Notes

Chapter 1. Introduction

1. Jean Tulard, Le My the de (: Armand Colin, 1971), pp.47, 51 etc. 2. Addicts may consult Jean Savant, Napoleon (Paris: Veyrier, 1974); Frank Richardson, Napoleon, Bisexual Emperor (London: Kimber, 1972); Arno Karlen, Napoleon's Glands and Other Ventures in Biohistory (Boston: Little Brown, 1984). 3. J.M. Thompson, Napoleon Bonaparte (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988), p.389. 4. J. Tulard, Napoleon: The Myth of the Saviour, trans. T. Waugh (London: Methuen, 1985), p.449. For the poisoning allegations, see Sten Forshufvud and Ben Weider, Assassination at St Helena: The Poisoning of Napoleon Bonaparte (Vancouver: Mitchell Press, 1978), and Frank Richardson, Napoleon's Death: An Inquest (London: Kimber, 1974). 5. G. Ellis, Napoleon's Continental Blockade: The Case ofAlsace (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981); Alan Forrest, Conscripts and Deserters: The Army and French Society during the Revolution and Empire (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Michael Broers, The Restoration of Order in Napoleonic Piedmont, 1797-1814, unpublished Oxford D .Phil. thesis, 1986.

Chapter 2. Bonaparte the

1. J. Boswell, An Account of Corsica, the Journal of a Tour in that Island and Memoirs ofPascal Paoli (London, 1768). 2. Peter A. Thrasher, Pasquale Paoli: an Enlightened Hero, 1725-1807 (London: Constable, 1970), e.g. pp.98-9. 3. D. Carrington, "Paoli et sa 'Constitution' (1755-69)", AhRf, 218, October-December, 1974,531. 4. J. Tulard, Napoleon: The Myth of the Saviour (London: Methuen, 1985), p.24.

301 302 NOTES

5. S.F. Scott, The Response of the Rnyal Army to the : The Rnle and Development of the Line Army during 1789-93, (Oxford, 1978). 6. J.M. Thompson, Napoleon Bonaparte (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988), p.8. 7. Ibid., p.10. 8. Thrasher, Pasquale Paoli, chapter 18. 9. Eugene Deprez, "Les Origines republicaines de Bonaparte", RH, 97,1908,319. 10. Jean Defranceschi, La Corse francaise (30 nov. 1789-15 juin 1794) (Paris: Societe des etudes robespierristes, 1980), p.90. 11. Ibid., p.142. 12. Tulard, Napoleon: The Myth of the Saviour, p.39. 13. William Scott, Terror and Repression in Revolutionary Marseilles (London: Macmillan, 1973). 14. M.H. Crook, "Federalism and the French Revolution: The Revolt of in 1793", History, 65,1980,383-97. 15. A. Aulard, "Bonaparte republicain", in his Etudes et Lecons, vo1.9 (Paris, 1924), pp.71-92. This article was written in 1921. 16. A. to M. Robespierre, Nice, 16 Year 2, in Georges Michon (ed.), Correspondance de Maximilien et Augustin Robespierre (Paris: Nizet & Bastard, 1926), no.371, p.274. 17. Martyn Lyons, under the Directory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975). 18. Harvey Mitchell, ''Vendemiaire - a Re-evaluation",jMH, 30, 1958.

Chapter 3. Bonaparte the Republican

1. Georges Six, Les Geru?raux de la Revolution et de l'Empire (Paris, 1947). 2. Martyn Lyons, France under the Directory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp.50-1. 3. Note sur l'Armee de l1talie, cited by J.M. Thompson, Napoleon Bonaparte (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988), p.60. 4. Ibid., p.62. 5. Napoleon, Correspondance, 32 vols (Paris, 1858-70), voLl, no.91, p.1l8, proclamation from headquarters in Nice, 7 Germinal Year 4. 6. A. Aulard, "Bonaparte republicain", in his Etudes et Lezons, vo1.9 (Paris, 1924), pp.82-3; V. Daline, "Marc-Antoine Jullien apres Ie 9 ", AhRf, 185, 1966. NOTES 303

