LONGMAN S ’ E NGL ISH CLAS SICS

E D IT E D BY

GEORGE RIC E C ARPEN T ER , A . B.

PROFES S OR O F RH E T O RI C A N D E N GL IS H C O M P O S IT IO N IN C O LU M BIA CO LL EG E

LORD M AC AULAY

LIFE OF SAM UEL J OH NSON

EDITED 1

W IT H NOTES A N D A N INTRODUCT ION

I

ER GRAY BUEHLER A . M . HUB ,

T n r n m E N N H E A D M AS E R F T H E o ss H K E V I L L O . O c S C O OL ( L A , C )

N E W Y O R K

RE E N AN D 0 0 . L O N G M AN S , G ,

CON TEN TS

’ I M C UL Y S L IFE AND W ORKS . A A A

’ I M ACAULAY S S TYLE A N D GENIU I . S

III M C UL Y ON J OH NS ON xxxiii . A A A

S UGGESTIONS FOR T EACH ERS AND S TUD ENTS

E XA M INAT ION QU ES TIONS

CHRON OLOGICAL TABLE— M ACA U LAY

CH RONO LOGICAL TABLE— J OHN SON

LIFE OF S A M U EL J OHN SON

INTRODUCTION

’ 1 M AOA U LA Y S LI FE A N D O RKS . I. W

H OM AS ABI N GTO N M A C A U L A Y m a T B , the ost popul r

is ssa is of i u r and a a dis Engl h e y t the n neteenth cent y, lso tin u ished ra r s a sma a nd i ria was in g o to , t te n , h sto n , born i s i a O t r 25 1 800 ars of Le cester h re , Engl nd , c obe , ; the ye r He his life therefo re coincide With those of the centu y . ’ was descended on his fa the r s side f rom Scotch Presbyte ’ ia his m i f r m a u a r fami and r ns ; on other s s de , o Q ke ly ; to his earnest and accomplished parents he owed many admir H is f a i a rai of ara . a a ble t ts ch cter ther, s lent , ustere , i man was a a in i for i i p ous , le der the Soc ety the Abol t on of Slavery ; edited the newspape r of the Abolitionist S o ciet and u m am his i ima f ri who y ; n bered ong nt te ends, often met round his table a nd disc u ssed in the p resence of his children the right and wrong of great political qu es

The Li e a nd L etters o L ord M a ca u la b his ne hew G f f y , y p , . O o T re el an is one of the es io ra hies e er ri e n a nd a ll tt v y , b t b g p v w tt ; ’ W ho ca n shou ld make the ir acquainta nce With M acau lay s c aree r f rom the a es of ha fa scina in or Unli e some s a nda rd p g t t t g w k . k t ooks it is in e res in and ins irin to oun reade rs as ell a s to b , t t g p g y g w ’ old and it should be ut i hin reac h of all s ude n s of M acau la s , p W t t t y ri in s The es shor lif e of M aca u la is ha b J Cotte r M orrison w t g . b t t y t t y ’ in the En lish M en of L e ers S eries M r M orrison s oo hi h . . c g tt b k , W c os s li le con ains onl six cha ers of hic h hree are io ra hical t tt , t y pt , W t b g p a nd three c ritica l; the biographica l c hapters c a n be read by the m sel es in t wo or hree hou rs Those who c anno r ad he h rm v t . t e t c a ing ’ L i e a nd L etters hou ld b all m M orri s i s ea ns read M r. son l le oo f y tt b k. ’ T he ske tc h of M aca ulay s life here given is only for those W ho can not do e en h v t at. x I N TROD UC TI ON

i i i a i i iam i - o tions, the dist ngu shed ph l nthrop st W ll W lber did m a an man a force, Who . ore th n y other to secure the boli r tion of the sl ave t ade . ’ a a a m m a m M c ul y s other, to who he perh ps owed ore “ f a i M r i a his a was . a th n to ther, , ccord ng to Morr son ,

ma of a m- a and aff i a m ar wo n w r he rted ect on te te per, yet cle a and firm i a and i a for influ he ded w th l , w th good eye the m i ” ences i o f a a a . Wh ch g to the or t on of ch r cter When , for i a who a at m nst nce , her son , liked to re d ho e better a at a a bad th n to study school , decl red the we ther to be too “ ” “ o - da his m sa : to g to school to y, other would y No, T m i it i n o ; f ra ns cats a d dogs you shall go. When he brou ght to her— as he often did— childish compositions in and a as i a a ai prose verse th t were , M ss H nn h More s d, ” i a i a a a ai f m qu te extr ord n ry for such b by, she refr ned ro h h m a ma him ai expressions of surprise w ic ight h ve de v n , and appe ared to take as a matte r of co urse his remarkabl e m i and i a i a e . perfor nces, wh ch secretly ston shed del ght d her ill him a Yet , when he fell , she nursed With loving tender i i i a ness that he remembered all his life . Noth ng nd c tes ’ a a a influ n a a r Mrs . M c ul y s e ce over her son better th n lette which she wrote to him When he was a boy at school

M a CLA PH AM 2 8 1 8 1 3 . , y ,

My dear T om : I am very h appy to hear th at you h a ve far a in iff iz and i so dvanced your d erent pr e exercises, w th i i a a to such litt le fatigue . I kno w you wr te w th gre t e se and a i m a e yourself, would r ther wr te ten poe s th n prun m is a ai at first one ; but reme ber th at excellence not tt ned . i are m m af a i reflection All your p eces uch ended ter l ttle , n f a m i a a and i a d there ore t ke so e sol t ry w lks, th nk over i a im r each sep arate th ng . Sp re no t e or t ouble to render a i as f as can and h a e ch p ece per ect you , t en le ve the event a a a a mi a Without one anxious thought . I h ve lw ys d red a saying of one of the old heathen philosophers . When fri end was condoling with him th at he so well deserved of and a did i fa s the gods, yet th t they not shower the r vor on IN TROD UC TI ON xi

him as m he a I i , on so e others less worthy, nswered , w ll , ” w r i s of m. So ho eve , cont nue to de erve well the do you , u r a s it is i f Go m ar . o d y de est Do yo best, bec u e the w ll you s u im r fa m and ho ld p ove every culty to the ut ost now , r rs of u mi r is and st engthen the powe yo r nd by exe c e , then in f u tu re you will be better en abled to glo rify God with all and a s of a m r u m your powers t lent , be they o e h ble or i and ou a fai i i h gher order, y sh ll not l to be rece ved nto v r a i a i a i s i a a i i of e e l st ng h b t t on , w th the ppl ud ng vo ce our ” a i u r l a nd fai fu s r a . 01 1 S v o , Wel done , good th l e v nt see m i i u r m r i mu how a b t ous yo othe s. She st h ave the wisdom of her son acknowledged befo re angels and an i i r n as m r . M s can a a d se bled wo ld y w hes so r no h ghe , they c an be content with nothing less for any of my children . fi rst im sa w u r fa a a if The t e I yo ce, I repe ted those be ut ul ’ lines of Wa tts s c radle hymn :

M a s hou li e t o now and fe ar Him y t t v k , T rus a nd lo e H im all t h d a s t v y y , Tha t o and d e ll fore e r n ear H im g w v , S ee His face a nd sin His raise , g p ;

n i is u of all ra rs f r u s a d th s the s bstance my p ye o yo . In le s a a m h ou and a ru s ram i th n ont y I sh ll , I t t, be bl ng over mm i n ow s i au if . the Co on , wh ch look qu te be t ul am ' e ver m ar T om u r a ff i a m I , y de , yo ect on te other, S E LI N M C U L Y A A A A .

r a of h s ai - i i i - i i Unde the c re t e e p‘l n l v ng, h gh th nk ng r i r a s a a a ass a a . m p ent , M c ul y p ed h ppy ch ldhood F o the im a was a a f of a r ma t e th t he three ye rs old , he g ve proo e rk a i ra fa u H r m . e a i s a fo ble l te ry c lty re d nce s ntly, the ost ar i f fi re i his p t ly ng on the rug be ore the , w th book on the fl and a i f i h o a an in h s a . H e did oor, p ece bre d d butter nd a f or was f of a i his wa not c re toys, but very ond t k ng lk , f his m a i rs when he would hold orth to co p n on , whether nu e m i i mi a s ri s of his a or other , tell ng nter n ble to e out he d , or a i a had f r s i repe t ng wh t he been reading . Be o e he wa e ght years old he wrote for his own amusement a Compendium ” of i r a is i filled a a i of a Un ve s l H tory , wh ch bout qu re p per xi] IN TR OD UC TI ON and gave a tolerably connected view of leading events from i m hi the Creat on to 1 800. A ong s many other litera ry ventures at this time was a poem in the style of Sir Walter i was i i Scott , Wh ch suggested by his del ght n reading th e “ ” “ ” La a i and a mi i y of the L st M nstrel M r on . Th s sta n za is a specimen of the style of the eight - year - old poet

’ D a set on C ambria s hills su reme y p , And M enai on t h sil er s ream , y v t . T h e s a r of d a h ad re ach e d th e e s t y w t. N o w in t he main it su n to res k t . ’ Sh one great Eleindyn s c astle tall Shone e er a er e er h a ll v y b tt y , v y ’ Sh one all fair M ona s v erd ant plain But chiefl sh one th e fo amin main y g .

’ a a a i — i These productions of M c ul y s ch ldhood h stories, i m m — i amma ep c poe s, hy ns though correct in spell ng, gr r, and a da ofi at a punctu tion , were shed he dlong speed . At the age of twelve the precocious boy was sent to an ma at f a am i excellent s ll school Shel ord , ne r C br dge , Where was ai f m i in an a m he p n ully ho es ck , but where , t osphere pervaded with the influ ence of the neighbo ring univer« sit a a i of his a ~ y, he l id the found t ons schol rship . No school ’ boy should omit to read M acaulay s letters home during this period ; for nowhere else are some of the character istics of this remarkable man so clearly seen as in the letters n a a ic and exercises of his school a d college d ys . In thlet his i was a in games he was not expert ; l fe bsorbed books, a i a i though not always in schoolbooks . His f vor te re d ng if was and r fiction and at throughout l e poetry p ose , school he often indulged this excessive fondness for pleasant read i i H e a ing to the neglect of more brac ng stud es . especi lly i and a i o his disliked mathemat cs the ex ct sc ences, writing t mother : Oh for words to express my abomination of IN TR OD U0 TI ON xiii

i i i of that science [mathematics] . D sc pl ne the ! Sa a r a r a i confinement r u r a i mind y r the st v t on , , to t e , nn hilation ! Macau lay lived to change his mind and deeply

- a ars af t regret this mistake of his school days . M ny ye er “ : f r and a m a ward he wrote I o ten reg et, even cutely, y w nt ’ 1 of a senio r wrangle r s knowledge of physic s and mathe matics ; and I regret still more some h abits of mind which ” fa i ra r is r ai s s . a sen or w ngle p etty cert n to pos e s In ct , ’ the grave con se quences of young Macau l ay s one - sided inclination for lite ra t u re can be traced th rou ghout his

i r n fi tion r n chiefl ar r. r s a d c a fas a d c ee Poet y , h to y, , e d t y ’ for a r sa r r is i i for a mi in ple su e s ke , we e ve y poor d c pl ne nd which fancy a nd imagination we re al ready strong ; and ’ m fa u i of a a a s mi for a of r so e c lt es M c ul y nd , w nt p oper

mai e s ri i i u t i a a a . s o exerc se , re n d lw y we k C t c po nt , even “ ” in his s ri i s a a of i s i ra a be t w t ng , w nt ph lo oph c g sp , “ “ i i of a r u u s u a i a su erficial r a d sl ke d o s pec l t on , p t e t ” m i u r ms ent of ntellect al p oble . m i s a t f r a au la in Fro the l ttle chool Shel o d , M c y went,

i am rid H f u r 1 8 1 8 r i . e ai s , to T n ty College , C b ge led to ec e the highest unive rsity hono rs becau se of his rep u gnance to mathematics ; bu t he showed his c l assical and lite rary a ai m s a i riz for a i c ama i n tt n ent by t k ng the p e L t n de l t o , ’ i ai i thc a r s m a for is rs by tw ce g n ng ch ncello ed l Engl h ve e ,

n r i i a i a d by winnin g a schola sh p . In the Un on Deb t ng Society he soon distinguished himse lf as one of the best a s in u i rsi and in a m ri s ia ir deb ter the n ve ty , C b dge oc l c cles he became known as one of the most b rilliant conversers in a . D a i was a wa a a Engl nd y or n ght he l ys re dy to t lk , and such talk ! Never we re su ch to rrent s of good talk as rs and s u r bu t p tte ed over from Maca u lay and H allam. The greatest marvel abou t him is the qu antity of trash ” “ ’ m m r a u a s fl w he re e be s . M ca l y o of talk never ceased “ Se nior W ra ngle r is the na me give n t o t he s tu d e nt who ranks fi rst in t he honor lis at Ca m rid e U ni e rsi t b g v ty . xiv IN TR 01 ) UOTI ON

r once during the four hours . These a e extracts from the journals of some who heard him. it was a a a a a m m But not only tr sh th t M c ul y re e bered , for he seems to have remembered nearly everything he

ad i a a a a a hi re , often gett ng by he rt long p ss ges th t ple sed m m m his i in a i m - erely fro del ght re d ng the over . When a

i a m a i his fa an af a ch ld he once cco p n ed ther on ternoon c ll , ’ and found on the table a copy of Scott s Lay of the Last i had f H m . e i f M nstrel , which he not seen be ore kept h sel

i i iz i d a i and qu et w th his pr e wh le the el ers were t lk ng, m i m ’ When he returned ho e , sitt ng down on his other s a a af a bed , he repe ted to her c nto ter c nto . When he was fifty - seven years old he learned by heart in two hours the ” act of a i a fourth the Merch nt of Ven ce, except hun nd fift i i a H i a a . e a dred y l nes, wh ch he lre dy knew once s d “ ” “ that if all copies of Pa radise Lost a nd The Pil ’ im r gr s P ogress should be destroyed , he could reproduce m m m m i a i a m m m i the fro e ory . Th s extr ord n ry e ory re a ned

i a a a a and and ai w th M c ul y to the l st , is the wonder desp r

r the m ma a a of his reade s . It is ore re rk ble bec use he read “ i H e a fa a very rap dly . re d books ster th n other people imm m and s imm m as fa as a n sk ed the , k ed the st y one else a s a m xc could turn the le ve . And he re d o nivorously . E ept was a iti a i i when he t lking, wr ng, or eng ged in publ c bus a a s a a i i a f ness, he h rdly p s ed w k ng hour w thout book be ore im a i a f m a a h . Spe k ng of journey ro Engl nd to Irel nd ,

a I a I u an su bsti« he s ys, As could not re d , sed excellent ’ f r a i I a a i in m o . tute re d ng went through P r d se Lost, y ” i a ia a i i a . a G he d L t n , reek , French , It l n , Sp n sh , Engl sh — f i is a i of it was all one . The ollow ng l st the books he went through in the origin al langu a ge while on a voyage ’ “ to India at the age of thirty - fOu r : Homer s Iliad and ’ “ ” O i i E i and G c dyssey ; V rg l s ne d , Eclogues, e r ” ’ ’ ” ’ gics ; Horace s poems ; C aesar s Commentaries ; B acon s ” Au mentis a a i s De g ; the works of D nte , Petr rch , Ar o to, IN TR OD UC TI ON xv

’ ” ’ and Tasso ; Don Qu ixote ; Gibbon s Rome ; Mill s ” ’ India ; all the seve nty volumes of Voltaire ; S ismondi s ” History of France ; and seven large volumes of the ra hia ri a i Biog p B t nn ca . ’ Macaulay s wonde rful memory was a most u seful endow ment ; but his h abit of incessant and omnivorous reading i f m ma a was someth ng o a defect . E erson re rks th t the means by which the soul attains its highest development are s ra i i first r a a a book , t vel , soc ety, sol tude ; the th ee M c ul y u H a ims f s i . e u ed , but sol t de he neglected never g ve h el k n R mar a as his riti time to thin hard a d deeply . e k ble w ngs are a s i m r a u a r a if , they would h ve been t ll o e v l ble , pe h ps, n r fl m r His ri ia r he had read less a d e ec ted o e . b ll nt wo ks m i i n sometimes lack ed ta t on a d thoughtfu lness . Afte r his graduation f rom T rinity ( 1 822) Macaulay

mai a t am ri i s - a u a s u i re ned C b dge , pursu ng po t gr d te t d es for of as r of r s and 1 824 af r an the degree M te A t , in , te ami a i in i s first a m a i a s ex n t on wh ch he tood ong the c nd d te , was a of ri i a is he elected Fellow T n ty College , th t , one of i mas rs of i an i m of the s xty te the college , w th nco e r r i a a for s a s . 1 82 6 was as ye even ye In he , the Engl sh sa a Bar bu t did a i y, c lled to the ; he not t ke k ndly to law i ra i and ai asi his the , got l ttle or no p ct ce, soon l d de law books to devo te himself exclusively to literature and i i s pol t c . In litera ture he had become distinguished even before f am i a his s a s and m he le t C br dge , p rtly by college e s y poe s, m his ri i a a of but ore by cont but ons, when B chelor Arts, ’ Kni ht s uarterl M a a zine Oi i to g Q y g . these contr butions, ” a m v and a are i a two b ttle poe s, I ry N seby, st ll re d “ ” i a n w th ple sure . Fragments of a Roman Tale a d Scenes from the Athenia n Revels — at tempts to picture the private life of bygone days— suggest that Macaulay mi a i a mira i ght h ve wr tten d ble histor cal novels . The “ i a e M r m n r. Convers t on b tween . Abraha Cowley a d M xvi IN TR OD U(JTI ON

” J i was a i am ohn M lton, which his own f vor te ong his early i i mi ma i wr t ngs, is, in the nds of ny, super or in style and i a a i diction to a nyth ng th t he wrote in l ter l fe . But M a ’ au la s a i a fam a in 1 825 c y re l l ter ry e beg n , when he wrote his v i first essay for the E di nbu rgh Re iew. Th s famous Review was at a im a o a in G a i ai th t t e the le ding peri dic l re t Br t n , and exerted a literary and political influ ence never equ alled i a mi its a before or s nce . To be d tted to p ges was the i t m im a ai a i an h ghes co pl ent th t could be p d young wr ter, d s i it His first c nt M acaulay wa inv ted to write for . o ribu “ ” 1 i was a a i c ri i t on the celebr ted Ess y on M lton . As t cism i a has i a a a a was , th s Ess y l ttle v lue, for M c ul y never a i a a of a a zi n subtle or profound cr tic, c p ble n ly ng a d ex hibiting the beauties of literary masterpieces ; but as a i i i is a a and it a t p ece of wr t ng it extr ordin ry, once arrested

a . ff f the ttention of the public Je rey, the editor o the Edinbu r h Review : m I i I g , wrote The ore th nk the less can i a a conce ve where you picked up th t style . Murr y, i a a the publ sher, decl red th t it would be worth the copy ’ right of Byron s Childe H arold to h ave the writer on aff u a rterl Rev iew the a of the the st of the Q y , Tory riv l din h T h a a a a fa a a E bu rg . e M c ul y bre k st t ble w s covered with cards from the most distinguished pe rson ages in Lon i i ia s a i n don society, inv t ng the brill nt young e s y st to di ner . H e was courted and admired by the most distinguished da and m a im was of persons of the y, fro th t t e on one the “ ” lions of London society ; for London soon discovered a am i a was m wh t C br dge knew before , th t he one of the ost ai i entert n ng conversers in the world . “ The Essay on Mil ton was but the beginning of a l of m t a a i — i a i a ong series ore h n forty rt cles crit c l , histor c l, and controversial— which were contributed during the next a E dinbu r h Review and ma twenty ye rs to the g , de their a uthor the best known essayist of the ninete enth century .

’ M r ros l io of h ssa n M ilton in his series. See . C wel s edit n t e E y o t I N TR OD UC TI ON

“ The last Review article was the Essay on the Earl of

am is in 1 844 . Chath , publ hed ’ u t fa m u s sa so far f m i a a a B these o es ys, ro be ng M c ul y s

ai a i r in fa ru oil? in as i m n occup t on , we e , ct, st ck h t ly snatched moments of leisu re— some of them befo re breakfast— by a man whose time was chiefly occ u pied with the business of Parliament or vario u s departments of the Gove rnment ; for Macau lay was early d rawn into p u blic if and in i i s imm s is i i was l e . pol t c won en e d t nct on when he M r a s r n . G a s a still a young ma . l d tone decl e th t except s i and r is ma had the econd P tt Lord By on , no Engl h n ever ” i n r a t so ar an a e su a d a r . won , e ly g , ch w de hono ble enown ’ f ars se r i as a mmissi r of a ru A ter two ye v ce Co one B nk ptcy, am in 1 83 0 a m m r of a r iam r u he bec e , , e be P l ent, th o gh the f riendliness of a nobleman who controlled the membership

is was s a t i i of rea for Calne . Th ju t the beg nn ng the g t st ruggle to refo rm the rep resentation in the Ho u se of

mm s and a au a a t n in a of Co on , M c l y plunged o ce to the he t

His r first s in fa r of Ref rm i battle . ve y peech vo the o B ll

i in r r r r ( 1 83 1 ) placed h m the f ont ank of o ato s . The S peaker sent for him and told him that he had neve r seen f i m s in s a s a o . reaf r the Hou e uch t te exc te ent The te ,

r r se s e a in ar iam re ma r wheneve he o to p k P l ent , the k , ” a au a is u ru i r u ie s a nd c om M c l y p , nn ng th o gh the lobb mitt m was si a for a e e ra ru s e a r him ee . roo s, the gn l g n l h to h M r ris i s a it ma u s i . Mor on th nk th t y well be q e t oned whether Macaulay was so well endowed for a ny career as ” a r th t of a grea t o ator . The young Whig soon became an impo rtant member of his ar fillin m im a offi ce s a nd is i u i i p ty, g so e port nt , d t ng sh ng

ims f a and i - mi u nselfish i h el by h rd work h gh nded , devot on for i H the publ c good . e once voted for a measure that took away his own offi ce ; at another time he resigned his ’ m i i a a h is fa r f govern ent pos t on , r ther th n hurt the s eel ings by helping to support a comp romise Slavery . Bill xviii I N TR OD UC TI ON

i did i which h s father not approve . All th s time he was a man h e firs comparatively poor . When t went to college his father believed himself to be worth but i m h ad M r a a interest in publ c atters led . M c ulay to neglect his a i and i was i at m priv te bus ness ; , wh le the son st ll Ca i m a a br dge , oney troubles beg n to throw their sh dow on the a a i i family . Mac ul y rece ved the news bravely ; wh le wait for i a i i his ing his fellowsh p , took priv te pup ls to rel eve father of the burden of his expenses ; devote d his income thereafter to providing for his sisters and paying ofi his ’ a and a all did i a f ther s debts ; , h rdest of , it w th cheer

m a i a ai m ful good hu or th t brought sunsh ne g n to the ho e . One of his sisters says th at those who did not know him during those da rk days never knew him in his most brill ” i His iant i and i . i , w tty, fert le ve n fellowsh p of

was f him in 1 83 1 his a very use ul to , but it expired ; politi cal office was swept away by a change of ministry ; he could not possibly make more than a year by writing ; and while he was wmni ng fame in Parliament he was reduced to such straits th at he had to sell a gold medal he had won m f 4 at a . 1 83 a C bridge When , there ore , in , the post of leg l m i ia was ofi ered him adviser to the Supre e Counc l of Ind , i a a a f m i a few a a 1 00 w th s l ry ro wh ch he could in ye rs s ve $ ,

000 a and ai ia . , he ccepted , s led for Ind ia a a a t a a In Ind M c ul y spen sever l ye rs of hard work . i a offi cial i a ai Bes des his regul r dut es, he ccepted the ch r manships of the Committee of Public Instruction and the Committee to dra w up two new Codes of La ws for the country ; and in both these committees he rendered services fi m a m h whose good e ect re ains to this d y . A ong ot er things he helped to introduce the study of E uropean i f a literature and science among the n at ves o India . Me n a a for Review and a while he wrote few ess ys the , re d

prodigiously . H e was at re In 1 83 8 he returned to England . once

X X I N TR OD UC TI ON

s ti i a in v a mi these rr ng t les erse , though d rable and widely u a a re im a as his a i m pop l r, not so port nt other ch eve ents . ’ The last of Macaulay s w ritings was a group of biograph i a s i i a a his c l ketches, wr tten dur ng the l ter ye rs of life for “ ” a ia ri a i a a f had s the Encyclop ed B t nn c , ter he cea ed to i for Rev iew and i was i hi wr te the , wh le he busy w th s is r s ar i H to y . The e were the t cles on Atterbury, Bun an G mi ohn son and i iam i i y , olds th , Doctor J , W ll P tt , wh ch a re still to be found under those titles in the present (ninth) i i if f i i ed t on of the Brita nnica . The L e o W ll am Pitt ’ was the l ast of M a caul ay s writings published du ring his ” if - im s i s ia a if l e t e . The e L ves, e pec lly, perh ps , the L e i is of i m of Doctor Johnson , wh ch the subject th s volu e , i a re a mong the best of h s works . During his l ast years honors fell thick and fast on Macau ’ a H e was ma i i of i i i l y s head . elected to ny pos t ons d st nct on a nd and in 1 85 was ma a of s honor , 7 he de peer the Hou e of Lord s — the first literary man to receive th at distino

i Bu t in of . a t on . he never spoke the House Lords For i H number of ye ars before his de ath h s he alth was frail . e

i at his K i m d ed residence, H olly Lodge , ens ngton , Dece ber m f 2 8 1 85 9 of a i a . , , he rt d se se Two onths be ore , he wrote “ i ia : O 2 5 1 85 9 . i a . I a m in h s d ry ctober , My b rthd y

- h d a if fift i a . I a a a . I y n ne ye rs old Well , h ve h ppy l e do not kno w th at any one whom I h ave seen close has had a ” ’ i H is i in h app er. e bur ed the Poet s Corner in West mi nster Abbey .

a a a was an amia man and his M c ul y upright, ble , life i i was one of placid content and qu et h app ness . No act inconsistent with the strictest honor and integrity has ” “ m 1 a ima i him ever been imputed to hi . We c nnot g ne ” 2 i a i i s . He do ng nyth ng wrong, or even ndecorou enjoyed of if i a was i the good things l e w th he rtiness, yet he str k

r M a k Pa ttison . 2 J . C . M orrison . IN TR OD UC TI ON xxi

in l u nselfish and of m s r mi u a i i g y , one the o t p o nent q l t es in his s is a s a ff i a d r revealed Letter weet , ect on te ten e His m i if was si u ar ness for his f riends. do est c l e ng l ly f his it ra r ri i s s a i h beauti ul . Even keenest l e y c t c pe k w t

mir i of his ari ar s his a r s his sis rs ad a t on be ng tow d p ent , te , i a r was n i and his nephews and n eces. To the l tte he a dea l

— f r u o s . i d uncle the good ncle to y books When he d e , his sis r r : a s i of ou r m te w ote We h ve lo t the l ght ho e , the lfish f f i m s i r u s u nse o s . o t tender, lov ng , gene o , , devoted r end What he was to me for fifty years who can tell ? Wh at a u r u t m n mi Hi wo rld of love he po ed o upon e a d ne . s m s i fau a r i his w ms only do e t c lt , cco d ng to nephe , see to have been tha t he did not like dogs H is very l ast ac t was ri a e r a r u ra e sin a f or to w te l tte to poo c t , enclo g check

- twenty fi v e po u nds . H is r a a ara is u s s ri e b his e pe son l ppe nce th de c b d y n phew ,

M r r e a . T ev ly n

’ Macau l ay s o u tward man was never better desc ribed ’ ’ than in t wo sente nces of Praed s Introd u ction to Knight s z e r m u s r ma u a rterl M a a ine. a a fi Q y g Th e c e p ho t, nly g u re mar u s ri i a bad cl a nd o ne , vello ly u p ght , w th neck oth , i r u ar e au hand in his waistcoat po c ket . O eg l b ty he had little to boast ; but in faces whe re the re is an exp ressio n of a r or of r a - m r ou gre t powe , g e t good hu o , or both . y do ’ i i u r in i e its a se n . s r not regr t b ce Th p ct e , wh ch eve y ll r is H e h u is rr s a a . ad to ch co ect, tell th t the e to be told a massi ad and f a u res of a rfu and ru ve he , e t powe l gged cast ; bu t so consta ntly ligh ted u p by e ve ry joyf u l and enno i m i a it ma r d i if a s u bl ng e ot on th t tte e l ttle , when b ol tely u i hi a was ra r m a s m s s f a . q e cent , ce the ho ely th n h nd o e i rsi at a u him rwi Wh le conve ng t ble , no one tho ght othe se ha i bu t n r s was s t n good look ng; whe he o e , he een to be s n fi u r H e a t ll im hort a d stout i n g e . a t es sat and ai f u and s u ar and in i stood str ght , ll , q e ; th s respect r in fine a at am i h as miss a Woolne , the st tue C br dge , ed wh t was u ndoubtedly the most ma rked fact in his pe rsonal a ara . He r a a Hi ppe nce d essed b dly , but not che ply . s

u ill u t on r d . clothes , tho gh p , we e goo X xii IN TROD UOTI ON

Oi ma a M r his nner in convers tion . Trevelyan says

’ Whatever fault might be found with Macaulay s ges t as an a his a a a and a in in ures or tor, ppe r nce be r g conversa

i i a ff i . i i i his t on were s ngul rly e ect ve S tt ng bolt upr ght , h ands resting on the arms of his ch air or folded over the h andle of his walking - stick ; knitting his great eyebrows if the subject was one that had to be thought out as he went a i i f m f a a a long , or br ghten ng ro the orehe d downw rds when burst of humor was coming ; his massive features and a i i man a a i i honest gl nce su ted well w th the ly, s g c ous sent m i f in his a a i ents wh ch he set orth ple s nt, sonorous vo ce, ” and in hi a nd a mi a i i a s r cy a d r bly ntell gible langu ge .

