Total Emissions of Basic Polluting Substances

State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Total Emissions of Basic Polluting Substances Emissions of basic polluting substances within the territory of the Slovak Republic are regularly monitored and the results are updated in a database called "The Register of Emissions on Air Pollution Sources (REZZO) ; this data has been recorded since 1985 by SHMU in Bratislava. The register is divided into 4 categories according to ihe output, size and type of the source of the emissions: REZZO 1 - stationary units for fuel combustion with a total thermal output of more than 5 MW (large pollution sources with the heaviest impact on the environment). In addition to these, selected technologies are included. This database comprises continually recorded data since 1985 with 982 facilitators of pollution sources being registered. REZZO 2 - stationary units for fuel combustion with a total thermal output of 0.2 to 5 MW (medium pollution sources with medium impact on the environment. Also include are certain selected technologies. The third data update, completed in 1996, was carried out in co-operation with environmental offices within the period 1993-1996. REZZO 3 - stationary local units for fuel combustion with small pollution sources with a total thermal output of less than 0.2 MW. This database is being annually updated with emissions calculations based on the emission factors and total fuel consumption data. REZZO 4 - mobile units, regardless of their output. The COPERT Method, recommended by 'The Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (Geneva 1979) 'for its member states, is used for emission data calculation. Data for 1996 are available. Between 1996 and 1997, emission reductions in all fundamental polluting substances were recorded.

Table 5 Emissions of fundamental polluting substances (in thousand tonnes)

Polluling 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 substance SO, 569.022 538.977 441.890 377.634 323.175 235.763 236.386 224.199 199.228 NO, 226.622 226.739 21 1.980 191.709 183.863 173.015 180.950 139.551 123.123 SI'M 320.991 299.368 229.608 177.481 143.318 87.301 88.978 66.977 60.290 CO 491.028 488.698 439.110 382.271 408.345 374.682 404.639 373.315 345.975 Source: SI IMU

Table 6 Total emissions of fundamental polluting substances (1997)

Source category SO2 NOS CO SI'M thous. t % thous. I % thou.s. I % llious. 1 % REZZO 1 176.564 88.7 70.583 57.3 141.636 40.9 36.646 60.8 REZZO 2* 10.577 5.3 3.96 3.2 12.037 3.5 9.478 15.7 REZZO 3 12.087 6 5.177 4.2 38.029 11.0 14.166 23.5 REZZO 4* 43.403 35.3 154.273 44.6 TOTAL 199.228 100.0 123.123 100.0 : 345.975 100.0 60.290 100.0 * tlata from 19% Source: SI IMU 2 Figure 2 Emissions of SO2 Figure 4 Specific territorial emissions of NOX (tonnes per km ) P rt 600 o

500 W 3

Source: SHMU O

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Note: Following records from The Convention on SO, Emissions Reduction (Helsinki 1985 ; accession of the for- o* mer Czechoslovak Socialist Republic notified in 1986 and succession of the Slovak Republic notified in Oslo 1994) the SR is obliged to reduce emissions of SO2 by 60% (by the year 2000) , by 65% by 2005 and by 72% by 2010 - all values in comparison to 1980 values Source: SHMU oo -a

2 Figure 5 Emissions of NOX Figure 3 Specific territorial emissions of SO2 (tonnes per km ) 250

200

col CO-

Source: SHMU 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Note: According to the Protocol of "The Convention on NOX Emissions Reduction (Sofia 1988, accession of the former CSSR in 1988, succession of the SR in 1994) the main aim of the SR is to stabilise NOX emissions values by the year 1994, based on 1987 data on NOX emissions Source: SHMU Figure 6 Emissions of SPM Figure 8 Specific territorial emissions of CO (tonnes per km2)

l ]1 -5 [5-10

Source: SHMU

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Source: SHMU n W Figure 9 Emissions of CO Figure 7 Specific territorial emissions of SPM (tonnes per km2) O 3

J o

Source: SHMU cr 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Source: SHMU State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Total Emissions of Greenhouse Gases

According to the summary for 1996, the total amount of CO2 anthropogenic emissions reached

46 mil tonnes (in 1990 it was 60 mil tonnes, in 1988 more than 61 mil tonnes).The CO2 retained in forest ecosystems hovers around the level of 6 mil tonnes and since 1990, a moderate increase has been registered. Methane emissions have reached the level of 320 thousand tonnes (in 1990 it was more than 400 thousand tonnes). N2O total emissions have been estimated at 8 thousand tonnes (as opposed to 13 thousand tonnes in 1990). Greenhouse gases emissions peaked at the end of 1980's. Between 1990 and 1994 a 25% decrease was registered. Since 1994, a slight increase in the amount of emissions has been recorded.

Figure 10 Individual sources and their percentage contribution to greenhouse gases emissions

Source: SHMU Total Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds Based on the summary relating to year 1996, total emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) reached 104 074 tonnes (compared to 148 724 tonnes in 1990).

Table 7 Total emissions of VOC, sectors of their production division

Sector Emissions 1990 Emissions 1993 Emissions 1996 tonnes % tonnes % tonnes % Paintings ami adhesive utilisation 3 2X1.1 22.06 1l) 34') 16.59 i<; 122 IS Chemical treatment and degreasing () 650.5 4.47 10 366 2.87 12 108 12 Exploitation, transport and crude oil 22 386 15.05 17313 14.84 12 657 12 refinement Fuel distribution 3 623.9 2.44 3 673,6 3.15 3 808 4 Industrial organic chemistry 6 436.7 4.33 3 51 8,9 3.02 1 386 1 Incineration & combustion processes 1 1 465 7.71 11 317 9.70 3 889 4 Food-processing 4 001.3 2.69 3 541,3 3.04 2 525 2 Industrial production and metal processing 1624 1.09 2 136 1.83 2 108 2 Waste 8 298 5.58 1 572,5 1.35 526 1 Agriculture 651 0.44 436 0.37 436 0 Industrial products 8 278 5.57 8 278 7.10 8 278 8 Transport 42 499 28.58 42 161 36.14 37 231 36 Total 148 724 100 123 663 100 104 074 100 Source: SHMU

10 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 8 Air quality standards for selected polluting substances

Polluting substance Expressed as Air quality standards (flg.m"')

AQSV AQS,, AQS,,,, AQSS Particuhite matter 60 150 500 Sulphur dioxide SO, 60 150 500 Sulphur dioxide and particulatc SO2+p.p. 250* matter Nitrogen oxides NO2 80 100 200 Carbon monoxide CO 5 000 10 000 Ozone O.i 110 Lead in participate matter I'b 0.5 Cadmium in particulate matter Cd 0.01 Ma [odours substance nuisl nol occur in concenlra ions to he public nuisance * Caleulaled aridinielic sum of bnlli componenl's daily averages conecnlration F.xplanal ion of symbols: AQS; average annual concentration of the polluting substance Average concentration is a mean concentration level recorded at a designated point within a span of one year. The result is given in the form <>/ an arithmetic mean calculated from average daily concentrations

AQSt: average daily concentration of the polluting substance Average daily concentration is a mean concentration level recorded at a designated point within a pan of 24 hours. Average daily concentration is also understood as the mean of at least 12 (periodical) average concentration levels recorded every 30 minutes within a span of 24 hours (arithmetic mean)

AQSHh: average 8-hour-concentration of the polluting substance Average 8-hour-concentration is a mean concentration level recorded at a designated point within a span of 8 hours AQSj average 30-minute-concentration oj the polluting substance Average 30-minute-concentralion is a mean concentration level recorded at a designated point within a span of 30 minutes

Limiting criteria: AQSj and AQSsfor parliculate matter, SO,, NOX and CO cannot be exceeded in the course of the year in more than 5% of cases. -'

Local Air Pollution

32 local and 7 regional air pollution monitoring stations were in operation within the territory of the Slovak Republic in 1997.

11 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Figure 11 Localization of air pollution monitoring stations

Prešov Krompachy * Rudňanv • * Vranov nad • Humenné Handlová» J Topľou • • Bystričany* L.£> Strážske z Lovca** Žiar nad JClsaVd Štúrova » « ..,.,, Hronom í Ida. Galaktická •Milhostov Trnavské mýto Turbínová námestie Mamatevova

© Regional stations - HMI.LP - monitoring network i Source: SUMU 0 Other regional stations • Local monitoring stations 1 area of Bratislava 2 area of Košice 3 area of Banská Bystrica 4 area of Žilina 5 area of Ružomberok Sulphur Dioxide Daily ambient air limit of sulphur dioxide (an average daily concentration) was exceeded only in the Horná Nitra region - station Handlová: 2.5% of days within a year.

