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  • Meningkatkan Pemahaman Generasi Muda Terhadap Peran E.F.E

    Meningkatkan Pemahaman Generasi Muda Terhadap Peran E.F.E

    Jurnal Praksis dan Dedikasi (JPDS), April, 2020, Vol.3, No.1 hal. 21-27 E-ISSN: 2655-2469 © 2020 Penulis MENINGKATKAN PEMAHAMAN GENERASI MUDA TERHADAP PERAN E.F.E. DOUWES DEKKER PADA ERA PERGERAKAN NASIONAL MELALUI FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION (FGD) GURU BANGSA Mifdal Zusron Alfaqi*, Abd. Mu’id Aris Shofa, Rista Ayu Mawarti, Muhammad Mujtaba Habibi [email protected] Jurusan Hukum dan Kewarganegaraan, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial, Universitas Negeri Malang Diterima 18 April 2020, Diterbitkan 30 April 2020 Abstrak Tujuan pengabdian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan pemahaman kepada generasi muda khususnya mahasiswa bagaimana peran E.F.E. Douwes Dekker (Danudirja Setiabudi) pada era pergerakan nasional. Nama E.F.E. Douwes Dekker (Danudirja Setiabudi) atau biasa dipanggil dengan istilah DD seakan kalah bersinar dengan tokoh-tokoh pergerakan yang lainnya. Generasi muda saat ini banyak yang tidak mengetahui peran besar DD dalam membakar api semangat nasionalisme pemuda pada era pergerakan nasional, bahkan Bung Karno menjuluki DD sebagai mentor nasionalismenya. Metode pelaksanaan yang akan dilakukan adalah dengan menganalisis situasi masyarakat yang akan menjadi khalayak sasaran untuk diberikan pemahaman dalam hal ini adalah mahasiswa yang tergabung di dalam Focus Group Discussion Guru Bangsa. Hasil dari pengabdian ini menunjukkan bahwa para generasi muda pada awalnya belum terlalu mengenal dengan DD, banyak generasi muda yang mengenal DD hanya sebatas anggota tiga serangkai dan tidak banyak tahu kalau DD memiliki peran besar dalam proses pergerakan nasional. Upaya pemberian pemahaman tentang perjalanan hidup DD ini memiliki dampak yang sangat positif bagi generasi muda khususnya mahasiswa, karena setelah pelaksanaan pengabdian ini para generasi muda khususnya mahasiswa lebih memahami tentang peran DD pada era pergerakan nasional Kata Kunci: Danudirja Setiabudi, Peran E.F.E.
  • Development, Social Change and Environmental Sustainability

    Development, Social Change and Environmental Sustainability

    DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL CHANGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONTEMPORARY SOCIOLOGY AND EDUCATIONAL TRANSFORMATION (ICCSET 2020), MALANG, INDONESIA, 23 SEPTEMBER 2020 Development, Social Change and Environmental Sustainability Edited by Sumarmi, Nanda Harda Pratama Meiji, Joan Hesti Gita Purwasih & Abdul Kodir Universitas Negeri Malang, Indonesia Edo Han Siu Andriesse Seoul National University, Republic of Korea Dorina Camelia Ilies University of Oradea, Romania Ken Miichi Waseda Univercity, Japan CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021 selection and editorial matter, the Editors; individual chapters, the contributors Typeset in Times New Roman by MPS Limited, Chennai, India The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book Published by: CRC Press/Balkema Schipholweg 107C, 2316 XC Leiden, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] www.routledge.com – www.taylorandfrancis.com ISBN: 978-1-032-01320-6 (Hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-06730-8 (Pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-17816-3 (eBook) DOI: 10.1201/9781003178163 Development, Social Change and Environmental Sustainability – Sumarmi et al (Eds) © 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-032-01320-6 Table of contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Organizing committee xiii Scientific committee xv The effect of the Problem Based Service Eco Learning (PBSEcoL) model on student environmental concern attitudes 1 Sumarmi Community conservation in transition 5 W.
  • Oleh: FLORENTINUS RECKYADO