’ Macaulay s method of work is thus described by his nephew

’ mai of a a a la in i a The n secret M c ul y s success y th s, th t a i a flu enc and fa i i i a i to extr ord n ry y c l ty he un ted p t ent, mi and i i i H e as a nute , pers stent d l gence . well knew , Ch u f him a cer knew be ore , th t

T he re is na w ork eman Th a c an o h e w ork en w el and hastilie t b t . his mus be d ne at leisure arfaitlie T t o p .

his m m i m i fa If ethod of co pos tion ever co es nto shion , a i and e i books prob bly w ll be better, undoubt dly w ll be h i hi a ll ih shorter . As soon as he ad got nto s he d a the forma tion relating to any particular episode in his History ’ i a as i i a (such , for nst nce , Argyll s exped t on to Scotl nd , or a ai of Sir i a i in the the tt nder John Fenw ck , or the c ll ng of i a u and it ofi cl pped coin ge), he wo ld sit down wr e the whole story at a headlong pace ; sketching in the outlines under the genial and a udacious impulse of a first conception ; a nd i in a an i a i a and i secur ng bl ck d wh te e ch de , ep thet, and a as it fl owed ai f m his turn of phr se , str ght ro busy i hi a i fin r is ma i a t i a a s e s. H br n to r p d g nuscr pt , th s st ge, of an im f a a i of to the eyes y one but h sel , ppe red to cons st m af m of as and flou rishes i a colu n ter colu n d hes , in wh ch t ai i i a f m at a and s r ght l ne W th a h l for ed letter e ch end , a in mi did d for a . nother the ddle, uty word IN TR OD UC TI ON xxiii

as a au a had finished his af As soon M c l y rough dr t, he began to fill it in at the ra te of six side s of foolscap every m r i ri in so ar a a and i h su a m o n ng ; w tten l ge h nd , w t ch ul titu de of as r s a six a s r an er u e , th t the whole p ge we e , on a a m r ss in a s of i . is r i ver ge , co p e ed two p ge pr nt Th po t on ’ a his as and was l i as u ss he c lled t k , he neve qu te e y nle he m t i i r s m a m is c o le ed t da ly . Mo e he eldo sought to cco pl h ; ‘ for e had learned by long experience tha t this was as much as he cou ld do a t his best ; and except wh e n at his u r t ll a a . best , he never wo ld wo k Macaulay never allowed a sentence to pass mu ste r u ntil it w u i H e u i as as good as he co ld make t . tho ght l ttle of rec asting a chapter in o rder to obtain a mo re lu cid arrange m a nd i a of r s ru i a a ra ra h ent, noth ng wh tever econ t ct ng p g p r f r r u r i fo the sense o one h appy st oke o apt ill st at on . a r of his a a t an a it was a a r Wh tever the wo th l bor, y r te l bo ” of love .

’ Macaulay s essays may be thu s conveniently classified

' 1 E h r 7 0 - n lis H isto u . i a a m f 1 . g y G p M lton ; H ll (one o the best); John H ampden ; Bu rleigh and his Times (one of a s ra a u s i iam i the we ke t); Ho ce W lpole ( nju t); W ll P tt, Earl of Chath a m ( 1 83 4 ; incomplete); The Earl of Ch at ’ ham (completes the sto ry of Ch atham s life ); S ir James Mackintosh ; Sir William Templ e (one of the best); Lord i rr i as ar m Cl ve ; Wa en Hast ngs . (The l t two e a ong the f most famous o the essays . ) Forei n H istor Grou — a ia i ira au 2 . g y p M ch vell ; M be ; War of the Succession in Spain ; Von Ranke (the real “ ” subject is the History of the Popes ; the third para ra is i ra r d ri a ar r g ph w dely celeb ted); F e e ck the Gre t ; B e e . — ’ 3 . Controversia l rou i s of G r m G p . M ll Theory ove n ent ’ (th ree essays); Saddler s Law of Pop u lation (two essays); ’ Southey s Colloquies on Society ; Gladstone on Church and

State . (These controversial essays possess bu t little per ma i r s nent nte e t . ) Critica l rou — 4 . G p John Dryden ; History ; M ontgom

’

S ee M r. C ros ell s ed i ion in his se r w t t ies. " xxiv I N TR OD U0 TI 01 V

ery ; John Bunyan Lord Byron (discusses the ’ “ ” nature of poetry); Boswell s Life of Johnson Lord B acon the poorest of them all); Leigh Hunt (the real subject is The Comic D ramatists of the Restoration ’ Mad ame D Arblay ; Addison (Which Thackeray calls a magnificent statue of the great writer and moralist Bio r — 5 . i g ap hica l Grou p . (All wr tten for the Ency ” clop eedia Britannica ) Francis Atterbury ; John Bunyan Oliver Goldsmith ; S amuel Johnson Will iam i ar f a am P tt (son of the E l o Ch th ).

IT ’ . M A C A U L AY S S T Y LE A N D GE N I US .

’ I TH a a u a a a i as a and W M c l y s ch r cterist cs or tor, poet, historia n we a re not now concerned ; for the subject of our i him f u s as an a i present study br ngs be ore ess y st only, in i ara a is m i Hi . s wh ch ch cter, perh ps, he ost w dely known a of i a classified i is i a r ess ys, wh ch l st g ven bove, cove

a i f s m a a a h a very w de range o subject . In the M c ul y d m i sa i i i a u a all so eth ng to y, d rectly or nd rectly, bo t ne rly im i the portant persons and events in h story . For a busy

man of m ra a i wh o h as i i only ode te educ t on , cur os ty to know a little about the great lives and grea t thoughts of ” l a s a are as as a librar . the p st, the E s ys good y They are m a a in m i i af so ewh t unequ l er t, those wr tten ter the ’ author s return from India being in some respects better th an those written before his departure from Engl and ; but taken as a whole they are the most famous essays ever i a mi i i in . a wr tten Engl sh They h ve been re d by ll ons , If and thousa nds of copies are still sold every year . we ’ ’ a a a and a except Sh kespe re s pl ys Scott s novels, they h ve probably done more to stimulate interest in the past th an of any other books . All th at many persons know history “ ” ’ r t hey have learned from Macaulay s Essays . Othe

1 M r M r. J oh n o le y . I N TR OD UC TI ON xxv works on the same su bjects may be more profound and m a s i bu t are so a i r and so ore exh u t ve , none e s ly unde stood A rf u a i b mass . s read ly enjoyed y the es powe l , popul r of r a s s f m i r and i a r sketches g e t ubject ro h sto y l ter tu e , they are u n rivalled ; and we can easily believe the traveller in Australia who said that the th ree books which he found on ’ r s u a r f a a i and eve y q tte s shel were Sh kespe re , the B ble , ’ M acau lay s Essays . An au thor who has thus made the history of politics l i r i r r r and lette rs inte resting to mil ions s no o d na y w ite . ra i in fa is is s i a M a The gene l publ c , ct, d po ed to th nk th t cau la is a r a ri r of e r y not only g e t w te , but one the v y greatest ; and it is certain tha t in many admirable q u alities

h r su r r u s as asse . s m he neve been p d Yet o e expe t j dge , ex amining the Essays f rom the point of view of the i s ri i ism fi nd mu fa u i h u m of h ghe t c t c , ch lt w t the j dg ent

ra b i a nd ar a a a e r the gene l pu l c , decl e M c ul y to be ov

i f r p ra sed . The act see ms to be that those who admi e the E ssays and those who fi nd fault w ith them are thinking

f i r i i r mass i in a o d ffe ent th ngs . The nexpe t es del ght re d ing them becau se of certain admirable qu alities in which ay e e r ri i assi s they h e never b en exc lled ; expe t c t cs, p ng the e a mi a u a i i s i as r i i i d r ble q l t e by w th h ty ecogn t on , po nt to

m i u r mi is u r s of i so e ser o s sho tco ngs . It the p po e th s Introduction to help the stu dent to see both the me rits and fau s of a au a as an sa is the lt M c l y es y t . ’ a is s r of a au a as is i Wh t , then , the ec et M c l y s ton h ng popularity ? As we t u rn his pages one of the ve ry first things that impress u s is the vast and accurate knowledge of lite rature and history with which his mind was evidently r sto ed . One of the most remarkable things about M a caula was m i n y the nu ber of th ngs he knew a d knew well . He seems to his readers to know by heart every book th at was ri be a u ai i h a i of r ever w tten , to cq nted w t the det ls eve y ’ i i in i and a at his fin ers nc dent h story, to h ve g end every XXV ; IN TR OD UOTI ON trait and anecdote of every important person th at ever i for a his l ved ; , wh tever subject, he pours over it with ast on ishin a a flood of i ra i m a i g e se llust t ons, co p r sons , and con trasts drawn from the literature of all langu ages and the all His i history of countries . store of nformation seems ’ i a i his i i nexh ust ble ; prose, like M lton s poetry, s freighte d ” 1 ’ i of all a . a a a with the spo ls ges M c ul y s style, it h as

ai all of been truly s d, is before else the style great literary knowledge ; and the ordinary reader who would follow intelligently the allusions which are scattered over almost every page of the Essays must keep his reference books la constantly at his elbow . When we y down the Essays we a ask Was a i i involunt rily ourselves, there nyth ng th s ‘ man did not know P As a matter of fact M acaulay knew i a i and his ai ref very l ttle bout ph losophy , books cont n few

a s i is i m a a erence, to the stoni h ng d cover es of odern n tur l science ; but we forget these limita tions in the presence of i i a and i i a i f ma i i h s wonderful l ter ry h stor c l n or tion . Th s s

i - the first secret of h s wide spread fame . Just as we like to i the a i of a - i f m l sten to convers t on well n or ed person , so we ’ i a a a a a m m e a l ke to re d M c ul y s Ess ys, for fro the w le rn m i i a great any things w th very l ttle trouble . ’ Another reason for Macaulay s popul arity is the manner i his ad in wh ch he conveys knowledge to the re er . Many learned men are dull authors ; Macaulay is one of the most

H e h ad in a ma a of agreeable . re rk ble degree the power

as ma of his i i and ple ing by the very nner wr t ng, however his a a i i a dry subject , he lw ys contr ved to wr te wh t persons ’ i i i in a a . a m a a l ke to re d The ch r of wr ter s style, l ke gr ce ’ ea is a diffi cu lt a a z and ai person s b ring, thing to n ly e expl n ; a m i i we f we can it is subtle so eth ng wh ch eel , though hardly describe it ; yet some qu alities of the style of this brilliant writer are so obvious th at they can easily be set forth

r P ison M a k att .

Xxviii IN TR 0D UC TI ON interesting as a skilful novelist makes the creatures of his i i a fi u re f r m i imag n at on . We see g o the e ghteenth century as i i as if r and m v v dly he were p esent , see to understand

i a a as if we h ad r everyth ng th t h ppened been the e . And a i is all i a s m i f so e s ly th s done th t the story ee s to tell tsel .

a and a wi f a As the re der sees underst nds th per ect e se, so

is a ff a a r there no tr ce of e ort on the p rt of the utho .

a a a a ma u m of i s M c ul y, then , knew rvellous n ber ntere t i i he im a a in a m i ing th ngs, wh ch p rts to the re der ost l vely and a a i ma i fa of ttr ct ve nner, be ng, in ct, one the best

- i story tellers th at ever l ved . To these qualities which make him a favorite with the masses must be added the a a his a i i i f ct th t he never perplexes re ders w th deep th nk ng .

H is i i are of t is mm - wr t ngs full s rong , Engl h co on sense ;

f reflec tion and a i but of pro ound close , subtle re son ng there i a is no trace . Anyth ng th t would be h ard for an ordinary man of business to understand is c arefully avoided ; every thing is looked at from the point of view of the middle

a a a i and no cl sses, who c nnot underst nd ph losophers , do t

a m i i . H e a in ah c re to do over uch th nk ng de ls, not the

a . i i of str ct, but in the concrete Into the h gher reg ons His mi m a a mi thought he never goes . nd oves long ddle a ma can asi a nd i is an pl ne , where the sses e ly follow , th s i him other reason why the masses l ke to read . ’ a i a i all ff i i Macaul ay s w ant of sp r t on , of e ort to r se nto i i h has him the h gher reg ons of thoug t, lost the good O i i of m a and is first of shortc om p n on so e re ders , the those ings which expert critics consider grave faults . H e is

of m ai i a of as one the ost entert n ng, but lso one the le t ” “ i H did i s i of . e suggest ve , writers noth ng to t r the deeper mlnd or the deeper feelings of his multitude Of ” H n h d a i sa readers . e ever a nyth ng to y on the deeper aspects and relations of life ; and it would not be easy to quote a sentence from either his published wo rks or private i i i m i a i or letters which shows ns ght nto or ed t t on on love, I N TR OD UC TI ON xxix ma ia or f i i a i of i rr ge , r endsh p , or the educ t on ch ldren , or ” i i H is a r i is c nfined r is rel g on . le n ng o to book lo e ; he

a in u ma a and s i s in not well re d the h n he rt , t ll les the ” iri H is s r n h la in i i bu t in human sp t . t e gt y not th nk ng ” r s m f ri i isms ma i h d rawing . These a e o e o the c t c de w t

f ru s ri i s as a a per ect t th by uch c t c W lter B gehot, Cotter i 1 i r n M r. s s M r. a d . Morr on , John Mo ley , Le l e Stephen

m a r him i a a m m i a i i i a i Co p e w th c l , ed t t ve , or g n l wr ter i D e u i a nd ou m i i a ar of his l ke Q ncey , y beco e v v dly w e iar defic ienc as as his u ia s r ou pecul y , well pec l r t ength ; y find a mo re ra p id su ccession of ideas a nd greater wealth of i s a i ou miss su a u is r a llu tr t on , but y the btle c s t y, the ex ct and fi nish ed simi i u s and a i u of u i l t de , the bre k ng p ro t ne i i i n u iri i si r v ews . No o rig n al opin o req ng p at ent con de a tion or delicate a n alysis is associa ted with the name of M a

u l It r rri n ca ay . be tte su ited his sti ng a d excitable nat u re to apply his d azzl ing powe rs of exp ression and ill u st ration ” in n 2 to the Op io s of othe rs . ’ This lack of depth in Macau l ay s thinking is most i a r a s in h is s of a ra r. has not ce ble , pe h p , ketches ch cte It been ju stly said tha t no one e lse describes so well the sp ec ta cle of a ara r for a au a can a a s a ch cte , M c l y lw y tell wh t

sai w a did a h e li bu t people d , h t they , wh t t ey look d ke ; he had e e for d e s ri s of a ra r fine r no y the e per p ng ch cte , the 3 a s of m i H n ra w m st i i r r i . e ca a a sh de ot ve d o v v d po t t , so far as can be done by a pictu resqu e acc u mulation of ” ara risti 4 ch cte c facts ; bu t he never gets below the su rface .

He can d sc ri ra i a ri if bu t his i si e be g ph c lly exte or l e , n ght ’ “ i m s s m i m r i of nto en bo o s s not deep . So e po t on the essence of h u ma n natu re is conceal e d f rom him; but all ” 5 its a s ri s a r is mm u a cce so e e a t h co and . Maca l y never

S e Bi lio r h X] e a . . b g p y , p M in o M an ua l o E n lish Prose L itera ture t , f g . ’ M r L J . C M orrison eslie S e he n . . . . t p W a l e r Ba eho t g t . xxx INTR OD UC TI ON

to an i a a a an i stops brood over inc dent or ch r cter, with nner eye intent on penetrating to the lowest depth of motive and a m m c use , to the furthest co plexity of i pulse, calcula

i and i i . i i of a a i t on , subtle ncent ve The sp r t n lys s is not mi a n in him. His whole nd runs in ction a d movement ; it busies itself with eager interest in all objective p articu H z a and su erfi i a . e c al an l rs is sei ed by the extern l the p , d ” in a a a a fi 1 revels every det il th t ppe ls to the ve senses . It may be noticed that the remarkable interest he often a a in a he a mi a is a w kens story, which tells so d r bly, ne rly a a a i lw ys the interest of dventure , never the nterest of i i and a a i ar psycholog cal analys s . Events outw rd ct ons e told with incomparable clearness and vigor— but a thick ai a a a mi i curt n h ngs before the inw rd the tre of the nd , wh ch ” 2 i a is never revealed on h s st ge . Another qu ality which hurts Mac aul ay in the opinion of men who are a ccustomed to careful and accurate think it is a a a i ing, though nother re son for his popul r ty with the ma is m i i a his sses, the extre e pos tiveness wh ch perv des H e i as a ai i i . wr t ngs represents everyth ng bsolutely cert n , nd f a a a confidence m a goes orw rd with gr nd in hi self, his a and i i i i f u ma f cts, his op n ons, wh ch is del ght l to ny, but displeasing to those who know how extremely uncertain

u i r a a a is a i j st these very th ngs a e . M c ul y dealer n 3 m u nqu alified propositions . However uch obscurity may a a i a in i a envelop f ct of h story or subject l ter ture, he marches through the intricacies of things in a blaze of ” i i confident a i certa nty . Th s tone is p rtly the express on ’ a a a a a was a man i i of M c ul y s ch r cter, for he of very pos t ve i i it a a a a a i conv ct ons ; but is lso , perh ps, rhetoric l qu l ty cultiva ted in the interest of absolute clearness to the ordi mi i h a a . n ry nd Eschew ng hig thought on the one h nd , nd i ma a mi a deep feel ng on the other, he rched down ddle a mm a i a a road of reson nt co onpl ce , qu te cert in th t where 3 M or e C Morrison . M r. M orle . M r. J ohn l y. J . y I N TR 0D U0 TI ON XX X]

Ban h an h an oes t he d rum g, w g, W g, g , ’ And oo le - t ee - oo le t he fife t t t t ,

r ma i in im i f the dense st c owd , rch ng t e , w ll ollow the ” i 1 A s h as i f a a mus c . den e crowd , ndeed , ollowed M c u ’ lay s dr u m and tru mpet style with g reat satisfaction ; but pe rsons of highly cultiva ted taste are d isposed to stop their

ars in s of his r s u i a i a s . e the pre ence e o nd ng, b ng ng phr se Pa ttison well expressed the feeling of this class of readers when he said : H e has a constant tendency to glaring s ff s and i a a s s i i i colors , to trong e ect , w ll lw y be tr k ng v olent

H r bu t i r s . e is m a . blow not e ely exuber nt , excess ve The e is an overwhelming confidence about his tone ; he expresses ims f in a ras s i a re i a h el trench nt ph e , wh ch l ke ch llenges to a and m His i i an opponent to st nd up deny the . propos t ons r have no qu alifica tions . Uninst ucted readers like this a a as i a si ia has a u ssur nce , they l ke phy c n who no doubt bo t

Bu t a s of is ru r u m r their case . sen e d t st g ows pon the o e circumspect reader as he follows page after page of M a ’ caulay s catego rica l affi rmations about matters which ou r own expe rience of life teaches u s to be of a contingent i i a i of a sa i a i n ature . We nev t bly th nk y ng ttr buted to

u r is as - of an Lord Melbo ne , I w h I were cock sure y one ’ 2 r thing as Macaulay is of eve ything . ’ This is what c ritics mean when they speak of Macaulay s i is a his m m i naccuracy . It not th t e ory s at fault or that his a i is i a a bu t a and r le rn ng n dequ te , th t the rush the vigo of his thought lead him occasionally into sweeping asser i i ar a i Hi i t ons wh ch e re lly exaggerat ons . s writ ngs abound in superlative expressions ; his style is marked by a wonder f ul i a m im m v gor th t so et es overshoots the ark . When a diffic ult i his a i it in a quest on crosses p th , he d sposes of a i wa i m im as a i d sh ng y w th so e s ple , e y nswer, wh ch every can a d i m f i one underst n , but wh ch ore pro ound th nkers ei to be i a a e and a i f is perc ve n dequ t uns t s actory . It cer ‘ J . C . Morrison E nc clo i Bri i . wd a ta nn ca y p . Xxxll I N TR OD UC TI ON

ai a a a a was i i t n, however, th t M c ul y never nte nt on ally in ac a and a i a a i cur te, th t he never know ngly c lled bl ck wh te, or

i a . H e is a s ma i wh te bl ck thoroughly hone t, nly wr ter ; and his exaggerations are only manifesta tions of that bearti n s i was a a of his a a e s wh ch p rt strong ch r cter .

su m u a a a as M r. ri i To p, M c ul y, Frede ck H arr son has mar has mi i a re ked , led ll ons who re d no one else , or who

a f m i of the as and never re d be ore , to know so eth ng p t, to

a i . u s a for his a i enjoy re d ng Let be th nkful energy, le rn ng, i i H is ri i s r m a . e a br ll nce no p est , ph lo ophe , or ster ; but i in him a s m a i let u s del ght a co p n on . In one thing all — i i and i f i n agree cr t cs the publ c, r ends a d opponents ’ a a a was a if of i r a i M c ul y s l e pur ty, hono , cour ge , generos ty, aff i and ma s a a m i a ai ect on , nly per ever nce , l ost w thout st n or Hi s fine a f . s wa a a and r i de ect , generous, honor ble , ste l ng

a His i a a i M a n ture . books deserve the r v st popul r ty ; but cau lay must not be judged among philosophers nor even m a ma is a H a ong the gre test sters of the Engl h l nguage . e stands between philosophic historians and the public very much as journ als and periodicals stand between the masses a a is l rifi and great libra ries . Ma c ul y a g o ed j ourn alist and i i ma u of a rev ewer, who br ngs the t red results schol rs to the man in the street in a form th at he can remember m an a u se of a a . d enjoy, when he could not ke le rned book

H e performs the othee of the ball ad - maker or story - teller it is a in an age before books were common . And l rgely due to the influ ence of his style th at the best journ als and da are i in a t a periodicals of our y wr tten s yle so cle r, so 1 i a . d rect, so reson nt ’ The technical elements of Macaul ay s style can be p rofit ably studied only in connection with the text of his writ ings ; all discussion of such matters is therefore reserv ed for the Notes .

‘ This ara ra h is ased i h some c han es u on a or ion of p g p b , w t g , p p t ’ m er 1 89 m for e e 4. Mr. Harrison s a r icle in The F oru S t pt b , IN TR OD UC TI ON xxxiii

M AC AU LA Y O OH N SO . III . N J N

AC A U LAY ar i am J oh nson M wrote two t cles on S uel ,

- fiv e ars a ar and r iff in a a . twenty ye p t, ve y d erent ch r cter h first a a in Edinbu r h Review in m r T e ppe red the g Septe be , ’ ’

1 83 1 as a i w of J . W . C roker s i i of , rev e ed t on Boswell s l ’ J hns n C roker was of a a a i i a Life of o o . one M c ul y s pol t c l s in u s of mm s ars his opponent the Ho e Co on , twenty ye n i r m He h ad a i i was i a d a s a . sen or, b tter pe on l ene y b l ty,

r ar mira and an enth u siatic s of Sec et y to the Ad lty, tudent is r and i ra u r b u t was an a mia man a nd h to y l te t e ; he un ble , ’ in one of his speeches had spoken of Macaul ay s oration s as vague gene ralities handled with tha t b rilliant imagin ation which tickles the ea r and amu se s the fa ncy withou t ” r u r n m r of M a satisfying the eason . The p pose a d te pe ’ ’ ” cau la s r ie of C roke r s i i of s ma y ev w ed t on Bo well , y be ’ r s ra a a i s e rs best learned f om eve l p ss ges n Macaulay l tte . ’ r m s f r C roke r s a ar a a a Th ee onth be o e book ppe ed , M c ul y

i r of E dinbu r h Rev ie w i cer wrote to the ed to the g , I w ll ’ ” tainly review Oroker s Boswell when it comes ou t . One week af ter the book was publ ished he w rote to his sister ’ i r I am to review C roker s edition of Bozzy . It s w etch

r r ri and s am edly ill done . The notes a e poo ly w tten h e

f u i a u ra . A fe w s a r af ma i an lly n cc te week l te , ter k ng m ra u s s in u s of mm s h e exte po neo peech the Ho e Co on , : u e a was e r i i and wrote I o ght to t ll you th t Peel v y c v l , r me u a nd a im u ri r r chee ed lo dly ; th t p dent, lee ng C oke cong ratu lated the Ho u se on the p roof which I had given f m o y read iness . S ee whether I do not dust tha t ’ va rle t s j acket f or him in the next number of the Blu e 2 ” a nd Y ellow. s him m r I dete t o e than cold boiled veal .