Figure 12 Average annual concentrations of SO2 at the selected monitoring stations 3 (AQS 60 Mg per m )

50 • 1992 40 El 1993 D 1994 30 E! 1995 U 1996 20 • 1997

0 Uralisi; Kosii* - Trnavskí PodhraiiiiYii Mýto Source: SHMU

Nitrogen oxides 3 AQS(j level of an average daily concentration of 100 mg per m was most frequently exceed i Bratislava 38.5% of days within a year. Average annual concentrations exceeded the yearly AQS; imissio limits of 80 /u,g per m3 in Bratislava, Banská Bystrica and Žilina.

12 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Figure 13 Average annual concentrations of NOx at the selected monitoring stations (AQSy 80 jug per m3)

200 180 160 • 1992 140 01993 120 • 1994 100 • 1995 80 60 01996 40 111997 20 0 Bralislava KoSicc - I'rcsov Tmavskc odhnidnvi'i Mvlo Source: SHMU

Particulate Matter 3 Particulate matter daily concentrations exceeded the AQS(I limit of 150 ^g per m most frequently in Kosice 6.6% of days within a year. Paniculate matter air pollution exceeding the annual AQS; imission limit of 60 ng per m3 was recorded in some regions of the Central Slovakia and in Kosice.

Figure 14 Average annual concentration of particulate matter at the selected monitoring stations 3 (AQSy 60 jag per m )

• 1992 IS 1993 • 1994 BI995 01996 01997

I'rcsuv

Source: SHMU

Air Pollution Indices (API) More complex classification of air pollution is available through the air-pollution-indices-assessment, based on the cumulative effect of selected pollutants. According to the air-pollution-indices-classification, 11 out of a total number of evaluated monitoring stations were classified as those with heavy pollution (pollution index 2 or more) which means a decrease of 1 station as opposed to year 1996. Evaluation of the air pollution level, following the approved indices classification, was based on the highest value of a pollution indices values most often equal to those of the daily air pollution index

13 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 9 Air pollution indices for year 1997

Area Station APIy API,, API, NOx PM total NO, PM total NO, PM total so2 so2 so2 Bratislava Mamateyova 0.7 0.3 0.8 1.8 1.0 0.4 0.6 2.0 0.7 0.1 0.2 1.0 Kamenné nám 0.6 0.4 0.6 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.4 1.6 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.8 Turbínová ul. 0.7 . 0.6 0.8 2.1 1.3 0.6 0.6 2.5 0.8 0.2 0.2 1.2 Trnavské 1.3 0.3 0.7 2.3 2.6 0.3 0.5 3.4 1.7 0.1 0.2 2.0 mýto Senica 0.4 0.4 0.6 1.4 0.7 0.6 0.5 1.8 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.7 Banská nám. Slobody 1.2 0.4 1.0 2.6 2.4 0.4 0.8 3.6 1.4 0.2 0.2 1.9 Bystrica Sásová 0.9 0.2 0.6 1.7 2.0 0.3 0.4 2.7 1.1 0.1 0.2 1.4 Ružomberok Sihoť 0.5 0.5. . -• 1.0 2.0 1.0 0.6 1.3 2.9 0.6 0.2 0.4 1.2 Žiar nad Žiar nad 0.3 0.3 0.8 1.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 1.7 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.8 Hronom Hronom Lovčica 0.3 0.5 0.2 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.2 1.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.6 Horná Nitra Prievidza 0.6 0.7 1.0 2.3 1.3 0.7 0.9 2.9 0.7 0.3 0.3 1.3 Handlová 0.3 1.0 0.6 1.9 0.5 1.3 0.5 2.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.9 Bystričany 0.3 0.7 0.5 1.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 1.8 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.7 Žilina Veľká 1.0 0.5 1.1 2.6 1.7 0.6 0.9 3.2 1.1 0.2 0.3 1.6 Okružná Vlčince 0.7 0.4 1.2 2.3 1.4 0.5 1.0 2.9 0.8 0.2 0.4 1.4 HnúSťa 0.4 0.3 0.7 1.4 0.8 0.4 0.6 1.8 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.8 Košice Podhradová 0.3 0.3 0.5 1.1 0.5 0.3 0.4 1.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.5 Štúrova 0.8 0.4 1.0 2.0 1.3 0.4 0.7 2.4 0.8 0.1 0.3 1.2 Veľká Ida 0.4 0.7 1.5 2.6 0.6 0.9 1.2 2.7 0.4 0.3 0.5 1.2 Prešov 0.6 0.4 0.4 1.4 0.8 0.3 0.3 1.4 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.7 Krompachy 0.4 0.6 0.6 1.6 0.8 0.6 0.6 2.0 0.4 0.2 0.5 1.1 Strážske 0.4 0.2 0.6 1.2 0.6 0.2 0.4 1.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.7 Vranov nad 0.5 0.3 0.6 1.4 0.8 0.2 0.5 1.5 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.8 Topľou Humenné 0.2 0.2 0.6 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.8 Source: SHMU

Regional Air Pollution Regional Concentration of Sulphur Dioxide and Sulphates 3 In 1997 regional concentration of sulphur dioxide (SO2-S) ranged between 1.15 /xgS per m (Chopok) and 7.81 /i.gS per m3 (Mochovce). Compared to the previous year, the values for sulphur dioxide concentration have decreased at a majority of the monitoring stations excluding Mochovce and Liesek. The upper limit of the concentration range is equal to 78% of the sulphure dioxide critical concentration level value (the critical value for forests and natural vegetation landcover is lOjugS per m3 and 15 /igS per m3 for agricultural crops). In 1997, concentration of sulphates in atmospheric aerosol recorded by all regional monitoring stations showed a reduction when compared to 1996. The lowest sulphates concentration was at the Chopok station 0.69 /xgS per m3. On the contrary, the highest concentration was recorded at the Mochovce station 1.94 /j,gS per m3. The percentage sulphates content in the total atmospheric aerosol volume was between 11-16%.

Regional Concentration of Nitrogen Oxides

Concentration of nitrogen oxides monitored at regional stations, stated as N02-N, varied from 1.3 to 3.8 ,ugN per m3. The lowest average concentration level of 1.3 /xgN per m3 was recorded at the Chopok station, whereas the highest concentration level of 3.81 p,gN per m3 was recorded at the Topol'niky station in lowland territory of Slovakia. In 1997 the critical concentration level of nitrogen oxides (9 /igN per m3 applied to all ecosystems) was not exceeded at any of regional monitoring stations. Heavy Metals in Particulate Matter At the majority of monitoring stations, heavy metals concentrations in atmospheric aerosol are lower than in 1996. This data applies to the majority of heavy metals with the exception of the Chopok station where only a decrease in the concentrations of copper, zinc and vanadium was recorded.

14 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 10 1997 Heavy metals concentrations in particulate matter - data supplied by the regional monitoring stations

I'M l'b Mn Cu Ctl Zn Ni V Cr J HR.m "-1 ng.m •' "S-m"' ng.m -' ng.m"3 "S-m '•' ng.m ng.m -1 ng.m -1 Chopok 14.4 4.2 3.3 1.8 0.2 6.6 3.1 0.6 1.7 Mochovcc 37.0 17.4 7.1 3.6 0.4 23.9 2.5 2.2 0.8 TopoPniky 33.1 20.5 7.0 4.6 0.6 25.9 0.8 3.5 1.3 Milhostov 50.4 31.1 8.2 5.6 0.7 37.8 2.4 2.5 1.0 Slarina 26.2 17.5 4.0 3.4 0.5 21.5 1.6 1.6 1.(1 StarA Lesna 26.6 30.8 5.1 7.6 0.6 85.7 1.3 1.4 0.7 Liesck 40.1 20.2 16.5 6.0 0.6 33.5 4.1 2.5 2.6 Source: SHMU

Analyses of atmospheric precipitation as well as pH measurement's indicate a slight decrease in acidity at the majority of monitoring stations.The pH value interval of monthly precipitation, fluctuated between A.4 (Chopok) and 5.8 (Milhostov). This trend was not observed at Chopok and in Bratislava where pH values indicated a slight decrease. The amount of the precipitation varied from 524 mm (Milhostov) to 993 mm (Chopok).

Average ozone concentrations recorded on the territory of Slovakia within the period of 1973 to 1993 indicated an increase of approximately 1 ,ug per in1 per year. Since 1990, no significant changes within the whole of the Central European region have been obse'rved. The annual average ground level ozone concentrations measured in urban and industrial zones in 1997 fell into interval of 30-52 fxg per m\ On the rest of the Slovak territory, depending on altitude, values rose to 78 /zg per m3 (the Chopok hilltop station). Within the whole Slovak territory, ozone exposure indexes AOT40 regarding agricultural crop and forest ecosystems were exceeded. At the upper tree line, the value doubled. Some stations recorded concentrations higher than 180 /xg per nr' (information available to public); concentrations exceeding 360/xg per m3 (warning value for public) were not recorded.

15 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Water

Precipitation and Runoff Conditions

In 1997, total precipitation on the Slovak Republic territory reached value of 756 mm which represents 99% of standard.

