Poland Poland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Helsingborg 15 18 21 24 Karlskrona Kristianstad Siauliai Copenhagen SWEDEN ' Panevezhys DEN. .. Klaipeda Malmo Ystad LITHUANIA Trelleborg Bornholm Baltic Sea (DENMARK) Neman Nemunas Neris Ronne Kurskiy Zaliv Kaunas Vilnius Kaliningrad Gulf of Pregolya Ustka Sassnitz Gdansk Gdynia Sopot RUSSIA Stralsund Pomeranian Slupsk Alytus ' Bay Kolobrzeg Gdansk Elblag, Suwalki 54 Koszalin 54 Swinoujscie' ' POMORSKIE Tczew WARMINSKO-MAZURSKIE Olsztyn Hrodna ZACHODNIOPOMORSKIE a Szczecin l Nyoman Pisa t u PODLASKIE Havel V i s . Vawkavysk Lomza Pila Bydgoszcz Bialystok Tor un' Ostroleka, ' Narew BELARUS Oder Gorzow Notec Ciechanow' Wielkopolski KUJAWSKO- POMORSKIE Warta MAZOWIECKIE Berlin WIELKOPOLSKIE LUBUSKIE Wloclawek Plock Poznan' Bug Frankfurt Warsaw Siedlce Brest arta GERMANY W Konin Oder Skierniewice V Biala Zielona i Cottbus Leszno s Podlaska Gora' tu Kalisz l Lodz' ' a Spree yp''yat' Pr Elbe Glogow' Sieradz LUBELSKIE LODZKIE Radom DOLNOSLASKIE Kovel' .. Piotrkow' Lublin Gorlitz Trybunalski Legnica Warta Chelm Dresden Jelenia Wroclaw 51 Gora' Neisse OPOLSKIE Oder ' ' Kielce Zamosc Walbrzych Opole Ust' nad Labem Czestochowa, SWIETOKRZYSKIE Elbe SLASKIE Tarnobrzeg Hradec Bytom Katowice ula Kralove' ' st Gliwice Vi Buh Prague Rzeszow' Krakow' Tarnow' San CZECH REPUBLIC PODKARPACKIE L'viv ' a Ostrava MALOPOLSKIE Przemysl Vltav Bielsko- Krosno Poland Olomouc Biala Nowy Dnister Poland Sacz, International boundary International boundary Zilina Province (wojewodztwo)' ' boundary UKRAINE Province (wojewodztwo) boundary Vah' Presov National capital Banska' Province (wojewodztwo)' ' capitalcapital Bystrica Province (wojewodztwo) Kosice Railroad SLOVAKIA Uzhhorod Linz Expressway Danube Hron Road Vienna Tisa Bratislava Ipel' Miskolc 48 0 50 100 Kilometers ' ' HUNGARY Ny regyhaza Baia 0 50 100 Miles Satu Mare Enns Lambert Conformal Conic projection,Projection, SP 40N/56N .. Danube Mare Gyor Debrecen ROMANIA AUSTRIA 15 Raba' 18Budapest Tisza 21 24 Base 802628AI (R00812) 9-00.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

The Oder-Neisse Line As Poland's Western Border
Piotr Eberhardt Piotr Eberhardt 2015 88 1 77 http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/ GPol.0007 April 2014 September 2014 Geographia Polonica 2015, Volume 88, Issue 1, pp. 77-105 http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0007 INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES www.igipz.pan.pl www.geographiapolonica.pl THE ODER-NEISSE LINE AS POLAND’S WESTERN BORDER: AS POSTULATED AND MADE A REALITY Piotr Eberhardt Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw: Poland e-mail: [email protected] Abstract This article presents the historical and political conditioning leading to the establishment of the contemporary Polish-German border along the ‘Oder-Neisse Line’ (formed by the rivers known in Poland as the Odra and Nysa Łużycka). It is recalled how – at the moment a Polish state first came into being in the 10th century – its western border also followed a course more or less coinciding with these same two rivers. In subsequent cen- turies, the political limits of the Polish and German spheres of influence shifted markedly to the east. However, as a result of the drastic reverse suffered by Nazi Germany, the western border of Poland was re-set at the Oder-Neisse Line. Consideration is given to both the causes and consequences of this far-reaching geopolitical decision taken at the Potsdam Conference by the victorious Three Powers of the USSR, UK and USA. Key words Oder-Neisse Line • western border of Poland • Potsdam Conference • international boundaries Introduction districts – one for each successor – brought the loss, at first periodically and then irrevo- At the end of the 10th century, the Western cably, of the whole of Silesia and of Western border of Poland coincided approximately Pomerania.