’ ’ M r See . M iller s edi ion of S ou he s L i e o N elson in his t t y f f , t i ’ ser es xxi. a nd ou he s d di i n . S e ca o 3 . , p , t y t , p . The co er of the E dinbu h Rev iew was da r lu e i h a ellow v rg k b , w t y xxxiv J N TR OD UOTI ON

n O 1 1 83 1 a his a i a a O ctober 7, , fter rt cle ppe red, he wrote Croker looks across the House of Commons at me with a leer of h atred which I repay with a gracious smile of ” pity . It is evident th at a review inspired by this personal ma qu arrel can h ave little per nent interest . The first ’ forty p aragraphs of the essay on Boswell s Life of John ’ ’ son treat only of Oroker e edition of Boswell s celebrated and ma a a m book , s ck strongly of person l ni osity . In them the reviewer dwells at length and with relish on certain ’ Crok er s a and a a errors in d tes gene logies , scribing to them an a a m a and m a wa ex gger ted i port nce , exposing the in y

to humiliate Croker and make him out a dunce . H e says ’ Croker s book is as bad as bad could be maintains th at the notes absolutely swarm with misstatements com ” ments in det ail on the monstrous blunders and sc an dalou s in accuracy and decl ares Croker to be entitled ” ’ a a a m to no c onfidence wh atever. M c ul y s criticis is m a and a . founded on f ct , but it is unjust in tone e ph sis A m an a a ore just , though still unf vor ble , review of ’ ’ ” C roker s Boswell will be found in C arlyle s Essay ’ “ am a a a a on the s e subject . The rest of M c ul y s Ess y ’ on Boswell s Johnson consists of two parts . The first a c a a B tre ts at length of the h r cter of oswell , the i ss on m second d scu es Doctor J ohns hi self . These parts of the Essa y are marked by all the vigor and vivacity of ’ a i i M ac aulay s e rly style . The eccentr cit es of both Bos well and Johnson are set forth with unexa mpled clearness a nd power ; but combined with these brilliant qualities of s a a a i a a i tyle is tendency to ex gger t on , l ck of ins ght into a a and a su erficial a m diffi cu lt ch r cter, p tre t ent of prob “ m ma a u le s , which ke the Ess y njust to both Johnson i and his satell te . ’ a a a a i Joh nson and The second of M c ul y s rt cles on , by ” r is i am J oh nson t n in fa the best , the L fe of S uel , writ e

SUGGESTIONS FOR TEACHERS AND STUD ENTS

’ M A CA ULAY S Life of Johnson is a sketch of the cen a i a fi u re i of tr l l ter ry g of the e ghteenth century, by one the most accomplished literary artists of the nineteenth ; both

- ma and its f rm f ma its subject tter o , there ore , de nd the

a a u is i a c reful ttention of the st dent of Engl h l ter ture . Persons of disciplined mind and trained judgment may at u i m al study both once , but yo ng students, w th who l a i is m diffi cu lt a a m re d ng ore or less , c nnot well ttend to ore

than one thing at a time . If they are required to spend

t i i m a fami ia r his he r l ttle store of ent l energy on un l r wo ds,

torical and ar a s and i liter y llu ions, st ll to follow the progress ’ of a his a and the uthor s thought, observe pl n , note the de tai his i i are a m t i ls of d ct on , they l os sure to do noth ng well , nd a a a i a a , even worse th n th t , to grow we ry of l ter ry study — a sorry outcome of a course of training the object of which r a i a ll i m is to foster love f o good re d ng . Th t a th ngs ay be d it m i at a im one well , see s best to do one th ng t e ; the notes in this volume have therefore been separated into ’ : a a in two groups Expl n tory Notes , for use the student s i n i i first a a d a a for a a i . re d ng, Cr t c l Note , use in l ter re d ngs The following suggestions are offered to those wh o may

h ave no better plan of their own . I first a i i i . The step in the study of such p ece of wr t ng ’ a a a i am Johnson is ma as M c ul y s L fe of S uel , to ke the ai a i can m a i fa a cqu nt nce of the author . Th s ost s t s ctorily be done from one or more of the biographies of Macaulay S UGGE S TI ON S F OR TE A CHERS AN D S T UD EN TS XXXV I] m i and a who a im and o or ent oned below, te chers h ve t e pp tu nity will do well to requ ire as supplementa ry reading ’ ’ l n M rri i T re ve an s if a d r. s e ther y L e Letters, or Mo on s “ i is ra i a at a as ri f if . b e L e When th s not p ct c ble , le st ’ much of Macaulay s life and work as is contained in the Introduction to the present volume should be mastered if of ohn n by the student before he takes up the L e J so . At least one recitation p e riod may well be used in an a mi a i a or ri i f i in M a ex n t on , or l w tten , on the ch e po nts ’ caula s if and ra m i and a i his y l e , the gene l er ts f ults wh ch ri i ma w t ng y be expected to disclose .

s u has ma ai a II . When the t dent de the acqu nt nce of “ ” a a a is a i if of . M c ul y, he re dy to beg n the L e Johnson i first i d o is a Here , obv ously , the th ng to to re d the text so as to understand it ; for clear u ndersta nding must come be

f r ri i a a ia i . u ri i first a i im o e c t c l pprec t on D ng th s re d ng, matu re stu dents sho u ld not be bothered with literary c riti cism beyond what their own taste or judgment may su ggest m ’ . h f a i a a a s s to the T ey should be le t lone w th M c ul y tyle, just as Agassiz u sed to leave his pupils alone with the bit of a i r s u i and for m n ture wh ch they we e t dy ng, uch the am a am a i own ri i a fa i ma s e re son ; n ely , th t the r c t c l cult es y a m f or m In r a ir im h ve roo develop ent . o der th t the t e ma is i a and ms ari and y not be d s p ted , they the elves we ed dishea rtened by labo riou s and often fruitless searches after the meaning of all usions and names the relative importance of i h a r ai am u of a is wh c they do not know, ce t n o nt ss t ’ ance in following Macau l ay s n u merous references to his n i r tory a d l te atu re is given in the Explan atory Notes .

a a a r rimari for - f or M c ul y w ote p ly, not school boys, but readers of mature cultu re ; and the a verage student in s ar s s af has i econd y chool , even ter he rece ved the help of t he a a s i a of i i a Expl n tory Note , wh ch tre t only h stor c l and i rar a i ns wi find of diffi cult r mai l te y llus o , ll enough y e n in his im ai his i i fa u i g to occupy t e , tr n own th nk ng c lt es, xxxviii S UGGE S TI ON S F OR TEA CHERS AN D S T UD E N TS and make him familiar with the u se of dictionaries and other books of reference . This reading of the text with a view to grasping its sub

ect- ma a at a a j tter should be done out of cl ss, r te, according i m a m f a a to c rcu st nces, of fro our to ten p ges lesson . During the recita tion period the teacher should assure him s am a a elf, by ex in tions, or l or written, or both , th at the a i reading has been carefully done . O ne good pl n s to re quire a brief impromptu composition exercise on some sub ect a m a an j t ken fro the lesson but not nnounced beforeh d , and f w a a fire of a to ollo this with r pid or l questions, not n a a m a of ecess rily exh ustive , on the e ning words, the persons or a m and - mat pl ces entioned in the text , the subject ter . a i a i ma a i i Th t th s or l question ng y be r p d , it is conven ent for the teacher to underscore in red or blue in his own book the subjects which he wishes to select as tests of the i ’ m pup ls work . This questioning, of course, ust not be

c onfined a in . a to the subjects tre ted the notes For inst nce, “ ” a 1 i i as on p ge of the L fe of Johnson , such quest ons these might be asked : Mention some of the most emi

’ nent English writers of the eighteenth century . Give an ’ Lichfield ? account of Joh nson s father . Where is Name i i a a n ora cle ? m a the M dland count es . Wh t is The e ning here of the word clergy ? Meaning of chu rchma n ? Mea ning of mu nicip a l Explain the sovereigns in p osses n a i a cobite ? and was sio . Me n ng of J Where when ? his a i as a Johnson born Mention peculi rit es child . a i morbid ro ensit the ro a l tou ch ai Me n ng of , p p y , y Expl n m a ar the old common n a e for scroful . The following e ’ suitable topics for short written exercises : Johnson s ’ ’ Father ; Johnson s Peculiarities as a Child ; The King s m i i e a a . Evil . Wr tt n ex in t ons should be frequent ’ After the teacher has t hus quickly tested the pupil s work— and tests need not be long or exhaustive in order to be thorou gh— wh at remains of the recitation period may S UGGE S TI ON S FOR TE A CHERS AN D S T UDEN TS xxxix be occupied with any interesting matter bearing on the r s m r hu a . i a s i of o gene l ubject P ctures y be shown , to es J ma of ia i i a i a son y be told , reports spec l nvest g t ons he rd . i an f is i i i m i W thout y re erence to publ hed cr t c s s, the pup ls should be encouraged to form and exp ress opinion s of ’ ’ their own about either Johnson s character or Macaul ay s

i i i s r ma rs style . Whether the r op n on a e right or wrong tte i im a i is a a i l ttle ; the port nt th ng th t they le rn to not ce , to m a and i for ms If it ssa r co p re , to th nk the elves . be nece y r s m ra in i i it s d to cor ect o e g ve error op n on , hould be one

i a ss so as f i imi i rs . w th gre t gentlene , not to r ghten t d th nke

If s m i are - f a r in ma i i mi ds o e pup ls over orw d k ng up the r n , it will perhaps be enough to remind them that their pres ini a a r as final i a ent op ons c nnot be reg ded . To th s p rt of i a i a s im a d s ri the rec t t on belongs, l o, the port nt work e c bed in IV .

III . After the student has carefully read the text so as to master its subject - matter and to form some independent ’ O i i of a s s he is a a p n on the uthor tyle, re dy to t ke up the i i a of and if if be cr t c l study the work , to rect y, need , hi first im ssi assi s pre ons . To st in this study of form and

a i f i i a N ai i a f w ra structure , br e Cr t c l ote , cont n ng e gene l i as m h as ad i m h nts to ethod , been ded to th s volu e . It is by no means advisable that preparatory school pupils ’ should make anything like an elaborate study of anyone s m i . ma a m li in a style So eth ng, however, y be cco p shed le d ’ ing the student to imita te the finer qu alities of Macaulay s and w a it is a is i and style , to kno wh t th t he do ng, how he

it . i fixed on i i does Attent on should be d ct on , sentence a a a s u and a a m f structure, p r gr ph tr cture , the rr nge ent o the m i . i for i r whole co posit on No books w ll be needed th s wo k , a r a i ri a ma except good t e t se on rheto c , though the te cher y ’ be glad to consult Minto s English Prose Writers and ’ i in and Brewster s Stud es Structure Style .

m ac s and s ma IV . So e te her tudents y be obliged by Xl S UGGE S TI ON S F OR TE A CH E RS AN D S T UD E N TS

imi a i im i l t t ons of t e or opportun ty to stop here , content with a mastery of the subject - matter and some insight into ’ the peculiarities of the author s style ; but the most valu ’ able fruit of the study of Macaulay s Life of Joh nson m i yet re a ns to be gathered . The re al opportunity of both teacher and s tudent lies in the fact th at Johnson is the central literary figu re of the l a ter eighteenth cen ’ “ ” u and a a a a if a of it t ry, th t M c ul y s L e , bec use s many a i and f a i llus ons cross re erences, is one of the best st rt ng points for a study of th at interesting period in the history i if and of Engl sh l e letters . Into that rich field the “ ” i s a m n L fe of John on should be the g te . Though e tioned a ma o a i t he i l st, this study y g long w th work descr bed I and for ia i i a i in . II . Subjects spec l nvest g t on should as difi erent and m i i m be signed to pupils, co pos t ons on the f i a a . a n ma re d be ore the cl ss Books, or ch pters books, y a i m a m i be ppo nted for supple ent ry or ho e read ng . The who a i if Joh nson as a a in student , t k ng the L e of st rt g ’ a a i a a a point, will re d long the l nes suggested by M c ul y s i i find his z i allusions, w ll be surpr sed to how hori on w ll be n i a i i enlarged a d h s thinking be enriched . To ss st in th s m a a t a a i of has i port nt p r of the study, f irly full l st books i a a nd a i the been g ven in the Bibliogr phy, few h nts for guidance of the student h ave been embodied in the Critical

Note .

BI BLI OG RA PH Y .

’ iz au a 1 M a ca u la . a a . y The uthor ed edition of M c l y s his i a a and Works is th at edited by s ster, L dy Trevely n , pub

i h m b Lon mans G n and Cc . l s ed in eight volu es y g , ree , , The same publishers issue various cheap editions of the several

if and of a a a 2 . works . The L e Letters Lord M c ul y, vols , ir O a the a a i his S G. by nephew, tto Trevely n , is st nd rd b og

ra h and a m a a . of a a p y, ost re d ble book The story M c u ’ lay s connection with the E dinbu rgh Review may be traced S UG’ GE S TI ON S F OR TE A CH ERS AN D S T UDE N TS Xll in Selections from the Co rrespondence of the late M ac ” v i b i a is ey Nap er. The est short b ogr phy by J Cotter i i Morrison in the English Men of Letters Ser es . St ll “ shorter are the articles on Macaulay in the E ncyclo ” “ aedia ri a i a a r a is and in Dic p B t nn c , by M k P tt on , the ” i M r i tionar of a a i a . . y N t on l B ogr phy , by Lesl e Stephen The bes t c ritical essay s a re by Walter Bagehot in Lite rary “

ii. r u r i . in s in M . s i a Stud es , vol ; Le l e Stephen , Ho iii “ ” i r r . M r. r in a i a . is s L b y , vol ; John Mo ley M cell n e , ’ ii e ri in r s r s u i in ru u r and vol . . , r p nted B ew te St d es St ct e ” ” mi n i i a rris in h s f . Style (Mac ll n); a d J C . Mo on L e ’

. G a s s G a ni s f as ars . See also W E . l d tone le ng o P t Ye ’ Minto s M an u al of Engl ish Prose Litera tu re co ntains ’ a stu dy of Maca u l ay s style with refe rence to technical rhetoric . ’ ohns on s a ar i i of J hnson s r 2 . J . The t nd d ed t on o Wo ks “ ” f r s i i i Ra sse as has is O a s 1 1 s . the x o d Cl c Ed t on , vol l been reprinted in many editions ; among the best are r F a h w ll and a r of f . N s . . S e e tho e P o Scott (Le ch , , S nbo n)

f . . F m rs and and Pro O . E e on (Henry Holt The Ra mbler and the Idler a re sepa rately p rinted in t he se ries ” ’ of ri is ssa ists or ma su in G . B. i B t h E y , y be con lted H ll s “ Select Essays of Samu el Johnson (Macmillan). The ” ’ “ Vanity of Human Wishes is in Syle s From Milton “ ” ’ s it a nd are in H ales to Tenny on ; both London , s “ ” ” i m i s of Longer Engl sh Poe s . The L ve the Poets may be had in the ten cent National Lib rary (Cassell

i r n r i o i i a 3 s . A s Publ sh ng the Bohn L b ry, vol elec “ ” i of Six i f i s i r if t on the Ch e L ve (M lton , D yden , Sw t, i and G a has n i b a Add son , Pope , r y) bee ed ted y M tthew ’ r a mi i i A nold (M c llan ; Holt). The best ed t on of Boswell s ” if of s i a i r ir L e John on s th t ed ted by M . G. B kbeck

ill 6 s . a mi a a a r a a i H ( vol M c ll n ; H rper), wo k th t cont ns a a of m a ma ia and i its a mi a we lth supple ent ry ter l , , w th d r ble i is of s f i ndex , one the be t re erence books on e ghteenth cen xlii S UG GE S TI ON S F OR TE A CH E RS AN D S T UD E N TS

if and i a tury l e l ter ture . O ther editions in order of im ’ ’ a are a i M r. R port nce N p er s, Henry Morley s ( outledge), ’ n r k r f a d C o e s (Bohn). All o these contain many interest “ ” “ . A i ing pictures condensed Boswell , rel eved from

as a of is is p s ges obsolete interest, publ hed by Henry Holt ’ “ and 00 . . z zi of ohnson Mrs Pio s Anecdotes Doctor J , first i 1 8 6 ma h ad in publ shed in 7 , y be the cheap National

Series (C assell); but everything of importance in the An e ” ’ “ ” ecdotes is i in i ncluded the notes to H ll s Boswell . ’ The same remark is true of Sir John Hawkins s Life of ” 1 8 7 . Johnson , published in 7 The Correspondence of ’ i in r Johnson and . a a in Scoone s Mrs Thr le is pr nted , p t, ” Four Centuries of English Letters . Oi modern critical biographies of Johnson the best is

M r. i in i i by Lesl e Stephen the Engl sh Men of Letters Ser es . This keen critic is also the author of the sketch in the ” i i of a i i a - D ct on ary N t onal B ography . Lieuten nt Colo ’ “ G a G a i i nel r nt s Johnson , in the re t Wr ters Ser es, ai a i i a a m n i i a cont ns b bl ogr phy to the ye r 1 88 7 . A o g cr t c l ’ studies should be mentioned Landor e Imaginary Con v ersations between Samuel Johnson and John Horne ’ ’ M r. i ohnson s i i Tooke ; Lesl e Stephen s Dr . J Wr t ngs “ i ” i ’ in a a . i . a a in Hours L br ry, vol ; C rlyle s Ess y on Bos ’ w if Johnson i ma a as a ell s L e of , wh ch y be reg rded reply ’ ’ a a m M r A i to Macaulay s ess y on the s e subject ; . . B rrell s “ ” “ O i i a i M r Dr . Johnson in b ter D ct , Second Ser es ; . ’ i . his and his G. Birkbeck H ll s Dr Johnson , Friends, ’ Critics ; and ch apters in Taine s History of English ” ’ “ i a i a a s i ra L ter ture , M nto s M nu l of English Pro e L te ” ’ and G e i ture , osse s History of Eight enth Century L ter ” f a a t m ohnson a . ture For the li e of Boswell , p r fro J , see Boswellian a : the Commonplace Book of James Boswell ’ n M r in (London : a d . Leslie Stephen s Boswell ” the Dictionary of Nation al Biography .

E i hteenth Centu r H istor a nd Litera tu re. 3 . g y y For

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

T H E following questions may be of some service to te achers and students by way of indic a ting possible methods of examination . i mm i 1 . w a a a a a s f Sho , by n lys s, the gr t c l tru cture o th e la st sentence in p a ragra ph 41 (p a ge Parse which (3 6 ha mmer (3 6 2 mm in ai . Co ent det l on the structure of the sentences in p ara graph 3 2 (p age Wh at ca n you say of the length of the sentences an d their arra ngement in the p aragra ph ? By p a rty (2 3 2 0) does M a caul ay me a n one or more persons

3 ai m a i and m a a . Expl n the e n ng ( , if i port nt for th t

i i a i f i s purpose , g ve the der v t on) of the ollow ng word desu ltory (3 ceru se ( 6 novice (8 ordina ries (9 a la mode (9 symp ha ncy (9 ra bbi s (1 3 2 3 ) ma u ndered (3 4 p oeta sters (3 9 mitiga ted (43 4 ai as f a s i f i f . Expl n , ully poss ble , the ollow ng re er enc es an d a llusions su ch a n a u thor a s T homson (8 1 7) “ ” the S ena te of L illip u t (1 0 1 7) the Cap u lets aga inst he M onta u es 1 0 2 9 3 0 Gru b S treet 1 4 2 6 D ru r t g ( , ) ( ) y L a ne T hea tre ( 1 6 This sp ecies of comp os ition ha d been brou ht into a shion b the su ccess o the Ta tter g f y f , a nd by the still more brillia nt su ccess of the Sp ecta tor 1 8 5— 7 wi t a s L a d M a r 20 9 1 0 J ohnson ha s ( ) t y y y ( , ) frequ ently bla med S ha ksp ea re f or neglecting the p ro p rieties of time a nd p la ce ( 23 2 7- 2 9) Cock L a ne Ghost “ 26 3 1 M a c herson whose F in a l ha d been roved ( ) p , g p o be a n im u dent or er 3 6 4 t p f g y ( , E XAM IN A TI ON QUE S TI ON S l

’ “ 5 i e brie fl of i i a r and Ras . Wr t y Johnson s D ct on y ” a s his a a i sel as . To wh t doe Johnson owe gre t reput t on ’ i briefl of f i ai Why Wr te y Johnson s r ends . Expl n the difference between the politic al opinions of Johnson and and a m a for it i Burke , tte pt to ccount . Ment on the ’ i f a a ri i s of s mm ch e ch r cte st c John on s style . Co ent on ’ a a a s a m 2 1 3 0- 32 a is as M c ul y s t te ent ( ) th t Engl h , John

it wa s sca rcel a Teu tonic la n u a e. son wrote , y g g

6 Gi a is of fam u s is au rs c e m . ve l t the o Engl h tho ont orar i a nd a is of su of ir r as p y w th Johnson , l t ch the wo ks in r in r O n a a you h ave read whole o p a t . wh t books h ve you chiefly depended for yo u r kno wledge of English literature in the eighteenth cent u ry ? Contra st brie fly ” i ar of W a ke field a nd Ra as a The V c ssel . Wh t ’ poet of Johnson s t ime is most his opposite in cha ra cter and genius ? Why Wh at other fa mo u s novels besides Rassela s (excl u d ing The Vica r of Wakefield were written in the Joh nson age and how do they compare with Rasselas in method and interest ’ a ai of a a a s a a ma hi 7 . Wh t tr ts M c ul y ch r cter de m ’ especially well fitted to appreciate J oh nson s gen iu s in i i if of J c om How, your op n on , does the L e ohnson p are in interest w ith other writings of M acaul ay H as it in i i an i u imi a i , your op n on , y consp cuo s l t t ons or de feets “ 8 i an a of the if a a s ia . Ment on y p rts L e th t h ve pec lly i a a i a i nterested you or h ve proved p rt cul rly suggest ve . xlvi CH RON OL OGI CAL TABL E

s wo

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. m d 8 $ i S e 9 A 2 t u E . n SEo c A 5 5 $E g o O a a d 5 o n c n : ~A E u n 8 E BS o o « 6 A n t A o 0 m u G S 6 t E s n9 o e n a S9 c m e o a m o 9 5 d a w o a G n 5 s h v n a g o a B~ S z o : J 8 a o E a o 5 o a : 8 m. m o fi i z d z m fi 3 B 9 S 8 h E 8 o u = K o x 9 1 E a o B mA a « 3 c m S o : 8 5 mo 3 < 5 ? m 5 8 . a 8 A m . “z g

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5 5 { m ! 3 i 8 a 0

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m E 3 m o a 2 . 8 u E 5 6 fi 6 m O 5 8 E5 8 m2 s 5 6 6 6 S 6 8 6 E 8 8 o 2 8 d E 6 8 P 3 5 6 m 8 6 mz fi 8 m 6 9 9 m6 2 a . 6 6 8 f 6 « 5 g 6 2 8 6 6 fi 0 6 4 3 o 6 8 6 8 q 6 5 > 3 6 8 4 ma m m. 6 6 S m m w 8 g w

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6 é 6 z 6 é 6 3 4 6 9 8 m6 4 : 5 n c “ 6 o g 0 o 3 o n “ “ A u 6 p 6 2 M g 9 6 s 6 Ba 5 e 6 c Es 2 a a 8 e: : ? 6 8 3 o 5 s ? 3 m s 6 6 d 5 m m ma 8 OE RON OL OGI CAL TABL E xlix

u o t c wo o ~ u a 6 D Ea o c 5 fi t 2 as 6 ma

u . n w d 6 v v 9 w w m1 ma 8 fi ~ B 8 o D 6 t b a 6 = 2 6 3 6 6 g 6 5 = m “ 3 u a = P 6 3 U 6 o 6 6 5 1 a a w 2 = 3 6 3 _ A 5 3 5 6 n 1 6 5 m a 6 8 c m 0 : 5 5 . H d 8 a 6 m fl ” = 0 6 = 6 > 6 6 . 2 n w 6 fi 8 8 = 6 o 6 B4 6 B 6 m “ h 6 E 6 6 a 6 6 a6 0 E o 6 9 2 a a o fl n a 6 6 o a 0 8 m o m B 6 3 d 6 a $ m 2 8

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1 1 V CH RONOL OGI CA L S AM UEL J OH N S ON

DECEMBER 856 ( , 1 )

AM EL JOH N S ON of m mi is 1 . S U , one the ost e nent Engl h of i was of i a writers the e ghteenth century, the son M ch el who was at i i of a a Johnson , , the beg nn ng th t century, i of Lichfield and a s r of r a in mag strate , book elle g e t note ’ i a a i i i and a ai m the midland counties . M ch el s b l t es tt n ents H e was a u i seem to have been considerable . so well cq a nted with the contents of the volumes which he exposed to a a of S tafi ordshire and Worces s le , th t the country rectors

i f ar i Be te rshire thought him an oracle on po nts o le n ng . him and i was a s r i tween the clergy, ndeed , there t ong rel i i H e was a z a u s u r ma gions and pol t cal sympathy . e lo ch ch n and had u alified ims f for mu i i a offi ce , though he q h el n c p l a i a i in s s i was by t k ng the o ths to the sovere gns po se s on , to

a a acobite in a . At his u s a u s i the l st J he rt ho e, ho e wh ch is i i a isi s Lichfield st ll po nted out to every tr veller who v t , m r am was 1 8 th of 1 709 . S uel born on the Septe be , In the i i a i a and m ra u ia i i s ch ld , the phys c l , ntellectu l , o l pec l r t e which afterwards distingu ished the man were plainly dis cernible ; great muscu l ar strength accompanied by mu ch awkwardness and many infirmities ; great qu ickness of a i a m i i s and a i a p rts , w th orb d propens ty to loth procr st n i a i and a i a m and irr t on ; k nd generous he rt, w th gloo y i m He had i ri f m his table te per . nhe ted ro ancestors a f ai i it was of m i scro ulous t nt, wh ch beyond the power ed i m His a s a c ne to re ove . p rent were we k enough to be lieve a a was a s ifi for is m hi th t the roy l touch pec c th al ady . In s i a was a i s th rd ye r he t ken up to London , n pected by the 2 LIFE OF SAMUEL JOHNSON

c t o a a a our surge n, pr yed over by the court ch pl ins, and stroked and prese nted with a piece of gold by Queen a Anne . O ne of his e rliest recollections was th at of a a ad in a iam ma and a a st tely l y d ond sto cher long bl ck hood . ’ 5 a was a in a . ea Her h nd pplied v in The boy s f tures, which i a and a di were orig n lly noble not irregul r, were storted by a his mal ady . His cheeks were deeply sc rred . H e lost for

a time the sight of on eye ; and he saw but very imper o l m fect y with the other . But the force of his ind overcame m m ) as was a i every i pedi ent Indolent he , he cqu red knowledge with such case and rapidity that at every school wa was the a m to which he s sent he soon best schol r . Fro at m and was f hi sixteen to eighteen he resided ho e, le t to s H a m at m . e own devices le rned uch this ti e , though his nd a H r studies were without guid ance a without pl n . e an ’ a a o a m s cked his f ther s shelves, dipped int ultitude of a a was and a a was books , re d wh t interesting, p ssed over wh t An i a la a a i dull . ord n ry d would h ve cqu red little or no useful knowledge in such a way : but much th at was dull m H to ordinary lads was interesting to Sa uel . e read little Greek : for his proficiency in that l anguage was not such that he could take much pleasure in the mas ters of Attic had f a poetry and eloquence . But he le t school good Latin and a a and m a ist ; he soon cquired, in the l rge iscell neou s had mma an i library of which he now the co nd , extens ve i a a knowledge of La t n lite rature . Th t August n delicacy of taste which is the boast of the great public schools of was a fami iar England he never possessed . But he e rly l with some classical writers wh o were quite u nknown to He was the best scholars in the sixth form at Eton . peou liarly attracted by the works of the great restorers of learn in O a m a f a g. nce, while se rching for so e pples, he ound ’ nam huge folio volume of Petrarch s works . The e ex cited his curiosity ; and he eagerly devoured hundreds of i and v ersificatio n ow n 35 pages . Indeed, the dict on of his LIFE OF SAMUE L J OHNSON 3

Latin compositions show that he had paid at least as mu ch a ttention to modern copies from the a ntique as to the ori gimal models . 2 i was s i r u a a i ims f his . Wh le he thu r eg l rly educ t ng h el , r i a 5 family was sinking into hopeless pove ty . Old M ch el was m u alified r Johnson uch better q to po e upon books , m m His i and a a a a . to t lk bout the , th n to tr de in the bus ness declined ; his debts increased ; it was with diffi culty r tha t the d aily expenses of his household were def ayed . It was out of his power to support his son at either univer sit a a i ofl‘fered a sis a and in y ; but we lthy ne ghbour s t nce ; , ia mis i of r i a u rel nce on pro es wh ch proved to be ve y l ttle v l e , r m r f am was at O . S uel ente ed Pe b oke College , x ord When the young scholar presented himself to the rulers of that s i amaz m r his ai fi u re oc ety, they were ed not o e by ung nly g a nd eccentric manners than by the quantity of exten sive and curious info rmation which he had picked up during f u n r fita l s On many months o desultory but not p o b e tudy . the first day of his residence he surprised his teachers by quoting Macmbj us ; and one of the most learned among them declared that he had never known a freshman of i m equal atta n ents .