    Oleh: FLORENTINUS RECKYADO

    PRINSIP-PRINSIP KEMANUSIAAN RERUM NOVARUM DALAM PERPEKTIF PANCASILA SKRIPSI SARJANA STRATA SATU (S-1) Oleh: FLORENTINUS RECKYADO 142805 SEKOLAH TINGGI KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN WIDYA YUWANA MADIUN 2021 PRINSIP-PRINSIP KEMANUSIAAN RERUM NOVARUM DALAM PERPEKTIF PANCASILA SKRIPSI Diajukan kepada Sekolah Tinggi Keguruan Dan Ilmu Pendidikan Widya Yuwana Madiun untuk memenuhi sebagian persyaratan memperoleh gelar Sarjana Strata Satu (S-1) Oleh: FLORENTINUS RECKYADO 142805 SEKOLAH TINGGI KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN WIDYA YUWANA MADIUN 2021 PERNYATAAN TIDAK PLAGIAT Saya yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini: Nama : Florentinus ReckYado NPM :142805 Programstudi : Ilmu Pendidikan Teologi Jenjang Studi : Strata Satu Judul skripsi : Prinsip-Prirsip Kemanusiaan Rerum Novarum ' Dalam Perpektif Pancasila Dengan ini saya menyatakan bahwa: 1. Skripsi ini adalah mumi merupakan gagasan, mmusan dan penelitian saya sendiri tanpa ada bantuan pihak lain kecuali bimbingan dan arahan dosen pembimbing. 2. Skripsi ini belum pemah diajukan untuk mendapat gelat akademik apapun di STKIP Widya Yuwana Madiun maupun di perguruan tinggi lain- 3. Dalam skripsi ini tidak terdapat karya atau pendapat yang ditulis atau dipublikasikan orang lain kecuali secara tertulis dengan mencantumkan sebagai acuan dalam naskah dengan menyebutkan nama pengamng dan mencantumkan dalam daftar pust*a. Demikianlah pemyataan ini saya buat dengan sesungguhnya dan apabila dikemudian hari terbukti pemyataan ini tidak benar, maka saya bersedia menerima sanksi akademik berupa pencbutan gelar yang telah diberikan melalui karya tulis ini se(a sanksi lainnya sesuai dengan norma yang berlaku di perguruan tinggi ini. Madi !.fl... hs :!.t.1:'. t 74Y\ lvtETERAl TEMPEL DAJX198738966 Florentinus Reckyado 142805 HALAMAN PERSETUJUAN Skripsi dengan judul "Prinsip-Prinsip Kemanusiaan Rerum Novarum Dalam Perpektif Pancasila", yang ditulis oleh Florentinus Reckyado telah diterima dan disetujui untuk diqji pada tanggal tA 3u\i eo3\ Oleh: Pembimbing Dr.
  • Nasionalisme Kulit Putih: Ernest Douwes Dekker Malaikat Pemberani