[Show full text]
Risk Assessment of Virus Infections in the Oder Estuary (Southern Baltic) on the Basis of Spatial Transport and Virus Decay Simulations
International Journal Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 203, 317-325 (2001) © Urban & Fischer Verlag of Hygiene and http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/intjhyg Environmental Health Risk assessment of virus infections in the Oder estuary (southern Baltic) on the basis of spatial transport and virus decay simulations Gerald Schernewski1, Wolf-Dieter Jülich2 1 Baltic Sea Research Institute Warnemünde, Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany 2 Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Germany Received September 13, 2000 · Accepted January 09, 2001 Abstract The large Oder (Szczecin) Lagoon (687 km2) at the German-Polish border, close to the Baltic Sea, suffers from severe eutrophication and water quality problems due to high discharge of water, nu- trients and pollutants by the river Oder. Sewage treatment around the lagoon has been very much improved during the last years, but large amounts of sewage still enter the Oder river. Human path- ogenic viruses generally can be expected in all surface waters that are affected by municipal sewage. There is an increasing awareness that predisposed persons can be infected by a few infective units or even a single active virus. Another new aspect is, that at least polioviruses attached to suspend- ed particles can be infective for weeks and therefore be transported over long distances. Therefore, the highest risk of virus inputs arise from the large amounts of untreated sewage of the city of Szcze- cin (Poland), which are released into the river Oder and transported to the lagoon and the Baltic Sea. Summer tourism is the most important economical factor in this coastal region and further growth is expected.
[Show full text]
Of the Brackish Environment by Ponto-Caspian Amphipods: a Case Study of the German Baltic Sea
BioInvasions Records (2018) Volume 7, Issue 3: 269–278 Open Access DOI: https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2018.7.3.07 © 2018 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2018 REABIC Research Article The conquest (and avoidance?) of the brackish environment by Ponto-Caspian amphipods: A case study of the German Baltic Sea Ulrich Meßner1 and Michael L. Zettler2,* 1Nationalparkamt Müritz, Schlossplatz 3, 17237 Hohenzieritz, Germany 2Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany Author e-mails: [email protected] (UM), [email protected] (MZ) *Corresponding author Received: 7 March 2018 / Accepted: 25 June 2018 / Published online: 16 July 2018 Handling editor: Philippe Goulletquer Abstract Although an invasion of the brackish water biotopes was to be expected with the appearance of several Ponto-Caspian amphipods in German freshwaters two decades ago (and earlier), only recently (two years ago) the conquest of the mesohaline Baltic Sea could be observed. This discrepancy is a fortiori of interest as previous experimental studies showed that species like Dikerogammarus villosus and Obesogammarus crassus were able to tolerate both mesohaline and also polyhaline conditions. Two decades of invasion history in rivers and lakes have led to drastic faunal changes. If similar or analogue shifts will happen in brackish environments and if estuaries like the Stettin lagoon function not only as “a gate to the Baltic Sea” but also as a “catalyser” or acclimatisation area for invasive species remains to be seen. Simultaneously the question came up, why other also potentially brackish water species failed to colonise mesohaline waters although they partially arrived in the investigation area several decades ago (e.g.
[Show full text]
1 Co? Was? German-Polish Linguistic Attitudes in Frankfurt (Oder)
Co? Was ? German-Polish Linguistic Attitudes in Frankfurt (Oder) Megan Clark Senior Linguistics Thesis Bryn Mawr College 2010 In this study I analyze the linguistic attitudes held by Polish and German speakers in the border towns of Frankfurt an der Oder, Germany and Słubice, Poland, held together by a cross-border university. I consider the historical background in the relationship between the two communities, including but not limited to the effect of Germany and Poland’s separate entrances into the European Union and Schengen zone, which have divided the two countries until recently, as well as the adoption of the Euro in both Germany and, later, Poland. With consideration of this history, I explore the concept of linguistic attitudes in other border communities to mark parallels and differences in the attitudes of speakers on each side of the border, most notably different because of the presence of the university on both sides of the dividing river. I supplement this research with a study conducted on speakers themselves within each side of the community to explore the underlying thoughts and ideas behind attitudes toward speakers of the other language, investigating why so many Polish speakers are fluent in German, while only a few German students endeavor to learn Polish. The research we have conducted here explores a very important aspect of language attitudes as a proxy for European geo-political relations as exemplified in the role of Poland as an outlier in the European Union due to its late joining and reluctant acceptance of the Euro. Though student relations on the border are strong, the heart of Słubice remains untouched by German residents, despite full osmosis of Polish citizens into the heart of Frankfurt.