Table 11 Average total precipitation on the territory of the Slovak Republic (1997)

Month I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII IX. X. XI. XII. Year

[mm] 19 36 22 50 78 89 184 50 38 43 109 38 756 % of standard 41 86 47 91 103 103 204 62 60 70 176 72 99 Surplus (+)/ -27 -6 -25 -5 2 3 94 -31 -25 -18 47 -15 -6 Delicit(-) [mm] Rainfall period VS N VS N N N MV S S S VV S N characteristics N - normal MV - extremely high rainfall S - dry VS - very dry VV - high rainfall Source: SHMU

Slovak rivers belong to 2 sea catchment areas: • the Black Sea catchment area that includes 10 subcatchment areas - the Danube, Morava, Vah, Hron, Ipel', Slana, Hornad, Bodva and Bodrog (96% of the Slovak territory) • the Baltic Sea catchment area - 1 subcatchment area - the Poprad (4% of the Slovak territory)

Average annual water discharge value ranged from 50% to 120% of standard.

Table 12 Average amount of rainfall and runoff in the following catchment areas (1997)

Catchment area Dunaj Vah Hron Bodrog a Hornad SR Subcatchment *Morava *Dunaj Vah Nitra Hron *Iper Slana Bodva Hornad *Bodrog *Poprad area a Dunajec catchment area |km2| 2 282 1 138 14 268 4 501 5 465 3 649 3217 858 4414 7 272 1 950 49 014 average precipitation 690 539 893 672 721 568 655 695 708 736 984 756 |mm| % of standard 101 86 106 97 92 83 83 95 104 104 117 99 rainfall period N S N N N S S N N N V N characteristics annual runoff 145 61 407 131 200 69 145 107 207 201 517 247 |mm| % of standard 123 169 114 83 63 44 69 50 91 86 140 94 ' watercourses and all above mentioned data take into account only the Slovak part of their catchment area Source: SHMU

16 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

In 1997, registered volume of water inflow into the Slovak territory overcame that of 1996 by 1 027 mil m3. Total amount of water being accumulated in existing reservoirs in 1997 equals 179.6 mil m3. Total volume in existing reservoirs was increased by 87.1 mil m3 as of the end of 1997.

Table 13 Total hydrological balance (Slovak territory)

Hydrological balance Volume |mil m3] 1996 1997 Rainfall 41 127 37 058 Annual inflow 65 465 66 492 Annual runoff 79 996 78 230 Annual runoff from the territory of the SR 12 842 12 106 Water management balance Total abstraction in the SR 1 359.8 1 369.935 Evaporation from water reservoirs and dams 46.897 46.42 Discharge into surface waters 1 160.314 1 114.62 Impact of water reservoirs 144.878 179.6 Accumulation Accumulation Total volume in water reservoirs as of 1st January 857.3 944.4 of the following year % of supply volume in accumulation water reservoirs 69 76 Source: SHMU

Surface Water Exploitation In 1997 surface water abstraction recorded in the Slovak Republic reached the amount of 811.55 mil m3 that represents a decrease by 2.2% in comparison to the previous year. Industry with its 690.759 mil m3 of water being abstracted is proved to be the major Slovak water abstractor. However, in 1997 a slight decline in water abstraction for industrial purposes (representing 1.7%) was observed, as compared to 1996. Also water discharge in 1997 showed a slight decline by 3.9%.

Table 14 Surface water exploitation in the Slovak Republic (mil m3)

Year Public Industry Irrigation Agriculture Total Discharge water (excluding irrigation) supplies 1997 73.843 690.759 46.91 0.036 811.55 1 114.62 Source: SHMU

Figure 15 Surface water exploitation in the SR in the period 1980-1997 (mil m3)

Surface Water Quality In 1997, quality of surface water in Slovakia was monitored at 254 basic and 6 special sampling sites. At the basic sampling sites, the following indicators were monitored: oxygen demand indicators

17 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

(A-group), basic chemical indicators (B-group) and additional chemical indicators (C-group), biological and microbiological indicators (E-group). At selected places, also heavy metals (D-group) and radioactivity indicators (F-group) were monitored. Assessment process was carried out in compliance with STN 75 7221 Standard. This standard recognises 5 water quality classes - from category I (very clean water) to category V (extremely heavily polluted water).

Table 15 List of monitored surface water sampling sites (1997)

Catchment area Sampling sites Monitored length Basic Special (km) Dunaj 44' :' - 855.5

Vih : ••••• . • •• '••• . - 56 5 1 422.5

: :: : •Hron •••••...•••'...• •:" . ..' - ..••. .. ••' 52 . 1 269.6 Bodrog a Horndd 102 1 1 746.9 Total 254 6 5 294.5 Source: SHMU

The River Danube Catchment Area The River Danube catchment area includes the River Danube, Maly Dunaj and Morava subcatchment areas. Monitored length 855.5 km represents 21.3% of total length of all watercourses belonging to the River Danube catchment area on the territory of the SR.

Table 16 Assessed length of watercourses with water quality belonging to the cetegory V (1997) (km)

Quality category V Subcatchment Dunaj (Danube) Morava Maty Dunaj A — group 33.35 31.9 B - group 79.95 31.9 C - group 33.35 31.9 D - group 1.8 E - group 38.0 31.9 monitored length 183.0 356.5 316.0 assessed length 179.1 259.15 259.8 Indicators used for classification: Source: SHMU A - group: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5X chemical oxygen demand (CODc), O2 B - group: specific conductivity, soluble solids (SS), insoluble solids (IS), N-NH4, N^, P,oUi C - group: extractible non-polar substances (ENP^v), SO4 ' D — group: Zn E - group: coliform bacteria, saprobic index

The River Vah Catchment Area The River Vah catchment area includes the River Vah and Nitra subcatchment areas . Monitored length of 1 422.5 km represents 17.9% of the total length of all watercourses belonging to the River Vah catchment area.

Table 17 Assessed length of watercourses with water quality belonging to the category V (1997) (km)

Quality category V Subcatchment Vah Nitra A - group 29.1 25.8 B - group 118.9 129.2 C-group 27.9 47.6 E - group 106.1 48.3 monitored length 1021.1 401.4 assessed length 755.5 286.0 Indicators used for classification: Source: SHMU A - group BOD j, CODM,,, CODcr, O2 B - group IS, N-NH4, P^ui, pH C - group ENPuv E - group colifonn bacteria, saprobic index

18 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

The River Hron Catchment Area The River Hron catchment area includes the River Hron, Ipel',and Slana subcatchment areas. Monitored length of 1 269.6 km represents 21.6% of the total length of all watercourses belonging to the River Hron catchment area.

Table 18 Assessed length of watercourses with water quality belonging to the category V (1997) (km)

Quality category V Subcatchment Hron Ipel' Slana A — group 5.3 B - group 109.2 17.6 54.4 C-group 41.4 17.5 60.7 D-group E — group 301.9 88.7 155.2 monitored length 528.9 463.7 277.0 assessed length 337.8 224.4 179.9 Indicators used for classification: Source: SUMU A - group CODCr C- group ENI'uv B - group IS, N-NH4, PtMh NorB. E - group coliibrm bacteria

The River Bodrog and Hornad Catchment Area The River Bodrog and Hornad catchment area includes the River Bodrog, Tisa, Hornad, Bodva, Poprad and Dunajec subcatchment areas . Monitored length of 1 746.9 km represents 19.5% of the total length of all watercourses belonging to this catchment area.

Table 19 Assessed length of watercorses with water quality belonging to the category V (1997) (km)

Quality category V Subcatchment Bodrog Tisa Hornad Bodva Poprad A - group 33.8 17.2 B - group 223.4 5.2 323.8 19.7 72.3 C — group 8.1 D — group 87.6 116.5 17.2 E - group 551.4 5.2 406.5 79.2 76.3 monitored length 761.6 5.2 673.3 127.4 162.5 assessed length 571.8 5.2 485.3 97.7 139.5 Indicators used for classification: Source: SHMU A - group BOD5, CODCr, O2 D - group Hg, Zn, Cu B - group pH, IS, Fc, Mn, N-NH4, P,olil| E - group coliform bacteria, saprobic index C - group SO,2'

Groundwater Levels In 1997, average annual water levels in the SR varied in comparison to their long-term average levels. Excluding the southern parts of Slovakia, average annual levels were close to the long-term average levels. In the River Morava, Poprad, Laborec and Torysa catchment areas the difference was between -20 cm and +30 cm; in the lower Vah area and Nitra catchment areas it was between -20 and +50cm; in the middle and upper Vah areas differences were between -60 and +40 cm; in the Hornad catchment area it was between -60 and +20 cm and in the