7. For brief summaries of the Italian campaign, see Lyons, France under the Directory, pp.196-200; Denis Richet, "The Italian Campaign", in F. Furet and M. Ozouf (eds), A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution, trans. A. Goldhammer (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989), pp.81-93;Jacques Godechot, La Grande Nation: l'expansion revolutionnaire de laFrance dans le monde de 1789 ii 1799 (Paris, 1956) 2 vols. 8. Ferdinand Boyer, "Les responsibilites de Napoleon dans Ie transfert a Paris des oeuvres d'art de l'etranger", Rhmc, 11, 1964, 241-62. 9. Richet, "The Italian Campaign", p.86. 10. J.R. Suratteau, "Le Directoire a-t-il eu une politique italienne?", Critica Storica, 27:2, 1990, 351-64. 11. G. Vaccarino, I Patrioti "anarchistes" e l'idea dell'unitii italiana (1796-99) (Turin, 1955). 12. U. Marcelli, "La crisa economica e sociale a Bologna e Ie prime vendite dei beni ecclesiastici, Atti e memorie della deputazione di storia patria per le province di Romagna, new series, 5, 1953-4. 13. Renzo de Felice, "La Vendita dei beni nazionali nella Repubblica Romana del 1798-9", Storia edEconomia, 8 (Rome, 1960). 14. Napoleon, Correspondance, 2, no.1321, p.264, letter to Directory, Milan, 28 December 1796. 15. Richet, ''The Italian Campaign", p.87. 16. Marcel Reinhard (ed.), Avec Bonaparte en Italie, d 'apres les lettres inedites de son a.d.c.Joseph Sulkowski (Paris: Hachette, 1946), p.95. 17. Jacques Godechot, The Counter-Revolution: Doctrine and Action, 1789-1804 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981), pp.303-8. 18. Y.E. Giuntella, "La Giacobina Repubblica Romana, 1798-9: aspetti e momenti", Archivio della societii romana di storia patria, 73 (Rome, 1950). 19. A.B. Rodger, The War of the Second Coalition, 1798-1801: A Strategic Commentary (Oxford, 1964); Jean Thiry, Bonaparte en Egypte (Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1973), pp.109-1I. 20. Thompson, Napoleon Bonaparte, p.98. 21. Y Laissus, "Gaspard Monge et l'expedition d'Egypte", Revue de Synthese, 81, 1960. 22. Edward W. Said, Orientalism (Harmondsworth: Peregrine, 1985), pp.80-7. 23. Napoleon, Correspondance, 4, no.2723, p.270, Alexandria, pro­ clamation of 2 July 1798. 304 NOTES

24. Thiry, Bonaparte en Egypte, p.20I. 25. F. Charles-Roux, Bonaparte: Governor ofEgypt (London, 1937). 26. Napoleon, Correspondance, 4, nos.2723, 2733, pp.271, 281, Alex­ andria, orders of 14 and 15 Messidor Year 6; Thiry, Bonaparte en Egypte, pp.251-2. 27. Thiry, Bonaparte en Egypte, pp.272-3. 28. Ibid., pp.379-80.

Chapter 4. The Coup of

1. Martyn Lyons, France under the Directory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), chapter 11; Georges Lefebvre, Le Directoire (Paris, 1946); A. Goodwin, "The French Executive Directory - a re-evaluation", History, 22, 87, 1937. 2. C.H. Church, 'The Social Basis of the French Central Bureaucracy under the Directory, 1795-99", P&P, 36,1967. 3. C.H. Church, "Bureaucracy, Politics and Revolution: The Evid­ ence of the Commission des Dix-Sept", FHS, 6:4, 1970. 4. P. Boucher, Charles Cochon de Lapparent (Paris, 1969). 5. I. Woloch, Jacobin Legacy: The Democratic Movement under the Directory (Princeton, 1970); Lynn Hunt, D. Lansky and P. Hanson, 'The Failure of the Liberal Republic in France, 1795- 1799: The Road to Brumaire",JMH, 51:4,1979,734-59. 6. Felix Rocquain, L'Etat de LaFrance au 18 Brumaire (Paris, 1874). 7. R.c. Cobb, Reactions to the French Revolution (London: Oxford University Press, 1972), chapter 5. 8. Lyons, France under the Directory, chapter 11. 9. Colin Lucas, "The First Directory and the Rule of Law", FHS, 10:2, Fall 1977, 231-60. 10. Raymond Guyot, "Du Directoire au Consulat: les transitions", RH, 111, 1912. 11. S.T. Ross, "The Military Strategy of the Directory: The Cam­ paigns ofl799", FHS, 5, 1967. 12. Lyons, Franee under the Directory, pp.228-9. 13. Pierre-Louis Roederer, Memoires sur la Revolution, le Consulat et l'Empire, vo1.3, ed. O. Aubry (Paris: PIon, 1942), p.l05. 14. Jean-Denis Bredin, Sieyes, la eli de la Revolution fran{:aise (Paris: Le Fallois, 1988), pp.437, 441. 15. Ibid., p.444. NOTES 305