[Show full text]
General Conclusions and Basic Tendencies 1. System of Human Rights Violations
REVIEW-CHRONICLE OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN BELARUS IN 2003 2 REVIEW-CHRONICLE OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN BELARUS IN 2003 INTRODUCTION: GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND BASIC TENDENCIES 1. SYSTEM OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS The year 2003 was marked by deterioration of the human rights situation in Belarus. While the general human rights situation in the country did not improve, in its certain spheres it significantly changed for the worse. Disrespect for and regular violations of the basic constitutional civic rights became an unavoidable and permanent factor of the Belarusian reality. In 2003 the Belarusian authorities did not even hide their intention to maximally limit the freedom of speech, freedom of association, religious freedom, and human rights in general. These intentions of the ruling regime were declared publicly. It was a conscious and open choice of the state bodies constituting one of the strategic elements of their policy. This political process became most visible in formation and forced intrusion of state ideology upon the citizens. Even leaving aside the question of the ideology contents, the very existence of an ideology, compulsory for all citizens of the country, imposed through propaganda media and educational establishments, and fraught with punitive sanctions for any deviation from it, is a phenomenon, incompatible with the fundamental human right to have a personal opinion. Thus, the state policy of the ruling government aims to create ideological grounds for consistent undermining of civic freedoms in Belarus. The new ideology is introduced despite the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus which puts a direct ban on that.
[Show full text]
Modeling Water Exchange in the Oder River Mouth Area
Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies International Journal of Oceanography and Hydrobiology Vol. XXXVI, No.1 Institute of Oceanography (55-67) University of Gdańsk 2007 Received: July 01, 2006 DOI 10.2478/v10009-007-0002-9 Research Paper Accepted: February 13, 2007 Modeling water exchange in the Oder River mouth area Halina Kowalewska-Kalkowska1, Marek Kowalewski2 1Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Szczecin ul. Wąska 13, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland 2Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk al. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland Key words: numerical modeling, water exchange, Oder River mouth Abstract A three-dimensional operational hydrodynamic model of the Baltic Sea (M3D_UG) developed based on the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) was applied to model water exchange in the Oder River mouth area. Due to wind-driven back flow in the Oder mouth, a simplified operational model of river discharge was also developed based on the water budget in a stream channel. Linking the Oder discharge and Baltic Sea models into a single system allowed simulating hydrodynamic conditions in the Szczecin Lagoon and the Pomeranian Bay. Since the model adequately approximates hydrodynamic variability, it is a reliable tool for modeling water exchange in the Oder River mouth area and for assessing Oder water spread in the Baltic Sea. 1 Corresponding author: [email protected] Copyright© by Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Poland www.oandhs.org 56 H. Kowalewska-Kalkowska, M. Kowalewski INTRODUCTION Situated in the southern Baltic Sea, the Oder River mouth is an area where fresh and brackish waters mix. In its downstream reaches, the Oder River discharges into the Szczecin Lagoon, which is a coastal water body of approximately 680 km2 with a mean depth of 3.8 m.
[Show full text]
Polish Background Resources. Wilmette Public Schools District# 39
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 418 900 SO 028 113 AUTHOR Omalley, Joan; Koscielak, Gosia; Long, Chris Przybyla; Retzloff, Joan TITLE Polish Background Resources. Wilmette Public Schools District #39, IL. INSTITUTION Wilmette Public Schools, IL. SPONS AGENCY Illinois State Board of Education, Springfield. PUB DATE 1995-00-00 NOTE 87p.; Some maps and figures may not reproduce well. PUB TYPE Guides Non-Classroom (055) Information Analyses (070) Reference Materials Bibliographies (131) LANGUAGE EDRS PRICE MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Elementary Secondary Education; *Foreign Countries; Global Education; Instructional Materials; Minority Groups; North Americans; *Polish Americans; Polish Literature; Social Studies IDENTIFIERS *Poland ABSTRACT This packet contains resource materials to help teachers include Polish studies in the school curriculum. Sections include: (1) "Geography"; (2) "History"; (3) "Fine Arts"; (4) "Resources"; and (5) "Appendix," covering miscellaneous facts and figures about Poland, its education system, monuments, national parks, language, and literature. (EH) ******************************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ******************************************************************************** PCOMAISEIE 313.A.C161GaRCKFAnD IRJESCOTJRCE IiiVIXAMETTIE I:bT.7113I4IC SCHOOLS DISTRICTateao Sam Milsmixellim, Supt. 615 Locust Wilmette, XL 60091 7013/256-2450 PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY At. SPA GNI°L.o TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement rr) EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) XThis document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. 00 Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy.