3 . At O f Johnson i i a a . x ord , res ded dur ng bout three ye rs He was a and his a a a poor, even to r ggedness ; ppe r nce ex cited a mirth and a pity which were equally intolerable to hi H was i f m a s haughty spirit . e dr ven ro the quadr ngle of Christ Church by the sneering looks which the mem bers of that aristocratical society cast at the holes in his m shoes . So e charitable person placed a new pair at his m n i s ma door ; but he spurned the away i a fury . D stres de him i and a . c u , not serv le , but reckless ungovern ble No p

1 ent ma mm a i for - and- gentle n co oner, p nt ng one twenty, c ould have treated the academical authorities with more

i . gross d srespect The needy - scholar was generally to be s a of m a a a d 35 een under the g te Pe broke , g te now dorne LIFE OF SAMUEL JOHNSON

w effi a a u a a m ith his gy, h r ng ing circle of l ds, over who , in his a and i his it n spite of t ttered gown dirty l nen, w a d au dacit a him an i a y g ve und sputed scendency . In every mutiny against the discipline of the college he was the

5 ad . was a ringle er Much p rdoned , however, to a youth so a i i and a i m H highly distinguished by b l ties cqu re ents . e ’ had early made himself known by turning Pope s Mes ” nd m a a . a si h into L tin verse The style rhyth , indeed , were not exactly Virgilian ; but the translation found many a m and was a a m f d irers, re d with ple sure by Pope hi sel . m t i h 4 . a a o nson th e The ti e drew ne r wh ch J would, in a a m a a ordin ry course of things, h ve beco e B chelor of Arts s i m o but he wa at the end of h s resources . Those pro ises f had had H is support on which he relied not been kept . ami him His O f ly could do nothing for . debts to xford a m ma a t a u tr des en were s ll indeed , yet l rger h n he co ld m 1 was a . a 1 3 p y In the utu n of 7 , he under the necessity i i f l of qu tt ng the university without a degree . In the o i man f lowing winter his father d ed . The old le t but a pitta nce ; and of that pitta nce almost the whole was appro riat i t t o p ed to the support of h s widow . The proper y ‘ which S amuel succeeded amounted to no more than twenty

pounds . Hi i 5 . s a was l fe , during the thirty ye rs which followed , mi a one h ard struggle with poverty . The sery of th t a a a i was a a a struggle needed no ggr v t on , but ggr v ted by u fi r n and an min the s e i gs of an unsound body unsound d . man i his i a Before the young left the univers ty, hered t ry f H mal ady had broken fort h in a singularly cruel orm. e H e ai had become an incurable hypochondriac . s d long a ha ha mad all if at l a fter t t he d been his l e , or e st not per fectl a and i i a a y s ne ; , in truth , eccentric t es less str nge th n his h ave often been thought grounds su fficient for absolving His ima and a i i . felons, for setting s de w lls gr ces, his ges his m m m i and m m s 35 tures , utterings, so eti es d verted so eti e

6 LIFE OF SAM UE L JOHN SON

his a m had i m f e rly ho e , he inher ted so e riends and acquired

o . He was i a a thers k ndly noticed by Henry Hervey, g y offi cer ami a of noble f ly, who h ppened to be qu artered t G Walmesle a here . ilbert y, registr r of the ecclesiastical 5 i a man i a court of the d ocese, of dist nguished p rts, learn and im ing, knowledge of the world , did h self honour by a a i p tronising the young dventurer, whose repuls ve person , ma and a a m m unpolished nners, squ lid g rb oved any of the petty aristocracy of the neighbourhood to laughter or to dis

. At Lichfield Johnson find wa gust , however, could no y H e am of earning a livelihood . bec e usher of a grammar school in Leicestershire ; he resided as a humble companion in the house of a country gentleman ; but a life of de endence was a a i H p insupport ble to his h ughty sp rit . e ai m am and a a few i rep red to Bir ingh , there e rned gu neas l nar a i a tr n l by ité y drudgery . In th t town he pr nted a s a at m and f n tion , little noticed the ti e, long orgotte , of a i H u t Latin book about Abyss nia . e then p forth propo a b m i a s ls for publishing ysubscription the poe s of Pol ti n , with notes containing a history of modern La tin verse but subscriptions did not come in ; and the volume never

appeared . i a a a and m a 7 . Wh le le ding this v gr nt iser ble life , John

a i was . iza son fell in love . The object of his p ss on Mrs El h i a im t a who ad as s f . 25 beth Por er, widow ch ldren old h sel a a o a a a a To ordin ry spect t rs, the l dy ppe red to be short, fat a ma a a an i in , co rse wo n , p inted h lf inch th ck, dressed and i i ia ai and gaudy colours, fond of exhib t ng provinc l rs graces which were not exactly those of the Queensberrys

nd Le els. a i a p To Johnson , however, whose p ss ons were was a to i strong, whose eyesight too we k distingu sh ceruse m a a m and had m in fro n tur l bloo , who seldo or never been m m i ma a a i his i as the sa e roo w th a wo n of re l f sh on , T tty, was m a a and accom he called her, the ost be utiful , gr ceful, a his adm a was f i n 85 plished of her sex . Th t ir tion un e g ed LIFE OF SAM UE L J OHNSON 7

e or w im She cannot be doubt d ; f she as as poor as h self . a i a a i i did i ccepted , w th re d ness wh ch her l ttle honour, the f i mi addresses o a su tor who ght h ave been her son . The a ia in s i of a i a a i m rr ge, however, p te occ s on l wr ngl ngs, i proved happ er than might have been expected . The lover continu ed to be under the illusions of the wedding da i a i in i - f a On y t ll the l dy d ed her s xty ourth ye r . her monument he placed an inscription extolling the charms of and of ma r and af her person her nne s ; when , long ter as had a i m i aim her dece e , he occ s on to ent on her, he excl ed , i a s a f i u s a f a i w th tenderne s h l lud cro , h l p thet c, Pretty creature ! H is ma ia ma it ssa for him r him 8 . rr ge de nece ry to exe t h H e self more strenuously tha n he ad hitherto done . took a in i of his a i and ad house the ne ghbourhood n t ve town , i a v ertised f or pupils . But e ghteen months passed aw y ; m hi m his a nd i a s a a . only three pup ls c e to c de y Indeed , a a a was a and his m r i a ppe r nce so str nge , te pe so v olent, th t ’ N his schoolroom must have resembled an ogre s den . or was the tawdry painted grandmother whom he called his Titty well qu alified to make provision for the comfort of i a i w f m . a G as o young gentle en D v d rr ck , who one the i s ma ar a w s m a pup ls, u ed , ny ye s l ter, to thro the be t co p ny of London into convulsions of laughter by mimicking the i endearments of this extraord nary pair .

- 9 . At ohnson in i a of his length J , the twenty e ghth ye r a e mi his f in a i a as a g , deter ned to seek ortune the c p t l

i rar a . He i a few i a l te y dventurer set out w th gu ne s , three a s of a of in ma s i and ct the tr gedy Irene nu cr pt , two or of i i m ri lm l three letters ntroduct on fro his f end Wa es ey .

1 0. i i e a am a a i in a Never, s nce l t r ture bec e c ll ng Engl nd , had it been a less gainful calling than at the time when ohns n J o took up his residence in London . In the preced ing generation a writer of eminent merit was sure to be mu nifi ntl m ce y rewarded by the govern ent . The least that 35 8 LIFE OF SAM UE L JOHNSON

he was a a a and if could expect pension or sinecure pl ce ; , an a i i mi he showed y pt tude for pol tics, he ght hope to be a m m a iam a a an am a e ber of p rl ent, lord of the tre sury, b s

sa a a o a . a dor, secret ry f st te It would be e sy, on the other 5 a nam a i i h nd , to e sever l wr ters of the n neteenth century of whom the least successful has received forty thousand oh nson h pounds from the booksellers . But J entered on is vocation in the most drea ry part of the dreary interval i a which separated two ages of prosperity . L ter ture had 1 0 a e flou rish a a a an ce s d to under the p tron ge of the gre t, d had not begun to flou rish under the patronage of the pub man f had a i h . O o is lic ne letters, indeed , Pope , cqu red by a was i as a a m f and pen wh t then cons dered h ndso e ortune , lived on a footing of equ ality with nobles and ministers of

1 5 i was a i a i . an a state . But th s sol t ry except on Even uthor a was a i and whose reput tion est bl shed , whose works were a an a as m a popul r, such uthor Tho son , whose Se sons w a an a as ere in every libr ry, such uthor Fielding, whose Pasquin had had a greater run than any drama since ’ ” 20 a O a was m im a a The Begg r s per , so et es gl d to obt in , by a i s a m a at a p wn ng his be t co t, the e ns of dining on tripe i a cookshop underground , where , he could w pe his h nds , m a a e his a a a a . ft r gre sy e l , on the b ck of Newfoundl nd dog is a ma i a mi ia i and ri It e sy, therefore , to i g ne wh t hu l t ons p 25 vations must h ave awaited the novice who had still to earn O m ohnson a a name . ne of the publishers to who J p plied for employment measured with a scornful eye that i am and a m had athlet c though uncouth fr e, excl i ed , You ’ ” and a . was better get a porter s knot, c rry trunks Nor porter was likely to be as plentifully

and as m a as a e . co fort bly lodged , po t Some time appears to h ave elapsed before Johnson was to form any literary connection from which he could ct more than bread for the day which was pa ssing over LIFE OF SAM UEL J OHN S ON 9

was i i in i his a i who now res d ng London , rel eved w nts dur ng ” i hiloso i im of ia . a r r a th s t e tr l H r y He vey, s d the old p “ ma a a was a i i man was pher ny ye rs l ter, v c ous ; but he r If a a r s a ve y kind to me . you c ll dog He vey I h ll love ’ h m A r a m im 5 i . t He vey s t ble Johnson so et es enjoyed feasts which were made more agreeable by contrast . But in a i and a di gener l he d ned , thought th t he ned well , on i r h of m a and a rth of ad at an s xpenny wo t e t , bre , a a r r lehouse ne r D u y Lane . ff i 1 0 1 2 . The e ect of the priva wh ch he endured at this time was discernible to the last in his m n hi r His ma had te per a d s depo tment . nners never been u m i f r . e co rtly They now beca e almost savage . Be ng quently under the necessity of wearing shabby coats and i r i am a confirm d . i f 1 d rty sh ts, he bec e e sloven Be ng o ten 5 r sat w his m a s ra ve y hungry when he do n to e l , he cont cted a a i of a i i i h b t e t ng w th ravenous greed ness . Even to the of his if a nd at a of r a end l e , even the t bles the g e t , the sight of food affec ted him as it affects wild beasts and

ir of r His as in r f m in subter 20 b ds p ey . t te cooke y, or ed rau ean i a ri s and a am beefsho s was far f r m ord n e l ode p , o r was f r a delicate . Wheneve he so o tun te as to have near him a ar a had a m a ie h e th t been kept too long, or e t p ma i a i ims f i su de w th r nc d butter, he gorged h el w th ch i a his i and m i r 25 v olence th t ve ns swelled , the o sture b oke his f r afi ronts i his em out on o ehe ad . The wh ch poverty boldened stu pid and low- minded men to offer to him a r a m a iri i a would h ve b oken e n sp t nto sycoph ncy, but ma him u f r i a i i de r de even to e oc ty . Unh pp ly the nsolence i i was f i was a a and in wh ch , wh le it de ens ve , p rdon ble , 30 m s a a m ani him i i i so e sen e respect ble, cco p ed nto soc et es was r a i u r and i H where he t e ted w th co tesy k ndness . e was repeatedly provoked into striking those who had taken

i i i him. ff i l bert es w th All the su erers, however, were w se a a i f m a a a i x enough to bst n ro t lking bout their be t ngs, e 35 1 0 L IFE OF SAM UE L JOHNSON

ce O them a a and a pt sborne, ost r p cious brut l of booksellers, who proclaimed everywhere that he had been knocked down by the huge fellow whom he had hired to pufi the i Harleia n L brary . a a hn 5 1 3 . About a ye r fter Jo son had begun to reside in was f t a ai London , he or un te enough to obt n regular em m f m a an i and i i ploy ent ro C ve , enterpris ng ntell gent book ’ who was and Gentlema n s seller, proprietor editor of the

M a azine. a a i g Th t journ l , just entering on the n nth year it s i t was a th of long ex s ence, the only periodic l work in e kingdom which then had what would now be called a

a a . was of ar l rge circul tion It , indeed, the chief source p

liamentar . was af i y intelligence It not then s e , even dur ng a an a c recess, to publish ccount of the pro eedings of either m a House without so e disguise . C ve, however, ventured “ to entertain his readers with what he called Report s of ” f a the Debates of the Senate o Lilliput . Fr nce was Ble f u scu ; London was Mildendo : pounds were Sprugs : the Duke of Newcastle was the Nardac secretary of State : Lord Hardwicke was the Burgo Hickrad : and William

was Win ul Pulnub. was Pulteney g To write the speeches ,

i a a . H was dur ng sever l ye rs , the business of Johnson e a f m a i and a gener lly urnished with notes, e gre ndeed , in c a a h ad a m im had cur te , of wh t been s id ; but so et es he to find arguments and eloquence both f or the ministry and for H e was m f a f m a i a the opposition . hi sel Tory, not ro r t on l conviction— for his serious opinion was that one form of government was just as good or as bad as another— but m m a as inflamed a a a fro ere p ssion , such the C pulets g inst a of R ma i a ai the Mont gues, or the Blues the o n c rcus g nst G an had a mu a the reens . In his inf cy he he rd so ch t lk a th a i and a bout e vill nies of the Wh gs, the d ngers of the a h ad m a a i a Church , th t he beco e furious p rt s n when he f was had i could scarcely speak . Be ore he three he ins sted 35 on being taken to hear Sacheverell preach at Lichfield L IFE OF SAMUEL JOHNSON 1 1

a a and had i s rm a m h C thedr l , l stened to the e on with s uc and a i as mu i t i as an respect , prob bly w th ch n ell gence , y i h Stafi ordshire squire in the congregation . The work wh c had been begun in the n u rsery h ad been completed by the

r r J hn n si was i si . O f o so un ve ty x o d , when re ded there , the most Jacobitical place in England ; and Pembroke was one re u of the most Jac obitical colleges in O xfo rd . The p j dices which he bro u ght u p to London we re scarcely less u r s of his r m s ar abs d than tho e own To n Te pe t . Ch les

m s r s i s a and a . of II . J e II we e two the be t k ng th t ever i i . a a r r a u r did sa re gned L ud , poo c e t e who never , d , or wrote anything indica ting more th an the o rdinary capacity of an ma was a r i of a s and ar i old wo n , p od gy p rt le n ng over m r n u i i whose to b A t a d Geni s st ll cont nued to weep . Hampden deserved no more honou rable n ame than that of i ” z a of . i m the e lot rebell on Even the sh p oney, con demned not less decidedly by Falkland and Cl arendon a i R u a s J oh nson ro th n by the b tterest o ndhe d , would not p u i u i no nce to h ave been an u nconst t t onal impost . Under a m mi s a had r in govern ent, the lde t th t eve been known r — u r a r m i a the wo ld nde gove n ent , wh ch llowed to the people an unprecedented liberty of speech a nd action— he fancied that he was a sl ave ; he assa iled the ministry with

i r fu i s f and r s f r obloquy wh ch e ted t el , reg etted the lo t ee dom and h appiness of those golden d ays in which a w riter who h ad taken bu t one - tenth part of the license allowed

him a i i ma i ars to would h ve been p llor ed , ngled w th the she , ’ i at a ai and flu n i a is m wh pped the c rt s t l , g nto no o e dun

die . H e a iss rs and geon to h ted d ente stockjobbers , the i and a m ia ar iam s a nd i exc se the r y, septenn l p l ent , cont neu l i s H had an a rsi ta . e connect on long ve on to the Scotch , an aversion of which he cou ld not remember the com mencement i had a i i a , but wh ch , he owned , prob bly or g n ted in his abhorrence of the cond u ct of the nation during the is a in a ma Great Rebellion . It e sy to guess wh t nner debates 1 2 L IF E OF SAMUEL JOHNSON

on great p arty questions we re likely to be reported by a man w m was m i a i hose j udg ent so uch d sordered by p rty sp rit . A show of fairness was indeed necessary to the prosperity of zine n the M aga . But Joh son long afterwards owned

a had a a a a ha th t, though he s ved ppe r nces, he d taken care

a i u a of it and in th t the Wh g dogs sho ld not h ve the best ; , f a a a i h as i a ct , every p ss ge wh ch l ved , every p ssage which a ma his i a i i be rs the rks of h gher f cult es , is put nto the m m m f mouth of so e e ber o the opposition . 1 0 4 A af J ohnson had 1 . few weeks ter entered on these a i a at a obscure l bours, he publ shed work which once pl ced im i m i his h h gh a ong the wr ters of age . It is probable that wh at he h ad suffered during his first year in London h ad often reminded him of some parts of th at noble poem 1 5 in which Juven al h ad described the misery and degrada ’ a man am i tion of needy of letters, lodged ong the p geons nests in the tottering garrets which overhung the streets of ’ ’ a mi a mi a a i Rome . Pope s d r ble i t tions of Hor ce s S at res and had a a a Epistles recently ppe red , were in every h nd , 2 0 n ma a i t i i a d were by ny re ders thought super or o the or g nals . a Pc e had a a Wh t p done for Hor ce , Johnson spired to do

Ju nal was and i i u . for v e . The enterprise bold yet jud c o s For between Johnson and J u venal there was much in com

on m m ai a nd a . m , uch ore cert nly th n between Pope a Hor ce ’ “ ” a a i his am 2 5 1 5 . Johnson s London ppe red w thout n e H i as hi M a 1 3 8 . e in y , 7 received only ten gu ne for t s nd m a was a i and stately a vigorous poe ; but the s le r p d , the m A i i was i i i success co plete . second ed t on requ red w th n ma i are a a a week . Those s ll cr tics Who lw ys desirous to 3 0 lower established reputations ran about proclaiming th at ’ the anonymous satirist was superior to Pcp e in Pope s own m m peculiar department of literature . It ought to be re e n of a oined a i bered , to the ho our Pope , th t he j he rt ly in the appl ause with which the appearance of a rival genius was H e ma i i i a a 85 welcomed . de nqu r es bout the uthor of Lon

1 4 L I FE or SAMUEL JOHNSON

and a f i bounty, the ungr te ul nsolence with which he re ected i a i . H e i H i j the r dv ce now l ved by begging . e d ned on venison and champagne whenever he had been so fortu w a nate as to borro guinea . If his questing had been f a as a unsuccess ul , he ppe ed the r ge of hunger with some a m a and la scr ps of broken e t , y down to rest under the iazza Ga a m a and P of Covent rden in w r we ther, , in cold a as a as a f we ther, ne r he could get to the furn ce o a glass in his m was i an a house . Yet, isery, he st ll greeable com a i H e had an a i p n on . inexh ust ble store of anecdotes about that gay and brilliant world from which he was now an a He had a men of outc st . observed the gre t both parties a a a i had in hours of c reless rel x t on , seen the leaders of i the mas a i i m and had a oppos tion without k of p tr ot s , he rd the prime minister roar with laughter and tell stories not i m m a a th over decent . Dur ng so e onths S v ge lived in e closest familiarity with Johnson ; and the n the friend s m a i a . Johnson a p rted , not w thout te rs re ined in London

to e a . a a a drudg for C ve S v ge went to the West of Engl nd , as had e and 1 43 lived there he liv d everywhere , , in 7 , died,

- and a a . penniless he rt broken , in Bristol g ol

1 . a ea i was 7 Soon fter his d th , wh le the public curiosity a a a a ac and strongly excited bout his extr ordin ry ch r ter, his a a a a e him a a not less extr ordin ry dventures, lif of ppe red widely different from the catchpenny lives of eminent men which were then a staple article of manufacture in Grub was deficient as and a Street . The style indeed in e e v riety ; and the write r was evidently too partial to the Latin ele m a a h all its ent of our l ngu ge . But the little work , wit m i finer m of i a a was a a . f ults, sterp ece No speci en l ter ry i a i an a a i a and a b ogr phy ex sted in y l ngu ge , liv ng or de d ; discerning critic might have confidently predicted that the author was destined to be the founder of a new school of English eloquence . a a was a m was 1 8 . The life of S v ge nony ous ; but it well LIFE OF SAMUEL JOHNSON 1 5

in i rar i a s was known l te y c rcles th t John on the writer . i r ars i f Dur ng the th ee ye wh ch ollowed , he produced no im a r bu t was and i be port nt wo k ; he not, ndeed could not ,

fam of his a i i i and ea i idle . The e b l t es l rn ng continued to ar u r r him a man of n 5 grow . W b ton p onounced parts a d geniu s ; and the praise of Warbu rton was then no light ’

i . u was s u a i a in 1 4 sev th ng S ch Johnson rep t t on th t , 7 7, eral eminent booksellers combined to employ him in the arduou s wo rk of p reparing a Dictionary of the English i w i u m s a a n t o f . su m i l ngu ge , ol o vol e The wh ch they agreed to pay him was only fifteen h u nd red guineas ; and ou t of this su m he had to pay several poor me n of lette rs wh o assis him in u m r ar s of his as ted the h ble p t t k . r s u s of i i ar a ss 1 9 . The p o pect the D ct on y he ddre ed to rfi l hes rfi ld h the Earl of Cheste e d . C te e ad long been cele brated for i ss of his ma rs ri ia of the pol tene nne , the b ll ncy his wit nd i o h i as H e was a a a f s . , the del c cy t te cknow r n H e ledged to be the finest speake i the House of Lords .

r r r a at a m m u con u nc had ecently gove ned I el nd , o ento s j

u r i mi fi rmness is m and ma i and t e , w th e nent , w do , hu n ty ; m r ar of a H i he had since beco e Sec et y St te . e rece ved ’ s ma i h m i i afi abilit and John on s ho ge w t the ost w nn ng y, t i a few u i as s u s in a requited i w th g ne , be towed do btle s very f ma bu t was m a s sir u s see all grace ul nner, by no e n de o to his ar a i mu d and his u c pets bl ckened w th the London , so ps and wines thrown to right and left ove r the gown s of fine a i s and ais a of fine m an a l d e the w tco ts gentle en , by bsent, a ar a a ra s ar s and t r wkw d schol r, who g ve st nge t t ut e ed a w s i a ar and ate i str nge gro l , who dressed l ke sc ecrow, l ke ri s m im s u a cormorant . Du ng o e t e John on contin ed to a on his a bu t af i a c ll p tron , ter be ng repe tedly told by the a his i was at m i porter th t lordsh p not ho e , took the h nt, and a e ims f at i i a ce sed to pres nt h el the nhosp t ble door . had fla tte red ims f a 20. Johnson h el th t he should h ave ” completed his Dictiona ry by the end of 1 750; but it 35 1 6 L IFE OF SAM UEL JOHN SON

was not till 1 755 th at he at length ga ve his huge volumes t i i o the world . Dur ng the seven ye ars wh ch he passed in the dru dgery of penning definition s and ma rking quota i f or a i i f or a a i in i t ons tr nscr pt on , he sought rel x t on l terary 5 a a m a a i 1 49 i l bour of ore gree ble k nd . In 7 he publ shed “ a i ma i an imi the V n ty of Hu n W shes, excellent tation of i the Tenth Satire of Juvenal . It s in truth not e asy to say whether the p alm belongs to the a ncient or to m in i the odern poet . The couplets wh ch the fall of W 01 is i f and s are f 1 0 sey descr bed , though lo ty sonorou , eeble when compa red With the wonderful lines which bring before u s all Rome in tumult on the day of the fall of a a i a Sej nus, the l urels on the doorposts, the wh te bull st lk a a i a u i w f m ing tow rds the C p tol , the st t es roll ng do n ro 1 5 i a flatterers i ra mi i the r pedest ls, the of the d sg ced n ster running to see him dragged with a hook through the and a a i at his a a it is streets, to h ve k ck c rc se before hurled i i m too a in nto the T ber . It ust be owned , , th t the con cluding passage the Christian moralist has not made the 2 0 m his ad a a and has a i of ost of v nt ges , f llen dec dedly short i f hi a a m u the m o s . O a subli ty P g n odel the other h nd , ’ ’ Juvenal s H annibal must yield to Johnson s Ch arles ; ’ and Johnson s vigorous and pathetic enumeration of the miseries of a literary life must be allowed to be superior ’ 2 5 to Juvenal s l amentation over the fate of Demosthenes n i a d C cero . a i ma 2 1 . For the copyright of the V n ty of Hu n

Wishes Johnson received only fifteen guineas . ' a af i a of i m his 2 2 . A few d ys ter the publ c tion th s poe ,

a ma a f was 3 0 tr gedy , begun ny ye rs be ore , brought on the i Ga i had 1 41 ma his a . a 7 st ge His pupil , D v d rr ck , , in , de ’ a m a in G ma i had at appearance on hu ble st ge ood n s F elds, i first a am a r and was once r sen to the pl ce ong cto s , now , f m s i r man after several years o al o t un nte rupted success , a i him 3 5 ager of Drury Lane Theatre . The rel t on between L IF E OF SAMUEL J OHN S ON 1 7

i d and his old preceptor was of a very singular k n . They a r s r and a ra a repelled e ch othe t ongly , yet tt cted e ch other

r a r h ad ma m of r difi erent a st ongly . N tu e de the ve y cl y ; and circumstances had f u lly bro u ght ou t the natural pecu ’ r r s ri had r Garrick s 5 lia ities of both . Sudden p o pe ty tu ned ’ i u a e si had r Johnson s m . head . Cont n ed dv r ty sou ed te per Johnson saw with more envy th an became so great a man i a a i a ru s a i the v ll , the pl te , the ch n , the B ssel c rpet, wh ch i mimi h ad a i i rima and the l ttle c got by repe t ng , w th g ces s i a i a is r men had i and ge t cul t ons , wh t w e wr tten ; the ex qu isitely sensitive vanity of Garrick was galled by the a i e all r s of was a a thought th t, wh l the e t the world ppl ud in him u ai f r m m r s i g , he co ld obt n o one o o e cyn c, whose i i it was im ssi s is s ar an m i op n on p o ble to de p e , c cely y co pl m a i u a i Lichfield ent not c d l ted w th scorn . Yet the two men had so ma a r i s in mm and s m ny e ly recollect on co on , y pathised with each othe r on so many points on which they sympathised with nobody el se in the vast population of a i a a u mas r was f r the c p t l , th t, tho gh the te o ten p ovoked by

m - i im r i of u i and u i the onkey l ke pe t nence the p p l , the p p l b aris u ss of mas mai y the be h r dene the ter, they re ned r friends till they we re parted by death . Ga r ick now “ ” u r ou t i a ra i s su fficie n t dis bro ght I ene , w th lte t on to as a r e t su fficie nt ma the i ple e the utho , y not to ke p ece

i u i u i r i a a . s ple s ng to the d ence The p bl c , howeve , l tened i i m i bu t i m i i i five a s of w th l ttle e ot on , w th uch c v l ty , to ct m u f r i r r s a i onotono s decla mation . A te n ne ep e ent t ons the

a w i r is i a as a . i pl y w thd wn It , ndeed , ltogether unsu ted to a and r s in s i the st ge , , even when pe u ed the clo et, w ll be f r r f au He had ound ha dly wo thy o the thor . not the i i a a n rs s u A sl ghtest not on of wh t bl k ve e ho ld be . change in the last syllable of eve ry othe r line would make the ver ” sification of the Vanity of H u man Wishes closely re e m versifica tion of r r s ble the I ene The poet, howeve , a his e fi i s a nd b a of 3 cle red , by ben t n ght , y the s le the cop y 5 2 L IFE OF SAMUEL JOHNSON

r a a ight of his tr gedy , bout three hundred pounds, then a m his im i in est at on . “ a a af e a i ye r t r the represent t on of Irene, a of a m a publish series short ess ys on or ls,

ma and i a . i i m nners, l ter ture Th s spec es of co position had

u i fa Ta tler been bro ght nto shion by the success of the , and i m i a of ecta or by the st ll ore br lli nt success the Sp t . A crowd of small writers had vainly a ttempted to rival

. L a M onaster Censor Free Addison The y y , the , the thinker P la in D ea ler Cha m ion and , the , the p , other works m h a h of a d ad da . of the s e kind , their short y None then had obtained a permanent place in our litera ture ; and they r i a e now to be found only in the librar es of the curious . At length Johnson undertook the adventure in which so ma a a had a the - a a ny spir nts f iled . In thirty sixth ye r fter a a a a m S ecta tor a the ppe r nce of the l st nu ber of the p , p eare first m a mb er m a p d the nu ber of the R l . Fro M rch 1 50 a 1 5 2 a m 7 to M rch 7 , this p per continued to co e out a an a a every Tuesd y d S turd y . m first Ra mb er i i 24 . Fro the the l was enthus ast cally ad mi m mi a few en . R a n fiv e red by e nent ich rdson , whe only n m had a a it a i u bers ppe red , pronounced equ l , if not super or, S ecta tor and a to the p . Young H rtley expressed their ' a a a m d am pprob tion not less w r ly . Bubb Do dington , ong whose many faults indifi erence to the claims of genius and a i a i a ai a le rn ng c nnot be reckoned , solic ted the cqu nt nce a of offices of the writer . In consequence prob bly the good who was confidential a i of of D oddington , then the dv ser ’ His R a i m Prince Frederic, two of oy l H ghness s gentle en a a a i m a office and or c rried gr c ous ess ge to the printing , dered seven copies for Leicester House . But these over tures seem to ha ve been very coldly received . Johnson had had enough of the patron age of the great to last him all f and was i a an oor his li e , not d sposed to h unt y other d h rfi l as he had haunted the door of C este e d . LI FE OF S AM UE L JOHN SON 1 9

2 B u i Ra mbler was a t first 5 . y the p bl c the very coldly ri of a m was received . Though the p ce nu ber only two

sa did am five u . pence, the le not ount to h ndred The r r f r ma as s as profits we e the e o e very s ll . But oon the fl in a s r and i am 5 y g le ve we e collected repr nted , they bec e u r iv see ir u sa popular . The a tho l ed to th teen tho nd r r ara i i s r copies sp ead ove Engl and alone . Sep te ed t on we e is f r a n ris mar A r ar publ hed o the Scotch d I h kets . la ge p ty s rf a s rf a in pronounced the tyle pe ect, so b olutely pe ect th t some essays it wo u ld be impossible for the w riter himself a r a i r for the ar to lte s ngle wo d better . Another p ty, not ss m r s m a u s him of a i cor le nu e ou , vehe ently cc ed h v ng ru t d u ri of the n is s ri i p e the p ty E gl h tongue . The be t c t cs a mi a his i i was m u s obvi d tted th t d ct on too onotono , too ou sl a rtificial a nd now and n u r i a su r y , the t g d even to b d it did u s i ac u ss of his r a y . But they j t ce to the tene obse v i s m ra s a nd ma rs s a r isi an t on on o l nne , to the con t nt p ec on d f r u ri ia of his a u a e i and eq ent b ll ncy l ng g , to the we ghty ma nifice nt u of ma s ri u s assa and g eloq ence ny e o p ges, to the m si m u of s m of i r r sole n yet plea ng hu o r o e the l ghte pape s . Ou the q u estion of p recedence between Addison and s a s i i s ars a o was m John on , que t on wh ch , eventy ye g , uch i s ri has r u a c isi f r m i d sputed , po te ty p ono nced de on o wh ch r r r is a a . Si R , his c a ai and his u the e no ppe l oge h pl n b tler, i im a nd i m isi of irza W ll W ble W ll Honeyco b , the V on M ,

c u ru al of R ir i iz r as i the J the et ed C t en , the Eve l t ng Club, u m i s of Hil ah and a u m the D n ow Fl tch , the Love p Sh l , the isi a a nd i i are V t to the Exch nge , the V s t to the Abbey,

Bu t m m n a n m of . a e d known to everybody ny wo en , even i u i a mi s are u a u ai i u i h ghly c lt v ted nd , n cq nted w th Sq re

s and . u u is u iliu s a nd V enu stulu s Blu ter Mrs B sy , Q q , the of Wit and ar i i of Re Allegory Le n ng, the Chron cle the vo u i of a Ga and sad fa of Anin ait a nd l t ons rret , the te g Ajut . Ra m r 2 6 . The last bler was w itten in a sa d and gloomy