    Nasionalisme Kulit Putih: Ernest Douwes Dekker Malaikat Pemberani

    Nasionalisme Kulit Putih: Ernest Douwes Dekker Malaikat Pemberani Samingan e-mail: [email protected] Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah, FKIP, Universitas Flores ABSTRAK: Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini bagaimana bentuk nasionalisme orang Indo Ernest Douwes Dekker untuk memperjuangkan kesetaraan antara semua lapisan dengan orang Eropa. Lewat perjuangan yang berliku-liku mengalami berbagai pembuangan telah melahirkan rasa nasionalisme sebagai dasar pinjakan untuk Indonesia Merdeka. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana bentuk nasionalisme Ernest Douwes Dekker yang diperjuangkan mencapai kesetaraan antara orang kulit putih Eropa dengan orang pribumi dan orang Indo. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode Sejarah (historical method). Adapun langkah-langkah yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu pertama adalah mengumpulkan sumber (heuristik), ke dua adalah kritik sumber atau verifikasi, langkah ke tiga adalah interpretasi, langkah ke empat rekontruksi historiografi (penulisan) sejarah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: Douwes Dekker merupakan seorang keturunan Belanda. Keprihatinannya atas penindasan bangsa kolonial terhadap kaum Pribumi mengetuk hati nuraninya untuk memperjuangkan kaum Indo (Keturunan Belanda) Pribumi dari segala diskriminasi. Langkah nyata yang ditempuh Douwes Dekker guna menyuarakan aspirasinya ditempuh dengan mendirikan partai politik atau dikenal dengan Indische Partij. Tjipto dikenal menentang sistem feodal yang telah mengakar, sementara Soewardi yang merupakan
  • THE DISPUTES BETWEEN TJIPTO MANGOENKOESOEMO and SOETATMO SOERIOKOESOEMO: SATRIA VS. PANDITA Takashi Shiraishi in 1918 Major Deba

    THE DISPUTES BETWEEN TJIPTO MANGOENKOESOEMO and SOETATMO SOERIOKOESOEMO: SATRIA VS. PANDITA Takashi Shiraishi in 1918 Major Deba

    THE DISPUTES BETWEEN TJIPTO MANGOENKOESOEMO AND SOETATMO SOERIOKOESOEMO: SATRIA VS. PANDITA Takashi Shiraishi In 1918 major debates took place between Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo, a leading proponent of Indies nationalism, and Soetatmo Soeriokoesoemo, a leader of the Com­ mittee for Javanese Nationalism (Comite voor het Javaansche Nationalisme), first over the question of Indies versus Javanese nationalism, and then over the prob­ lem of Javanese cultural development. The language of the debates was Dutch, not Javanese or Malay (Indonesian), and 1918, when they occurred, was the year the Volksraad (People's Council) was founded. It was apparently with the Coun­ cil's opening in mind that Tjipto and Soetatmo engaged in these debates and the audience to which both of them were appealing was the group in the Budi Utomo which was most enthusiastic about the opening of the Volksraad.1 In an atmo­ sphere where this event was viewed as marking the dawn of a new epoch, a ques­ tion keenly felt among followers of Budi Utomo was the political and cultural rele­ vance of Javanese tradition to "progress." Tjipto and Soetatmo addressed this question in their disputes and vied for ideological hegemony among those Dutch- educated lower-priyayi who made up the group in Budi Utomo that supported the Volksraad. The first debate was in fact published in March 1918, just after Tjip- to's nomination as a member of the Volksraad and two months before its formal opening. The second debate took place at the Congress for Javanese Cultural Development, which was held in Solo in July 1918, in conjunction with the annual meetings of the Budi Utomo, PHGB (Perserikatan Guru Hindia Belanda), and Oud- 'OSVIA'-nen-bond,2 and just after the end of the Volksraad's first session.
  • American Visions of the Netherlands East Indies/ Indonesia: US Foreign Policy and Indonesian Nationalism, 1920-1949 Gouda, Frances; Brocades Zaalberg, Thijs

    American Visions of the Netherlands East Indies/ Indonesia: US Foreign Policy and Indonesian Nationalism, 1920-1949 Gouda, Frances; Brocades Zaalberg, Thijs