[Show full text]
The Polish Baltic Sea Offshore Wind Potential
The Polish Baltic Sea Offshore Wind Potential: When Will the Dedicated Support Scheme Mechanism for Offshore Wind in Poland Be Presented? by Henry Davey, Robert Ryszard Broom and Igor Hanas Poland has huge potential in the Baltic Sea with 10GW of offshore Figure 1: Poland’s energy mix in 2017 (by source in wind envisaged to be built by 2040 to help reduce carbon emissions public supply of electricity). and fill a potential capacity gap created by no new coal generation being built to accommodate growing demand. A comprehensive offshore wind act with direct support for the first wave of projects is eagerly anticipated by the Polish offshore wind industry to kick- start the first wave of prospective projects. During an Economic Congress held in mid-May, in Katowice, Poland, officials from Poland’s Ministry of Energy presented on ways to develop Poland’s renewable energy sources sector that match EU requirements and are reflective of the Polish energy sector needs and structure. Offshore wind was highlighted as a key component of Poland’s future generation mix as part of its transition towards renewable energy diversification. We take a look at the prospects for offshore wind in Poland and the latest developments for this technology in the Polish energy sector. Energy Policy of Poland Until 2040 According to the Polish government’s Draft Energy Policy of Poland until 2040 (which contains the main strategic objectives for the country’s energy sector) (the Energy Policy),1 apart from nuclear power plants and photovoltaics, offshore wind energy is to be a key component in the Polish energy transformation.
[Show full text]
Beiträge Zur Regionalentwicklung in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Greifswalder Beiträge zur Regional-, Freizeit- und Tourismusforschung Band 16 Beiträge zur Regionalentwicklung in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Forum für Regional-, Freizeit- und Tourismusforschung an der Universität Greifswald Greifswald 2005 Forum für Regional-, Freizeit- und Tourismusforschung an der Universität Greifswald c/o Lehrstuhl für Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeographie, Universität Greifswald Greifswalder Beiträge zur Regional-, Freizeit- und Tourismusforschung ISSN 0943-7371 Band 16 (2005): W. STEINGRUBE (Ed.): Beiträge zur Regionalentwicklung in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern; Selbstverlag, 1. Auflage, Greifswald 2005 Wie bisher werden die Greifswalder Beiträge … 16 (2005) über die Tauschstelle der Univer- sitätsbibliothek an die Bibliotheken aller mit Lehre und Forschung in der Geographie bzw. zum Themenkomplex Tourismus befassten Hochschulen im deutschen Sprachraum kosten- los (im Tausch gegen gleichartige Literatur) vergeben; andere Interessenten ggf. direkt den Herausgeber anfragen (Schutzgebühr 15 € plus Versandkosten). Vertrieb über den Buchhandel erfolgt wegen der kleinen Auflage nicht. Der Herausgeber ist ausdrücklich an der nicht-kommerziellen Weiterverbreitung der Informa- tionen aus den Greifswalder Beiträgen … 16 (2005) interessiert, natürlich nur unter korrekter Angabe der Quelle. Jede Form kommerzieller Nutzung unterliegt dem strengen Urheberrecht. Herausgeber: Prof. Dr. Wilhelm STEINGRUBE i.N. Forum für Regional-, Freizeit- und Tourismusforschung an der Universität Greifswald, Makarenkostraße 22 17487 Greifswald Tel.: 03834 – 86 45 40 Redaktion/Gestaltung: Dr. Wolfgang ALBRECHT (Redaktionsschluss 31.10. 2005) Manuskript/Texte+Tabellen: Gudrun LAST, Marie-Luise FUNK; Einbandkartogramm: Brigitta LINTZEN Druck/Binden: Kiebu-Druck GmbH Greifswald Für die in den einzelnen Beiträgen zum Ausdruck gebrachten Auffassungen und enthaltenen Informationen sind allein die jeweiligen Autor(inn)en verantwortlich. Greifswalder Beiträge zur Regional-, Freizeit- u . Tourismusforschung 16 (2005), S. 73-88 Tourismus und Militär an der Küste von MV im 20.