. had i hour Mrs . Johnson been g ven over by the physi 35 20 L I F E OF SA MUEL J OHN S ON

Cla . a a i f ns Three d ys l ter she d ed . She le t her husband

a m - l ost broken hearted . M any people h ad been surprised to see a man of his genius and learning stooping to every

and i im f a m mf r f or drudgery, deny ng h sel l ost every co o t,

of i a i aff ma i the purpose supply ng s lly, ected old wo n w th su erflu ities i a i i i p , wh ch she ccepted w th but l ttle grat tude .

all his aff i had a H e But ect on been concentr ted on her .

h ad i i i a r ne ther brother nor s ster, ne ther son nor d ughte .

him was a i as G i and i as To she be ut ful the unn ngs, w tty 1 0 a i i f hi i L dy Mary . Her op n on o s wr tings was more im porta nt to him th an the voice of the pit of Dru ry Lane a m f M on h The tre or the judg ent o the t ly Review . The chief support which had sustained him through the most arduous labour of his life was the hope th at she would enjoy 1 5 the fame and the profit which he a nticipated from his an a i Diction ary . She was gone ; d in th at v ast l byr nth i a ma be of streets, peopled by e ght hundred thous nd hu n was a it was a for him ings, he lone . Yet necess ry to set

' himself as s it f e e , he expres ed , doggedly to work . A t r thre “ ” 20 m a i a i a was at ore l bor ous ye rs , the Dict on ry length

complete . had a 2 7 . It been generally supposed th at this gre t work would be dedicated to the eloquent and accomplished ma m had a noble n to who the prospectus been ddressed . 25 H e well knew the value of such a compliment ; and there f da of a i ar ore , when the y public t on drew ne , he exerted im a of z a and at the am h self to soothe , by show e lous s e im of i a and i i i i t e del c te jud c ous k ndness , the pr de which i Ra mblers had he h ad so cruelly wounded . S nce the 30 a a a had ai a ce sed to ppe r , the town been entert ned by j our nal a World i ma men of a c lled the , to wh ch ny high r nk n i m s of a d fashion contributed . In two success ve nu ber “ ” World i i a was m the the D ct on ry , to use the odern i i as ff i f . phr e , pu ed w th wonder ul sk ll The wr tings of s a 35 Johnson were warmly praised . It wa proposed th t he

2 2 L IF E OF SAMUEL JOHNSON

hundred guineas which the booksellers had agreed to pay him had been advanced and spent before the l ast sheets

i m . a f a a i ssued fro the press It is p in ul to rel te th t , tw ce in the course of the year which followed the publication 5 i a was a e and a i of th s gre t work , he rrest d c rr ed to spu ng

- and a was e for hi ing houses, th t he twice indebt d s liberty

to his excellent friend Rich ardson . It was still necessa ry f or the man who had been formally salute d by the highest au thority as Dictator of the English langu age to supply his “ ” a a H e a i a w nts by const nt toil . bridged his D ction ry . H e proposed to bring out an edition of Shak speare by subscription ; and many subscribers sent in their names and laid down their money ; but he soon found the ta sk so little to his taste th at he turned to more attractive em n H i ma a a m ployme ts. e contr buted ny p pers to new onthly M a az a h was a L itera r ine. journ l , whic c lled the y g Few of these papers h ave much interest ; but among them was the a a ma i o h very best thing th t he ever wrote , sterp ece b t of ’ a and of a a a a i of e n ns s re soning s tiric l ple s ntry , the rev ew J y ” and O i i Inquiry into the Nature r gin of Ev l . 1 5 Johnson f fir f 3 0. In the spring of 7 8 put orth the st o a o i i I d er i a l . a ser es of ess ys, ent tled the Dur ng two ye rs these a essays continued to appear weekly . They were e gerly a a and i m i a re d , widely circul ted , , ndeed , i pudently p r ted , i i in a m and had a a wh le they were st ll the origin l for , l rge I r m sale when collected into volumes . The dle ay be de as a a Ra mbler m a i i scribed second p rt of the , so ewh t l vel er r and somewh at weaker th an the fi st part . J h n n his I dlers m 3 1 . i o so was Wh le busy with , his other,

.wh o had a m i i a i at i cco plished her n net eth ye r, d ed L ch ld as i had had fie . It w long s nce he seen her ; but he not a a of ma m a f iled to contribute l rgely , out his s ll e ns, to her

m . f a a f a co fort In order to de r y the ch rges of her uner l , and a m i had a i to p y so e debts wh ch she left, he wrote l ttle a and n off book in single week , se t the sheets to the press L IF E OF SAMUEL JOHNSON 23

A u without over . hundred po nds were paid him and the p u rchase rs had great cause to be p rgain ; for the book was s Rassela . su was a u 5 32 . The gre t , though s ch ladies as Miss must h ave been grievo u sly disappoi ne w vol u me f rom the circ u lating libra ry was little mo re than a dissertation ’ a fa u ri m a i of u ma on the uthor s vo te the e , the V n ty H n Wishes tha t the Prince of Abyssinia was withou t a mis 1 0 s and ri s i u a and a tre s , the p nce s w tho t lover ; th t the story set the hero and the heroine down exactly where it had f mu a taken them u p . The style was the subject o ch e ger r r Ilf onthl Rev iew and Critica Review cont ove sy . The y the l

i a r ri took different s des . M ny reade s pronounced the w ter 1 5 a m a u u se a r of two po pous ped nt, who wo ld never wo d a it was i u se a r of six and syll bles where poss ble to wo d , who could not make a waiting woman relate her adven s i u a a i r i a u ture w tho t b l nc ng eve y noun w th nother no n , n i i i 20 a d a . a every ep thet w th nother ep thet Another p rty , ss z a s i i i m u a a in not le e lou , c ted w th del ght nu ero s p ss ges which weighty meaning was expressed with accuracy and i a i r and llustr ted w th splendour . And both the censu e the ai i pr se were mer ted . a f i as ai 25 3 3 . About the pl n o Rasselas l ttle w s d by the c ritics ; and yet the faults of the plan might seem to i i r i has f r am nv te severe c it cism. Johnson equently bl ed S hakspeare for neglecting the proprieties of time and a and for a ri i a a i ma pl ce , sc b ng to one ge or n t on the nners and i i of hak ar i op n ons another . Yet S spe e has not s nned 30 in i wa m i u a ohn n Ra a and th s y ore gr evo sly th n J so . ssel s m a N eka ah and Peku ah are i m a I l c , y , ev dently e nt to be Abyssinians of the eighteenth centu ry : for the Europe which Iml ac describes is the Europe of the eighteenth cen tury ; and the inma tes of the Happy Valley talk familiarly 35 2 4 LIFE OF SAMUEL JOHNSON

a law a a i i of th t of gr vit t on wh ch Newton discovered , and which was not fully received even a t C ambridge till the i a a a m e ghteenth century . Wh t re l co pany of Abyssinians ’ ” a ma a f m would h ve been y be le rned ro Bruce s Travels .

i i filth a a But Johnson , not content w th turn ng y s v ges, a of and i h ra ignor nt their letters , gorged w t w steaks cut

f m i i i i as and ro l v ng cows, nto ph losophers eloquent e u

i as im his f i and i a i l ghtened h self or r end Burke, nto l d es i m i as as a . . i a h ghly cco pl shed Mrs Lennox or Mrs Sher d n , 1 0 transferred the whole domestic sy stem of England to m . a a a a a of am a Egypt Into l nd of h re s , l nd polyg y, a m are mar i i i l nd where wo en r ed w thout ever be ng seen , he

t flirta tions and a i of a - m in roduced the je lous es our b ll roo s . a a i of i k In l nd where there is boundless l berty d vorce , wedloc “ 5 i a i i m 1 s described s the nd ssoluble co pact . A youth and mai m a artific den eeting by ch nce , or brought together by e,

a a i a i o m and exch nge gl nces, rec proc te civilit es, g ho e , ” am of a . a Ra a is c om dre e ch other Such , s ys ssel s, the ” m a mon ma a . a and process of rri ge Such it y h ve been , 20 ma i be a at ai A y st ll , in London , but ssuredly not C ro . writer wh o was guilty of such improprieties had little right am who ma i and to bl e the poet de Hector quote Ar stotle , represented Julio Romano as flou rishing in the days of i the oracle of Delph . B i as a i 3 4 . 2 5 y such exert ons h ve been descr bed , Johnson a supported himself till the year 1 762 . In th t year a great h f ch ange in his circumsta nces took pl ace . H e ad rom a i His acobite child been an enemy of the re gning dynasty . J prejudices had been exhibited With little disguise both in his ma and 30 his works and in his conversation . Even in ssy ” a a i a he had a a a of el bor te D ction ry , , with str nge w nt a and m i r i and m i re t ste judg ent , nse ted b tter contu el ous Th i was a ti n i a . e flec o s on the Wh g p rty exc se , which i of i financiers had i a as favour te resource Wh g , he des gn ted H e had ai a ai mm 35 a hatef ul ta x. r led g nst the co issioners L IF E OF S AM UE L JOHNSON 25 of excise in l anguage so coarse that they had seriously H had i diffi cult thought of prosecuting him. e w th y been p revented f rom holding up the Lord Privy Seal by “ n ame as an ex ample of the meaning of the wo rd rene ” A si had defined as a i a a 5 gade . pen on he p y g ven to st te hireling to betray h lo cou ntry ; a pensioner as a slave of mas m u n state hired by a stipend to obey a ter . It see ed likely that the au thor of these definitions wou ld himself

u t was a im of rs . G be pen si oned . B that t e wonde eorge ir had as r and had in rs 1 0 the Th d cended the th one ; , the cou e of a fe w m s is ma of f ri and onth , d gusted ny the old ends i conciliated many of the old enemies of h s house . The mi a i was mi m i O f was . c ty beco ng ut nous . x ord beco ng loy l rmu i m rs C avendishes and Bentincks were mu r ng . So e ets a 1 a nd Wyndhams were hastening to kiss hands . The he d 5 of asu r was u who was a and the tre y now Lord B te , Tory , ’ could h ave no objection to Johnson s Toryism. Bute wished to be thou ght a patron of men of letters ; and Johnson was one of the most eminent a nd one of the ‘ m n r u r A si of r 20 most needy e of lette s in E ope . pen on th ee a a was raciou si ff r and i r i hundred ye r g y o e ed , w th ve y l ttle hesitation accepted . ’ is r a in s s 3 5 . Th event p oduced a ch nge John on whole fir im si his he way of life . For the st t e nce boyhood no i r i him ai i H 25 longer felt the da ly goad u g ng to the d ly to l . e was at i af ir a of a i and ru r l berty, ter th ty ye rs nx ety d dge y, i his i i a i lie in i to ndulge const tut on l ndolence , to bed t ll in af and sit a i i f u in two the ternoon , to up t lk ng t ll o r the ’ m i i a i i ri r s i orn ng, w thout fe r ng e ther the p nte dev l or the ’ riff s ofii r she ce . h d im 3 6. One laboriou s task indeed he a bound h self rf m H i ar s i i for his to pe or . e had rece ved l ge sub cr pt ons promised edition of Shakspeare ; he had lived on those subscriptions during some years : and he could not without i m r a Hi d sgrace o it to perform his pa t of the contr ct . s 35 2 6 LIFE OF S AM UE L JOHN S ON

friends repeatedly exhorted him to make an effort ; and he

a so. i a i repe tedly resolved to do But, notw thst nd ng their a i and i m f m exhort t ons his resolut ons, onth ollowed onth , a a and was H ye r followed ye r, nothing done . e prayed

5 e a ai his i e m as f a f rvently g nst dleness ; he det r ined , o ten s a am a he received the s cr ent, th t he would no longer doz e away and trifle a way his time but the spell under which he i nd m Hi i lay res sted prayer a sacra ent . s pr vate notes at this

m r ma f - t a e a . i i e de up of sel repro ches My ndolence, he

a 1 64 has u wrote on E ster Eve in 7 , sunk into grosser sl g

ishness . A a has a me g kind of str nge oblivion overspre d , ” a a has m of a so th t I know not wh t beco e the l st year . as 1 65 am and him i am E ter, 7 , c e , found st ll in the s e state . ” m has u n rofitabl and My ti e , he wrote , been p y spent , i seems as a dream that has left nothing beh nd . My mem or f and a a y grows con used , I know not how the d ys p ss ” m a i his h a m i e . over H pp ly for onour, the ch r wh ch held him captive was at length broken by no gentle or friendly a He had a a a i h nd . been we k enough to p y serious ttent on to a story about a ghost which h aunted a house in Cock a and had a a im f m hi L ne, ctu lly gone h sel with so e of s ’ i at m St . fr ends, one in the orning, to John s Church , of i i a mm i a i Clerkenwell , in the hope rece v ng co un c t on

m . i a fro the perturbed spirit But the spir t, though djured all m ma i a i and it with sole nity, re ined obst n tely s lent ; soon appeared that a n aughty girl of eleven h ad been m ma ma i a using herself by king fools of so ny ph losophers . i wh o c onfiden t i o u Church ll , , in his powers, drunk w th p p larit and i i a i was i m y, burn ng w th p rty sp rit, look ng for so e man a am and of est blished f e Tory politics to insult, cele brated o a G a i am the Co k L ne host in three c ntos, n ckn ed “ ” m a was i Johnson Po poso, sked where the book wh ch

had b e mi and i a ai f or and e n so long pro sed so l ber lly p d , i directly accused the great moralist of cheating . Th s i ff a and O 1 65 a terr ble word proved e ectu l ; in ctober, 7 , p LIFE OF S AM UE L JOHNSON 2 7

eared af a a of ni ar i i p , ter del y ne ye s, the new ed t on of r Shakspea e . ’ i i i a ohnson s a a f r 3 7 . Th s publ cat on s ved J ch r cter o hon a i fam of his a i i i s an esty, but dded noth ng to the e b l t e d r fa u it ai s s m 5 a i . le rn ng The p e ce, tho gh cont n o e good i as a is in h s ma r. m a a p s ges, not best nne The ost v lu ble note s are those in which he had an opportu nity of show ing how attentively he had during many years observed human life and human na tu re : The best specimen is the i note on the ch aracter of Poloniu s . l Noth ng so good is 1 0 ’ to be fo u nd even in Wilhelm Meister s admirable examina ” i f m Bu t r rais mu o a . u t on H let he e p e st end . It wo ld

difiicu lt am a m r s e a m r r ss di be to n e o e lov nly , o e wo thle e i n i a r m t on of a y grea t cl ass c . The re de ay tu rn over play after play withou t finding one h appy conjectu ral emenda 1 5 i i i and a isfa r a a i of t on , or one ngen ous s t cto y expl n t on a

assa i had baflled r i mm r p ge wh ch p eced ng co entato s . John had in his r s u r a was son , p o pect s, told the wo ld th t he u iar fitted for as i h ad u r a pec l ly the t k wh ch he nde t ken ,

au s h ad as a i ra e r n u n r neces bec e he , lex cog ph , bee de the 20 sity of taking a wider vie w of the English l anguage tha n an f hi r s r a his f u r i r y o s p edece so s . Th t knowledge o o l te a r was i i Bu t u f r u l s s i is a . a tu e exten ve nd put ble , n o t n te y, he had altogether neglected that ve ry part of ou r l itera tu re with which it is especially desirable that an editor of 25

Sha ks eare r is a r s s r p should be conve sant . It d nge ou to as e t

a a i . i i is b ass i a neg t ve Yet l ttle w ll be r ked y the ert on , th t “ ” in the two folio volumes of the English Dictionary the re is not a single passage quoted from any d ramatist of iza a a e Shaks eare and . 30 the El beth n g , except p Ben Even f m a i r J mi asi a e fe w. oh nson ro Ben the quot t ons ght e ly, in a few m a ma im f ai i onths, h ve de h sel well acqu nted w th a a a it m every old pl y th t w s extant . But never see s to have occurred to him that this was a necessary preparation for the work which he had undertaken . He would dou bt 35 2 8 LIFE OF S AM UE L JOH NSON

less h ave admitted th at it would be the height of absurdity in a man who was not familiar with the works of [Eschylu s and i i an i i Eur pides to publ sh ed t on of Sophocles . Yet he is an i i Shaks eare i ventured to publ h ed t on of p , w thout

5 a i in his i as far as can i a h v ng ever l fe , be d scovered , re d a

s a i r ingle scene of M ss nger, Ford , Decker, Webster, M a m Hi a . s a i low , Be u ont , or Fletcher detr ctors were no sy w m and scurrilous . Those ho ost loved and honou red him i m had little to say in pra se of. the anner in which he h ad mm 1 0 a of a a . H e had disch rged the duty co ent tor , how a im a i had i ever, cquitted h self of debt wh ch long la n heavy on his conscience ; and he sank back into the repose a i had im H n from which the sting of s t re roused h . e lo g the am i had a a continued to live upon f e wh ch he lre dy won . 1 5 He was honoured by the University of Oxford with a Doc ’ R a a m a i tor s degree , by the oy l Ac de y with professorsh p , nd Ki i an i his a a by the ng w th interview, in wh ch M jesty most graciously expressed a hope th at so excellent a writer i b a . a e would not ce se to wr te In the interv l , however, on published only two or three of which he could h ave pro worked as he worked ” n S avage a d on Rasselas . was n was But , though his pen now idle, his to gue influ ence i a di The exerc sed by his convers tion , m and upon those with who he lived , indirectly on a was a a ar the whole liter ry world , ltogether without p Hi a a allel . s colloqui l t lents were indeed of the highest He had i m wit order . strong sense , quick d scern ent , , 3 m mm a and f and 0 hu our, i ense knowledge of liter ture of li e,

‘

n infini f a . a te store o curious necdotes As respected style , r he spoke fa bette r than he wrote . Every sentence which dropped from his lips was as correct in structure as the a R mb e most nicely b lanced period of the a l r. But in his 35 a was m a and m an a t lk there no po pous tri ds, little ore th

30 LIFE OF S AM UE L JOHN SO N

a i a a his m a a mim an inexh ust ble ple s ntry, inco p r ble icry, d his mma of a ff m consu te knowledge st ge e ect . A ong the most constant attendants were two high - born and high m f i i bred gentle en , closely bound together by r endsh p , but

5 of i iff a a and a i a w dely d erent ch r cters h b ts ; Bennet L ngton , i i i d his s i in G i a d st ngu she by k ll reek l ter ture , by the ortho i a nd a i hi i doxy of his op nions, by the s nct ty of s l fe ; and am a his am Toph Be uclerk , renowned for ours, his know

a his a i i a and his sar ledge of the g y world , f st d ous t ste , asti i mi a a i c c w t . To predo n te over such soc ety was not a i r easy . Yet even over such soc ety Johnson p edomi mi a i nated . Burke ght indeed h ve d sputed the supremacy i i of mi i to wh ch others were under the necess ty sub tt ng . a a a i i But Burke , though not gener lly very p t ent l stener, was content to take the second part when Johnson was and f n ma emi present ; the club itsel , consisti g of so ny ’ men is i da a i a as ohns n nent , to th s y popul rly des gn ted J o s

Club . m m m a w 3 9 . A ong the e bers of this celebr ted body as m has o the a a of its i one to who it wed gre ter p rt celebr ty, who was a i i his yet reg rded w th l ttle respect by brethren , and had not without difficu lty obtained a seat among m m. i was a a a the Th s J es Boswell , young Scotch l wyer, n a am and a a a a was heir to a honour ble n e f ir est te . Th t he a m and a a a i ar coxco b bore, we k , v in , pushing, cur ous , g l u s was all wh a ai it him ru o o . , obvious to were cqu nted w h a a a had wit m Th t he could not re son, th t he no , no hu our , m i i i i a a h s . h s no eloquence, is pp rent fro wr t ngs And yet i i are a i i i and wr t ngs re d beyond the Miss ss pp , under the and are i a as as 30 Southern Cross, l kely to be re d long the

i i i as a i i as a a a a . Engl sh ex sts, e ther l v ng or de d l ngu ge n n i a His mi N ature had made him a slave a d a dol ter . nd m i a i a a a i rese bled those creepers wh ch the bot n sts c ll p r s tes, and which can subsist only by clinging round the stems and H e m a v 35 imbibing the j uices of stronger plants . ust h e LIFE OF S AM UE L JOHN SON 31

m H e mi fastened himself on so ebody . ght h ave fastened ims f i and a m fiercest a i in h el on W lkes, h ve beco e the p tr ot f i i H e mi a fas e im f the Bill o R ghts Soc ety . ght h ve t ned h sel Whitfield and a m field a on , h ve beco e the loudest pre cher a u among the C alvinistic Methodists . In a h ppy ho r he ms ai mi m ill fastened hi elf on John son . The p r ght see h ns n had i a ai s matched . For Jo o early been prejud ced g n t ’ ’ u r m n f oh nson s s r Boswell s co nt y . To a a o J t ong under

a i and irri a m si ism and a u a st nd ng t ble te per, the lly egot d l tion of Boswell mu st h ave been as teasing as the constant

u zz f a fl oh nson a s i and b o y . J h ted to be que t oned ; Boswell was a a isi him all i of su and etern lly c tech ng on k nds bjects, sometimes propou nded su ch q u estion s as What wou ld you ” sir if ou u in a i a a ? do , , y were locked p tower w th b by John son was a water d rinke r; and Boswell was a wine

i and i i r a a a i a sot . b bber, ndeed l ttle bette th n h b tu l It was impossible tha t the re should be pe rfe ct h a rmony be m i s r m u a . a an wa tween two s ch co p n on Indeed , the g e t s sometimes provoked into fits of passion in which he said i s i ma man u ri a fe w rs ri s th ng wh ch the s ll , d ng hou , se ou

l t . r arr was ma u y resen ed Eve y qu el , however, soon de p . During twenty years the disciple continued to worship ma : mas i is i the ster the ter cont nued to scold the d c ple , to m an him s r at hi d . f i i a nee , to love The two r ends ord n i si at a a is a f m s r ly re ded gre t d t nce ro each other . Bo well a is in a iam u of i and pr ct ed the P rl ent Ho se Ed nburgh , a could p y only occasional visits to London . Du ring those i i his i f i s was a Joh u son i v s ts ch e bus nes to w tch , to d scover ’ all J ohnson s a i rsa i h b ts, to turn the conve t on to subjects about which Johnson was l ikely to say something remark a and fill i mi of a ble , to quarto note books w th nutes wh t s i a r a r m John on had said . In th s w y we e g the ed the ate 3 2 L IF E OF S AM UE L JOHNSON

a m a i d his fam m connection less i port nt ndee to e , but uch m im a a i a his ore port nt to his h pp ness , th n connection with a m Boswell . Henry Thr le , one of the ost opulent brewers m m a man and i the kingdo , of sound cult vated under

a i i i i i and i a iri was r st nd ng , r g d pr nc ples, l ber l sp t, ma ried

of - a a i ai to one those clever, kind he rted , eng g ng , v n , pert n m who are a i a i you g wo en , perpetu lly do ng or s y ng wh at is

not a i sa a ma are ex ctly r ght, but who , do or y wh t they y , 1 65 th e a am al ways agreeable . In 7 Thr les bec e acquainted 1 0 with Johnson ; and the a cqu aintance ripened fast into f i a i and i r endship . They were ston shed del ghted by the

r i r fl tt b illiancy of his conversat on . They we e a ered by find a a man a f i ing th t so widely celebr ted , pre erred the r house to n ia i i i m a y other in London . Even the pecul r t es wh ch see ed 1 5 u nfit him f or i i i his i a i hi to c vil sed soc ety, gest cul t ons , s u ffin s his m i an wa in rollings, his p g , utter ngs, the str ge y i a a i wh ch he put on his clothes, the r venous e gerness w th i his i his fits of m a his wh ch he devoured d nner, el ncholy, fits a his a i a f i of nger, frequent rudeness, his occ s on l eroc ty, 2 0 increased the interest which his new associates took in him r ma f i . For these things were the c uel rks le t beh nd by a life which h ad been one long conflict with disease and a i a a a i i i with dvers ty . In vulg r h ck wr ter such odd t es would m n i a . a a of a h ve excited only disgust But in gen us , le rn and V ff was add a mi a i ing, irtue their e ect to pity to d r t on

nd m Johnson had an a a me at a estee . soon p rt nt the brew a and a i m asa a a m at ery in Southw rk , st ll ore ple nt p rt ent m mm a the villa of his friends on Streatha Co on . A l rge a a a in a a wi h p rt of every ye r he p ssed those bodes, bodes h c 0 m a m ma nificent and 3 ust h ve see ed g luxurious indeed , when compared with the dens in which he had generally been i f a m a lodged . But his ch e ple sures were derived fro wh t the astronomer of his Abyssinian tale called the endear ” i a i ing elegance of female friendsh p . Mrs . Thrale r ll ed 35 him him a him and m im , soothed , co xed , , if she so et es L IFE OF S AM UE L JOHNSON 33

h m her fii anc ma am am provoked i by pp y, de ple ends by listening to his rep roofs with angelic s weetness of temper . was is as in and in mi she was When he d e ed body nd , the mf rt ha a most tender of nurses . No co o t t we lth could a ri a a ma i u i set 5 purch se , no cont v nce th t wo nly ngen ty, to ma m assi u e is was a i work by wo nly co p on , co ld d v e , w nt ng

his i - r m H e r u i h e r i d ss b a n afi ec to s ck oo . eq ted k n ne y i u r as aff i of a fa r e t delica tel in t on p e the ect on the , y y t ged i a a a r i h u a wa r m s a w th g ll nt y wh ch , t o gh wk d , u t h ve been mo re flatte ring th an the attentions of a c rowd of the fools who ri in am s e of u and a a glo ed the n e , now obsol te , B ck M cc ’ if i. u s m a a f a f of s s ron It sho ld ee th t ull h l John on l e , ri a i ars was ass u r r f of du ng bout s xteen ye , p ed nde the oo H m l m im the Th rales . e acco panied the fami y so et es to

a and m im s ri a s and B th , so et e to B ghton , once to W le , once u to Pa ris . B t he had at the sa me time a hou se in one of r n the na row a d gloomy cou rts on the no rth of Fleet Street . a r was h is i ra r a ar a nd mis a u In the g r ets l b y , l ge cell neo s i of s fa in i s and rim i collect on book , ll g to p ece beg ed w th r m im bu t r r r s . Ou a r flo o s s a du t lowe he o et e , ve y ely, a a f ri i a ai i r a a ic a of reg led end w th pl n d nne , ve l p , or leg m n ri u r a and s i a a d a i . N o was l b p n ge , ce p dd ng the dwell in u ri his a was g uninh abited d ng long bsences. It the home of the most extrao rdinary assembl age of inmates At a of s a that ever was brought together . the he d the e t b lishment Joh nson had a an a am i iams pl ced old l dy n ed W ll , whose chief recommend ation s we re h er blindness and her

in s i of he r m rm rs and a s poverty . But , p te u u repro che , he gave an asylum to anothe r l ady who was as poor as s f m i s fami . s had her el , Mrs De oul ns , who e ly he known m r r r any yea s before in Staffo d shi e . Room was found for au of m u i s and f r t . o a i the d gh er Mrs Des o l n , nother dest am was ra a r s as i a mi tute d sel , who gene lly dd e sed M ss C r a m r s s a An ch el , but who her gene ou ho t c lled Polly . old

a am and cl a 35 qu ck doctor n ed Levett, who bled osed co l 3 34 LIFE OF S AM UEL JOHN SON

a and a a m and he vers h ckney co ch en, received for fees of a i a a of in and m crusts bre d , b ts of b con , gl sses g , so e m a m i a m a i ti es little copper, co pleted th s str nge en ger e . All these poor creatures were at constant war with each ’ 5 and J ohnson s a a other, with negro serv nt Fr nk . Some im a i i t es, indeed , they tr nsferred their host lit es from th e a ma m a a serv nt to the ster, co pl ined th t a better table was m and a ma i not kept for the , r iled or undered t ll their bene a was a ma a a am f ctor gl d to ke his esc pe to Stre th , or to

i a . he wh o was a the M tre T vern And yet , gener lly the a and m a ma who was h ughtiest ost irrit ble of nkind , but too prompt to resent anything which looked like a slight on

a a - of a n the p rt of purse proud bookseller, or noble a d a a f m m a powerful p tron , bore p tiently ro endic nts, who, m a but for his bounty, ust h ve gone to the workhouse , insults more provoking than those for which he had knocked down O sborne and bidden defiance to Chester