16. Sergio Moravia, Il Trarnonto dell'Illurninisrno (Bari, 1968); S. Moravia, Il Pensiero degli ideologues: scienzia e jilosofia in Francia (1780-1815) (Florence, 1976). 17. Gohier, Mernoires des contemporains (Paris, 1824),2 vols. 18. Albert Ollivier, Le Dix-huit Brurnaire (Paris: Gallimard, 1959), pp.149-52. 19. Jacques Godechot, Les cornrnissaires aux arrnees sous le Directoire (Paris, 1937), 2 vols. 20. Bredin, Sieyes, la cte de la Revolution, p.447; Edgar Quinet, La Revolution (Paris: Belin, 1987), pp.690ff. 21. Bredin, Sieyes, la ete dela Revolution, p.79. 22. Ibid., p.454. 23. See L. Sciout, Le Direetoire (Paris, 1895-7),4 vols. 24. Ollivier, Le Dix-huit-Brurnaire, p.209. 25. Aulard, "Bonaparte et les poignards des Cinq-Cents", Etudes et Le{:ons, vol.3, 1906, pp.271-89. 26. Ollivier, Le Dix-huit-Brurnaire, p.222. 27. Aulard, "Le Lendemain du 18 brumaire", Etudes et Le{:ons, vol.2, 1906, p.223. 28. Ibid., pp.213-52.

Chapter 5. France in 1800

1. Jacques Godechot, La Grande Nation: l'expansion revolutionnaire de laFranee dans le rnonde de 1789 Ii 1799 (Paris, 1956), 2 vols. 2. J. Dupaquier, "Problemes demographiques de la France napoleonienne", Rhrne, 17, 1970, 340-1. 3. Ibid., p.354. 4. Ibid., p.356. 5. Catherine Rollet, "L'Effet des crises economiques sur la popula­ tion", Rhrnc, 17, 1970,391-410. 6. M. Lachiver, La Population de Meulan du 17e au 1ge sieele: etude de dernographie historique (Paris, 1969), pp.193-208. 7. George D. Sussman, Selling Mother's Milk: The Wet-nursing Business in France, 1715-1914 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982), p.116. 8. R. Monnier, "Ouvriers", DN, 1287. 9. J. Houdaille, "Le Probleme des pertes de guerre", Rhrnc, 17, 1970,411-23. 306 NOTES

10. Dupaquier, "Problemes demographiques de la France napoleonienne", p.346. 11. Jacques Dupaquier (ed.) Histoire de la Population jranraise, vol.3, De 1789 a 1914 (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1988), pp.71-2. 12. Dupaquier, "Problemes demographiques de la France napoleonienne", p.351. 13. Louis Bergeron, L'Episode napolionien (aspects intmeurs), 1799- 1815 (Paris: Seuil, 1972), p.120. 14. Andre Armengaud, "Les Mariages de 1813 a Toulouse", in Sur la Population jranraise au XVlIIe et au XIXe siecles: hommage a Marcel Reinhard (Paris: Societe de Demographie historique, 1973), p.13. 15. P. McPhee, A Social History oj France, 1780-1880, (London: Routledge, 1992), p.15. 16. Dupaquier, Histoire de la Population jranraise, vol.3, p.6. 17. A. Armengaud, "Mariages et naissances sous Ie Consulat et l'Empire", Rhmc, 17, 1970, 373-90. 18. Jacques Dupaquier, Histoire de la Population jranraise, vol.3, p.67. 19. E. LeRoy Ladurie, "Demographie et 'funestes secrets': Ie Languedoc (fin XVIIIe - debut XIXe siede) ", AhRf, 182, 1965, 385-400. 20. J. Dupaquier and M. Lachiver, "Sur les debuts de la con­ traception en France ou les deux malthusianismes", AESC, 5, 1969. 21. Bergeron, L'Episode napoleonien, p.124; Dupaquier, Histoire, vol. 3, pp.301-73. 22. J. Godechot in report of discussion, Rhmc, 17, 1970, 466. 23. Marie-Noelle Bourguet, "Race et Folklore: l'image officielle de la France en 1800", AESC, 31:4, 1976,802-23. 24. Stuart Woolf, "Statistics and the Modern State", Comparative Studies in Society and History, 31:3,July 1989, 588-604; Marie-Noelle Bourguet, Dechiffrer la France: la statistique departementale a l'epoque napolionienne (Paris: Archives Contemporaines, 1990); Jean­ Claude Perrot and S. Woolf, State and Statistics in France, 1789- 1815 (London: Harwood Academic, 1984), e.g. pp.22, 87-90. 25. J.-N. Biraben, "La Statistique de la Population", Rhmc, 17, 1970, 359-72; Marcel Reinhard, "La Statistique de la Population sous Ie Consulat et l'Empire", Population, 5:1, 1950, 103-20. 26. Dupaquier, "Problemes demographiques", p.348. 27. Jean Vidalenc, Le peuple des campagnes, 1815-48 (Paris: Riviere/ 1970), p.40. NOTES 307