    www.ssoar.info American Visions of the Netherlands East Indies/ Indonesia: US Foreign Policy and Indonesian Nationalism, 1920-1949 Gouda, Frances; Brocades Zaalberg, Thijs Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Monographie / monograph Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: OAPEN (Open Access Publishing in European Networks) Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Gouda, F., & Brocades Zaalberg, T. (2002). American Visions of the Netherlands East Indies/Indonesia: US Foreign Policy and Indonesian Nationalism, 1920-1949. (American Studies). Amsterdam: Amsterdam Univ. Press. https://nbn- resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-337325 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC-ND Lizenz This document is made available under a CC BY-NC-ND Licence (Namensnennung-Nicht-kommerziell-Keine Bearbeitung) zur (Attribution-Non Comercial-NoDerivatives). For more Information Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de FRANCES GOUDA with THIJS BROCADES ZAALBERG AMERICAN VISIONS of the NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES/INDONESIA US Foreign Policy and Indonesian Nationalism, 1920-1949 AMSTERDAM UNIVERSITY PRESS de 3e PROEF - BOEK 29-11-2001 23:41 Pagina 1 AMERICAN VISIONS OF THE NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES/INDONESIA de 3e PROEF - BOEK 29-11-2001 23:41 Pagina 2 de 3e PROEF - BOEK 29-11-2001 23:41 Pagina 3 AmericanVisions of the Netherlands East Indies/Indonesia
  • Soeharto's New Order and Its Legacy

    Soeharto's New Order and Its Legacy

    5 The Historical Roots of Indonesia’s New Order: Beyond the Colonial Comparison ROBERT.CRIBB In the middle of the 1960s, Indonesian politics took an apparently profound turn. The personalised, charismatic rule of the country’s first president, Sukarno, gave way to the dour, sometimes almost anonymous, administrative style of a new president, Soeharto, a general and former head of the army’s strategic reserve. Indonesia’s strident leftist engagement with world affairs gave way to a quiet alignment with the West. Within Indonesia, the permitted space for public politics contracted sharply: whereas shrill ideological assertion had been the motor of politics under Sukarno’s Guided Democracy, the regime of Soeharto relegated explicit ideology and demonstrative politics to the margins of public life. And economic decay gave way to a sustained programme of development that raised Indonesia from the ranks of the world’s poorest nations to become an incipient Asian tiger. Soeharto called his regime the New Order, and it was indeed a sharp contrast with the ‘Old Order’, a term which came to encompass both the Guided Democracy of Sukarno and the seven years of parliamentary democracy which preceded it. But where, if it was indeed new, did the New Order come from? Part of the answer lies, of course, in the broader global developments of the time. Indonesia was one of several repressive developmentalist regimes (Feith 1982a) in the Third World in which authoritarian leaders employed state power and the support of the United States in the name of kick-starting what was meant to be a self-sustaining development process.
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com10/06/2021 10:16:17AM Via Free Access Educational Books for Asian Studies Asociation of Australia, Singapore 1979

    Downloaded from Brill.Com10/06/2021 10:16:17AM Via Free Access Educational Books for Asian Studies Asociation of Australia, Singapore 1979

    Book Reviews - Franz von Benda-Beckmann, M.B. Hooker, Native law in Sabah and Sarawak, Malayan law journal PTE., Singapore, 1980, xii, 91 pp. - Franz von Benda-Beckmann, Joel S. Kahn, Minangkabau social formations: Indonesian peasants and the world economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1980, xvi, 228 pp., 29 tables, 3 figs., 3 maps, glossary, index. - W.F.L. Buschkens, Jean Lydall, The Hamar of Southern Ethiopia: I, Work journal, XX + 289 pp.; II, Baldambe explains, X + 231 pp.; III, Conversations in Dambaiti, XXII + 273 pp.; Klaus Renner Verlag, Hohenschäftlarn, am Sonnenhang 8, German Federal Republic., Ivo Strecker (eds.) - Henri J.M. Claessen, Joan Leopold, Culture in comparative evolutionary perspective: E.B. Tylor and the making of primitive culture, Berlin: Dietrich Reimar Verlag, 1980, Beiträge zur Kulturanthropologie. 183 pp. Ills. Notes. App. - Henri J.M. Claessen, Jean-Claude Muller, Le roi bouc emissaire; Pouvoir et rituel chez les Rukuba du Nigéria central, Quebec: Serge Fleury, 1980. 494 pp. Ills., annexes, bibl. - Henri J.M. Claessen, William A. Shack, Politics in leadership; a comparative perspective, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979. 296 pp. bibl. indexes., Percy S. Cohen (eds.) - P. van Emst, Bailey W. Diffie, Foundations of the Portugese empire, 1415-1580. Europe and the world in the age of expansion, Volume I. University of Minnesota Press, Oxford University Press, 1977. XXX and 533 pages, ill., maps., George D. Winius (eds.) - H.J. De Graaf, E.M. Beekman, The Poison tree; Selected writings of Rumphius on the natural history of the Indies, translated by E. M. Beekman, the University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst.
  • Tokoh Pemikir Karakter Bangsa

