DOCSLIB.ORG

China's Space and Counterspace Capabilities and Activities

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
China's Space and Counterspace Capabilities and Activities China’s Space and Counterspace Capabilities and Activities Prepared for: The U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Prepared By: Mark Stokes, Gabriel Alvarado, Emily Weinstein, and Ian Easton March 30, 2020 Disclaimer: This research report was prepared at the request of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission to support its deliberations. Posting of the report to the Commission's website is intended to promote greater public understanding of the issues addressed by the Commission in its ongoing assessment of U.S.-China economic relations and their implications for U.S. security, as mandated by Public Law 106-398 and Public Law 113-291. However, it does not necessarily imply an endorsement by the Commission or any individual Commissioner of the views or conclusions expressed in this commissioned research report. Table of Contents KEY FINDINGS ............................................................................................................................ 3 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 5 SECTION ONE: Drivers for Current and Future PLA Space/Counterspace Capabilities ........ 8 Space-Related Policy Statements ........................................................................................................... 9 Strategic Drivers and Doctrine ............................................................................................................ 13 General Trends since the Late 1990s .................................................................................................. 15 Space Support for Warfighting Campaigns ....................................................................................... 16 Space, Distant Operations, and Outlook for the Future ................................................................... 19 SECTION TWO: PLA Space/Counterspace Infrastructure: The Role of the PLA Strategic Support Force ............................................................................................................................... 21 Space Systems Department and Subordinate Base Commands ....................................................... 23 Space Launch Operations .................................................................................................................... 24 Space Situational Awareness and Control .......................................................................................... 26 ISR, Navigation, Communications, and Meteorological/Hydrological Capabilities ...................... 28 Space-Based ISR ................................................................................................................................................ 28 Survey, Mapping, and Navigation ...................................................................................................................... 33 Satellite Communications and Data Relay ......................................................................................................... 35 Meteorology, Oceanography, and Space Weather ............................................................................................. 36 Deep Space Operations ......................................................................................................................... 37 Current and Future Kinetic and Non-Kinetic Counterspace Operations ....................................... 39 Training ................................................................................................................................................. 41 SECTION THREE: Space/Counterspace Force ModernizAtion ............................................... 44 Research, Development, and Acquisition System .............................................................................. 44 Space Requirements Development and Program Management ....................................................... 47 Defense Industry and Space Systems Engineering ............................................................................ 48 China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation .................................................................................... 48 China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation .......................................................................................... 49 Launch Vehicle RD&A ...................................................................................................................................... 49 Solid-Fueled Propulsion Systems ....................................................................................................................... 51 New-Generation Aerospace Flight Vehicles/Reusable Launch Vehicles .......................................................... 53 Satellite Systems RD&A .................................................................................................................................... 54 Microsatellite Programs ...................................................................................................................................... 55 Counterspace RD&A .......................................................................................................................................... 57 1 SECTION FOUR: Military-Civil Fusion (MCF) Policies And International Cooperation ..... 59 Military-Civil Fusion and the PRC’s Space Program ....................................................................... 59 Academia and Universities’ Role in Space-Related Basic Research and RD&A ............................ 64 Cooperation with U.S. Institutions ..................................................................................................................... 