. l a a m i fie d . a . and L Ye r fter ye r Mrs Des oul ns, Polly, e m him and him y ett continued to tor ent to live upon . i h 41 . The course of l fe which as been described was ’ interrupted in John son s sixty - fourth year by an impor H h a a an a tant event . e ad e rly re d ccount of the Hebri and h ad m a i a des, been uch interested by le rn ng th t there was so near him a land peopled by a race which was still i as rude and simple as in the middle ages . A w sh to be come intimately acquainted with a state of society so u t t erly unlike all that he had ever seen frequently crossed i m a a i i h s ind . But it is not prob ble th t his cur os ty would a m a i a i and his h ve overco e his h b tu l slugg shness, love of m mu d and i had the s oke , the , the cr es of London , not im him a m a and Boswell portuned to tte pt the dventure , i 1 i . At n 3 offered to be his squ re length , August, 77 , hnson i a i and a Jo crossed the H ghl nd l ne , plunged cour ou sl a was i m i m ge y into wh t then cons dered , by ost Engl sh en, f a i as a dreary and perilous wilderness . A ter w nder ng L I FE OF S AM UEL JOHN SON 3 5

m i i m im in about two onths through the Celt c reg on, so et es a i did him f m rai and rude bo ts wh ch not protect ro the n , sometimes on small shaggy ponies which could hardly bear his i his au i a mi f l we ght, he returned to old h nts w th nd ul m n r s ri f i of new i ages a d new theo ie . Du ng the ollow ng r year he employed himself in recording his adventu es . “ i i of 1 775 his r About the beg nn ng , Jou ney to the Heb i s was u is a nd was u ri s m r de p bl hed , , d ng o e weeks, the chief subject of conve rsation in all circles in which any i i ra u is s i a attent on was paid to l te t re . The book t ll re d arra i is r ai i s ec u with pleasure . The n t ve ente t n ng ; the p lations s u are a a s i i , whether sound or un o nd , lw y ngen ous ; and u s iff and m u s is m a the style , tho gh too t po po , so ewh t easier and mo re gracefu l tha n tha t of his early writings . His prejudice against the Scotch had at length become little more than matter of jest ; and whatever remained of the old feeling h ad been effectu ally removed by the kind and respectful hospitality with which he had been received

in a of a . was of o rs every p rt Scotl nd It , c u e , not to be expected tha t an Oxonian Tory should praise the Presby ia i and ri a a t an a m ter n pol ty tu l , or th eye ccusto ed to the hedgerows and p arks of England sho u ld not be stru ck by

s f r i i n s i the barenes o Be w cksh re a d E a t Loth an . But even ’ n r f r m i censu e Johnson s tone is not un iendly . The ost i m i M ansfield at i enl ghtened Scotch en , w th Lord the r m f i n a a . a d i a he d , were well ple sed But so e ool sh gnor nt Scotchmen were moved to anger by a little unpalatable u i was mi i mu u and a ai tr th wh ch ngled w th ch e logy, ss led him m i as m of i , who they chose to cons der the ene y the r i i m m is country, w th l bels uch ore d honourable to their a a i a had sai ri country th n nyth ng th t he ever d or w tten . i a a ra in a a i in They publ shed p r g phs the newsp pers , rt cles

ma azi s i am five - i i the g ne , s xpenny p phlets , sh ll ng books . One scribbler abused Johnson for being blear - eyed ; an other for being a pensioner ; a third informed the world 3 6 LIFE OF S AM UE L JOHNSON

’ th at one of the Doctor s uncles h ad been convicted of a and had a as a felony in Scotl nd , found th t there w in th t country one tree capable of supporting the weight of an “ ” i ma . a i a h Engl sh n M cpherson , whose F ng l ad been “ ” in an im proved the Journey to be pudent forgery, a a a threatened to t ke venge nce with a c ne . The only effect of this threat was that Johnson reiterated the ch arge of

m m m and a a u forgery in the ost conte ptuous ter s, w lked bo t, i m me a c i m dur ng so e ti , with udgel , wh ch , if the i postor h ad too it a not been wise to encounter , would ssuredly a e him to im an a h ve descend d upon , borrow the subl e l gu ge “ own e o m i a amm on th e of his pic p e , l ke h er red son of ” f a the urn ce . Oi a a a s J n to no n a 42 . other ss il nt oh son ok otice wh t H e had a n to a ever . e rly resolved ever be dr wn into con troversy ; and he adhered to his resolution with a steadfast n m extraordinar becau se was ess which is the ore y( he , both al and m a ff intellectu ly or lly , of the stu of which contro r ma i versialists a e . a was a a de In convers tion , he s ngul rly

a a and a i a . at a e ger , cute , pertin cious d sput nt When loss a had and for good re sons, he recourse to sophistry ; , when a a a ma a i a asm he ted by lterc tion , he de unsp r ng use of s rc hi his and . s a invective But, when he took pen in h nd , his whole character seemed to be changed . A hundred bad writers misrepresented him and reviled him ; but not one of the hundred could boast of having been thought

him h a a a . by wort y of refut tion , or even of retort The K am M acN icols and did enricks, C pbells , , Hendersons i a him in a i the r best to nnoy , the hope th t he would g ve a i them importance by answering them. But the re der w ll in vain search his works for any allusion to Kenrick or m ma a M acNicol . O C pbell , to or Henderson ne Scotch n , i i a in am ar defied bent on v nd c t g the f e of Scotch le ning, im m a in a a am h to the co b t a detest ble L tin hex eter .

a m si u o n er c u m M i e t vis c u io c n e d e e . x , , p t t

3 8 LIFE OF S AM UE L JOHNSON

’ tect hi m no trace of s aster s powers . The general opinion was th at the strong faculties which h ad produced the Dictionary and the Ra mbler were beginning to feel the ff im and of as and a m e ect of t e dise e , th t the old an would m 5 best consult his credit by writing no ore . m h 44 . was a a a . Jo nson had ai But this gre t ist ke f led , not because his mind was less vigorous tha n when he wrote

Ra a a a h a ssel s in the evenings of week, but bec use he d ff him a foolishly chosen , or su ered others to choose for , subject such as he wou ld at no time have been competent H a a m a . w s H to tre t e a in no sense st tes an . e never will in l a a a affai of a H g y re d or thought or t lked bout rs st te . e a i a i i of ma loved biogr phy, l ter ry h story, the h story nners ; i i a was i i a f him but pol t c l history pos t vely dist ste ul to . The question at issue between the colonies and the mother country was a question about which he had really nothing i m sa . He a f as a en m fai to y f led , there ore, the gre test ust l when they attempt to do th at for which they are u nfit ; as Burke would have failed if Burke had tried to write come dies like those of Sheridan ; as Reynolds would have failed if Reynolds had tried to paint landscapes like those of a had an Wilson . H ppily, Johnson soon opportunity of proving most sign ally that his failure was not to be ascribed e a a to intell ctu l dec y . m 45 . On a t 1 a E s er Eve , 777, so e persons, deputed by meeting which consisted of forty of the first booksellers in had m a him. London , c lled upon Though he so e scruples a i at a a his i i bout doing bus ness th t se son , he received v s t i i i am m him a ors with much c v l ty . They c e to infor th t a i m new ed tion of the English poets, fro Cowley down a was m a i and ask him f i w rds, in conte pl t on , to to urn sh a fa H e a i th e a short biographic l pre ces . re d ly undertook t sk,

- u ifi His a task for which he was pre eminently q al ed . knowledge of the literary history of England since the a a had Restoration was unriv lled . Th t knowledge he de L I FE OF S AM UE L JOHNSON 3 9

i a f r m and ar f m i r ved p rtly o books, p tly ro sources wh ch had long been closed ; f rom old Gru b Street traditions ; f rom th e talk of fo rgotten poetaste rs and pamphleteers who had long been lying in parish vaults ; from the recol i s of s men as Gi r Walmesle had 5 lect on uch lbe t y , who con

r i i s of u i r had mu i a d ve sed w th the w t B tton ; C bbe , who t l te a s of a i of d rama is s O rr r the pl y two gener t ons t t ; e y, who had a mi s i of if and a a been d tted to the oc ety Sw t ; S v ge, who had rendered services of no ve ry honou rable kind to i a r r f r sa w h is as i Pope . The b ogr phe the e o e te do n to t k w th m H e h ad a t fi rst in i a mind f u ll of atter . tended to g ve n a a a ra r mi a nd f o ly p r g ph to eve y nor poet , only our or m u t fl a fi ve pages to the greatest n a e . B the ood of necdote m v rfl rr r and i i is o e owed a w a . cr t c the n o ch nnel The wo k , i was i i a m a is of a fe w s wh ch or g n lly e nt to cons t only heets, i m s ma u m s it is ru and not swelled nto ten volu e , s ll vol e , t e ,

s ri . fi rst f u a ar in 1 9 re clo ely p nted The o r ppe ed 77 , the x maining si in 1 78 1 . “ i f t are 46. o The L ves the Poe s , on the whole , the ’ r arra i s a re as r ai best of j ohnson s wo ks . The n t ve ente t n n mar if and ma ing as a y novel . The re ks on l e on hu n ori i natu re are eminently sh rewd and p rofound . The t cisms are f a nd r ss and o ten excellent, , even when g o ly

i s s s i . For provok ngly unju t, well de erve to be tud ed , how

ma be a re r i . 2 ever erroneous they y , they neve s lly They 5 are the judgments of a mind trammelled by p rejudice fi i nt in i n u and de c e i i i a d a . sens b l ty, but v gorous c te They therefore generally contain a portion of val u able truth i a a f r m a and at wh ch deserves to be sep r ted o the lloy ; , the m a m i a ais i mu very worst, they e n so eth ng , pr e to wh ch ch of what is called c riticism in our time has no pretensions . ’ 4 s if Joh nson re ri ar as it h 7 . Savage L e p nted ne ly ad

a a in 1 44 . af a i a if i l ppe red 7 Whoever, ter re d ng th t l e , w l turn to the othe r lives will be st ru ck by the diff erence of i h at a in is i m 3 style . S nce Johnson ad been e se h c rcu 5 L IF E OF S AM UE L JOHNSON

s a had i i and h ad a m t nces he wr tten l ttle t lked uch . When , f h e af a a m his there ore , , ter the l pse of ye rs , resu ed pen , the mannerism which he had contracted while he was in the constant habit of el aborate composition was less per ceptible than formerly ; an d his diction f requently h ad a u a a h ad m a colloq i l e se which it for erly w nted . The im provement may be discerned by a skilfu l critic in the “ ” and in i of Journey to the Hebrides, the L ves the Poets is so obvious th at it cannot escape the notice of the a most careless re der . Among the lives the best are perh ap s those of Cow

a nd . r is ryden , Pope The ve y worst , beyond all G a that of r y . r a at am a This g e t work once bec e popul r . There d m and m n : in eed , uch just uch unjust ce sure but even those who were loudest in blame were attracted by m a m the book in spite of the selves . M lone co puted the ai is at five six a g ns of the publ hers or thous nd pounds . m a But the writer was very poorly re uner ted . Intending at first i fa had la for to wr te very short pre ces, he stipu ted

a . only two hundred guine s The booksellers, when they saw far ma had a his mi how his perfor nce surp ssed pro se ,

n a . u ad ded o ly nother hundred Indeed , Johnson , tho gh not af i e m and he did despise . or fect to desp s , oney, though his strong sense and long experience ought to h ave qu ali his m a fied him to protect own interests, see s to h ve been i a i singularly unskilful and unlucky in h s literary b rga ns . He was generally reputed the first English writer of his a i his im time . Yet sever l wr ters of t e sold their copyrights a for sums such as he never ventured to ask . To give

i a R i f a fiv e s ngle inst nce , obertson rece ved our thous nd hun “ and it is dred pounds f or the History of Ch arles V . no disrespect to the memory of Robertson to say th at the ” is a a a and a l History of Ch arles V . both less v lu ble ess ” amusing book than the Lives of the Poets . LIFE OF S A M UEL JOHNSON 41

in - 0 Johnson was now his s r. 5 . eventy second yea The firmities of a e r mi f in g we e co ng ast upon him. Th at in evitable event of which he neve r tho u ght witho u t horro r was brought near to him; and his whole life was d arkened by the sh adow of death . H e had often to pay the cr u el 5 r a s p rice of longevity . Eve y ye r he lo t what could never T he a m had be replaced . str nge dependents to who he i and m in s i of i fa s g ven shelter, to who , p te the r ult , he wa s a a a i r off s trongly tt ched by h b t , d opped one by one ; and in i c of his m r r 1 0 , the s len e ho e, he eg etted even the m i n noise of their scolding atches . The k nd a d generous Th rale was no mo re ; and it would have been well if his u r wife had bee n l aid beside him. B t she su vived to be

a i - s of had i her and the l ugh ng tock those who env ed , to d raw f rom the eyes of the old man wh o had loved her be 1 5 yond anything in the world tears far mo re bitter than he r i s m would h ave shed over her g ave . W th o e estimable and ma a a a i i s she was ma i ny gree ble qu l t e , not de to be nde r of a mi m r s fas a pendent . The cont ol nd o e tead t th n her r h er r s a i i i own was necessa y to e pect b l ty . Wh le she was 20 r i b he r u s a a man of and firmness rest a ned y h b nd , sense , i a in trifies bu t a a s is ndulgent to her t ste , lw y the und puted mas f his u rs ff had im erti ter o ho se , her wo t o ences been p i i and s fits of i i nent jokes , wh te l es , hort pett shness end ng m u was and w in sunny good hu o r . But he gone ; she as 25 f an i w of f i s i i i le t opulent w do orty, w th trong sens b l ty,

a i fa and r u d m . f in vol t le ncy, slende j g ent She soon ell

i a m i - mas r f r m r ia in m love w th us c te o B esc , who nobody ‘ in a mi s lf cou ld discover a . i but her e nyth g to d re Her pr de , and a m f i s a a ai 3 perh ps so e better eel ng , struggled h rd g nst 0 r this degrading passion . But the struggle ir itated her m and at a nerves, soured her te per, length end ngered her i a i a i health . Consc ous th t her cho ce w s one wh ch Johnson a am si u s a f m hi could not pprove , she bec e de ro to esc pe ro s m him i . a a s a nspection Her nner tow rd ch nged . She was 35 42 L IFE OF S AM UEL JOHNSON

and m m sometimes cold so eti es petulant . She did not con ceal her joy when he left Streath am; she never pressed him and if am i to return ; , he c e unb dden , she received him in a manner which convinced him that he was no m H 5 longer a welco e guest . e took the very intelligible

i a . H e ad for as im hints wh ch she g ve re , the l t t e, a ch apter of the Greek Testament in the library which had been formed m a m and by hi self . In sole n tender prayer he commended

and ma i i an the house its in tes to the Div ne protect on , d , with emotions which choked his yoice and convulsed his am a powerful fr e, left for ever th t beloved home for the m and a gloo y desol te house behind Fleet Street, where the few and evil d ays which still remained to him were to run

. 1 783 had a a a m out Here, in June , , he p r lytic stroke, fro i and e a wh ch , however, he recovered , which do s not ppear a a all m a a fa to h ve t i p ired his intellectu l culties . But a i him other m ladies came th ck upon . His asthma tor nt h m n i a m m me ed i day a d night . Drops c l sy pto s made a m their appearance . While sinking under co plication of

a a a ma w i i had dise ses, he he rd th t the wo n hose fr endsh p been the chief happiness of sixteen years of his life had married an Italian fiddler; th at all London was crying sh ame upon her ; and th at the newspapers and magazines filled a ia ma and were with llusions to the Ephes n tron, the ” i am H e m a two p ctures in H let . vehe ently s id that he H e would try to forget her existence . never uttered her am m m ia of met his fl u n n e . Every e or l her which eye he g fir m a fled f m a and into the e . She e nwhile ro the l ughter the hisses of her countrymen and countrywomen to a l and was a a t i where she unknown , h stened cross Moun Cen s, and a i a a m i ma le rned , wh le p ssing erry Chr st s of concerts n m a at a a a man a d le on ade p rties Mil n , th t the gre t with whose name hers is inseparably associated had ceased to

exist . He had m m a and m 5 1 . , in spite of uch ent l uch bodily LI FE OF S AM UE L JOHNSON 43

afiliction m l f . ri e , clung vehe ently to i e The feeling desc b d in that fine but gloomy pape r which closes the series of his Idlers seemed to grow stronge r in him as his last hour d re w H e fa i a s u a ra his a near . nc ed th t he ho ld be ble to d w bre th a i in a ima and a a more e s ly southern cl te , would prob bly h ve 5 for R m and a bu t for his f a of set out o e N ples , e r the expense m a of u . a i had the jo rney Th t expense , ndeed , he the e ns of defraying ; f or he had laid up about two tho u sand f i of a u rs i had ma f r u pounds, the ru t l bo wh ch de the o t ne r Bu t was i i r n of several publishe s . he unw ll ng to b eak i upon this hoard ; and he seems to h ave wished even to keep m of his f ri s its existence a secret . So e end hoped th at the government might be ind u ced to inc rease his pen sion to six hundred pounds a year; but this hope was disappointed ; is i m r a and he resolved to stand one Engl h w nter o e . Th t His s r a r his r a winter was his l ast . leg g ew we ke ; b e th

r r fa a a a r fas in i of g ew sho ter ; the t l w ter g the ed t, sp te i i i s i he a u a ai ai bu t imi nc s on wh ch , cour geo s g nst p n , t d a ai a his ma r and g nst de th , urged surgeons to ke deepe r u a i had mi i a hi deepe . Tho gh the tender c re wh ch t g ted s sufferings d u ring months of sickness at Streatham was

i ra was ft s a . a si w thd wn , he not le de ol te The blest phy cians and s a him and f s surgeon ttended , re u ed to accept r f m fees from him. Burke pa ted ro him with deep emo

m mu - i . i a a in si m a rra 25 t on W ndh s te ch the ck roo , nged the

i and his a a a i p llows , sent own serv nt to w tch n ght by the

. a m man had ri bed Fr nces Burney, who the old che shed i fa i i at w th therly k ndness, stood weep ng the door ; while a i mi u alified him an L ngton , whose p ety e nently q to be a i and mf at s a im r i a dv ser co orter uch t e , ece ved the l st ’ of his i pressure fr end s hand within . When at length the m m a ma a am s o ent, dre ded through so ny ye rs, c e clo e , the ’ da a a a f m J hn n s mi Hi m rk cloud p ssed w y ro o so nd . s te per became unusually patient and gentle ; he ceased to i of a and of a i think w th terror de th , th t wh ch lies beyond 35 44 L I FE DE S AM UE L JOHN SON

de a and m of m of God n th ; he spoke uch the ercy , a d of i f i i the propit ation o Chr st . In th s serene frame of mind m di 1 3 th 1 784 . H e was i he ed on the of Dece ber , la d , a a m am week l ter, in West inster Abbey, ong the emi n men of m h ad i ia — 5 ent who he been the h stor n , Cowley

and am and Ga i an Denh , Dryden Congreve, y, Pr or , d i Add son . i a a — 52 . S nce his de th the popul rity of his works the “ and a a i Lives of the Poets, , perh ps, the V n ty of ” 1 0 ma i — has a imi i Hu n W shes, excepted gre tly d n shed . His Diction ary has been altered by editors till it can scarcely An a Ra mb be called his . llusion to his ler or his Idler is a i not readily apprehended in liter ry c rcles . The fame even “ ” m m of Ra a has a di . ssel s grown so ewh t But , though

1 5 w ma a ce the celebrity of the ritings y h ve declined , the lebrit t he a sa as a as y of writer, str nge to y , is gre t ever . ’ Boswell s book has done for him more th an the bes t of his m m of a i own books could do . The e ory other uthors s m m kept alive by their works . But the e ory of Johnson i 20 keeps many of his works al ve . The old philosopher is still among u s in the brown coat with the metal bu ttons n at a u flin a d the shirt which ought to be w sh , blinking, p g, a mm fin ers a i rolling his he d , dru ing with his g , te r ng his

i and a tea a . meat like a t ger, sw llowing his in oce ns No 25 human being who h as been more th an seventy years in the

grave is so well known to u s . And it is but just to say that our intimate acquaintance with wh at he would him self have called the anfractuosities of his intellect and of his t emper serves only to strengthen our conviction that he

30 was both a eat and a good man .

46 E XPL AN A TOR Y N OTE S

’ sc r fula c an be cu red b a u ch of th e so erei n s h and h ence o y to v g ; , “ ’ ” h e disease is ularl c alled h e in s e il e e M th t t . S acbe pop y k g v , ’ ’ I iii and Ad dison s ac c u n of Sir Ro er d e ov erl isi V . . C e s , , o t g y v t ’ t o W es mins e r A e L w ell s edi ion in his se ries t t bb y ( o t , t , p . “ Qu een Anne w as t he last English sovereign t o tou ch for th e ” ’ e il For m re informa i n on th e su ec see Ch ambers s Book v . o t o bj t, i — 5 o D a s v ol. . . 82 8 . f y , , pp

2 . Her ha nd was a lied in w in Perh a s th e fa h r 5 pp . p t e ao c ou n ed for th e failu re as did man J aco i es on similar occa t , y b t sions b th e reflection h a M ar W illiam and Anne ere , y t t y , , w u su r ers and h eref re c u ld not be e ec e d t o h a e inh er p , t o o xp t v ited a power whic h c ame only with divine right 2 1 1 A ic ure of th e Grammar S c h ol at Lichfield hich . p t o , w w as a end ed b J h ns n Garric and Ad dis n is sh n in tt y o o , k , o , ow ’ ’ Hill s di i n of Boswell s J oh e t o nson. 2 2 2 Attic A i a w as the dis ric of Greece in hich . . tt c t t w h ens w as h e rinc i al ci At t p p ty . Au del o e h i f u 2 usta n ica c tast . T e re n A us us 2 6. g y f g o g t sar 2 7—A D 1 4 w as the ld en a e of Roman li era ure C ae . . ) go g t t

and art .

h l hoo 2 2 7 . T e rea t u b ic sc ls E n la nd are W inch ester g p of g , E on Harro Ru W es mins er Ch ar erh u se S hre s ur t , w, gby , t t , t o , w b y , ’ ’ d M rch T a S t . P au l s an e an l rs hich are su or ed not b , t y o , W pp t , y “ a a ion lik e th e free u lic scho ls of America bu t b t x t , p b o , y nd men s and th e u i i n of a sch lars e ow t t t o p y o . “ h o D urin 2 1 T e rea t restorers lea rnin . the D ark 3 . g f g g th i iliz i i h Rom h a s r es A . D 600 e c a n h c e d e ad Ag ( . v t o w p er Eur e d eca e d and Eur ean s cie fell ac in o a ov op y , op o ty b k t “ ” mi- ar arism The erm Re i al of Learnin i state of se b b . t v v g s usu ally applied to th e special ou tburst of enthu siasm for Greek and L atin literature and art which originat ed with Italian schol ars in th e f u r een h and fifteenth c en u ries and hich is m re o t t t , W o “ ” ro erl c alled th e enaissance F remos amon t he p p y R . o t g res orers of learnin ere P e rarch Bo c ac cio and Poli ian t g w t , c , t I al Erasmu s H lland Casau n France and Sir Th mas ( t y), ( o ), bo ( ), o ore E n land M ( g ). i l P etrarch. The rea es l r c e of I a 1 304 2 3 3 . g t t y po t t y ( and an ard en sch lar H e r e o h in La in and in I alian t o . w ot b t t t , hinmelf prizing most his L atin w ork s ; bu t h e 1 8 now more as fi uni e rsi i i n f r an 3 1 0. E n land h v e es : t wo anc e O o d d g v t t , x C am rid e and hree mod e rn L ondon D u rham b g t , and the V ic toria University

Pembroke oll e n of he en c olle es h a c o m C e . O e t 3 1 3 . g tw ty g t t os th e ni e rsi of O ford Fo r an ac c ou n of th e E n lis h p e U v ty x . t g “ ” “ u ni e rsi ies se e th e enc c lo aedias u nd er Uni e rsi O x v t y p v ty , ” ” m rid ford and C a e . , b g An o sc u re La in au h or circa 400 3 20 M a crobius . . b t t (

hr s hurch O ne of th e mos fashiona le of t he 2 C i t C . 3 7 . t b

f r ol s O x o d c lege . 2 entlema n commoner One w h o a s for his commons 3 3 . G . p y , d en w h o is not d e end e n on an fo und a ion for su i . e . a s u , t t p t y t p or bu t a s all t he u ni e rsi c har es c orres ond in in some p t, p y v ty g p g, American sc h ools t o a a sc h olar as d is in uish ed from one , p y t g

n h ol rshi o a sc a p . ’ ” ’ o e M e ia h P o e s lac e in En lish li era u re is P s ss . 4 8 . p p p g t t so important th at the d e t ails of his life and w ork sh ould be looked up in the ency clopaedias or th e histories of English lit era u re A ood sh or io ra h ill be fou nd in t he En lish t . g t b g p y w g M en of Le ers S e rie s N o oe e c e Sh a e s eare is of ene r tt . p t x pt k p t

uo ed T he M essia h w as ori inall c on ri u ed t o t he S ecta tor q t . g y t b t p .

1 1 sher o a ra mma r school in L eicestershir U e. In Gr a 6 . f g e t “ ” Bri ain rammar sch ools are h ose in hich La in and t , g t w t G ree are au h as t h e rinc i al su ec s of ins ru c ion I k t g t p p bj t t t . n “ ” h eir cu rric ula h e d o not diff e r from t he u lic sc hools t t y p b . “ ” “ means of r S ee no e t o 2 2 7 . Ush er cou se an assis an t , , t t ” as er m t . ’ Politia n 1 454 T he friend o f Lorenzo d e M edi i 6 1 9 . ( c

th e rea a ron of I alian le arnin and one of t he lead ers of ( g t p t t g), ian Renaissan ee no e t o 2 3 1 he al ce S . t It . t 4 rs Eliz eth P orter w as en ears l r h . ab o d e an 6 2 M . tw ty y t

J oh nson .

6 2 9 The ueensberr s a nd La els E n lish families of hi h . Q y p . g g

“ ” 6 T tt A nic name for Eliza e h i . . 3 3 . y k b t vid arrick O ne of th e re a es of E n li sh ors 7 22 . D a G . ac g t t g t , e uall at h ome in ra ed and comed Garric w as so romi q y t g y y . k p 48 E XPLAN A TOR Y N0 TE S

nent in th e life and litera tu re of t h e eigh teenth c entury th at the d e ails of his c areer shou ld be loo ed u in an e n l ia t k p cy c op aed . ’ S ee als Gold smi h s oe m Reta lia tion hic h c on ains a s e c h o t p , w t k t ’ o f Garrick s ch ara c e r t .

7 3 3 . I n the recedin enera tion . Addison for e am le . p g g , x p

8 5 . S evera l writers o the nineteenth centu r e tc F or f y , .

ins anc e B ron S c o Geor e Elio and M ac aula himself t , y , tt , g t , y . S ee In rodu c i n t t o . 2 ee no e 8 1 . S t to 4 8 . 1 7 Thomson ames T h mson a n E n lish oe 8 . . J 700 o , g p t (1

w h ose f ame res s on his S easons The Castle o I ndolence and Ru le t , f , ’ Brita nnia hich a r or h th e s u d e n s a en ion , w e w t t t tt t . Field n H enr Fieldin 1 7 07 h fi 8 1 8 i . t e rst rea . g y g ( g t

n li h n o lis His im or an n els e re o e h E s e . J s A ndrews g v t p t t ov w p ,

o ld T m ones and Ame a A ch armin sh r J na tha n Wi o J li . o s e ch , , g t k t ’ ’ o f Fielding s life is t o be f ou nd in Th ac ke ray s E nglish H u mor t is s.

’ he Be a r s O era b oh n Ga h a d a ru n of si 8 2 0. T J gg p , y y , xty t hree ni h s an d b it s su c c ess anish e d from th e s a e for a g t , y b t g i t ime t he I alian o era h c h it ridic ule d . t p , w ’ 2 9 A orter s knot . A ad f or su or in urd ens on th e 8 . p p pp t g b h ead .

D ru La ne A s ree in the he ar of L ond n ru nnin 9 9 . r . y t t t o , g h n sou h bo mid a e een C h arin ross and t nort a d t a ut w y b tw g C S . ’ a h ed ral In the ime of th e S u ar s it w as an aris cra ic P aul s C t . t t t to t ’ ar of th e c i but a ou J oh nson s ime it s res ec a ili e an p t ty , b t t p t b ty b g t o ane w . A mode bee sho s Alamod e eef w as sc ra s and 9 2 1 . la f p . b p ” i n in a hi s u or s e w re ma nders of beef boile d dow to t c k o p t . ’ M u rra s Dictiona r y y .

1 1 Os e t h as een c onfid ent l rela e d i h man 0 born . I . b y t , w t y e m ellishmen s h a Johnson one d a n c ed Os rne d n in b t , t t y k o k bo ow his sh o i h a f olio and u t his foo u on his nec T he p , w t , p t p k . ‘ s im le r h h fr m J hnson himself Sir h e w as im erti u I ad o . p t t o , p nen t o me and I e a him But it w as not in his sho it w as t , b t . p m ’ — in own ch am er Bos ell. y b . w There is n hin t o ell d eares lad b u t h a he w as inso ot g t , t y , t t len and I ea h im a nd h a h e w as a loc h ead and old of it t b t , t t b k t ,

50 E XPLAN A TOR Y N0TE S when he came int o ecclesiastical p ow er he attempted t o enforce u niformi of orshi b ra nnical measu res ty w p y ty . Lau d soon bec ame

rofou ndl h a ed b t he P a rliamen arians and w as finall b e p y t y t , y h ead ed b ord er of P arliame n in s i e o f th e in r y t . p t te c ession of th e in F or an a cc u n of his c h arac er an k g . o t t d work see Gardi ’ ’ ’ ner s S tudent s Histor o E n la nd or t he E nc d o cedza Brita nnica y f g , y p . ’ S ee also M ac au la s Essa on Ha l a m y y l .

