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Popular Imagery, the Press and Militarism

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Popular Imagery, the Press and Militarism Popular Imagery, the Press and Militarism: Identifying Militarism in French Culture and Society, 1830-1840 by Michael S. Paramchuk Supervised by Dr. Robert Alexander A graduating Essay Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements, in the Honours Programme. For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts In the Department Of History The University of Victoria April 6 2020 i Table of Contents Table of Figures ii Introduction 1 Military Implications, 1830-1840 9 Les Trois Glorieuses, July 1830 10 The Belgian Revolution, 1830-32 13 Napoleon and his Nephew: Bonapartist Episodes 1836-1840 16 Identifying Militarism in Newsprint and Popular Imagery 20 Identifying militarism in Le Corsaire and L’Indépendant 26 Popular Imagery in France, 1835-1841 32 Conclusion 38 Bibliography 40 Appendix 43 ii Table of Figures Figure 1: Pellerin, La Vie du conscrit, 1841. Bibliothèque national de France, Paris. 43 Figure 2: Dembour, Crédit est mort, les mauvais payeurs l’ont tué, 1835. © Musée de l'Image – Ville d’Épinal / cliché H. Rouyer. 43 Figure 3: Pellerin, Le Chemin du ciel et le chemin de l’enfer, 1837. Bibliothèque national de France, Paris. 44 Figure 4: Georgin, Napoléon à Arcis-sur-Aube, 1835. Bibliothèque national de France, Paris. 44 1 Introduction Military history is one of the oldest forms of historical writing in many cultures and in recent decades it has been subject to increased scrutiny. The polarizing nature of military history is perhaps due, in part, to the popularity of the discipline with the public. Another reason could be the notion that military historians glorify or romanticize the very subject they study, war.1 David A. Bell asserts that many interpret militarism as having a relatively negative connotation and that the term is usually associated with societies considered barbaric and primitive. He continues, “[the] spirit of conquest,” is often associated with the military and military culture.2 Traditionally, military scholarship has focused on combat; fighting technique and strategy, leadership within the army, and military doctrine. Despite the traditional nature of the genre, military history has recently experienced an increase in scholarship with a sub-genre referred to as military-cultural history, which also draws in many aspects of social history.3 The turn towards military-cultural history has been a product of the Cultural Turn in historical scholarship, although many such studies have focused on culture within the military sphere. This includes examining the character of armies and soldiers, along with their thoughts and reflections on combat experiences in the years that follow conflict. Tracing social implications of the military, such as how soldiers interact, reaction to combat, and interactions with the populace, also generated profound change in the discipline. 1 Stephen Morillo and Michael F. Pavkovic, What is Military History? (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2006) 1-2. 2 David A. Bell, “The Birth of Militarism in the Age of Democratic Revolutions,” in War, Demobilization and Memory: The Legacy of War in the Era of Atlantic Revolutions, ed. Alan I. Forrest, Karen Hagemann, and Jane Rendall, 30 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016). 3 Philip G. Dwyer, “War Stories: French Veteran Narratives and the ‘Experience of War’ in the Nineteenth Century,” European History Quarterly 41, no. 4 (October 2011): 564, doi: 10.1177/0265691411419471., 2 Socio-cultural studies of the military have focused on the soldier and have largely omitted civilian culture, whether the blending of military and civilian culture, or the imposition of one sphere upon the other. Some studies of military-cultural history have focused on the experience of war, specifically with memoirs, diaries and accounts from soldiers and veterans in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Such studies concentrate on the men in the military and have dealt mostly with the military sphere of society. Those who have studied French military culture have primarily focused on the values and motivations of the Napoleonic soldier, and political culture and its relationship to combat in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods (1789-1815).4 Very few studies have been dedicated to the identification of militarism in French civilian culture in the nineteenth century. Even fewer yet have investigated the impact of military culture on civilian culture, and vice-versa, in the years following the fall of Napoleon.5 One reason for this could be disagreement as to when a line between civil and military cultural spheres can be drawn. This is not to say that civil and military institutions existed separately before 1815; rather, the societal and cultural distinction between the two spheres was not yet recognizable. The collapse of the estates system allowed the military sphere, previously reserved for the nobility, to be infiltrated by commoners. Upon the fall of the Empire, veterans of the Napoleonic campaigns returned to France and brought military culture and values back home. Bell asserts that a 4David G. Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon (New York: Macmillan, 1966)., Collingham, H. A. C., and R. S. Alexander. The July Monarchy: A Political History of France, 1830-1848. London: Longman, 1988., Dwyer, “War Stories., Philip G. Dwyer, “War Stories: French Veteran Narratives and the ‘Experience of War’ in the Nineteenth Century,” European History Quarterly 41, no. 4 (October 2011): doi: 10.1177/0265691411419471., Douglas Porch, Army and Revolution: France 1815-1848 (London: Routledge & K. Paul, 1974)., Gunther E. Rothenberg, The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978). 5 Interactions between the military and civilian spheres and the impact that either would have on the other is largely due to political forces including the political mobilization of various groups. Interaction between the groups also included social interaction following Allied victory and subsequent French demobilization in 1815. 3 distinction between the two spheres can be made in France only after 1815 and the fall of Napoleon. Further, Bell states that the French language did not have a word akin to the modern definition of civilian prior to 1834, indicating that the populace did not recognize separate spheres linguistically until that time.6 Identifying militarism is difficult, especially in this period. The strongest sign of militarism consists of advocating use of a strong military to forcibly secure national interests abroad, but international relations in the 1830s dictated that very few of the French publicly advocated such a strategy. A second indicator is however more useful for the purposes of this paper - militarism can consist of the glorification of military ideals, values, personnel and warfare as a positive and strong model for society. At base, militarism can be seen in desire for a strong military force, but much depends upon the purpose for which that force is intended.7 There are numerous examples of militarism in the period; however, it is often difficult to identify the degree to which such examples are explicitly militarist. Does making a common soldier the subject of a play necessarily indicate militarism? It might, if the soldier is depicted as a role model because he sacrifices himself. But does he sacrifice himself for the pursuit of glory, or to defend the security or independence of the homeland? What if he does so for both reasons? It should also be noted that not all parlance of the military is inherently militarist, as often such discussions are relatively neutral and do not indicate militarism. These cases include passively mentioning military exploits in the press and neglecting details of battle, in an effort not to glorify war. Despite the seeming frequency of militarism in the period, there are also examples 6 Bell, “The Birth of Militarism in the Age of Democratic Revolutions,” 32, 34. 7 Alfred Vagts’ definition of militarism includes, “a vast array of customs, interests, prestige, actions, and thoughts associated with armies and wars… militarism displays the qualities of cast and cult, authority and belief.” Alfred Vagts, A History of Militarism: Civilian and Military (New York: Free Press, 1967) 13-14. 4 of pacifism and hostility to the military. Calls to demobilize the troops, or veterans recounting horror stories of war and the military to the public in an effort to deter militarism, are but two examples of this. Previous scholarship of Napoleonic Europe that discusses the social and cultural aspects of the military allows a definition of military culture and militarism to emerge from the period. Michael J. Hughes asserts that Napoleonic military culture was motivated by five main factors, “honour, patriotism, a martial and virile masculinity, devotion to Napoleon and coercion.”8 Many studies investigate the thoughts, interactions, tendencies and values of those who had served in the military, and how these relate to military culture. These factors are commonly studied in the war memoirs of common soldiers, or correspondence between officers, although there is a very limited number of studies that investigate the effect of military culture on the civilian sphere.9 This, perhaps, is an area of study that can be expanded in the future to further show the connection between the civilian and military spheres, although, this is not the intention of this paper. The numerous changes in regime since 1789 also caused intense economic, political, social and cultural change within France. The instability caused by the many revolts through the nineteenth century divided the population both politically and socially. The new social order brought on by the Revolution of 1789 saw previously marginalized classes emerge socially, and 8 Michael J. Hughes, Forging Napoleon's Grande Armée: Motivation, Military Culture, and Masculinity in the French Army, 1800-1808, 12 (New York: New York University Press, 2012). 9 R. S. Alexander, 1954. Napoleon (London: Arnold, 2001)., Jean Paul Bertaud, The Army of the French Revolution: From Citizen-Soldiers to Instrument of Power (Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1988)., Dwyer, "Public Remembering, Private Reminiscing.”, Dwyer, “War Stories.”, Alan I.
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