19 Table 20 Percentage of the water quality classes according to sampling sites on the monitored watercourses

Water quality A B c E> E F category according year oxygen demand basic chemical additional chemical heavy metals biological and radioactivity to the STN indicators indicators indicators microbiolog. indicators indicators 75 7221 standard Number* % Number* % Number* % Number* % Number* % Number* % 1993 0 0 0 0 50 17.2 16 9.9 0 0 11 36.7 1994 0 0 0 0 48 21 3 3 0 0 6 32 I 1995 0 0 0 0 54 22.5 3 3 0 0 5 35.7 1996 0 0 0 0 51 20.9 2 1.9 0 0 2 11.1 1997 0 0 0 0 63 24.2 6 5.6 0 0 2 7.2 1993 80 27.5 0 0 75 25.8 55 34 6 2.1 16 53.3 1994 74 32 0 0 66 28 26 29 0 0 7 37 II 1995 114 47.5 0 0 65 27.1 34 34.4 2 0.8 / 5 35.7 1996 95 39 0 0 66 27 26 24.8 1 0.4 ' 12 66.7 1997 94 36.2 0 0 75 28.8 25 23.1 1 0.4 20 71.4 1993 117 40.2 52 17.9 36 12.4 51 31.5 45 15.5 1 3.3 1994 96 41 50 22 33 14 35 39 33 14 4. 21 in 1995 84 35 114 47.5 29 12.1 17 7.2 22 9.2 2 14.3 to 1996 105 43 107 43.8 28 11.5 12 11.4 20 8.2 4 22.2 o 1997 108 41.5 112 43.1 39 15 18 16.7 22 8.5 6 21.4 1993 36 12.4 61 21 91 31.3 22 13.6 70 24.1 2 6.7 1994 31 13 53 23 63 27 15 16 53 23 2 10 IV 1995 29 2.1 74 30.8 62 25.8 21 21.2 119 49.6 2 14.3 1996 32 13.1 79 2.4 73 29.9 38 36.2 93 38.1 0 0 1997 43 16.5 70 26.9 62 23.9 40 37 99 38.1 0 0 1993 58 19.9 178 61.2 39 13.4 18 12.4 170 58.4 0 0 1994 31 13 129 55 22 10 12 13 146 63 0 0 V 1995 13 5.4 52 21.7 30 12.5 24 24.2 97 40.4 0 0 1996 12 4.9 58 23.8 26 10.7 27 25.7 130 53.3 0 0 1997 15 5.8 78 30 21 8.1 19 17.6 138 53 0 0 1993 291 100 291 100 291 100 162 100 291 100 30 100 1994 232 100 232 100 232 100 ^ 91 100 232 100 19 100 Total 1995 240 100 240 100 240 100 99 100 240 100 14 100 1996 244 100 244 100 244 100 105 100 244 100 18 100 1997 260 100 260 100 260 100 108 100 260 100 28 100 *- number of sampling sites Source: SHMU State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Ondava catchment area it was up to 40cm. In Southern Slovakia average annual water levels recorded were mostly lower than their corre- sponding long-term average annual values. In the River Hron, Ipel' and Slana catchment areas values ranged mostly from -50 or even -70 cm to 10-30 cm. In the River Bodrog catchment area only lower average annual levels (from -60 to -90 cm) were registered.

Springs Efficiency In 1997, average annual spring efficiency values within the territory of Slovakia varied considerably. A significant difference was recorded mainly between the south of Slovakia and the rest of its territory. In most parts of Slovakia (excluding southern areas) average annual spring efficiency values were close to long- term average annual spring efficiency values or they exceeded them. On the contrary, in southern areas values recorded were significantly lower than long-term average values, reaching only 40-90 % of total value (the Slana catchment area).

Groundwater Extraction In 1997, decrease by 5.9% (as compared to 1996) in groundwater extraction was recorded. The amount of groundwater being extracted in 1997 reached 15 774.4 1 per sec. Total groundwater extraction in 1997 represents only 21.3% of total groundwater supply available on the territory of the SR.

Table 21 Groundwater exploitation in the SR

Year Public water Food- Industry Agriculture & Crop Social Other supplies processing excluding livestock products, sphere industry food- irrigation processing 1997 Ls-1 12 400 373 978 576 16 346 1 084 Source: SIIMU

Decline in exploitation was also reflected in the assessment of total values being recorded in the following years. Ratio of accessible amount of groundwater and exploited amount in 1996 equalled to 4.42. In 1997, the value increased to 4.7.

Figure 16 Groundwater extraction in the SR in the period 1980-1997

25O0O ,

1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

El extraction in I per sec Source: SI IMU

Following the assessment of groundwater exploitation according to the purpose, it is possible to say that Slovakia has recorded a water demand decline in all monitored spheres of life. However, in 1997 groundwater extraction for the purposes of irrigation and agricultural crop production as well as for the purposes of social sphere insignificantly increased. The most significant decrease was recorded in public water supplies (-785 1 per sec as related to 1996 value).

21 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Groundwater Quality Groundwater quality in the SR has been monitored since 1982 with a focus on 27 important water management areas. In total, 291 monitoring stations within established monitoring network gathered data with twice-a-year monitoring frequency. The Zitny ostrov area belongs to one of the largest groundwater resource areas in the Central Europe region. Logically, a great emphasis is placed on the Zitny ostrov groundwater quality standard thus creating a separate part of the Slovak groundwater monitoring network. In 1997, quality was monitored at 46 monitoring objects located in 4 areas with a frequency between 2-12 times a year. Groundwater sample analyses were carried out for the basic group of indicators, general organic substances and special organic substances with regard to vulnerability and sensitivity of particular regions, bacteriological and biological analyses were not included. Laboratory analyses results were evaluated in compliance with STN 75 7111 Standard 'Drinking Water' through comparison of measured and limit values for all analysed indicators. In the River Vah alluvium limit values as stated in STN 75 7111 Standard were most frequently exceeded for the following chemical elements and substances: Fe, ENPUV (Extractable Non-polar

Substances), nitrates, Mn, sulphates. In the River Vah - its lower part also CODMn, chlorides, volatile phe- + noles released together with vapour and NH4 were exceeding limit values of their concentrations. With regard to specific organic substances, TCE (1,1,2-trichloroethane) - at Sokolovce was detected. Excessive occurrence of Al was recorded in Zlien and Horenicka Horka. The River Bela alluvium belongs to those Slovak regions with satisfactory groundwater quality. Excesive concentrations were detected only in Vavrisovo (Fe). Groundwater samples gathered from the River Orava alluvium showed excessive concentrations of + Fe, ENPuv and nitrogen compounds (NO,', NO2", NHi) ). In the Kysucka kotlina basin groundwater resources continual contamination by ENP has been observed. Unfavourable groundwater redox potential characteristic for this area demonstrates relatively frequent excessive amount of Fe and Mn limit values. In Rakova, excessive occurrence of Ai was recorded. In the Turcianska kotlina basin area the most frequently recorded concentrations were those of

Fe, ENPnv and Mn. In certain areas, also excessive concentrations of nitrogen compounds in Kost'any, Socovce, and Ivaneina were recorded. Groundwater quality standard in the Strazovske Vrchy hills is consistently high. However, excessive content of ENPm, present in groundwater should not be ignored. In Hradiste and Diviaky nad Nitricou excessive concentration of Fe and Al were registered. Groundwater quality standard of the River Nitra alluvium changes when comparing the upper river area to the middle river area. The upper river area enjoys a high groundwater quality standard excluding Opatovce and Novaky. The quality of groundwater in the middle river area is to a high extent affected by human activities. Increased content of ENPiiv, CODM , Fe, Mn, sulphates, chlorides and ammonium ions was due to agricultural and industrial activities. Excessive occurrence of phenols was fairly frequently recorded. Regarding chlorinated hydrocarbons, excessive amounts of TCE (in Novaky) and HCB (hexachlorobenzene) in Banov were found. The characteristic features of groundwater in the Solosnicko-Pernecka quarternary alluvium area are excessive concentrations of nitrogen compounds (caused by agriculture production) and Fe, Mn (unfavourable redox potential). As for organic substances groundwater contamination, excessive contents of phenols were recorded in Plavecky Mikulas, Plavecke Podhradie and Pernek. Comparing to 1996, groundwater quality standard monitored in 1997 improved. Excessive values of ENPuv and specific organic substances were not recorded and as for Mn concentration it showed a decrease in the amount present in groundwater. Groundwater bound to Mesozoic carbonatic complex of this area has satisfactory physi- co-chemical properties.