1 H a m d A s man 1 1 5 en. a es m o f h . of h i l t e e C ar es I . famous p t t t , ” f or his resis anc e t o t h e d emand s of t he in for shi - m ne t k g p o y . His life and or sh ould be l ed u in d e ail w k ook p t . Fa lk nd n m 1 1 1 7 . la a d la rendon S a es en of th e ime of C . t t t harl s I and adh er n f t h in C e . e s o e . , t k g Rou ndheads T h adh er n s of a r i m 1 8 . e e P l a en i h 1 1 . t t n t e s ru le a ains h arles I so c alled in ridic u le fr m h i C . e r t gg g t , , o t fashion of earin h eir h air closel c ut T he C a aliers h eir w g t y . v , t onen s ore h eir h air in lon rin le s Opp t , w t g g t . 1 3 5 The Grea t be l he re ellion a ains h rl 1 . Re l ion. T C a es b g t I . ’ T he e xplana tion of Joh nson s p rej u dice against th e S co tch is not ’ o sim le as M ac au la u es s T he assa e in Bos ll s p y s gg t . p g we s J ohnson hich M ac au la r a l h ad in mind is as f ollo s , w y p ob b y , w ‘ Af er musin for some ime h e J hns n said I nd er t g t , [o o ] : wo h ow I sh ould h a e an enemies for I d o h arm to no od ’ v y , b y . B S : In t he first lac e S ir ou ill be leased t o rec ollec O WELL p , , y w p t th at y ou set ou t with attac king th e S c otc h ; so y ou got a wh ole ’ ‘ na i n for ou r enemies J O H N S ON : W h I ow n ha b m t o y . y , t t y y ’ ‘ fini i f o n v e x he m B S ra d e t on o a ts I mea t o . : P Sir t t O WELL y , , ’ c an y ou trac e t he cau se of y ou r antip athy t o t he S c otch ? ‘ ’ ‘ HNS O N c anno ir B S : Old r h erid an sa JO : S M . S s I . t , O WELL y ’ ‘ a h sol h rl h Firs J : T h n it w as ec u se e d C a es t e . O H N S ON e b t y t , S ir old M r Sherid an h as found out a er d reas on ! Th e , . v y goo “ d efinition of oa ts ref erred to w as : A grain which in E ngland is ” enerall i e to h rses but in Sc land su r s th e eo le . g y g v n o , ot ppo t p p The os tion The ar in Parliamen osed t o 1 2 9 . o i pp . p ty t Opp he M inis r t t y . h h h etc h m in w ic J u vena l ad described . 1 2 1 4. T a t noble oe p ,

- h is T he Third Sa tire in hich J u enal A . D . 38 1 2 0 ells w h , w v ( ) t y friend le f Rome to d ell on th e sea - c as Ju v enal is n n to t w o t . k ow u s nl h r u h h is si een S a tires hich occu th e er first o y t o g xt , w py v y ran in sa irical li era u re and are of riceless alu e as ic ures k t t t , p v p t LIFE OF S AM UE L JOHNSON 51

’ of n life n his d a D r d e n s e rsions of hy e o f th e sa ires Roma i y . y v t ar dmira le and shou ld be lo o ed u ood me ric al rans e a . A b , k p g t t ’ ’ ’ s Gifi or s P o e s imi a ions of Hora s a tires and lation i d . p t t ce S ’ ma be fou nd in an lar e li rar J oh nson s London E istles . p y y g b y , ’ ’ v l h r a h oems imi a in J u ena s T i d S tire is in Bales s Lon er E n lis P . t t g , g g ed P a ned 3 1 4 P led . . 1 . g w ’ 1 2 9 The blu e r ba nds in a int T he rib 3 . i S J ames s ua re S q . ’ ons o rn b me m e rs of t he O rd r o f h r t James s e t e Ga e r S . b w y b t . S u are c on ains t he mansio ns o f the D u e of N orfol the Earl q t k k , o f D er t he Bisho of Lo nd on and o her mem e rs of t he by , p , t b a o r rist c acy . Psa lma naza r a Fre nc h ad e n u r r on fam and 1 3 22 . e w e , v t , mone b re e nd in t o be a na i e o f Formosa y y p t g t v .

a te n h in i al rison of Lond on 3 3 1 N ew . O c e t e r c . 1 . g p p p Amon f amou s risone rs c onfined here e re D aniel D e foe J ac g p t w , k h a rd a nd T i u s O a es S e . pp , t t 4 The P ia zza o Covent Ga rden O ri inall th e on en 1 7 . C f . g y v t rd n o f t he mon s o f W es mins er In t h e C o en Ga rd en G a e k t t . v t Piazzas no w nea rl all c lea re d a a th e families o f man dis , y w y , y

h d e rso ns u s t o r s id tinguis e p ed e e . 2 Gru b treet T he name o f a s ree in Lond on mu c h 1 4 6 . S . t t inh a i ed b ri ers of small his orie s dic ionaries and em o b t y w t t , t , t p ” rar oems he nce an me an rod u c ion is c alled Gru S ree y p w y p t b t t . ’ h s cti na r J o nson D i o y .

r rton W illiam W ar u r on 1 698 Bisl1 0 1 5 a bw . 5 . W b t ( p f lou s er a c ele ra ed c ri ic and c on ro e rsialis For o G ce . t , b t t t v t . ’ ’ s e oh nso n s o e Johnson s estima te o f him e J Life f Pop . ’ 1 5 Cheste eld C hesterfield s L etters to his Son is s ill 1 5 . rfi . t “ onsid ered a classic J ohnson said of it T a e ou t th e immo c . , k ralit and it sh ould be u t in o th e h and s o f e er oun y , p t v y y g e n l man g t e . ” ’ 1 6 The a nit uma n Wishes is in o h Hales s Lo er 5 . V y of H b t ng ’ E n lish Poems and le F rom Milton to Tenn son T he assa g Sy s y . p ges referred t o by M ac aulay sh ou ld be looked u p a nd c omp ared with ’ he assa es from u v enal s enth a tire S ee no e on 2 1 4 t J T S . p g t 1 . 6 2 9 H ed u n m n ea r b 1 . is tra be a s e ore This w as Irene g y , g y y f . see the lo o f hic h c once rns the unha lo e of ( p . p t w ppy v M ah ome th e Grea firs t em eror of the Tur s for a eau iful t t, p k , b t Gree ca i e named Irene k pt v . 52 E XPLAN A TOR Y N O TE S

’ 1 32 Goodman s Fields N ot f ar from th e T 6 . . er of L n ow o d on . 35 D ru r L a ne Thea tre O ne of th e 1 6 . y . old est and most

im or an of t he L nd on h ea res first o ened in 1 674 i h an p t t o t t , p , w t d d ress b D r d en se e ral imes re u il a . H ere Garric K ean y y v t b t k , ,

th e K embles and M rs Siddons u sed t o a t F o . c . r D ru r L a , y ne see no e t o 9 t 9 . 3 H e ha d not the sli htest notion o wha 1 7 0. g f t bla nk verse shou ld

be For a disc u ssi n of ha lan erse shou l . o w t b k v d and sh ou ld n ot ’ b e see Lanier s T he Science o E n lish erse ’ , f g V C arson s ’ Primer of E nglish V erse (Ginn and or Gu mmere s Ha ndbook of P oetics (Ginn an d

1 he Ta tler The e ta h f rm ‘ 8 6 7 T . S c tor T e o er w . . as a e ri , p p

odic al es a lished b Ric hard S e ele in 1 709 and w as th e fore« t b y t , runne r of n lish li erar ma azines It ran su cc essfu ll o E g t y g . y f r nearl ears T wo m n h s a f er the la s nu m er f h y two y . o t t t b o t e Ta tler th e S ecta tor a eare d u lish ed e er ee d a and , p pp , p b v y w k y, su or ed chiefl b th e c n ri u i ns o f Add ison assis ed b pp t y y o t b t o , t y l The ecta tor ran i h rea suc cess u n il 1 S e e e . S 7 1 3 h en it t p w t g t t , w

w as su c cee d ed b t he Gu a rdia n th e las eriodic al on hic h y , t p w iso an eele rk ed e h er The s u d en w h o i n Add n d St wo tog t . t t s ot familiar with the Ta tler a nd t he Sp ecta tor sh ould mak e th eir a u ain ance at nce For an in ere s in ac c ou n of th e ec cq t o . t t g t Sp ’ Ta ler see the In r d u c ion in D r Lo ell s e i i n f ta tor a nd the t . d o o , t o t w t h r o er de overle a ers in his series Fo r a fu ller ac c oun t e S i R g C y p p t . t ’ o h ese fam u s eri dic als see M acaula s E ssa on Addison o r f t o p o , y y , ’ h o e s In o ddison in t h e E n lish M en of Le ers eries C ourt p ye f A g tt S . 2 1 Richar dson S amu el Rich a rd s n 1 689 t he 1 8 . . o ( fam u s E n lish n elis w ho ro e P a mela Clarissa Ha rlowe and o g ov t w t , ,

S ir Cha rles Grandison .

You n Ed ard u n 1 681 an E n lish oe 1 2 3 . 8 . g w Yo g ( g p t, f h hou hts b est k nown or his N ig t T g .

rtle Da id H ar le 1 705 a h sician and s ch oloe' Ha y . v t y ( p y p y

is a friend of W ar u r on u n and Bish o Bu ler. g t, b t , Yo g , p t “ d eed as f ar as w e rec ollec 1 8 24 . Ba bb D oddin ton. In g , t , th ere w ere in the whole H ou se of Commons only t w o men of dis t inguish ed abilities wh o w ere not c onnected with th e gove rn n nd h se t w o men s ood so low in u lic es ima ion me t a t o t p b t t , th a t t h e only service Whic h th ey c ou ld h av e rend ered to any en o ose it e s ea of Lord g ove rnment w ou ld h ave be t opp . W p k

54 E XPL AN A TOR Y N0 TE S

Lord shi I w as o er o ered li e th e res of mankind b the p , v p w , k t , y e nc h antment of y ou r ad d re ss a n d c ou ld not f orb ear t o wish th at I migh t b oast my self le va inqu ewr dw oainqueu r de la terre th a t I migh t obtain tha t regard f or w hich I saw t he w orld c on t ending ; bu t I f ou nd my a ttend anc e so little enc ou raged th a t nei h e r rid e nor m d es uld su ffer me t o c on inu e it W hen t p o ty wo t . I h ad once add re ssed u r lord shi in u lic I h ad e h au s ed all yo p p b , x t t h e a rt o f ple asing whic h a re tired and u nc ou rtly scholar c an ossess I h a e d ne all ha I c ou ld and no p . v o t t man is w ell leased ha e hi s a ll ne lec ed be it e er so li le p to v g t , v tt . S e en e ars m L rd h a e now assed sinc e I ai ed in our v y , y o , v p , w t y ou tw ard rooms or w as re pu lsed from y ou r d oor d u ring wh ic h time I h av e been pu shing on my w ork th rough diffi c u lties of hich it is u seless t o c om lain and h a e rou h it at las t o th e W p , v b g t t er e of u lica ion i h ou one ac t of assis anc e one rd of v g p b t w t t t , wo encou ra emen or one smile of f a r S uc h rea men I did not g t , vo . t t t r I ne er h a a a r n f e e ec fo d e or . xp t , v p t o b Th e sh e h erd in ir il re at las ac u ain e d i h L e and p V g g w t q t w t ov , f ou nd him a na i of th e rock s t ve . Is not a a ron m L ord one w h o lo s i h u nc once rn on p t , y , ok w t a man s ru lin f or life in t he a er and h en h e h as rea c h ed t gg g w t , w grou nd enc u mbers him with h elp 7 T h e notic e w hich y ou hav e e en leased t o a e of m la ors h ad it e en e a rl h ad ee n b p t k y b , b y , b kind bu t it h as een d ela ed ill I am indiff eren a nd canno b y t t , t en o it ill I am soli ar and c ann im ar it ill I am j y ; t t y , ot p t t n n and d o not an it I h O e it is no e r c nic al as e ri k ow , w t . p v y y p ty not t o c nfe ss li a ions h e re no be nefi t has een recei ed or o ob g t w b v , t o be u nwilling th a t t h e p u blic shou ld c onsid e r me as owing tha t t o a a ro n hic h m d o for m s lf p t w Provid ence h a s e nable d e to y e . H aving c arrie d on my w ork t hu s far with so little obligation t o an fa orer of learnin I shall not be disa oin e d h ou h I y v g , pp t t g sh ould c nclud e it if less be ossible i h less for I h a e o , , w t v b ee n long w ak ened f rom th a t re am of h op e in which I once as ed m self i h so mu ch e u l a ion m Lord bo t y w t x t t , y , ’ u r Lord shi s m s hum le mos o e dien ser an Yo p o t b , t b t v t , AM O H N N . J S O S .

5 H ke oh n H orne an eminen En lish oli i 2 1 1 ome Too . J . , t g p t c ian a nd hil lo is h ose c on ersa ion al o ers ri alled h ose p o g t , w v t p w v t ’ h in t h n Bos ell s J o nson 1 7 7 8 . T h e assa e e of J oh ns . S ee o w , p g P r a ce hich m e d H orne so d ee l is o f en u o ed as a s eci ef , w ov p y , t q t p ’ men of Joh nson s es s le and is a s follo s b t ty , w

In his ork h en it shall be f ou nd h a mu ch is omi ed t w , w t t tt , let it not be forgotten tha t mu c h lik e wise is p erf ormed and h ou h no o w as e er s ared ou t of end erness t o t h e au h or t g b ok v p t t , and t he world is little s olicitou s t o k no w whence p roc eed e d t he LIFE OF S AM UE L JOHNSON 55

fau lts of th at whic h it c ond emns yet it may g ra tify curiosity to Inform it th a t t h e E nglish D ic tiona ry w as w ritte n with little as sist anc e of t h e lea rne d and i h ou an a rona e of the rea , w t t y p t g g t h ot in th e so f o bsc u ri ies o f re ire me n o r und e r t he sh e l e r of t t t t , t aca d emic o e rs bu t a mid s inc on e nie nc e and d is ra c ion in b w , t v t t , d i so rro It ma re ress t he ri u m h o f mali sic kne ss an n w . y p t p g nan c ri ic ism t o o se r e ha if ou r lan ua e is no t h ere fu ll t t b v , t t g g y d is la e d I h a e o nl f a ile d in an a em hic h no h u man p y , v y tt pt w o rs ha e h i h e r o c o m le d If t he le c o ns o f a nc ien p we v t t p te . xi t o n u es now immu a l fixe d and c o m rised in a fe w olu mes t g , t b y , p v , be et af e r t he o il o f suc c essi e a es ina d e ua e a nd d elu si e y , t t v g , q t v if t he a re a ed no le d e and co - o e ra in d ili e nc e o f the gg g t k w g , p t g g I alian a cad e mic ians d id no t sec u re h e m fro m th e c e nsu re o f t , t Beni if t he e m odied c ri ics of F ranc e he n fift e ars h ad b t , w y y e en s e n u on he ir or e re o li ed t o c h an e its e co nom b p t p t w k , w b g g y , and i e he r sec ond e di io n ano he r f orm I ma su re l be c on g v t i t t , y y en ed i ho u t t he ra ise o f e rfec io n hich if I c ould o ain t t w t p p t , w , bt , in his loo m of sol u d e h a c ou ld it a ail me ? I h a e ro t g it , w t v v p t rac te d my work till mos t o f those wh om I wished t o ple ase h ave su n in o t he ra e a nd suc c ess and misc arria e are em k t g v , g pty sound s I he re fore d is miss it i h fri id ra n u illi h av m t w t g t q ty , g ” li le to f ar or h O e from c e nsure or from raise tt e p p .

a n ua The T u o i lan u a s are hose 2 0 Teu tonic l e. e n c e 1 3 . g g t g g t o en b the T eu onic or Ge rman races e Ge rman D u ch S t . . p k y t , , , t , h D anish edish etc as d is in ish ed from the Romanc e E n lis S . u g , , w , , t g in lan ua es t e I alian anish F rench etc M u ch or La . . S . t g g , , t , p , , ligh t is thrown o n t he origin and me aning of E nglish w ords by a knowledge of kind red w ord s in the o t her langu ages of th e oni rou T eut c g p . 2 a s sca rcel a Teu tonic la n ua e Ah e a e ra ed 2 1 3 . W y g g . x gg t ’ n n s f n f in In reference t o J oh so o d ness for word s o Latin orig .

- the P r ace to the Dictiona r se en tw o er cen . of t he ord s ef y , v ty p t w

n lish n nl n - i h d E t e. T u oni ori n a d o e e are of ol . e c i g , , t g , y tw ty g t n f La in or Gree ori in e . o p er c t t k g . 1 33 u nius a nd n Franc is unius 1 5 9— 1 67 and 2 . J Ski ner J 8 8 . ( ) S teph en Skinne r ( 1 62 3 were scholars who devoted them t he s u d f th u oni lan a es H ow li h l selves t o t y o e T e t c gu g . g t y Johnson took his e tymologic al labors may be gathered from the following anec d ote

‘ D r Ad ams found him J ohnson one d a us at his Dic . [ ] y b y ’ tionar hen the follo in d ialo u e ensu ed y , w w g g “ S his is a rea or ir Ho r T S . w a e ou to e a A . t ll DAM g t w k , y g the etymologies 56 E XPLAN A TOR Y N OTE S

“ JO H NS ON . W h S ir h e re is a sh elf i h J uniu s and S in‘ y , , w t , k ner a nd h ers and h ere is a W elch en leman wh o h s 4 , ot t g t a p ub lish ed a c llec i n of W e lc h ro er s w h o ill h el m o t o p v b , w p e with the

W elc h .

A S . But Sir h ow c an ou d o his in h ree ar DAM , . y t t y e s 7

J O H N S O N . S ir I h a e n o d ou h a I c an d o it in hree ears , v bt t t t y . Bu t h e r n A A S . t F e c h c ad em hic h c onsis s of f or DAM y , w t ty mem e rs o o for ea rs t o c o m il h ir i ionar e e d c . b , t k ty y p t t y “ JO H NS ON . S r h u s it is. T his is t he ro or ion Let me i , t p p t . s ee for imes f r is si een h u nd re A s h re o si n ty t o ty xt d . t e t xtee h u nd red so is t he ro or i n of an E n lishman t o a F rench , p p t o g ” ’ m n — Bo 4 a . s ell s L e 1 7 7 . w if ,

- 2 2 5 . S u n in houses ere ic u allin h ou ses or a e rns p g g w v t g t v , fre u en l elon in t o bailifi s h ere ers ns arre s ed for d e q t y b g g , w p o t bt w ere k e pt by a b ailiff for twe nty - fou r hours be fore being lodge d in rison in ord e r h a h eir friend s mi h h a e an o or u ni p , t t t g t v pp t ty

f se lin h e d e T he f ollo in is t h e h alf- o tt g t bt . w g joc ose d e finition ’ of J ohnson s D ictiona r : S un in - h u se a h ou se t o hich y p g g o , w d e ors are a en efore c ommi men t o rison h ere t he ailiff s bt t k b t t p , w b ” o h m or rio at heir c os s on e u n e . p g p t , t t t 2 1 9 en ns S c ame en ns 1 04 Johns n J . 7 o u s l 2 . y J y ( j t y c ond emne d his In u ir as a sli h a nd sh allo a em t o solv e q y g t w tt pt ,

e o f mos diffi c ult of m ral ro lems on t h e t o p b . His o Ra ssela s Prince o A s n 2 3 4 Rassela s. The tor b si ia . y f , f y . in n lish n « Pu lished in 1 75 9 . F re u en l re rin ed E a d ra ns b q t y p t g , t r i n e Bi lio ra h la ed in o man fo e n la u a s S ee . t t y g g g . b g p y ’ u r r in h erid an f mo u M iss I/ dia La n ish. A ch a ac e S s a s 2 3 6 . y g t ma b e inferr d fro m h c med The Riva ls . H er e c uliari ies e er o y , p t y

name .

’ e m s Bruc e 1 7 30- 1 804 w as th e m s 2 4 4 Bru ce s Trav ls. J a e . ( ) o t l i an r rs celebrate d of th e ear y Afr c e xplo e .

Bu Ed m nd Bu r e 1 29 ora or and s a es 24 rke . u 7 8 . k ( t t t man dis in uish ed a o e all t he men o f his ime s for e l u e nc e , t g b v t oq

and li ic al f resi h and i h ou d ou one of th e mos cul i po t o g t , w t t bt t t ’ n u r ee P rofess r C oo s e di y a ted men of th e eighteenth ce t y . S o k ’ i n of Bur e s S eech on Concilia tion with America in th e resent t o k p , p i s ser e .

’ man of ohnson s ime J . M rs . L A i erar 9 . ennom l 2 4 . t y wo t Sh e w as a rea f a ori e i h J ohnson w ho ci ed h er in his g t v t w t , t Dictiona r and a e a su er in h er h onor c ele ra e th e ub y , g v pp to b t p

5 8 E XPLA N A TOR Y N 0 TE S

’ ’ B s ell s J ohnson 1 763 H a re s Wa lks in London v ol. i . 204 o w , ; , , pp . ’ M r. L an s oo T he Cook L a ne Ghost or t h e in eres in g b k , , t t g arti ’ ’ cle in H a r er s M a a zine Au u s M ac aula s p g ( g t , y ac c ount of h affair is u n us t Joh nson t e j t o . h h l An n li 2 . C u rc i l E sh oe an 2 6 8 . g p t d satirist (1 73 1

now remem ered as mu ch f or his rofli ac as for his oe r b p g y p t y . ’ Some o f his lines on the Coc k Lane Ghost are reprinted in Hare s in n Wa lks Londo .

’ P o o u s S ee ha e s eare H m 2 7 1 0 l ni . S s a let . . k p m M e ter The h e ro of a am 2 1 1 ilhel is . f ou 7 . W s novel of the m h T h emar n h h r same na e b G e e . e r s o t e c a ac er of Hamle , y o t k t t ,

hic h M acaula refers are u o ed in th e In r d uc ion to M r w y to, q t t o t . ’ f i i n o f m t H r r Rol e s e d t o Ha le ( a pe ). B Ben J ns n 1 5 74 n 0. en e to 2 7 3 . o o ( xt his friend Sha es eare t he re a es drama is of the Eliza e h an a e k p , g t t t t b t g .

2 8 2 3 . E sch lu s E u ri ides S o hocles . T he h ree rea ra i , y , p , p t g t t g c

- e s of Gre ece . Of heir hu nd re d and fift ei h d ramas po t t two y g t ,

onl hir - h m n u s T he c hief y t ty two av e c o e dow to . w orks of s h l —4 a r P rometheus Bou n and A E c u s 5 25 5 B C . e d amen y ( 6 . ) g non;

of So h ocles 495 —4 05 E cli us T rannu s E di us Ooloneu s p ( p y , p ,

and Anti one of E u ri ides 485—406 Alcestis E lectra g p ( , 7 I hi enia in Ta u ris Orestes Ba cchce and I hi enia in Au lis p g , , , p g .

2 5 6 M as n F ord D ecker ebste M a r mon 8 . si er W r low Bea u t , g , , , , , ,

or F letche r D rama is s of th e Eliza e h an A e c on em orar . t t b t g , t p y i h Sh a e s eare w t k p . 1 6 Th o a Acad em The ld es and mos influential e R l . 2 8 . y y o t t ins i u ion in Lond on c nnec ed i h th e Fine Ar s f ound ed in t t t o t w t t , 1 76 J oh nson w as a in e d P r fess r in Anc ien Li era ure 8 . ppo t o o t t t t h e ear af er it w as fou nd ed and a ou t h e same ime Gold smi h y t , b t t t “ ” w An ie n His or O f his a oin as elec te d P rofessor in c t t y . t pp t men Goldsmi h ri in t o his ro h er in J annar 1 770 said : t, t , w t g b t y , , “ Th e King h as lately b een ple ase d to mak e m e P rofessor of Ancient History in a Royal Acad emy of P ainting which h e h as u s es a lish e d but he re is no salar anne ed and I oo it j t t b , t y x , t k rath er as a c ompliment to the institu tion th an any bene fit t o m self H nors t o one in m si u a i n are s me hin lik e y . o y t t o o t g ” ruth es n h n shir to o e t at w a ts a t . ldsmi h 1 7 28 the au hor 2 3 1 . Goldsmith Oli er Go 9 . v t ( t of th e finest oem The D eserted Villa e th e m s e uisi e no el p ( g ), o t xq t v LIFE OF S A M UEL J OHN S OIV 59

The V ica r o Wa ke eld and th e mos d eli h ful c omed She ( f fi ), t g t y ( o s to Con uer of the eriod t o hich he elon s For an S t op q ) p w b g . e c ellen sh or ac cou n of him see the In rod u c ion t o M iss x t t t , t t ’ J ord an s edi ion of The V ica r o Wa k eld in his series or t f efi t , ’ M acau la s L e in t he E nc d o cedia Brita nnica y if y p ,

Re nolds Sir osh u a Re nold s 1 2 3 h r 2 . J 7 t e fi s 2 9 3 y . y ( t

resid en of the Ro al Ac adem and ene rall ac no led ed as p t y y , g y k w g t h e head of the E nglis h sc hool of p ainting in t he e ighteenth cen ’ ur H e w ro e muc h on ar and c on ri u ed at ohnson s . t J t y t , t b t , re ues h re e a e rs t o t he Idl r q t , t p p e .

2 34 Gibbon. Ed ard Gi o n 1 7 37 au h or o f t he 9 . w bb ( t Histor o the D ecline a nd Fa ll o the Roma n Em ire ro a l t he y f f p , p b b y es his orical or e e r ri en in E n lish ones i rea J . S r g t t t w k v w tt g . W illia m J ones 1 746 a rea O rien al sc holar th e fou nd er ( g t t , and fi rst p resid e nt o f t he Roy al Asia tic S ocie ty for inv estigating ” t he his or an i u i ies ar s sciences a nd li era u re of Asia t y , t q t , t , , t t . 2 ilkes oh n il 1 1 W . J W es 7 27 a m n o b h 3 . k ( a f ad c a r ac er romine n in t he oli ics of his d a and no orious chiefl t , p t p t y , t y for p rosec u tions brough t against him tha t involved t h e libe rty of t he ress A f ull ac c ou n of him ill be fou nd n ’ p . t w i M a c au lay s ’ ’ E ssa on the E a rl Cha tha m or in Gard ine r s S tu dent s Histor y of , y

h 3 1 4 . W i eld Geor e W hi held 1 7 1 4 one of t he tfi . g t ( fou nd ers of M e hodism c ele ra ed for t he o e r o f h is reac h t , b t p w p in hic h w as u su all d one in t h e en air H e mad e se en g, w y Op . v missionar ou rne s t o Ame ri a ome in r s in nf y j y c . S te e t g i ormatio n ’ a ou him is i en in Ben amin Fran lin s Au tobio ra h b t g v j k g p y .

3 2 2 7 . Sou thwa rk. O u t he sou h side of the T hames S trea t t . ha m ommon n Sou h ond n C , i t L o .

Bu ck 3 3 1 1 . . D and . M a cca roni T he ord is ri y . w d e ved from t he M acaroni c lu ins i u ed b a set of h ash men wh o h ad b , t t t y y ra elled in I al and in rod uced I alian macaroni a Al ’ t v t y, t t t mack s ”— ’ su scri ion a le . Bre er s H a ndbook o P hra se and Fable b pt t b w f .

. the familia r h rase in an ee D ood l Of p Y k e . 3 4 1 0 The Mitre . Ta vern. A a ern in Mi re C our 011 Flee t v t t , t S ree famous for its li erar assoc ia ions t t , t y t .

25 Lord M a ns eld 1 04 - 3 5 . fi ( 7 was Chief J ustice of th e ’ Kin s Bench g . 4 M ac h m 3 6 . erson , J a es M ac herson or M cPhe rson p p , ( 1 7 38 60 E XP LAN A TOR Y N0 TE S

w h o p rofessed to h av e found in the Highland s of S cotland “ ” f ra men s of ancien e r in Gaelic ransla ions of hic h g t t po t y , t t W h e u lished in 1 7 62 u nd er th e i le Fin a l a n E ic P oem in S ix p b t t , g , p ,

Books b Ossia n . T he au h en ici of his or w as d ou ed , y t t ty t w k bt , and critic s d emand ed a vie w of the o riginal poems ; but M ac ph erson died withou t disclosing th e originals of his p rofesse d d isco eries v . m l M 3 6 2 8 . The Kenricks Ca bel s acN icols a nd Hendersons , p , , . T he c u rious stud ent will be inte rested to look u p the re f erenc es ’ ’ t o th ese critics in t h e ind e x t o Hill s e dition o f Boswe ll s L if e of

J ohnson .