28. Michel Vovelle, "Villes, bourgs, villages: Ie reseau urbain­ villageois en provence (1750-1850)", AM, 90:3-4, 1978,431-4. 29. Alain Corbin, The Foul and the Fragrant: Odor and the French Social Imagination (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986). 30. David Garrioch, Neighbourhood and Community in Paris, 1740-1790 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986). 31. Bergeron, Episode napolRonien, p.126. 32. J. Coppolani, "Bilan demographique de Toulouse de 1789 a 1815", Contributions a l'histoire demographique de la Revolution jran{:aise, 2e serie (Paris, 1965). 33. L. Goron, "Les Migrations saisonnieres dans les departements pyreneens au debut du 1ge siecle", Revue geographique des Pyrenees et du Sud-Ouest, 4, 1933. 34. Roger Beteille, "Les Migrations saisonnieres", Rhmc, 17, 1970,433. 35. Ibid., p.439. 36. P.M. Jones, The Peasantry in the French Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp.259-63. 37. Vidalenc, Le peuple des campagnes, 1815-48, p.219 38. Ibid., p.309. 39. Ibid., p.50. 40. R. Monnier, "Ouvriers", DN, p.128I. 41. Fernand Braudel, L'Identite de la France, vol.1, Espace et Histoire (Paris: Arthaud, 1986), chapter 1. 42. J.P. Aron, P. Dumont and E. LeRoy Ladurie, Anthropologie du conscrit jran{:ais (Paris, 1972). 43. Herve Le Bras and Emmanuel Todd, L'Invention de laFrance: atlas anthropologique et politique (Paris: Livre de poche, collection Pluriel, 1981). 44. Abbe Gregoire, Rapport sur la necessite et les moyens d'aneantir les patois et d'universaliser l'usage de la langue jran{:aise, presented to , 16 Year 2. 45. P. Chaunu, La civilisation de l'Europe des lumieres (Paris, 1971), p.144. 46. Martyn Lyons, "Regionalism and linguistic conformity in the French Revolution", in A. Forrest and P. Jones (eds), Reshaping France: Town, Country and Region during the French Revolution (Manchester, 1991), chapter 11. 47. P. McPhee, "A Case-study of Internal Colonisation: The Francisation of Northern Catalonia", Review, 3, 1980. 48. Adeline Daumard, Les Bourgeois de Paris au XIXe siecle (Paris: Flammarion, 1970), pp.20-2. 308 NOTES

49. A. Cobban, The Social Interpretation of the French Revolution (Cambridge: 1964). 50. W. Scott, "The Urban Bourgeoisie in the French Revolution: Marseille, 1789-92", in Forrest and Jones, Reshaping France, chapter 5. 51. Fran(oise Ours, "Aux origines de l'industrie textile vizilloise: la manufacture des Perier de 1776 a 1825", and Bernard Bonnin, "Un bourgeois en quete de titres et de domaines seigneuriaux: Claude Perier dans les dernieres annes de l'Ancien Regime", in M. Vovelle (ed.), Bourgeoisies de Province et Revolution (: Presses Universitaires de Grenoble, 1987), pp.55-77.