68 International Recruitment Programs ................................................................................................. 72 PRC Non-State-Owned Space Business .............................................................................................. 74 Financing and Investment Vehicles .................................................................................................................... 74 Non-CASC/CASIC Launch Vehicle Companies ............................................................................................... 75 Non-CASC/CASIC Satellite Companies ............................................................................................................ 78 PRC Provision of Satellite Infrastructure, Launch Services Overseas ............................................ 80 Beidou Achieving Global Reach ........................................................................................................................ 88 Role in Overseas Tracking Stations .................................................................................................................... 91 Leveraging Foreign Technology and Knowhow ................................................................................ 94 Role of Hong Kong-Domiciled Companies ......................................................................................... 97 CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................. 101 APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................ 104 ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................................. 112 2 KEY FINDINGS The development of the People’s Republic of China’s (PRC, China) civilian and military space programs over the last few decades has proceeded alongside the PRC’s broader rise in the international system. Questions regarding China’s capabilities and intentions in space are 鉴于相关科研 indubitably linked to larger geostrategic questions about China’s role in the world. Buoyed by 成果逐渐浮 recent successes and impressive advancements in space technology, China has emerged as a 现，中国已经 成为航天领域 leading player in space. The implications for United States policy are numerous, and the 的领导者。 capabilities China either currently possesses or is in the process of developing certainly pose a strategic risk to the United States’ ability to operate in the Indo-Pacific region. Investments into space-related research and development (R&D) drive military capabilities and fill gaps in intelligence, reconnaissance, and surveillance. Space-based infrastructure is increasingly important for People’s Liberation Army (PLA) out-of-area operations. An advanced presence in space is indicative of China’s renewed status as a great power in the international system. 指出目前由军委下属解放军战略支援部队航天系统部的出现代表了一种制度结构的创新，能够更效率的整合资 源，提高效率。 The advent of the PLA Strategic Support Force (PLASSF) Space Systems Department represents an organizational innovation that places all major components of China’s space program under a unified command structure, thereby increasing efficiency and efficacy. The SSF operates a vast bureaucratic apparatus that manages operations and allocates a sizable R&D budget to various aspects of its space program, all parts that move China closer toward achieving its stated goal of becoming a major space power. China’s significant investments in space and counterspace capabilities may prove threatening to U.S. space assets and military efficacy. China’s space
Load more

Recommended publications
  • China: 2020-2050
    www.followcn.com China: 2020-2050 Foreword We are now at the start of 2017. As the world is celebrating the coming of 2017 among many possibilities, I am keeping an eye on an emerging superpower who is claiming to be in a dream of peace, development, cooperation and mutual benefit for all. China's GDP growth rate for 2016 as a whole will come in very close to 6.7%. The forecast for 2017 is clouded by the uncertainty in the United States over the economic and other policies to be adopted by Donald Trump when he assumes the office of President in January, according to a recent report by China Daily. China is still leading the world economy after thirty years of continuous development. Despite the many problems and concerns in the environment, corruption, government debt, soaring property markets, and others, there are positive signs as a source for domestic growth by private entrepreneurship, enhanced social well-being and family life under a more responsible government administration. This trend should continue in 2017, as governments at all levels are pushed hard to realize the national vision of creating an ecological civilization for many if not all. China is moving closer to its goal of building an all-round moderately prosperous society by 2020, inspired by the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, according to Xinhua News Agency. June 25th 2016, the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in London released its long-term macroeconomic forecasts with key trends to 2050, stating that China will surpass the USA in gross domestic product (GDP) in 2026, and top ten economies in 2050 at the EIU’s projected market exchange rates, in descending order, will be China, USA, India, Indonesia, Japan, Germany, Brazil, Mexico, UK, and France.
    [Show full text]
  • Magisterarbeit