3 me tu vis et c M os s M axi si . earne l d o i 3 6 5 . I d es re , , t t y , f ou are illin measure m s ren h i h ou i . y w g, to y t gt w t y Rich ard Ben le 1 662 an E n i i 1 2 Bentle . lish c r 3 7 . y t y ( g t c fam u l s i al sch lar a nd o s c a s c o .

2 Taxa tion no T ra nn . T his or w as in end ed as an 3 7 8 . y y w k t ’ ns er t o Bu r e s eech on oncilia tion with America a w k Sp C . n Rich ard W ils n 1 7 1 4— 1 7 an eminen En 3 8 2 2 Wilso . . o ( t g ish land s a e ain er l c p p t .

wle A raham C le 1 61 8 8 3 0. Co 3 y . b ow y ( i 35 T he Restora tion . T he re s ra on 1 660 of th e S u ar 3 8 . to t ( ) t t in s af er th e C mmon eal h and t he P r ec ra es of Oli er k g , t o w t ot to t v n hi n Ric h ard C romw ell a d s so . Bu tton Bu n w as t he r rie r of a 9 6 The wits . 3 . of tto p op to c ofi ee hou se wh ere p olitical and literary wits resorted in th e l i i h n h n u r Gibber. C le C er e arly p art of th e e g t ee t c e t y . o y bb

1 67 1 a sec nd - ra e En lish ac r and la ri h a ( o t g to p yw g t , p ’ - n 30 S ee Bos e ll s J ohnson . p ointed p oe t lau reat e i 1 7 . w f O rrer au h r of a I/ e o 3 9 Orrer . Th e fifth e arl o 7 . y y , t o if f ’ w t ee B s ell s J ohnson . S if . S o w on h an S if 1 667 th e c ele ra ed wit 3 9 S w t . J a 8 . if t w t ( b t

sa iris His life and r s sh ould be l ed u in d e ail. and t t . wo k ook p t

’ o the P oets S ee Johnson s sk e tch in Lives f . n ass Sero c s o no ver honou rable kind . S a e h ad ee 3 9 9 . i e f y vag b o f h D u nc a d c iat e d with P op e in th e p u blic ation o t e i . ” Bi lio ra h . 1 9 The [d oes the P oets. S ee 3 9 . of b g p y

M a Edmu nd M alone 1 741 a c ele ra ed 40 1 7 lone. . ( b t h s are c ritic and c omment ator on S ak e pe .

- His name w as Pi zzi m om Brescia , A mu sic aster r , 41 2 8 . f o

62 EXPLANA TOR Y N0TES

c om le e th e ork M u ch h as e e n asse r e p t w . b p d ove withou t com men from a c on ic i n h a it is ise force t h e un s u d en t , v t o t t w to yo g t t t o d e end as li le a s ssi le on no es and as mu ch as ssi le p tt po b t , po b on his own eff or s in u d in h a informa ion h e reall need s t , j g g w t t y , and h ow h e ma es secu re it H o e er h e d es it the u il y b t . w v o , p p ’ mu st master t h e t e xt o f M ac au lay s Life of J ohnson as thorou ghly ’ a s he uld the e of Cicer s Ora tion a a inst Ca tiline Th e wo t xt o g . L e is resc ri ed for ac u al stu d not for rea din and th e if p b t y , g, stud ent mu st not leave it until h e h as gone throu gh it w ord by ord allu sion b allu sion sen enc e b sen ence H e mus w , y , t y t . t u nd ers and e ac l w h a M acaula mean Th a d oes not n e ces t x t y t y t . t sarily imply th at he sh ou ld k no w all about e v ery ch arac t er t o hom M ac aula re fers but it d oes mean h a he sh ould no w y , t t k w e nough abou t th e su bj ec t of e ach refe re nc e to und erst and why t w as mad e T o assis th e u il in es in th e e en and i . t p p t t g xt t accu rac of his reliminar s u d th e follo in u es ions h a e y t p y t y , w g q t v een re are d t o hich ans ers ill n ot be f ou nd in th e re b p p , w w w p din lana r o es The will indic a e th e sor of u nder c e g E xp to y N t . y t t s and in of the e h a th e u il mu s in some w a a ain A t g t xt t t p p t y tt . few may app ear trivial ; but wh oev er h as g one c onscientiously through th e labor of prep aring b oy s for c ollege in English will re alize th at seemingly trivial qu estions are often not Withou t

v alu e Sim le hin s are e asil o erloo ed . . p t g y v k

S P E CI M E N QUE S T ION S ON THE T EX T : FO R ORAL REV I EW on X W h a d oes M acaula mean b W RITT EN E AMINATION . t y y A ugu sta n delicacy of taste (2 2 6) 7 Is L atin t aught in England in a w ay t o which w e are not accu stomed 7 Why gown (4 2) 7 Explain refra cted (5 registra r (6 ceruse (6 ordina ries ( 9 D efine sy cop ha ncy ( 9 J u st wh at is meant by p arts

1 1 1 3 7 B illoried ma n led with the shea s whi ed a t the ( ) y p , g r , pp ’ ca rt s ta il ( 1 1 2 7) 7 By ha ck ( 1 3 6) 7 By J ewish rabbis a nd Chris tianf a thers ( 1 3 2 3) 7 W hy p a lm (1 6 8) 7 Is m m ( 1 6 1 7)a familiar word 7 W hat does a cidu la ted mean (1 7 1 5) 7 Why closet ( 1 7 2 9) 7 W h at is a turgid style ( 1 9 1 5) 7 Comment on a re known to every body ( 1 9 W hat is the difi erence betw e en th e a u thority of a D icta tor and tha t a Po e 2 1 1 2 7 W ha is a olio 2 1 4 7 of p ( , ) t f ( ) Wh a is th e d eri a i n and ha th e me anin of lexico ra her t v t o , w t g, g p (2 1 etymologist (21 2 9) 7 W hat is meant by sheets ( 22 LIFE OF S AM UEL J OHN SON 63

By ep ithet (2 3 2 0) 7 By women are ma rried withou t ever being seen (24 1 2) 7 D efine a dj u n ct (26 T o wh at langu age d oes Pomp oso b elong (26 3 2) 7 W hat is meant by happ y conj ectu ra l emenda tion ( 27 1 5) 7 By p eriod (28 W ha t is t he S ou thern Cross (30 Explain qua rto (3 1 How c ou ld J oh nson h ave an ap a rtment at a brewery (32 26) 7 W ha t is a sguire (34 3 2) 7 Explain Celtic (35 Why is th e line q u ot ed a detesta ble La tin hexa meter ( 36 34) 7 Wh y a t tha t season (38 2 8) 7 W h a t is me ant b oeta sters 3 9 3 7 E lain t he re fe renc e in Cibber who ha d y p ( ) xp , mu tila ted the la s o two enera tions dra ma tists 3 9 6 7 7 W hat p y f g qf ( , ) is the me anin and h a the d eri a ion o f a n raetuositiea g, w t v t , f (44 and w hy d oes M ac au lay u se th e w ord 7

N ot eve n w h en the pu pil h as mastered t he f ull meaning of the e ord fo r ord and sen enc e fo r se n e nc e is it safe to t xt , w w , t t , ’ assu me h a h e h a s M a cau la s id eas h orou hl in mind That t t y t g y . mu s be mad e ce r ain b re u irin c areful summaries The t t y q g . pu pil sh ould red u ce th e th ou gh t o f e ach p aragraph t o a single sen ence sh ou ld d e e rmine h a are t he main id eas o f th e h ole t , t w t w com osi ion a nd h en ma e a sch eme of the s ru c u re Su ch a p t , t k t t . ’ plan from M ac aulay s E ssa y on H ilton is h ere rep rinted as a good e x ample o f what a thou ghtful analysis of a similar piece of ri in sh ou ld sh o w t g w .

- F R RKS D esc ri ion of a heolo i al 1 PR RY . c 8 . E ATO EMA pt t g

or b J oh n M il on la el d isco ered . w k y t , t y v ’ — msr' D rv rsron O F E ssa y M 'r n s 49 . F H rL o P RY 8 T E OET . ’ — Firs o ic Is Mil on s lac e am n th e re a e s mas 8 1 8 . t t p t p o g g t t t ers 7 Y es for h e riu m h ed o e r th e d iffi cu lt o f ri in oe r , t p v y w t g p t y h i lized socie A discu ssion of th e in the midst of a hig ly c vi ty . i liz a ion relation of p oetry t o c vi t . — ’ 2 S econd o ic M il on s La in oe r . 1 8 0. t p t t p t y

20- 2 5 Third o ic : Some s ri in c h arac eris ics of Mil . t p t k g t t ’ i me hod s A d esc ri ion of the effec rodu ced b the t on s poe t c t . pt t p y ’ m l Alle s i eness of the ords he u se s . E a es L p eculiar sugge t v w x p , P enseroso pro and I l . ’ - Four h o ie Mil on s d rama ic oe r . Lik e th e 25 30. t t p z t t p t y

’ ’ ‘ C ros ell s edi ion of Macaula s E ssa on H ilton in From Mr. w t y y , 64 E XPLAN A TOR Y N0TE S

G reek d rama it h as mu ch of th e l ric ch ar h ac er. T e Gr , y t eek d rama a nd S a mson A onistes Oomus and th e I alian M as u es g t q . — 3 0 4 7 . Fif h o ic : P a radise Lost Parallel een i t t p . betw M l ’ t on and D an e A d iscu ssion o f M il on s su eri ri in h t . t p o ty t e man a ement of the a enc o f su erna u ral ein s g g y p t b g . 4 —4 i o ic Th e sonne s 7 9 S h . . xt t p t ’ 49 - 87 S E C O N D D rv rsron O F H E S S AY M IL T O s . T E N C ONDUC T ! T H E C U C O F H I S P Y s o m'rns s A R A s c . 49 a CITI EN. OND T A T ’ 2 Firs ic M il on s oinin the ar of t he P arliamen in 7 . t top t j g p ty t

- nd er t he im ressions d eri from s 642 . 49 5 1 U ed e en een h 1 . p v v t t and e i h een h c en u r li era ure man E n lishmen fail t o see g t t t y t t , y g th at th e Long P a rliament w as d efending p rinc iples of govern men a cc e e d b all E n land sinc e 1 688 and now s ru lin t pt y g , t gg g

ni i n in th res of h e orld 5 1 - T h e r l e t 57 . e e li f or recog t o t w . b on li m n a ains Ch arles I is h ere fore u stified b a c of P ar a e t g t . t j y om arison oin b oin i h the loriou s Re olu ion d e hronin p , p t y p t , w t g v t t g ’ - Admi in h en h e us ice of P arliamen J ames II . 5 7 72 . t s tt g , t , j t t uarrel i h th e kin w as h eir re ellion t oo s ron a measu re 7 q w t g , t b t g W hen are re volu tions j u stifi ed 7 ’ 2 - ec nd ic M il n s associa ion i h th e Re i 7 78 . S o top to t w t g m ell — 5 Th e e e cu ion of h arles not s id s and r . 7 7 C o c e C o w 2 . x t osi i n of ames Bu t e e v ery different a me asu re from th e d ep t o J . v n if one disa ro es of the re i cide one ma admi t he nec essi of pp v g , y t ty ’ f n i at h a time 5— 7 Discu ssi n of C r m ell s 7 8 . d e endi g t t t . o o w ’ good governmen t comp ared with P arliament s b etrayal of t ru st n h e uar mis ernmen on th e her on one side a d t S t t gov t ot . ’ - T hird o ic M il n s con em orarie s classified and 7 8 87 . t p to t p

- i n 4 Th e H ea h n he P u r a s 8 . e s 9 T . . 5 i d 84 . 8 d s r e . 7 e c b t § t § . ’ M il n s ow n ch arac er c m u nd ed of h alis s 86 . T e Roy t . to t o po rent s rains many d ifi e t . ’ N s P R S E - H R D V S OF H E S S Y : M IL T O O 87 92 . T I D I I ION T E A

' is am hle s d e ed to th e emanci a ion of h u man w mrme s . H p p t vot p t h thoug t .

1 s1 on o f M il on . nd C C U S . A v 92 t o E . ON L ION t

h as een made in his or s me After a sch eme of t h e t hought b , t o o e u all d th e u il sh ld ri e a nu m er f o ther fashion q y goo , p p ou w t b th e re r e ssa s each o f hich sh uld ha e for it s o ec short y , w o v bj t p o ‘ ’ w n lan ua e and on a smaller sc ale of d uc tion in the pupil s o g g , ,

di isi ns of the L e. the ideas contained in one of the large v o if

66 CRI TI CAL N0 TE

i Tha is h main hin H e sh t t e . uld i ou h es of t . t g o p ck t t e hu t assa es in t he L e read h em al u d a ain and a ain erh a s p g if , t o g g , p p e en memorize shor ar s o f hem un il h e e s the s in v t p t t , t g t w g f le Th en h e h ou ld ch ose fr m ma ers familiar t o him o t he sty . s o o tt 1 a su ec of t he sor ha M acaula li ed and t r t o re a it bj t t t t y k , y t t af e r th e M acau la fashion readin his e ssa alou d i h em t y , g y w t in T he roc s ph atic vigor t o see if it h as t he p rop e r r g . p e s of imi t ation le a ds ine i a l t o a na l sis J u s h ow d oes acaul v t b y y . t M ay s ec u re his resu l s 7 h e mu s a sk himself and h a means ha he t t , t t t t a nd his c lassma tes mu st go sy s te matic ally t o w ork t o analyze ’ M acaula s s le T h e as is not a h ar one L on ara a d . r h . s y ty t k g p g p , sh r sen enc es alanc ed or arallel s ru c u re in sen enc es and o t t , b p t t t ara ra h s a id e oc a u lar of di nified and ic u res ue p g p , w v b y g p t q ord s— his is h a his ins ru c or will h el h im find and w t w t t t p to , , h a in found th e secre o f th e me h od h e ill o on t o a l it v g t t , w g pp y . ’ H e will c h oose p articula r typical sentence s of M ac au lay s and mat c h th em w ith similarly c onstruc ted se nt enc es of his ow n on i f h e an d o h a ell h e h as l a a d iff eren o c . I c e rned a less n t t p t t w , o

a ill lon s and him in ood s ead th t w g t g t .

u esti e tu d It ill b e d isa oin in if th e u il re ad S gg v S y . w pp t g p p s u la lindl or imi a es him lindl M ac aula is famou s M ac a . y b y , t t b y y for e re ssin c learl and i orou sl id eas or h hin in of xp g y v g y w t t k g . T he s u d en mu s ee his mind o en t o id eas full of c u ri si t t t k p p , o ty . N ot only will h e be imp ressed by th e main p oint of th e e ssay ’ t h e i id d elinea ion of Johnson s c h arac er not onl ill h e b e v v t t , y w

hrille d i h s m a h and admira ion but h e ill find f od t w t y p t y t , w o ' e ion on a lmos e er a e T a e a sin le illu s ra i n for refl c t t v y p g . k g t t o h e r first ara ra h Th a Au u s an d elic ac of f rom t e v y p g p . t g t y ” as e sa s M ac aula s ea in of En lish sch ool o s . Clas t t , y y , p k g g b y sical w riters w h o w ere qu ite u nknown t o th e b e st sc holars in th e ” n i m En lish o si h form at E on h e c o nu es . E id en l s e s xt t , t v t y o g b y may ac tually h av e a d elic at e t aste in p oints o f Latin u sage a t an age when most Ame ri c an b oy s are thankful if they c an st umble r il or ic e ro E iden l some En lish s h a e reall th rou gh V i g C . v t y g boy v y of La in li erature at h ei mm n W ha ma e s a wid e range t t t r co a d . t k t he difference ? W hy are w e ignorant wh ere th ey are wise 7

1 e h L M i ler. m o E . l h n . Following t e excelle t t d ou tlined by M r . S ee the S uggestions to T eachers and Stu dents in his edition of ’ h L i e o N elson in his series S out ey s f f t . CRI TI CA L N O TE 67

Are the table s tu rned in other field s of k nowledge ? Wh at is t h ere sou nd and good in ou r own ed uca tion 7 S uc h c hanc e q u es s h ins ru or sh ould d eli era el en oura Few o s tioning t e t c t b t y c ge . b y h w o ee h eir mind s ac i e as he read E e n su k now o t k p t t v t y . v g g estions so ra nd om as those j ust indica ted w ith regard t o the E n lish s s em o f c lassic al ed uca ion mi h be t h e e innin g y t t g t b g g, ’ in a oun s u d en s mind o f an e c eedin l rofit able ra in o f y g t t , x g y p t i iou sl im ossi l h o r for an ed i or t o hou h . It s o e e e t g t bv y p b , w v , y t ind ic at e more than thc ge neral c h arac ter o f su c h s uggestive T he h ole roc ess mu s b e lef for t he mo s a r t o t he s u d . t y w p t t , t p t , u il himself w h o i h the e nc ou ra emen o f th e ins ruc o r p p , , w t g t t t , ’ sh ould from ime t o ime t r t o su m u not M ac au la s id e as , t t , y p , y , b u t t he re sults o f his o w n thinking on ma tters w hic h his stu dy u la has s u e s ed of M ac a y gg t .

a r tu d alu a le as t he t w o ind s of rainin u s L iter y S y . V b k t g j t men ione d a re h e sh u ld be holl su ordina e t o t he s ud t , t y o w y b t t y of t he Life as an introd u c tion t o a wid e r k nowledge and e nj oy

men o f E n lish li era u re . Lu c il t h e oo loo s t w o a s t g t t k y , b k k w y , enin an eas a enu e on the one h and t o M ac aula a nd on Op g y v y , r ohnson Bo h ere in ere s in me n and o h t h e o he t o J . t t w t t g , b t d o in e res in e ri d s of li e ra u re T o hic h au h or belonge t t t g p o t t . w t and t o hich rou the s ud en urns is a en ion it ma es w g p t t t h tt t , k i ifi e renc e T he main hin is h a h e should read — re ad l ttle d . t g t t i h zes and read i h a recia ion Bu t h ere also t he w t t , w t pp t . ac her and th e u il m s h s W i h t e p p u t b e left t o t eir ow n d evic e . t in e res and earnes ness one canno in his fi eld o fa r as ra t t t t , t , g t y p articu larly in d ea ling with a boo k so f ull of references t o t he es no n li e rar fi u res of the ei h een h c en u r E en if b t k w t y g g t t t y . v ’ t he stud ent does nothing more than g row familiar with Boswell s ’ J ohnson and some of M ac aula s es essa s he has accom lished y b t y , p some thing that will co ntribu te d irec tly and in no small d egree o ards la in the fou nd a ions of a i eral ed uca io t w y g t l b t n.

’ u tobio r h and Selections From La Huxley s A g Sermons . gf fiem er M c Comb H ea d Edi e d b E . 0 t h e D e ar t y p , p t men of En lish in t h e M an u al T rainin Hi h S chool In t g g g ,

na lis Ind . . For Rea din . po , 5 [ g ]

Irvin s Sketch Book . g’ith an In r du c i n b Brander M a he s Pr fessor o t o t o y tt w , o f D rama ic Li e ra u re Colu m ia Uni ersi a nd i h t t t , b v ty , w t notes

b Arm ur Cald ell A . B. . For Rea din y o w , 5 [ g ]

Lincoln, Selections From.

Edi ed b D aniel K. D od e Pr fess r o f En lish t y g , o o g in th e

ni ersi of Illin is . . For Re a din U v ty o 5 [ g.] ’ i o S a nf h Lowell s V is on f ir L u al, and Ot er Poems . E di ed b Alla n A H ea d of t h e D a rt ment o t y bbott , f E ng lish H race M ann Hi h Sc hool T ea ch ers olle e New ork , o g , g , Y For Rea din City . 5 . [ g ] ’ on Lord Clive M acaulay s Essay .

Edi ed Prest n C . Farrar Ins ruc or of En lish Er s t b o , t t g in a u H all i h Sch ool Brookl n N Y m g , y , . 5 . [For Rea d

mg.sl ’ L s of Ancient Rome With and Th M acaulay s ay , Ivry e Arma da . Edi ed b N Flin la e Ins ru c r in En lish in th e Uni t ott t , t t to g

o . For ea n v ersity of hica g 5 . [ R di g. ] ’ l oh n Maca ulay s Life of Samue J nso . E dit ed b Hu er Gra Bu ehle r H ea d - mas er o y b y , t H tchkiss

S chool La k e ille Conn . For S u d . , v , [ t y ] ’ Macaulay s W arren Has 8 .

Edi ed b S amu el M . u cker Pr fess r of En lish and D ean t y , o o g

C lle e . For h Fl da S a e . Rea din in T e ori t t o g 5 [ g. ] ’ ’ oso Comu n i Milton s L Allegro, Il Penser , s a d Ly c das . m P T r n Pr f ss r of n Edi ed b Willia . e e E lish L r t y t , o o g it e a

t u re in Colum ia Univ ersi . . For St u d af er 1 1 x b ty 5 [ y ; t 9 , “ ” Ly cidas is omitte d ] ’ n Parkman s The Orego Trail.

Edi ed b O s B. S erlin H ea d of t h e De art ment o f t y tti p , p ma Hi h S ch ool Washin n n lish n t h e Taco t o . E g i g , g 5 . [For Rea di ng ] ’ ol n r Palgrave s Th e G de Treasu y . Edi e d b H er er Ba es of the M anu al T rainin Hi h t y b t t ,

Sc h ool Br okl n N ew rk Ci . . For Rea , o y , Yo ty 5 [ gf ’ Ruskin s Sesame and Lilies . Edi e d b Ger rud e Bu ck Assoc ia e Pr fessor of En l t t , t o g ish For Rea din in V assa r gollege . 5 . [ g ] ’ Scott s Ivanh oe . Edi e d b Bliss Perr Professor of En lish t y y , g r For Rea din H arv a d Univ ersity . 5 . [ g.) ’ Scott s Lad of the La ke . di e b Geor e Rice Car en er la e Professor of E t y g p t , t Rh et oric d En li h Com osition in Columbia Univ ersi an g s p ty . 5 . [For Readmg.] ’ L ongma ns English Classies

’ Scott s Qu entin Durward. ms H ea d of th e D e ar men of di ed b M ar E . Ada E t y y , p t t

n lish in t he Cen ral Hi h S ch ool Cle eland 0 . . E g t g , v , 5 [For Rea di ng ] ’ ’ r Ni h s Dre Sh a ke ere s A Midsumme g t am. di ed b Geo r e Pie rc e Ba e r Professor of En lish in t y g k , g e For Readin Harv ard Univ rsity . 5 . [ g ] ’ Li e Sha ka t e s As You k It .

it h a n In ro d u c ion Barre W endell A . B. Professo r t t b tt , , of Eh lish in H a rv a rd niv ersity ; a nd N o tes by William L on h el s Lam son Professor o f E h lish Lit era u re in p , p

. For Rea di n . ale Unive rsity . 5 [ g ’ h Sha ke re s M acbet . di ed b oh n M a h e s M anl Professor a nd H ea d of t y J tt w y , r n lish h o f hica o th e D ep a tme nt o f E g in t e Univ ersity C g . [For S tu dy . ] ’ i Caesar Sha kspere s ul u s .

Edi ed Geor e C . D . Odell Professor o f E n lish in Co t y g , g rsit For ea din lumbia Umv e y . 5 . [ R g ] ’ Sha ka ere s Kin He nry V .

di ed b geor e C . Odell Professor o f En lish in Co t y g , g

v e rs t . For ea din lu mbia Um i y . 5 [ R g ] ’ The M ercha n of V e nice Sha kspere s t .

Edi ed b Franc is B. Gumme re Professor of En lish i t y , g n lle rd Co e . . For ea din H a v erfo g 5 [ R g. ] ’ Shaka ere e Twelfth Ni ht e d ohn H enn ma n Ph D la P f di e . . e ro essor o t b , , t f

En lish in t e niv ersrt o f t he S ou h . . For Rea din g y t 5 [ g. ] ’ or s The Faerie u eene Selec ions . Spons Q . ( t ) Edi ed b ohn E rs ine Profess r of En lish in Amh t y J k , o g erst For Rea din College . 5 . [ g ] ’ r as Isla n Stevenson s T e ure d. Edi e d b Cla t on H a milton Ex ension Le c u rer t y y , t t in Eng m ia Uni e rsi lish Colu . For Re a din , b v ty 5 [ g ] ’ enn son s Gareth and L ne t e Lancelot a nd Elaine Th T y y t , , e Pass

in of Arthur.

di ed b So hie C . H a r Assoc ia e Professor o f Rh t y p t , t e toric

in W ellesle Colle e . For Readin 1 0 t o 1 y g [ g, 9 9 9 1 5 . For S u d t y , ’ Tenn son s The Princess . di ed b Geor e Ed a rd Woo d err formerl Professor t y g w b y , y of Com ara i e L era ure in Colum ia Uni ers p t v it t b v ity . 5 . For Rea din [ g, h e Sir Ro er de C o erle Pa e T g v y p rs .

- Edi ed b D . O . S . Lo ell H ea d mas er o f h e t y w , t t Roxbury

La in School Bos on M ass . Fo t , t , 5 . [ r Rea ding ] ’ Th ore au s W alde n. ed b Ra mon Edi d M . Alden Pro fesso r of t y y , English 1 1 1 I ela d S tanford unior Uni ersit Califo ia rn . . Fo n J v y , 5 [ r fieadmg. l ’ ’ W t r s First Bunker Hill Oration and W ashingt on s Farewell

ficlzess . Edit e d b Fre d N ewt n S c Pr fe ssor of Rh y o ott , o et oric in

Univ ersi of M ichi an . . For S u d th e ty g 5 [ t y . ]

’ th M ohi ans Cooper s The Last of e c .

di ed b Ch a rle s F . Richardson Pr fess r o n sh E t y , o o f E gli in D artmou th Colle e . ’ o th e la u e m Lon n Defoe s History f g do .

Edi e d b Ge r e R . Ca r en er la e Pr fess r of Rh e ric t y o g p t , t o o to d En lish Com si i n 1 1 1 C lu m ia Uni ersi an g po t o o b v ty . ' ’ ht of a Tartar Tri e De 1 1 1 1 cey s Pl b . ’ $ di e d b h arles Sea rs Bald in Pr fess r of Rh e ric t y w , o o to r in Yale Univ e sity . ’ n n ite Dryden s Palamo a d Arc . di ed b William T enne Bre s er Professor of En lish E t y y w t , g in Colu mbia Univ ersity . ’ Irvin s Life of Goldsmith . m le di ed Le is B. S e Ins ru c r in En lish Br okl n t b w , t to g , o y H h S ch l ew r me rcia i k . . Com g oo , Yo 5 ’ Irvin s Tales of a Tra veller. th an In r du c i n b Brander M a h e s Pr fess r of i t o t o y tt w , o o a ic Li era u re in Colu m ia Univ ersi and E x lana r D ram t t t b ty , p to y

r fe s r Ge r e R Ca r en er. Note s by P o so o g . p t ’ on aca ulay s Essa on Milt . di e d ames Gree nleaf Cr s ell H ea d - ma s er of t he E t b o w , t

Bre arle S e 0 0 1 N ew rk . y , Yo on M il on and Addison M aca ulay s Essa s t . e d b ame s Gre enlea f Cr s ell H ea d -mas e r of t h Edit y o w , t e

Brea rle S ch ool New rk . y , Yo n A on Maca ulay 9 Joh nso and ddis . L1 F3 o r S U O H N S O N edit ed b Hu er Gra 1 . AM EL J , y b y

ehler H chkiss S ch ool. Bu , ot A S edit ed b ames Greenlea f Croswell Brearle 2 . DDI ON , y J , y

School. ’ Milton s Paradise Lost . Books I . and 1 1 .

e d b Ed a rd E ere H ale r. Pr fess r of th e En E dit y w v tt , J , o o g r r n ll lish Langu a ge a nd Lit e a tu e i Union Co e e . ’ ’ oo . . an § XI V . mer s Iliad . B ks L V I XXII d Pope s Ho , ,

e d William H . M a x ell S u erint endent of N ew Edit b w , York City chools ; a nd Percival Chu b Direc tor of English

E hical Cul u re S ch ls N ew ork. in th e t t oo , Y ’ Scott s M armion. ed b R ert M rss Lo e Professor of En lish in Edi t y ob o v tt , g a th e Univ ersity of Chic go . ’ Scott s W oodstock. ed b Bliss Perr Pr fess r of En lish Literature in Edit y y , o o g v rs Harv ard U ni e ity . South e 3 Lif e of Nelson. ! M e r H ea d f h n E dwin L . ill o t e E lish De ar E t ed by , g p t

t Cent ral Hi h School D e roi Mich . a men , g , t t ,