Chapter 6. Republic of Notables

1. Jean-Denis Bredin, Sieyes, la eli de la Revolution francaise (Paris: Le Fallois, 1988). pp.466-7. 2. Irene Collins, Napoleon and his Parliaments, 1800-1815 (London: Edward Arnold, 1979), p.12. 3. Louis Bergeron, Episode napolionien (aspects inteneurs), 1799-1815 (Paris: Seuil, 1972), p.78. 4. Bredin, Sieyes, pp.488-9. 5. Ibid., pp.476-7. 6. Georges Lefebvre, Napoleon, voLl (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966), p.77. 7. Collins, Napoleon and his Parliaments, 1800-1815, pp.19-22. 8. Cambaceres, Lettres inedites a Napolion, 1802-1814, ed. Jean Tulard (Paris: Klincksieck, 1973), in 2 vols. 9. Bredin, Sieyes, p.480. 10. Lefebvre, Napoleon, voLl, p.73. 11. Bredin, Sieyes, p.463. 12. Louis Fougere (ed.), Le Conseil d'Etat: son histoire a travers les documents de l'epoque, 1799-1974 (Paris: Centre national de la Recherche scientifique, 1974), pp.56, 74. 13. Cited in. Andre Latreille, L'Eglise Catholique et la Revolution fran~aise, 2 vols, (Paris, 1946-50), vo1.2, chapter 1. 14. Edward A. Whitcomb, Napoleon's Diplomatic Service (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1979), p.32. 15. Fougere, Le Conseil d'Etat, pp.55-6, 175-7. 16. Clive H. Church, Revolution and Red Tape: The French Ministerial Bureaucracy, 1770-1850 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), p.273. NOTES 309

17. A. Aulard, "La Centralisation napoleonienne: les prefets", in his Etudes et Lerons, vol.7 (Paris, 1913), pp.132-3. 18. Maurice Agulhon et al., Les Maires en France du Consulat a nos jours (Paris: Sorbonne, 1986), pp.38-41. 19. Jacques Godechot, Les Institutions de la France sous la Revolution et l'Empire (Paris, 1968), p.556. 20. Claude Langlois, "Le Plebiscite de l'an VIII, ou Ie coup d'etat du 18 Pluviose an VIII", AhRf, 207,1972,43-65. 21. Langlois, op.cit., AhRf, 208,1972, pp.233-5. 22. J.M. Sydenham, "The Crime of 3 Nivose (24 December 1800) ", in J.F. Bosher (ed.), French Government and Society, 1500-1850: Essays in Memory of Alfred Cobban (London: Athlone Press, 1973), pp.295-320. 23. Aulard, "Centralisation", op.cit., p.121. 24. P.-L. Roederer, Memoires sur la Revolution, le Consulat et {'Empire, vol.3 (Paris, 1942), p.145. 25. Quoted in Bredin, Sieyes, p.486.

Chapter 7. The Concordat

1. S. Bianchi, La Revolution culturelle de l'an 2 (Paris: Aubier, 1982). 2. Michel Vovelle, Religion et revolution: la dechristianisation de l'an II (Paris: Hachette, 1976). 3. M.Vovelle, "Le tournant des mentalites en France 1750-1789 -la sensibilite pre-revolutionnaire", Social History, 5, 1977. 4. M.Vovelle, Piiti baroque et la dichristianisation en Provence au XVIIIe siecle (Paris: PIon, 1973). 5. Jacques Houdaille, "Un indicateur de pratique religieuse: la celebration saisonniere des mariages avant, pendant et apres la Revolution franc;:aise (1740-1829)", Population, 33:2,1978,367- 80. 6. Ralph Gibson, A Social History of French Catholicism, 1789-1914 (London: Routledge, 1989), p.229. 7. O. Hufton, "The Reconstruction of a Church, 1796-1801 ", in G. Lewis and C. Lucas (eds), Beyond the Terror: Essays in French Regional and Social History, 1794-1815, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp.21-52. 8. Jean Godel, La Reconstruction concordataire dans le diocese de Grenoble apres la Revolution (1802-1809), (Grenoble: CNRS, 1968), pp.246-80. 310 NOTES