22 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Groundwater of the River Danube surrounded area (from Komarno to Sturovo) shows increased mineralization caused by soil salinization, present only locally. Limit values were most frequently exceeded in the cases of Fe, Mn, phenols and sulphates. Locally, also higher contents of ENPuv, Cl, CODMn and Mg were registered. In monitored groundwater, continual contamination caused by chlorinated organic substances was detected (Komarno - TCE contamination and Muzl'a - HCB contamination). In the River Hron alluvium, anthropogenic contamination effects on groundwater are reflected in excessive ENPuv, Fe, Mn concentrations (in some cases also of inorganic nitrogen forms). Excessive concentrations of Al, Cr and As were detected in the area between Ziar nad Hronom and Zeliezovce. Groundwater of the Nfzke Tatry Mesozoic shows fairly high quality standards, with the exception of ENP content. IIV Groundwater of the Neovolcanics area ranks among those of the highest quality standards being monitored within the territory of the SR and within the framework of the groundwater quality monitoring system. Groundwater oxygen regime in the Krupinica and Litava valleys is considered to be inappropriate + and is linked to increased Mn, Fe, NH4 and H2S content. As in 1996, higher ENPiiv content was detected once again. Groundwater quality in the River Ipel' alluvium is affected by the redox potential conditions of + the environment and by athropogenic activities in this area. Higher Fe, Mn, and NH4 content is directly linked to the above mentioned factors. Excessive ENPuv concentrations were also detected. Continuing in the trends from the previous years, decreased nitrates and sulphates concentrations were again recorded. Increased Al ( heavy metal) concentrations were locally registered - such as in Bol'kovce.

In groundwater of the River Slana alluvium, high content of nitrogen compounds (NGy, NO2', + NH4 ), sulphates, chlorides, Mn and Fe was recorded. ENPuv concentration still persists despite its decrease in comparison to 1996 value. Higher Al content were detected in some areas such as Betliar and Roznava. Comparing to previous years, groundwater quality in the River Poprad alluvium remained stabile. Most frequently recorded excessive concentrations were those of groundwater quality indicators (such as H Fe, Mn, NO.,", NH4 ), resulting from redox potential conditions of the environment and from agricultural activities. Excessive Al contents were registered nearly at all monitored sites. Groundwater in the River Hornad alluvium is persistently contaminated mainly by nitrogen substances. Apart from that, increased Fe and Mn content raises concern amount specialists. Higher TCE content was recorded in Hutnfky - Sokol'any (81.7 g per 1) . Excessive ENPUV and heavy metals concentrations were not detected. + Groundwater of the River Bodva alluvium is characterised by higher values of Fe, Mn, NH4 , H2S that point out to a low content of dissolved oxygens. As for chlorinated hydrocarbonbs excessive concentrations were recorded for 1,2-dichloroethane (in Budulov), 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethene (in Moldava nad Bodvou) and 1,1,2-trichloroethene (in Budulov). Regarding heavy metals, excessive Al concentrations were found in Budulov and Buzica. Higher ENPUV contents were observed only in Buzica. Groundwater quality standard of the Slovensky kras karst Mesozoic is relatively high thanks to high oxygen content. Groundwater in the River Ondava alluvium area is very often not suitable for drinking purposes due to excessive Fe, Mn, Al and ENPuv contents. In comparison to 1996 number of samples with higher + NH4 concentration decreased. In the River Torysa alluvium, groundwater samples did not comply with STN 75 7111 Standard because of excessive values of ENPiiv, nitrates and Al being recorded. However, comparing to 1996, groundwater quality standard improved as for content of nitrates and specific organic substances. Also excessive Mn and Fe concentrations were not registered. Pecovska Nova Ves ranks among the most contaminated areas within the River Torysa alluvium.

23 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Groundwater quality standard in the River Cirocha and Laborec alluvium is determined by reduction environment of the alluvium and by negative impact of anthropogenic pollution in this area. As a consequence, increased Fe, Mn, ammonium ions and nitrites concentrations were recorded. Nitrates limit value was exceeded only in the case of groundwater sample taken from Michalovce - Topol'any

(54.26 mg per 1). In comparison to 1996 higher trace elements contents were not detected. ENPuv content was detected only in Michalovce-Topofany. In the Medzibodrozie and River Ronava alluvium reduction conditions in their groundwater aquifers persisted and caused increased content of some water quality indicators such as ammonium ions, Fe and Mn. Due to anthropogenic pollution limit values of the following indicators were exceeded: • Al in Somotor, Plesany, Cerhov ••••.. • Hg in Vel'ky Hores • Ni in Plesany

• ENPuv in Somotor.

In Bratislava area groundwater contamination by sulphates, specific organic substances, ENPUV, phenols and chlorinated hydrocarbons still persists. The main contamination causing source is petro- chemical industry. Regarding in situ measured groundwater quality indicators within the Zitny ostrov territory, dissolved oxygen content did not comply with the limits set in all monitored sites; in some cases groundwater temperature (44 analyses), conductivity (17 analyses) and pH (4 analyses) did not meet the criteria. With regard to other chemical elements, compounds and substances excessive values were recorded for Fe, Mn, ammonium ions, nitrates, nitrites, CODMn, sulphates and fluoranthene. Excessive concentrations of volatile phenoles released together with vapour and those of ENPuv were also detected. Al concentrations were exceeded 4 times (Kalinkovo 721 291, KFucovec 736 692, Kvetoslavov 724 192, Ol'dza 601 192). From the organic substances group, excessive concentrations of the following compounds were recorded during analysing process: • benzo(e)pyrene (in Dobrohost', Dvorniky, Gabcikovo, Most pri Bratislave, Slovnaft, Kolarovo) • dichlorophenols (in Vel'ke Blahovo 729391) • 1,4-dichlorobenzene (in Gabcikovo) • benzene (in Vel'ke Blahovo) • l,l,dichloroethene (in Vel'ke Blahovo, Vlky) • hexachlorobenzene (in Vel'ky Meder).

When assessing groundwater quality standard on the ground of STN 75 7111 we must conclude that unfavourable results still prevail. As in the previous years, most frequent groundwater contaminants are

ENPuv, Fe and Mn. Frequent excessive Fe concentrations result from inadequate oxygen regime which causes heavy metals activation. This fact results from environmental conditions and anthropogenic impact. Regarding other indicators, most frequently recorded excessive concentration, were those of the following substances: inorganic nitrogen

forms, chlorides, sulphates, H2S and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Also observed was frequent Al occurrence. From trace elements, Hg, Ni, As and Cr were only seldom detected. Results of analyses have shown that in all monitored areas the groundwater quality standard is affected by anthropogenic factors excluding areas with low concentrations of industrial zones and conditions not suitable for agricultural purposes.

24 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Contamination of Waste Water discharged into Watercourses

In 1997, further slight decrease in the amount of waste water discharge into the Slovak watercourses was observed. In numbers it represents a change from 1 139 980.643 thousand m3 per year to 1 108 538.075 thousand m3 per year. Equally, a decline in total amount of all assessed indicators, that is most obvious in treated waste water, was registered.

Table 22 Contamination of waste water discharged into watercourses

Discharged waste Volume IS BOD5 CODCr ENP water (thous.m3.year"') (t.year"1) (t.year'1) (t.year"1) (t.year-') Treated 799 588.513 24 857.19 18 167.08 58 127.37 498.67 Untreated 308 949.562 12 149.2 4 434.41 10 743.92 66.01 Total 1 108 538.075 37 006.39 22 601.49 68 871.29 564.68 Source: SHMU Regarding the presence of nutrients in waste water only the amounts of ammonium-nitrogen were analysed. Amounts being discharged into different catchment areas on the territory of Slovakia are shown in the following chart.

+ Table 23 Discharged amount of N-NH4 in waste waters in the following catchment areas (tonnes per year)

+ N-NH4 Danube Vah Hron Bodrog and Hornad SR 1996 535.1 3 137.4 499.3 1 079.1 5 250.9 1997 533.9 2 966.3 487.1 1 030.5 5 017.8 Source: SHMU

Public Water-Supply and Sewerage Systems In 1997, the total number of inhabitants being supplied with water from public water supplies reached 4 343.247 thousand which represents 80.8%. In T9'96Tit was 4 287.752 thousand inhabitants which equals to 79.7%. The length of water supply network excluding service pipes was 22 040 km , that is 349 km more than in 1996. The length of water supply network per capita with direct water supply was 5.07 m (5.05 m in 1996). The number of service pipes reached 612 454 pcs which represents increase by 7 558 pcs in comparison to 1996. The length of service pipes system increased by 12 km thus reaching 4 898 km. The number of metering units rose by 4 533 pcs to the total number of 593 113 in 1997 (in comparison to 1996). The total capacity of utilised water resources was 32 512 litre per sec in 1997. Comparing to the state in 1996 it represents an increase by 478 1 per sec. In 1997, water management facilities 446.457 mil m3 of drinking water which represents decrease by 14.077 mil m3 comparing to 1996.

