Science Institute

Paul, Blair Postdoctoral Researcher Earth Science

Peng, Xuefeng Postdoctoral Researcher Earth Science

Pivovaroff, Alexandra Assistant Project Scientist Marine Science Institute

Plantinga, Andrew Professor Bren School of Envir. Sci. & Management

Pruitt, Jonathan Assistant Professor Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Qin, Qianhui Graduate Student Earth Science

Rassweiler, Andrew Associate Project Scientist Marine Science Institute

Reed, Daniel Researcher Marine Science Institute

153 Rice, William Professor of Biology Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Russak, Justin Associate Specialist Marine Science Institute

Sandoval, Cristina Reserve Director Marine Science Institute

Santoro, Alyson Assistant Professor Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Schmitt, Russell Professor Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Schroeter, Stephen Researcher Marine Science Institute

Seltmann, Katja Associate Researcher Earth Research Institute

Siegel, David Professor Geography

Simon, Scott REEF Manager Marine Science Institute

Sokolow, Susanne Postdoctoral Researcher Marine Science Institute

Speiser, Daniel Assistant Researcher Marine Science Institute

Stears, Keenan Assistant Project Scientist Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Stier, Adrian Assistant Professor Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Swarbrick, Susan Associate Director, NRS Marine Science Institute

Szuwalksi, Cody Assistant Researcher Marine Science Institute

Tao, Yun Graduate Student Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Tarn, Jonathan Graduate Student Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Torcin, Mark Researcher Marine Science Institute

Turner, Thomas Associate Professor Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Valentine, David Professor Earth Sciences

Waite, J. Herbert Professor Molecular, Cellular & Devel. Biology

Warner, Robert Emeritus Research Professor Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Washburn, Libe Professor Geography

Weinstein, Sara Graduate Student Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Wilbanks, Elizabeth Assistant Professor Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

154 Wilson, Douglas Research Geologist Earth Sciences

Wittmann, Marion Executive Director Natural Reserve System

Young, Hillary Assistant Professor Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology

Young, Oran Emeritus Research Professor Bren School of Envir. Sci. & Management

155