    Tokoh Pemikir Karakter Bangsa

    TOKOH PEMIKIR KARAKTER BANGSA TOKOH PEMIKIR KARAKTER BANGSA Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Budaya Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan 2015 i TOKOH PEMIKIR KARAKTER BANGSA Tokoh Pemikir Karakter Bangsa Riset Ilustrasi : Pengarah : 1. Isak Purba 1. Kacung Marijan Direktur Jenderal Kebudayaan 2. Tirmizi 2. Nono Adya Supriyatno 3. Agus Widiatmoko Plt. Direktur Sejarah 4. Budi Harjo Sayoga Narasumber : 5. Hermasari Ayu Kusuma 1. Taufik Abdullah 6. Esti Warastika 2. Susanto Zuhdi 7. Dwi Artiningsih 3. Anhar Gonggong 8. Maemunah 4. Mukhlis PaEni 9. Surya Agung Editor : Amurwani Dwi Lestariningsih Tata Letak & Grafis : Agus Antoso Penulis : 1. Rhoma Dwi Aria Yuliantri Penerbit : 2. Jajat Burhanudin Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Budaya Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan 3. Muhamad Dirga Fawakih Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan 4. Setyadi Sulaiman Jl. Jenderal Sudirman, Senayan 5. M. Nursam Jakarta 10270 Telp./Fax . : 021-5725044 Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang-undang Dilarang mengutip seluruh atau sebagian isi buku tanpa izin dari penerbit Cetakan : Tahun 2015 ISBN : 978-602-1289-23-5 ii TOKOH PEMIKIR KARAKTER BANGSA KATA PENGANTAR Plt. DIREKTUR SEJARAH DAN NILAI BUDAYA Buku Tokoh Pemikir Karakter Bangsa digagas untuk menggali pemikiran-pemikiran tokoh sejarah tentang corak karakter kebangsaan dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan berbangsa, antara lain, demokrasi, kebudayaan, pendidikan, serta pembangunan dan kesejahteraan sosial. H. O. S. Tjokroaminoto, Abdul Rivai, Mohammad Natsir (aspek demokrasi); Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana, Soetomo, Muhammad Yamin (aspek kebudayaan); Ki Hajar Dewantara, Mohamad Sjafei, dan Rahmah el-Yunusiyah (aspek pendidikan); Soedjatmoko, Widjojo Nitisastro, Mubyarto (aspek pembangunan), adalah beberapa tokoh sejarah yang diupayakan ditelaah pemikirannya. Pemikiran mereka sangat penting untuk diketahui sebagai ungkapan rasa perhatian dan kepedulian mereka terhadap kemajuan bangsa.
  • Noto Soeroto: His Ideas and the Late Colonial Intellectual Climate