25 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Figure 17 Supplying with drinking water from public water supplies (%)

2 " 2 78 IE | 77

| 76

^ 75

74 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

•'•••••• Source: SU SR Figure 18 Average water consumption in household (litre per capita per day)

200 '83-' ITOl I I 17I1 S I I I I I9')l 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Source: 50 SR Percentage of population connected to the public sewerage system increased by 39.98 thousand (compared to 1996) thus reaching 2 892.938 thousand inhabitants which equals 53.7% of the total population. The length of sewerage network reached 5 940 km, which is an increase by 151 km (compared to 1996). Per capita it means 2.05 m (2.02 m in 1996). The total number of sewerage pipes rose to 187 765 pcs (174 667 pcs in 1996). The total length of sewerage pipes system was 1 490 km (1 447 km in 1996). The number of waste water treatment plants rose by 15 reaching 296. In 1997, the amount of waste waters discharged into watercourses via public sewerage system was 506.832 mil m-\ in 1996 it was 543.711 mil m3. It shows decrease by 36.879 mil m3. In 1997, the amount of treated waste waters discharged into public sewerage system reached 483 518 thousand m3. Treated waste water percentage was 95.4% as opposed to 93.5 % in 1996.

Figure 19 Percentage of population connected to public sewerage system.

54 53.7 5X5 c .2 53 f 515 S. 52 51.5 | 51.5 51.2 ^_ I 5I g 50.5 50

49.5 I1991 I1992 199I3 •1994 1995 il1996 199l7 Source: SO SR Table 24 Amount of waste water discharged to public sewerage system

Year 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Amount of waste water 558.4 542.0 550.4 557.6 551.1 543.7 506.8 (mil m3) Amount of treated waste water 508.2 492.4 460.3 494.4 503.9 508.3 483.5 (mil m3) Percentage of treated waste 90.8 91.0 83.6 88.7 91.4 93.5 95.4 water (%) Source: SU SR

26 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

i i '!( ^^Z'^yi <,

Drinking Water Quality In 1997, 204 236 analyses of specified water quality indicators in a total number of 13 794 samples taken from 3 090 sampling sites of distribution network were carried out by VaK laboratories. No significant changes between yeas 1996 and 1997 occurred in the quality standard of drinking water produced and supplied to consumers by VaK . Percentage of drinking water samples not complying with the STN 75 71111 Standard 'Drinking Water' did not exceed the level of 5 %. Indicators most considerably contributing to this percentage were identical to those of previous years and their limit values are specified in the above mentioned standard. The indicators with the highest limit value occurred only in the minimal number of cases and indicators with limit value of acceptable risk were not present at all.

Epidemiological Safety Indicators In order to safeguard the purity of drinking water microbiological and biological indicators of water quality must be regularly monitored. Problem-causing indicators in 1997 were: • cesspit (thermotollerant) coliform bacteria • coliform bacteria • enterococcus (cesspit streptococcus) • psychophilic and mesophilic bacteria • living organisms.

Table 25 Drinking water epidemiological safety indicators - results of monitoring in 1997 (in the SR)

Indicator Number of % of analyses complying with STN analyses •'s ..,., standard Cesspit coliform bacteria 11 750 97.73 Coliform bacteria 12 790 94.31 Enterococcus 12 588 98.13 Mesophilic bacteria 12 793 98.42 Psychophilic bacteria 12 779 99.72 Living organisms 4 440 98.27 Source: VUVH Chemical Safety Indicators With reference to inorganic water quality indicators in 1997, limit values of the following indicators were most frequently exceeded: nitrates, manganese, iron, ammonium ions, nitrites. To a lesser

extent drinking water pH and CODMn caused problems.

27 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 26 Drinking water inorganic quality indicators - the results of analyses carried out in 1997 (SR) Indicator Number of % of analyses complying with analyses STN standard Nitrates 8816 99.07 Manganese 6 770 99.08 Iron 9 188 97.94 Ammonium ions 8 599 99.74 Nitrites 10 300 99.74 Water pH 9 026 97.08

CODMn 10 568 99.82 Source: VUVH With regard to drinking water quality organic indicators, limit values specified in STN were not exceeded, however, the frequency of their determination is significantly lower than it is with inorganic substances. Within the group of radiological safety indicators total bulk activity Alpha and bulk activity of Radon 222 were analysed . Total bulk activity Beta did not exceed limit values.

Table 27 Drinking water radiological safety indicators - results of analyses in 1997 (SR) Indicator Number of analyses % of analyses complying with STN standard Total bulk activity Alpha 186 95.16 Bulk activity of Radon 222 167 89.82 Source: VUVH Disinfection Chlorination is currently the dominating method of disinfection. Limit value for active chlorine content present in treated water is 0.3 mg per 1. In distribution network the minimal value of active chlorine should be 0.05 mg per 1. In 1997, the percentage of non-compliant samples regarding the active chlorine content varied from 12 to 42%. Majority of analysed samples contained less than 0.05 mg per 1 of active chlorine or the presence of active chlorine was not detected at all. These values concern samples taken from the distribution network. Despite the fact that almost 40% of analysed samples taken from the distribution network contained less active chlorine than required, microbiological water quality complied with STN.

Geology

Endogeneous and exogenetic geological factors as main factors causing lithospheric changes significantly affect global development of the Earth. These geofactors (objects and processes) can be divided into two categories - geobarriers and geopotentials - resulting from their impact on environmental quality changes. Geobarriers can cause: • direct threat to population (life losses) • efficiency and durability decrease regarding technical works • decrease in safety of technical works operation • damage to geological and nature environment inter-related to technical works impact. One of the most promising geopotentials of the SR is represented by geothermal energy.

28 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 28 Volume of geothermal energy accessible (MW) Renewable resources Non-renewable resources Verified Predicted Possible Verified Predicted Possible 155 85 321 29 445 5 319 total: 561 total: 5 793 total: 6 354 Source: MZP SR List and content of geofactors being monitored within the framework of CMS (Partial Monitoring System) Geological Factors are stated below.

Table 29 Structure of Partial Projects monitored within the framework of CMS 'Geological Factors'

•• Name of snbprojects -' " '_:• ;••• y:«'; :ii 5r;ft::Is»ne of concern Locality of; Landslides and other Monitoring of areas sensitive to crash • Western Carpathian flysch sediments territory (Harvelka, slope deformation landslides and research of the quality of KlieStini, Liptovsld Mara, OkolifcniS a Oravsky Podzamok) si realising remediation actions for their • Neogene depressions: (Hlohovec a ViStuk), minimisation • Neovolcanic areas and Core Mountains (Slanske vrchy Mountain: Velicalzra, KoSicky Klecenov, Sokof) • Harmanec, Liptovske" Man'a$ovcc-Huty, Banska Stiavnica [02i: Koston processes:•:,y >::'% Research of evolution, tendency and dynamic • Myjavska pahorkatma Upland, Hornonitrianska kotlina of the processes influencing me recent Basin, Krupinski planina Plateau geomorhologic relief of the SR • Kohut zone of Vepor area, Flysch belt, Klippen belt, Central Carphatian Pateogene • PreSovska kotlina Basin, V^chodoslovenskd panva Basin 03! Weathering proce«e« Problems of the stability of line engineering Malinec, Kostelec pri Ducovom, Cervena skala near Podbiel, structures after cutting of rock massifs - from LiptovskJ Hradok, Banska1 Stiavnica, Liptovske MatiaSovce - the poit of view of supplies of weathered Huty, Nova1 Bystrica, Bratislava - Sldviiie udolic Valley, '•, •

. •••• ••••.•....•• • .• ••. ;•.'•: • • :; material released from unprotected rock Harmancc, Lipovnfk - Jablonov n. Tun'iou, Slarina, Demjata blocks 04^ Physical and chemical/;. : Stability of the areas consisting of thick layers • TmavskS pahorkatina Upland ; sagging: of the basement of loess in which as a consequence of • Nitrianskapahorkatina Upland I*-- !.••;." ••SollSfitV.':'••,.?-:•=;;• >fiy-:••".v V; J, drenching and/or vertical additional load occurs desintegration of 1heir structure and ';V-:7v;.;. .' ••-'•-;••. •'•::: .-:y-.:'y- reduction of their volume 0? Impact of mining 5 ; j sx Determination and monitoring of damages in • Localities with considerable level of disruption of the activities on the ?;;S;: i the environment arising from mining activities environment: Rudnany-PoraC, Banska Stiavnica, Smolnik, • environment :;:; £:;;;; j;;j;:;ii (subsidence processes, changes in Novoveska Huta, Bind-Zavadka, Slovinky-Gelnica, hydrological current, chemical composition of JcBava-Lubcnlk-Burda-Ploski, KoSice-Bankov, Handlova