    MAGISTERARBEIT Titel der Magisterarbeit „How does China’s space program fit their development goals?“ Verfasser Manfred Steinkellner, Bakk. phil. angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Innsbruck, Juni 2009 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 066 811 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Sinologie Betreuer: Prof. Dr. Rüdiger Frank, Prof. Dr. Susanne Weigelin-Schwiedrzik Zusammenfassung Diese Diplomarbeit befasst sich mit dem chinesischen Weltraumprogramm und seiner Rolle im Kontext der chinesischen Entwicklungspolitik. Die Bedeutung ist einerseits durch Chinas wirtschaftlichen Aufstieg gegeben und andererseits durch das erhöhte strategische und kommerzielle Interesse am Weltraum. Der erste Teil dieser Arbeit versucht kurz den Weg Chinas zu seiner aktuellen Lage zu skizzieren. Die wichtigsten Entwicklungsschritte in Wirtschaft, Militär und Umwelt werden aufgezeigt um ein besseres Verständnis der Realität zu ermöglichen. Nach einer kurzen Analyse der aktuellen Situation werden die chinesischen Entwicklungspläne untersucht. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt auf dem elften chinesischen Fünf-Jahres Plan, dem elften chinesischen Entwicklungsplan für Weltraum sowie dem Langzeit Entwicklungsplan für Wissenschaft und Technik. Die Analyse dieser Daten führt zu einem konkreteren Verständnis der aktuellen Ziele Chinas und ermöglicht somit eine Einordnung des Weltraumprogramms in die aktuelle chinesische Entwicklung. Der zweite Teil untersucht sechs Kernbereiche des chinesischen Weltraumprogramms. Es handelt sich dabei um das bemannte
    [Show full text]
  • NSS North Houston Space Society
    NSS North Houston Space Society Space News December 12, 2020 Greg Stanley Lunar news from China “Chang’e flies to the Moon” • Lunar news Credit: Nguyen Manh, via Pinterest Chang’e (“Chang the beautiful”) Chinese Moon goddess, namesake of Chinese Lunar Exploration Program Ming Dynasty, circa 1500 Chinese lunar sample return Credit: NAOC (Chang’e 5) Overview • Return 2 kg (4.4 lbs) of lunar rock & dirt to Earth Orbiter and return capsule • First return of lunar materials since 1976 (Russia’s Luna 24) • Structured like an Apollo mission, except completely robotic • Target area: “Ocean of Storms” • Volcanic mound 1.21 billion years old, vs. Apollo samples 3.1 – 4.4 billion years old • China’s 3rd soft landing on the Moon • First takeoff of a spacecraft from large planetary body since 1976 (Russia’s Luna 24) • First robotic docking between 2 craft orbiting the moon • Launch mass: about 18,100 lbs Ascender Lander Orbiter with all components enroute Credit: Junior Miranda Credit: NAOC Chinese lunar sample return mission (Chang’e 5) Milestones • Launched Nov 23 • Entered Moon orbit Nov. 28 • Lander/ascender detached to begin descent to Moon’s surface Nov 30 • Landed on Moon Dec 1 • Samples taken, sealed in a storage device in ascender • Drilled samples up to 2 meters (6.6 feet); also scooped samples from surface • Solar powered only – had to complete mission in 2 days before lunar night • Ascender launched from Moon Dec 3; 6 minutes to orbit • Ascender docked with Earth return craft Dec 5 • Samples transferred from ascender to orbiter • Orbiter
    [Show full text]
  • China's Strategic Modernization: Implications for the United States
    CHINA’S STRATEGIC MODERNIZATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES Mark A. Stokes September 1999 ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of the Air Force, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** Comments pertaining to this report are invited and should be forwarded to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 122 Forbes Ave., Carlisle, PA 17013-5244. Copies of this report may be obtained from the Publications and Production Office by calling commercial (717) 245-4133, FAX (717) 245-3820, or via the Internet at [email protected] ***** Selected 1993, 1994, and all later Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) monographs are available on the SSI Homepage for electronic dissemination. SSI’s Homepage address is: http://carlisle-www.army. mil/usassi/welcome.htm ***** The Strategic Studies Institute publishes a monthly e-mail newsletter to update the national security community on the research of our analysts, recent and forthcoming publications, and upcoming conferences sponsored by the Institute. Each newsletter also provides a strategic commentary by one of our research analysts. If you are interested in receiving this newsletter, please let us know by e-mail at [email protected] or by calling (717) 245-3133. ISBN 1-58487-004-4 ii CONTENTS Foreword .......................................v 1. Introduction ...................................1 2. Foundations of Strategic Modernization ............5 3. China’s Quest for Information Dominance ......... 25 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Expedition Tasked with Number of Firsts for China
    6 CHINA DAILY | HONG KONG EDITION Wednesday, November 25, 2020 | 7 CHINA Endeavor: CHANG’E 5 EMBARKS ON JOURNEY TO NEW FRONTIER Multiple objectives ment and preparation for China’s to be fulfilled Experts expect major contributions from mission astronauts to travel to and land on Reasons for predawn Expedition tasked the moon,” Durst said. From page 1 He said the opportunities and By ZHAO LEI in Wenchang, Hainan He said following China’s extreme- Bonnie Thurber from the Spac- long-term lunar research goals. advancements resulting from Chi- If the Chang’e 5 mission ends suc- ly successful Chang’e 4 mission to the Edge Academy, an educational pro- Gould said as Chang’e 5 will be col- na’s lunar exploration program have launch time explained cessfully, it will be China’s first space with number of Space experts and educators from moon’s far side, lunar samples col- gram under the United States’ lecting surface samples younger than been enormous for science, technolo- activity to retrieve extraterrestrial around the world are closely follow- lected by Chang’e 5 will make “fur- National Space Society, said: “I am those brought back last century by gy, education and business. Interna- By ZHAO LEI in Wenchang, Hainan must fit with several requirements substances and will also make China ing the Chang’e 5 mission and are ther important contributions” to very excited about Chang’e 5. I hope the Apollo missions, he expects to see tional collaboration on the basis of — from the trajectories of the rock- the third nation in the world to bring optimistic it can achieve its targets.