[Show full text]
Water Quality in the Central Reach of the Ina River (Western Pomerania, Poland)
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 24, No. 1 (2015), 207-214 DOI: 10.15244/pjoes/26971 Original Research Water Quality in the Central Reach of the Ina River (Western Pomerania, Poland) Arkadiusz Nędzarek*, Małgorzata Bonisławska, Agnieszka Tórz, Anna Gajek, Marlena Socha, Filip Bronisław Harasimiuk Department of Water Sozology, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, K. Królewicza 4, 71-550 Szczecin, Poland Received: 23 April 2014 Accepted: 8 July 2014 Abstract Our paper presents a study on the middle reaches of the Ina River. Select physical and chemical indica- tors were analyzed in order to evaluate water quality. It was determined that the studied river was subjected to strong anthropopressure, and factors declassifying river water included CODCr, TP, general hardness, and alcalinity. A high level of biogenic elements was additionally increased by pollution discharged to the river in the proximity of a factory specializing in agricultural production and processing food and agricultural produce near the town of Stargard Szczeciński. The process of self-purification was noted, which can be considered as a factor modifying changes and dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus in the studied river, leading to an inter- nal enrichment with biogenic elements. Those processes were multi-directional as confirmed by PCA analy- sis, where component 1 accounted for just 36.7% of the total variance, and the total variance exceeding 90.0% was only noted for 7 components. Keywords: water pollution, nutrients, organic matter, Ina River Introduction include agriculture, industry, and urbanization. The supply of pollution from these sources affects water quality in the Physical and chemical properties of river water are river and its biocenosis.
[Show full text]
Bug Peninsula/NW-Rügen
Quaternary Science Journal GEOZOn SCiEnCE MEDiA Volume 58 / number 2 / 2009 / 164–173 / DOi 10.3285/eg.58.2.05 iSSn 0424-7116 E&G www.quaternary-science.net Coastal evolution of a Holocene barrier spit (bug peninsula/NW- Rügen) deduced from geological structure and relative sea-level Michael naumann , Reinhard lampe, Gösta Hoffmann Abstract: The Bug peninsula/NW Rügen located at the south-western Baltic coast has been investigated to study coastal barrier evolution depending on Holocene sea-level rise. In this so far minor explored coastal section 25 sediment cores, seven ground-penetrating radar tracks and six sediment-echosounder tracks were collected from which six depositional facies types were derived. The data show that the recent peninsula consists of an about 10 m thick Holocene sediment sequence, underlain by Pleistocene till or (glaci-) fluviolimnic fine sand. Although no absolute age data could be gathered to estimate the chronostratigraphy of the sedimentary sequence the relation of the depositional facies to the local relative sea-level curve allow the reconstruction of the palaeogeographic evolution of the Bug barrier spit. The marine inundation of the area occurred around 7,000 BC during the Littorina transgression. In this stage the sea level rose rapidly and generated a fast increasing subaquatic accommodation space, where fine clastic material was deposited nearly or below the wave base and levelled the former relief. Accumulative coastal landforms grew to only minor extent because the accom- modation space increased faster than it was filled with material from neighbouring eroding cliffs. Since the time the sea-level rise decreased accumulation became more dominant and the main barrier was built up in only some two thousand years.
[Show full text]
The “Belarus Factor” from Balancing to Bridging Geopolitical Dividing Lines in Europe?
The “Belarus factor” From balancing to bridging geopolitical dividing lines in Europe? Clingendael Report Tony van der Togt The “Belarus factor” From balancing to bridging geopolitical dividing lines in Europe? Tony van der Togt Clingendael Report January 2017 January 2017 © Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’. Cover photo: The leaders of Belarus, Russia, Germany, France and Ukraine after signing the Minsk II agreement, February 2015. © In Terris Online Newspaper Unauthorized use of any materials violates copyright, trademark and / or other laws. Should a user download material from the website or any other source related to the Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’, or the Clingendael Institute, for personal or non-commercial use, the user must retain all copyright, trademark or other similar notices contained in the original material or on any copies of this material. Material on the website of the Clingendael Institute may be reproduced or publicly displayed, distributed or used for any public and non-commercial purposes, but only by mentioning the Clingendael Institute as its source. Permission is required to use the logo of the Clingendael Institute. This can be obtained by contacting the Communication desk of the Clingendael Institute ([email protected]). The following web link activities are prohibited by the Clingendael Institute and may present trademark and copyright infringement issues: links that involve unauthorized use of our logo, framing, inline links, or metatags, as well as hyperlinks or a form of link disguising the URL. About the author Tony van der Togt is Senior Research Fellow at the Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ in The Hague.
[Show full text]