:;;i: :i: : : water and soil etc.) and Cigcl' brown coal-fields, Pezinok, Spania dolina Valley, • . .'"•«•:• • ^" i': ' :-S'Sir";*:'':V is' Liptovska Diibrava, Roinava ore-field, Ni&a Slana, Novaky coal-mine, Bai^a Dolina-Modry Kamefi coal mine, HnuSl'a-Mutnik 06 Changes $V; ;:.:;<;•.Sfcji Study of changes occured in the fine-grained • Ash from the power station Novaky: Zemianske Kostol'any, anthropbgeneouj;: i ; sediments of settling pits of various origin BystriJany-Chalmovd, Chalmova • Sludge and sediments coming from the extraction and processing of ore minerals in the locality Banska Stiavnica: slime beds (tailings) 7 iien and Lintych • Industrial sludge from the Duslo Sala chemical plant: slime beds (tailings) Amcrika and RSTO The;stabflift,qf;:;i::.::':;';S:;K Study of gravitational slope events, evaluation Strecno Castle, SpiJsky hrad Castle, Skalka Cloister, Plavec W. basement rocka under; of causes of their origin and specification of and Lietava Castle historical monuments ; other secondary factors (i.e. climate etc.) affecting these events 08; Searching and;-;;;.' j; •;;:;; > • Documentation of "hidden1 anthropogeneous • Great Bratislava area documenUtiod of the deposits filled by waste of various origin in • area of Zitny ostrov zone the sites of previous mining activities • selected areas of the Middle Slovakia region (Stiavnicke1 anthropogeneous : and Krcninicke vrchy Mountains, Starohorske vrchy Mountains, Nizke Tatry Mountains - North and South), etc... OS Tectonic and seismic Study and evaluation of movement activity of Institutions and seismic stations of the Geophysical Institute geological structures and relative rate of the Slovak Academy of Sciences: ZST (Bratislava), MOD movement along the faults (Modra),MB (Hurbanovo), SRO (Srobarova), VYH (Vyhne), SPC (Skalnati Pleso), KOS (KoSice)

Sno^cpver^oality-j'^i-;: Country - wide evaluation of chemical Approximately 44 sampling sites: Bratislava-Slovnaft and moiUto]ring:ff:':':v::l''i:::KK composition of the snow cover on the territory Zeleznd studienka, Pernek, Skalica, Stary Hrozenkov, of the SR from the point of view of their impact Trcnfianskc Jastrabic, Homolka, Nitra, Patincc, Opavski hora on groundwater reserves, chemical Mount, BanskJ Studenec, Lehfltka pod Brehy, Handlova - composition of groundwater, soil acidification Nova Lehota, Podhradie pri Novikoch, Martinski hole, and contamination of the environment of the SR Vratna dolina Valley, OSSadnica, Lokca, Ruzomberok, T'.upcianska dolina Valley, Donovaly, Homy Tisovnik atd'. Monitoring of seismic •;:•;• Continuous registration of seismic events on Seismic stations of the Geophysical Institute of the Slovak events in fliieMfSS^Wj the territory of Slovakia Academy of Sciences Active stroini-sediment Focus on effects of human activities on the It is proposed to establish the monitoring network with 47 quality of active stream sediments and reference sampling sites evaluation of their impact on the quality of surface water •13; ] Partial infoinaiaapiiWilj IS2PSR Geological Service of the SR Bratislava system''*:;*is;^S:;-:? Zdroj: GS SR

29 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Maintenance of Old Mining Works During inventory process (1992-1996) o: mining works the following objects were registc 203 shafts, 4 971 mine adits, 6 sludge pits, 4 200 p and ping drifts, 6 025 pit heaps and 1 142 gangwa) mining drifts 16 547 objects altogether on the terri of the SR. Documentation for each of the above n tioned objects has been elaborated; it contains following information: • localization • geological data • technical data • other important data referring to the object includ data on its impact on the environment. This information pack is available in a digital form (at scale 1:10 000). Special-purpose maps scales 1:50 000 and 1:400 000 have been prepared. At present, MZP SR is preparing data regarding st pliers' selection for maintenance and destruction of old mining works with recorded negative impacts the environment.

Table 30 Fuel deposits (1997) Table 32 Non-metallic ore deposits (199

Raw material Number of deposits Raw material Number of deposits I* II* 1* II* Gasoline 8 6 Anhydride 5 5 Non-bitumen gases 2 0 Asbestos 4 2 Non-paraffin oil 4 3 Baryte 6 2 Semi-paraffin oil 9 6 Bentonite 16 14 Natural gas 39 24 Cast basalt 5 5 Anthracite 1 1 Decorative rock 20 18 Brown coal 13 7 Diatomitc 2 2 Lignite 8 6 Dolomite 17 17 Uranium ore 3 1 llalloysite 2 2 Bitumen sediments 1 1 Rock salt 3 3 I* - deposits included in Hie balance Source: CIS SR Kaolin 5 2 II* - deposits with tree balance resources Kaolinitic clay 1 1 Kaolinitic sands 6 6 Ceramic materials 27 20 Table 31 Ore deposits (1997) Quartz 8 8 Quart/.ite 10 !l) Magncsite 12 10 Type of ore Number of deposits Talc 6 3 1* 11* Pearlite 5 5 Sb ores 11 3 Pyrite 4 0 Sn ores 1 1 Gypsum 4 4 Complex Fe ores 12 4 Sialitic raw materials 14 13 Mn ores 4 0 Building rock 174 167 Cu ores 24 3 Gravel sands and sands 42 37 1 1 Ni, Co ores Brick clay 83 73 5 Hg ores (1 Tech. usable mineral crystals 1 1 1 0 Other ores Limestone-unspecified 24 23 6 Poly-metallic ores 15 High-content limestone 12 11 Pyrite 4 0 Calcateous marl 4 3 1 Wolfram ores 2 Zeolite 5 5 Gold and silver ores 12 6 Foundry sands 20 7 Fe ores 5 3 Refractory clay 10 7 Molybdenum ores 2 0 Total 566 495 I* - deposits included in the balance Source: GS SR Source: GS SR II* - deposits with free balance resources H* - deposits with free balance resources

30 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

In 1997, in total there was 49.9% of agricultural land and 51.1% of non-agricultural land in the SR. In comparison to 1996 agricultural land area increased by 189 ha, forest land area increased by 3 007 ha and build-up area by 22 441 ha. The other area decreased by 25 000 ha.

Table 33 Total area of the main land categories (state as of December 31st, 1997)

Land category Area (ha) % of total area Agricultural land 2 444 634 49.9 Forest land 1 996 373 40.7 Water bodies 93 310 1.9 Build-up land 218 584 4.4 Other land 150 554 3.1 Total area 4 903 455 100.0 Source: UGKK SR

Year 1997 was the first year of the second stage of the state soil monitoring system. Soil samples were gathered from all sites of the basic monitoring network that means 312 monitoring sites on agricultural land and from 21 key monitoring sites. Currently the analyses of the gathered samples are being carried out. Therefore, the listed data regarding the amount of contaminants are related to soil contamination in 1996.

31 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 34 The highest allowed concentration of some hazardous substances in soils l) (in mg. kg1 of dry matter) Hazardous substance A Al B C Metals As 29 5.0 30 50 Ba 500 X 1000 2 000 Be 3 X 20 30 Cd 0.8 0.3 5 20 Co 20 X 50 300 Cr 130 10.0 250 800 Cu 36 20 100 500 Hg 0.3--•••- - X 2 10 Mo I X 40 200 Ni 35 10.0 100 500 Pb 85 30.0 150 600 Se 0.8 X 5 20 Sn 20 X 50 300 V 120 X 200 500 Zn 140 40.0 500 3 000 Inorganic substances X 2) F(total) 500 X 1 000 2 000 S(su)phidic) 2 X 20 200 Br(total) 20 X 50 300 Notes: Source: VUPU 1) values valid for the given standard soil (25% of loam fraction and 10 % of organic material out in the content of the total content) 2) the simultaneous analysis of the fluorine water soluble forms must be carried out and the threshold value of the possible toxicity is the value greater than 5 mg. kg"1 A - reference value; soil is not contaminated if the substance concentration is less than this reference value. If the concentration is equal or greater than this reference value, the substance concentration is higher than the background values valid for the observed site or the values are higher than the sensitivity threshold of the relevant analytical analysis Al - reference value related to value A and valid for the assessment of the hazardous substance extractions with 2M HNO3 B - indicative value means that the soil contamination was analytically proven. The further study and the contaminated site control is required if the cause, area and contamination can have a negative impact on human health or on other components of the environment C - sanitary indicative value ; if the substance concentration value is equal or greater than this sanitary indicative value, the immediate analytical mapping of the pollution extent in the referred site is required followed by the proposal for decontamination. If values are within the range of B or C similar procedure should be followed.