    [Show full text]
  • 2005 REPORT to CONGRESS of the U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC and SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION
    2005 REPORT TO CONGRESS of the U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION NOVEMBER 2005 Printed for the use of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.uscc.gov 1 2005 REPORT TO CONGRESS of the U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION NOVEMBER 2005 Printed for the use of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.uscc.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 2005 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402–0001 U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION Hall of the States, Suite 602 444 North Capitol Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 Phone: (202) 624–1407 Fax: (202) 624–1406 E-mail: [email protected] www.uscc.gov COMMISSIONERS Hon. C. RICHARD D’AMATO, Chairman ROGER W. ROBINSON, Jr., Vice Chairman CAROLYN BARTHOLOMEW, Commissioner Hon. PATRICK A. MULLOY, Commissioner GEORGE BECKER, Commissioner Hon. WILLIAM A. REINSCH, Commissioner STEPHEN D. BRYEN, Commissioner Hon. FRED D. THOMPSON, Commissioner THOMAS DONNELLY, Commissioner MICHAEL R. WESSEL, Commissioner JUNE TEUFEL DREYER, Commissioner LARRY M. WORTZEL, Commissioner T. SCOTT BUNTON, Executive Director KATHLEEN J. MICHELS, Associate Director The Commission was created in October 2000 by the Floyd D. Spence Na- tional Defense Authorization Act for 2001 sec. 1238, Public Law 106– 398, 114 STAT.
    [Show full text]
  • April 2015 Issue 15
    Issue 15 April 2015 All about the Chinese Space Programme GO TAIKONAUTS! Editor’s Note COVER STORY Finally, we did it without major delay! You may have noticed that the number of articles is less than that in previous issues and the length of some articles is also much shorter this time. Yes, it is a compromise we have to ... page 2 Quarterly Report October - December 2014 Launch Events The last quarter of 2014 was the busiest quarter in Chinese space history. China made 10 successful space launches in three months, setting a new national record for a quarterly launch rate: • On 20 October, at 14:31, a CZ-4C lifted off from Taiyuan Satellite Centre and put ... page 3 Micro/Nano Satellite Technologies and Applications in China Micro/nano satellite technologies are becoming more and more active in China, Quarterly Report from universities to research institute and industries, from scientific research to technology demonstration and to practical applications. Some launched project January - March 2015 examples are: Chuangxin-1 (CX-1), the first Chinese micro satellite used for telecommunication built in Shanghai; Naxing-1, the first nano satellite built by a Launch Events Chinese university in Beijing; Banxing-1 (BX-1), a micro satellite used to provide On the second last day of this in-orbit images of the SZ-7 orbit module to inspect the space module and to quarter, China made its first conduct in-orbit proximity operations, built in Shanghai as well; ZDPS-1A, the space launch in 2015, again first pico satellite at kilogram level built by a Chinese university in Hangzhou; showing that the first quarter Tianxun-1 (TX-1), a micro satellite for Earth observation built by a university in is off-season for the Chinese space programne.