    Noto Soeroto: His Ideas and the Late Colonial Intellectual Climate

    Noto Soeroto: His Ideas and the Late Colonial Intellectual Climate Madelon Djajadiningrat-Nieuwenhuis Introduction Interest in recent Indonesian history has long been dominated by the processes leading directly up to the creation of the Indonesian Republic. Initially, historians were inclined to trace a single line from the foundation of Boedi Oetomo* 1 in 1908 to the Proclamation of Independence on August 17,1945, coupling this with a neglect, both conscious and uncon­ scious, of a variety of trends and events which from a radically nationalistic point of view had an inhibitive rather than a stimulating effect on the development toward autonomy.2 More recently, historians have shown a greater interest in social processes in the indige­ nous and colonial communities which did not culminate directly in the proclamation of the Indonesian Republic, but which do shed a great deal of light on the ways and the areas in which the two communities, the indigenous and the colonial, interacted—remaining sepa­ rated, fusing, blending, or repudiating each other. Such an approach made it necessary to view familiar sources in a different light or to look for other sources altogether.3 In this pro­ cess use came to be made of ego documents, which, centered as they were on one or more individuals, could provide an insight into the non-institutionalized processes in the society concerned. This latter approach also has its limitations, however. Generally speaking, its focus is restricted to members of an elite. After all, only such persons were in a position to create and preserve ego documents of this kind.
  • PDF Hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen

    PDF Hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen

    PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/18623 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2018-07-07 and may be subject to change. ^INT MEUNto VCLKS SfCl ^ S t l i ï O i Indië herinnerd en beschouwd Humphrey de la Croix (e.a.) Sociale geschiedenis van een kolonie (1930-1957) r « m VMCA hOTEL MOTft. ff MOTEi Stichting Arisan Indonesia / Arisan Indonesia Foundation General Information Origin The Arisan Indonesia Foundation has its origin in the Indonesian study association of the Catholic University of Nijmegen, the Netherlands. At its inception, the association preoccupied itself with the organisation of training sessions in the Indonesian language. The Indonesian word arisan means informal club. The scope of attention of the Arisan Indonesia quickly broadened to incorporate other aspects of Indonesia and its relation with the Netherlands and Europe. For this purpose, the Arisan Indonesia organi­ ses public meetings(so-called kumpulan). at which experts on Indonesian culture, economy and society hold lectures. In addition, more and more businesses and institutions have made use of the expertise of the Arisan members. In 1996, yhe associations has become a full-fledged organisation, in short SARI. The activities of teh SARI ar supported by public donations. General objectives In general, SARI aims at fostering the exchange of knowledge about all aspects of Indonesian and Dutch society. Furthermore, SARI is involved in the promotion of Indonesian-Dutch cooperation in the field of business, scientific and cultural endeavours.
  • Ethnicity, Race Modernity and Citizenship in Early Indonesian Thought

    Ethnicity, Race Modernity and Citizenship in Early Indonesian Thought

    Asian Ethnicity (2005) 6 (3): 145-160. DOI: 10.1080/14631360500226556 Constructing the Nation: Ethnicity, Race Modernity and Citizenship in Early Indonesian Thought R.E. ELSON School of History, Philosophy, Religion, and Classics, The University of Queensland Abstract This article examines the ways in which some early twentieth-century Indonesian thinkers conceptualised the state they had so recently imagined, and particularly how they attacked the vast problem of accommodating ethnic difference within the framework of that new state. Notwithstanding the highly promising beginnings of Indonesian self-appreciation in the early twentieth century and an extraordinarily successful cooptation and, as necessary, subjugation of local and regional expressions of ethnicity to the notion of a united Indonesia, there developed at the same time the new and strange concept of an ‘Indonesian race’. That concept represented a regressive reluctance to dispense completely with pre-modern notions of culture and belonging, and created a damaging feature of the understanding of Indonesian citizenship that endures to this day. Keywords: Indonesia, nationalism, nation, ethnicity, modernity, citizenship David Joel Steinberg once described the Philippines as ‘a singular and a plural place’.1 No matter how apposite his description, on the scales of singularity and plurality Indonesia must be accorded a higher rank than its near neighbour. Indonesia is a place of startling geographical diversity, its 18,000 islands spilling across vast seas from east to west. No less arresting is its ethnic and religious diversity. It was a daunting task to try to weld this difference into a single, united and purposeful state. Thus far, the attempt has been an astounding success, but one dogged by continuing contention about the nature of the new state, the principles upon which it should be based, and the nature of its citizenship.