Figure 20 Soil contamination categories in the SR - statistics C-0.4%. B-l.4% A,Al-28.7% 0C - heavily contaminated soils KB - contaminated soils DA, Al - soils exposed • O - soils without contamination

Figure 21 Source: VUPU Soil contamination map

Soil with low contamination [ category A, Al Contaminated soil | category B Heavily contaminated soil | category C Source: VUPU and SAZP Soil contaminated by MgCO3 (magnesite) I

32 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

On the Slovak territory the relations between occurrence of some trace elements and the soil attri- butes are rather complicated, especially in mountain ranges proximity, due to the endogenneous geo- chemical anomalies. However, the results of monitoring indicate that the soils in the SR are contaminated by hazardous substances at relatively low level. Note that the greatest part of the category A, Al (category with the largest area) is represented by forest land. Soils with significant contamination repre- sent only 1.4% of the category B and 0.4% of the category C. The analyses of mobile and potential mobile forms of trace elements are very important in relation to the risk assessment of their possible penetration entry into the food chain and biological circulation with negative impacts on mankind and the environment. The order of trace elements share bound by plants in comparison to total accessible content is as follows: Cd > Zn > Ni > Pb > Cu > Cr. Due to this fact, Cd and also Zn and Ni are the trace elements of extra importance. Zn and Cu are classified at mainly lower levels as micronutrients rather than contaminants. The mobility of Cr is very low.

Figure 22 Cadmium content (extraction with 2M HNO3) in the upper soil horizon in the SR

<0.1 ppm PI 0.4-0.5 ppm • 0.1 -0.2 ppm • 0.5-0.6 ppm • 0.2-0.3 ppm B >0-6 PPm lH 0.3 -0.4 ppm Source: VUPU Figure 23 Plumbum content (extraction with 2M HNO3) in the upper soil horizon in the SR

H < 10 ppm HO 30-40 ppm • 10-20 ppm S 40-50 ppm • 20-30 ppm H > 50 ppm Source: VUPU

33 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

/ i»;':;/; j *;'.} v 5 '4/'iy --Vri1! l!^

The graph represents the both increase and decrease in

the soil reaction in CaCl2 since 1994 monitored on the key

sites. Significant decrease of pH in CaCl2 observed during 1995 and 1996 was replaced by an increase of pH to 76% in 1997.

Figure 24 pH changes in CaCl on key sites

decrease of pH

1994 increase of pH 1996 1997 Source: VUPU

Considering total acreage of agricultural land in the SR, presently 40% out of total, are soils heavily affected by water erosion. As for deflation 5% of agricultural land would fall into category of mild intensity and only 2% would belong to the strong erosion intensity category. For these numbers being low and insignificant in the overall context, this erosion form currently is not subject of the monitoring.

34 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Flora and Fauna

National Strategy of Biodiversity Protection in the Slovak Republic was approved by the Government of the SR on April 1st 1997 and by the Slovak National Council on July 2nd 1997, following the ratification of the Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio de Janeiro, 1992) from May 19th 1993.

The evaluation of potentionally endangered and threa- tened species of wild growing plants is based on the study by Marhold K. & Hindak F. (eds.), 1998 called: 'Checklist of non-vascular and vascular plants of Slovakia.' (Veda, pub- lishing house of SAV, Bratislava, 687 pp.). The Checklist was compiled within a framework of the state project order No. 5305/025 called 'Biodiversity of Slovak Flora'. Also international project 'Kartierung der Flora der Slowakei' coordinated by the Austrian Academy of Sciences was used as supportive material during the elaboration process.

Table 35 Endagered flora species in 1997

Group Total number of taxons Endangered (1UCN categories) World estimation Slovakia Ex E Vm V R I Ed Cyanophytes and 50 000 2 989 Algae Lower Fungi 80 000 1295 Higher Fungi 20 000 2 469 20 46 70 Lichens 20 000 1508 100 129 0 249 100 18 Bryophytes 20 000 . 905 30 61 0 61 195 169 Vascular Plants 4 178 39 173 321 263 297 170 127 Source: BU SAV

35 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Figure 25 Statistics comparing total number of plant taxons to endangered taxons

Total number Endangered taxons - IUCN catagorisation

Vascular plants Uryophytcs Higher fungi Source: BU SAV Figure 26 Endangered taxons within IUCN categorisation - Vascular plants

Source: BU SAV Figure 27 Endangered taxons within IUCN categorisation - Bryophytes

30 Legend: Ex - extinct 25 E - critically endangered V - vulnerable / endangered %20 R - rare I - indeterminated Vm - very sensitive Ed — endemic species

Ex Vm V R I Source: BU SAV In 1997, 4 319 to date known sites with presence of rare and endangered species were monitored and presence of species was confirmed. 536 sites were recorded for the first time and 32 sites were with- drawn from the inventory. The total number of species under state protection remained unchanged since 1958 (the Regulation of the Deputy of Education and Culture No.21/1958 Coll. from December 23rd 1958 on Protected Species of Plants and Protection Conditions). In total, legislative protection is applied to 127 taxons on species and subspecies level, one family and 9 genuses (252 taxons of vascular plants altogether). In the period of 1983-1996, 57 proposals of the specific protection regime plans were elaborated mainly for critically endangered plant species. In 1997, plans of the specific protection regime for the following species were completed: • Anacamptis pyramidalis • Juncus sphaerocarpus • Carex buxbaumanii

36 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 36 Specific protection regime plans elaboration

Year Number of Number of updated Year Number of Number of updated species regime plans species regime plans 1983 4 - 1991 7 16 1984 6 - 1992 4 - 1985 6 - 1993 7 20 1986 3 - 1994 1 - 1987 3 - 1995 4 - 1988 4 - 1996 2 - 1989 3 18 1997 3 - 1990 3 - Source: SAZP In 1997, SAZP-COPK transferred to new sites or rescued the following species: • Nuphar luteum - 5 individuals • Sagittaria sagittifolia - 10 individuals • Hippuris vulgaris - 5 individuals

In 1997, no major changes occurred in the categorisation of animal groups according to the level of danger (compared to 1996 and 1995), excluding mammals were theupdated Red Checklist was prepared following the new IUCN classification (Stollmann et al. 1997).

Table 37 Endangered fauna species

Number of Higher taxons taxons Ex E V R I K Total % Mollusca 256 3 26 10 14 7 3 63 25.6 Aranea 879 11 88 137 157 18 3 414 47.1 Ephcmcroptera 112 0 8 18 18 0 0 44 39.3 Odonata 69 8 10 7 6 16 0 47 68.1 Orthoptera 122 0 6 3 11 22 14 56 45.9 Heteroptcra 787 0 3 21 105 0 0 129 16.4 Coleoptera 6 498 60 116 420 887 5 16 1504 23.1 Hymenoptera 4 300 0 6 8 126 43 15 198 4.6 Lepidoptora 3519 0 58 512 185 123 169 1 047 29.7 Diptera 4 635 0 0 35 8 3 1 47 1.0 Pisces 78 10 10 10 0 'ft 4 45 57.7 Amphibia 21 0 7 11 3 0 0 21 100 Reptilia 20 0 4 7 9 0 0 20 100 Avcs 352 2 26 26 37 23 0 114 32.4 Legend: Ex - extinct Source: MZI> SR £ - critically endangered V - vulnerable/ endangered R - rare 1 - indeterminaled K - insufficiently known

37 State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Table 38 Complex statistics on mammal species of Slovakia - classification based on the level of danger as suggested in the Red Checklist Category Ex CR EN vu LR:cd LR:nt LR.Ic DD NE Total Number of taxons 2 1 6 13 6 4 12 10 32 86 % 2.3 1.2 7.0 15.1 7.0 4.6 14.0 11.6 37.2 100.0 Legend: Ex - extinct taxon LR - less endangered taxon Source: SAZP CR - critically endangered taxon cd - taxon requiring protection EN - endangered taxon nt - almost endangered taxon VU - vulnerable taxon lc - the least endangered taxon DD - insufficiently known taxon NE - unclassified taxon In the network of 3 rehabilitation stations (RS) and 12 emergency rescue centres (PZZ) managed by nature conservation and landscape protection bodies, 334 injured or otherwise handicapped animals were treated (261 in PZZ and 73 in RS). 178 animals were released back into wilderness (146 from PZZ and 32 from RS). With the intention to improve nesting and living conditions of animal species there were 77 artificial nests (UHP) for storks and 54 for birds of prey installed. 83 artificial bird boxes (UHB) were installed for bird species (63) and for bats (20). At the same time 7 generation sites for Amphibia were prepared. With regard to in situ animal protection, nature conservation and landscape protection organisa- tions carried out 419 transfers of individuals. Within the re-introduction and restitution programme framework further 156 individuals of protected and endangered species were taken care of (6 re-introduction, 150 restitution) and placed into suitable biotops in the wilderness. 4 protected and endangered animal species (listed below) were transferred into special breeding centres managed in co-operation with nature protection bodies with the intention of securing their future. The species are: • Emys orbicularis • Otis tarda • Falco peregrinus Tunst. • Falco cherrug Gray 5 individuals were released into the wilderness.

'< 4