    [Show full text]
  • China Dream, Space Dream: China's Progress in Space Technologies and Implications for the United States
    China Dream, Space Dream 中国梦，航天梦China’s Progress in Space Technologies and Implications for the United States A report prepared for the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Kevin Pollpeter Eric Anderson Jordan Wilson Fan Yang Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank Dr. Patrick Besha and Dr. Scott Pace for reviewing a previous draft of this report. They would also like to thank Lynne Bush and Bret Silvis for their master editing skills. Of course, any errors or omissions are the fault of authors. Disclaimer: This research report was prepared at the request of the Commission to support its deliberations. Posting of the report to the Commission's website is intended to promote greater public understanding of the issues addressed by the Commission in its ongoing assessment of U.S.-China economic relations and their implications for U.S. security, as mandated by Public Law 106-398 and Public Law 108-7. However, it does not necessarily imply an endorsement by the Commission or any individual Commissioner of the views or conclusions expressed in this commissioned research report. CONTENTS Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................... i Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... iii Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1
    [Show full text]
  • The Chinese People's Liberation Army at 75
    THE LESSONS OF HISTORY: THE CHINESE PEOPLE’S LIBERATION ARMY AT 75 Edited by Laurie Burkitt Andrew Scobell Larry M. Wortzel July 2003 ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** Comments pertaining to this report are invited and should be forwarded to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 122 Forbes Ave., Carlisle, PA 17013-5244. Copies of this report may be obtained from the Publications Office by calling (717) 245-4133, FAX (717) 245-3820, or via the Internet at [email protected] ***** Most 1993, 1994, and all later Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) monographs are available on the SSI Homepage for electronic dissemination. SSI’s Homepage address is: http:// www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/index.html ***** The Strategic Studies Institute publishes a monthly e-mail news- letter to update the national security community on the research of our analysts, recent and forthcoming publications, and upcoming conferences sponsored by the Institute. Each newsletter also pro- vides a strategic commentary by one of our research analysts. If you are interested in receiving this newsletter, please let us know by e-mail at [email protected] or by calling (717) 245-3133. ISBN 1-58487-126-1 ii CONTENTS Foreword Ambassador James R. Lilley . v Part I: Overview. 1 1. Introduction: The Lesson Learned by China’s Soldiers Laurie Burkitt, Andrew Scobell, and Larry M.
    [Show full text]
  • China Dreams 梦
    CHINA DREAMS 梦 EDITED BY Jane Golley, Linda Jaivin Ben Hillman, WITH Sharon Strange C HINA S TORY YEARBOOK : C HINA D REAM S Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] Available to download for free at press.anu.edu.au ISBN (print): 9781760463731 ISBN (online): 9781760463748 WorldCat (print): 1145684061 WorldCat (online): 1145684091 DOI: 10.22459/CSY.2020 This title is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). The full licence terms are available at creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ legalcode Design concept by Markuz Wernli; ‘Power’ cover design and chapter openers by CRE8IVE Typesetting by Chin-Jie Melodie Liu and Sharon Strange; copyediting by Jan Borrie Printed by Union Offset Printers, Canberra, Australia The Australian Centre on China in the World is an initiative of the Commonwealth Government of Australia and The Australian National University This edition © 2020 ANU Press 揭秘错综时事蓄 美梦 民族伟大复兴之梦对中国与世界民众而言为何种图景因编辑婴儿事件续镇压维吾尔族群倡导中国公民应在国际场合﹃维护国家荣誉﹄压破碎学生运动三十周年整庆祝中华人民共和国成立七十周年弘扬革命与国家富强之梦2019 ， 多元视角呈现政经文化与人文社会之一脉相连、 。 泡影 2019年 、 ， 凌云壮志与梦魇于中外大地上相吸相斥之画卷 为中国在全球日渐隆盛势力与影响提供解惑之匙， 拓展南极与称霸太空的雄心亦甚嚣尘上、 有鉴于此 日益恶化中美关系成为媒体焦点， ， 各领风骚年中国恰逢几个划时代意义的周年纪念日 几多旧﹃梦﹄重回民主与言论自由在凌晨的梦乡中被政府的安定团结之梦碾 ， 。 ︽中国故事年鉴 五四运动百年祭重温爱国情怀与文化革新之梦 ， 粉墨登场 。 ： 香港暴力抗争风起云涌 梦︾钩沉是年重大事件 。 ， 。 。 本年鉴以浅显易懂的笔触一时庙堂江湖舆情四起人工智能的突飞猛进与基习近平主席权倾天下 。 ; 习近平脑海中的中华 。 并一如既往兼容并 是年亦距1989， 。 新旧﹃中国梦﹄ 、 ， 新疆持 展示 ， 。 并 ; Translation by Yayun Zhu and Annie Luman Ren Contents INTRODUCTION viii . Dream On · JANE GOLLEY, BEN HILLMAN, and LINDA JAIVIN xviii . Acknowledgements xviii . The Cover Image FORUM · ILLUSIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONS: THE MANY MEANINGS OF MENG 夢 5 . From the Land of Illusion to the Paradise of Truth · ANNIE LUMAN REN . 11 Zhuangzi and His Butterfly Dream: The Etymology ofMeng 夢 · JINGJING CHEN CHAPTER 1 .
    [Show full text]
  • Dinamika Persenjataan Angkatan Laut China Tesis
    UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA DINAMIKA PERSENJATAAN ANGKATAN LAUT CHINA TESIS Diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Magister Sains dalam Ilmu Hubungan Internasional MURAD F. ALHALAYQAH 1006803852 FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK PROGRAM MAGISTER ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL JAKARTA JUNI 2012 Dinamika..., Murad F. Alhalayqah, FISIP UI, 2012 Dinamika..., Murad F. Alhalayqah, FISIP UI, 2012 Dinamika..., Murad F. Alhalayqah, FISIP UI, 2012 KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur saya panjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, karena atas berkat dan rahmat-Nya, saya dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Penulisan skripsi ini dilakukan dalam rangka memenuhi salah satu syarat untuk mencapai gelar Magister Hubungan Internasional pada Program Studi Hubungan Internasional (Keamanan Internasional) Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Indonesia. Saya menyadari bahwa, tanpa bantuan dan bimbingan dari berbagai pihak, dari masa perkuliahan sampai pada penyusunan skripsi ini, sangatlah sulit bagi saya menyelesaikan tesis ini. Oleh karena itu, saya mengucapkan terima kasih kepada: (1) Semua pihak pemerintah Republik Indonesia dan Rakyat Indonesia atas kesempatan yang diberikan kepada saya untuk menuntut ilmu; (2) Pihak Kedutaan Besar Palestina yang telah banyak memberikan bantuan dan dorongan; (3) Pak Andi Widjajanto dosen pembimbing yang telah menyediakan waktu, tenaga, dan pikiran untuk mengarahkan saya dalam penyusunan skripsi ini; Mas Yeremia Lalisang sebagai penguji ahli, Pak. Zainuddin Djafar sebagai ketua sidang, serta Mbak Asra Virgianita
    [Show full text]
  • Go Taikonauts!
    Issue 12 May 2014 Revised Version All about the Chinese Space Programme GO TAIKONAUTS! Editor’s Note COVER STORY We have covered the Chang’e 3 robotic lunar landing mission in our previous issue. It was a great achievement for China that in the past only the U.S. and the former Soviet Union have completed. However, ... page 2 Quarterly Report January - March 2014 Launch Events The only Chinese space launch in this quarter was on the last day of the quarter. At 10:58, 31 March, the SJ-11-06 was successfully launched by a CZ-2C vehicle from JSLC. The satellite is supposed to be the replacement of ... page 3 Analysis China’s Apollo Dream An Agreement to Disagree Early Light A provision included in appropriation bills origina- On 20 July 1969, three Americans made history by setting foot on the Moon, ting in the 2011 Continuing Resolution (i.e. the closest celestial body to the Earth. The Apollo 11 manned lunar landing was NASA’s 2012 Fiscal Year budget) prohibits any one of the most significant events in the 20th century that turned a new page form of bilateral cooperation between NASA and of human history. However, at that moment, on the other side of the Earth, one any organisation remotely linked to the Chinese billion Chinese people were trapped in the chaos of the Cultural Revolution. Only space programme. ... page 21 a very few of them were aware ... page 8 Proposal Analysis Strategy Recommendations for What if…? Planning International Cooperation on the Searching for Evidence - An Attempt to Analyse the Chinese Space Station? “Space Science & Technology in China: A Roadmap to 2050” The ultimate challenges facing the People’s Re- China’s space programme has been accused of many opaque objectives, public of China (PRC) and ..
    [Show full text]