9. G. Cholvy and Y-M. Hilaire, Histoire religieuse de la France contemporaine, 3 vols (Toulouse: Privat, 1985), voLl, p.14. 10. Ibid., pp.17-18. 11. Ibid., p.23. 12. Claude Langlois, Le Diocese de Vannes au XIXe siecle, 1800-1830 (Paris: Klincksieck, 1974). 13. E.E.Y Hales, Napoleon and the Pope (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1962), pp.156-7. 14. E.E.Y Hales, Revolution and Papacy, 1769-1846 (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1960), p.143. 15. R. Secher, Le genocide franco-franr;ais: la Vendee - venge (Paris: PUF, 1986); J.-C. Martin, La Vendee et la France (Paris: Seuil, 1986); Hugh Gough, "Genocide and the Bicentenary: The French Revolution and the Revenge of the Vendee", Historical Journal, 30:4, 1987,987. 16. Langlois, Dioese de Vannes, p.102. 17. A. Latreille, L'Eglise catholique et la Revolution franr;aise, 2 vols (Paris, 1946-50), vo1.2, chapter 1, part 3. 18. Hales, Napoleon and the Pope, p.70. 19. Latreille, L'Eglise catholique et la Revolution franr;aise, p.252-5. 20. Godel, La Reconstruction concordataire, p.139. 21. C. Langlois, "Portalis", DN, p.1365. 22. Gibson, A Social History ofFrench Catholism, 1789-1914, pp.105-7.

Chapter 8. Law Codes and Lycees

1. R.B. Holtman, The Napoleonic Revolution (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1967), p.89. 2. Jean Imbert, "Code Civil", DN, 429. 3. Joseph Goy, "Civil Code", in F. Furet and M. Ozouf, Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989). 4. R. Phillips, Family Breakdown in late 18th Century France: divorces in , 1792-1803 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980), p.4. 5. Ibid., pp.44-58; L. Hunt, ''The Unstable Boundaries of the French Revolution", in M. Perrot (ed.), History of Private Life, Vol.4 (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap, 1990), p.33. 6. R. Phillips, 'Women's Emancipation: The Family and Social Change in Eighteenth Century France", Journal of Social History, 12, summer 1979, 553-67. NOTES 3ll

7. \Vonne Knibiehler, "Les Medecins et la 'nature feminine' au temps du Code civil", AESC, 31:4, 1976,824-45. 8. J. Limpens, "Territorial Expansion of the Code", in B.Schwarz (ed.), The Code Napoleon and the Common-Law World (New York: New York University Press, 1956), pp.92-109. 9. Jean Carbonnier, "Le Code Civil", in Pierre Nora (ed.), Les Lieux de Memoire, Vo1.2-2 (Paris: Gallimard, 1986), p.297. 10. Ibid., p.309. ll. Martyn Lyons, France under the Directory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975), chapter 6. 12. Quoted in J. Godechot, Les Institutions de la France sous la Revolution et l'Empire (Paris, 1968), p.637. 13. Daniel Milo, "Les Classiques scolaires", in Nora, Les Lieux de Memoire, Vo1.2-3, p.530. 14. Holtman, Napoleonic Revolution, p.148. 15. G. Clause, "Lycees", DN, p.ll02. 16. Holtman, Napoleonic Revolution, p.160. 17. Clause, "Lycees", p.ll03. 18. D. Julia, ed. Atlas de la Revolution franr;aise, vol.2, L'Enseignement, 1760-1815 (Paris: Ecole des hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, 1987), p.35. 19. Nicole and Jean Dhombres, Naissance d'un Pouvoir: sciences et savants en France (1793-1824) (Paris: Payot, 1989). See also Maurice Crosland, Gay-Lussac: Scientist and Bourgeois (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978); the same author's The Society of Arcueil: a view ofFrench science at the time of Napoleon I (London: Heinemann, 1967) and Dorinda Outram, Georges Cuvier: Vocation, Science and Authority in Post-Revolutionary France (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984).

Chapter 9. Dictatorship by Plebiscite

1. Frederic Bluche, "Plebiscite", DN, pp.1338--9. Bluche excludes the vote of the armed forces from his calculations, to arrive at a swing of ll8 per cent in Bonaparte's favour in 1802, a swing of 14 per cent against him in 1804, and a swing of 35 per cent against him in 1815. 2. Ibid. 3. Archives Nationales (AN), BII.l1. 4. AN BII.46. 5. AN F1.cII!. Haute-Garonne. 312 NOTES

6. AN BII.515/516. 7. AN BII.722 and Pc.III. Haute-Garonne. 8. AN BII.887a. 9. Collins, Napoleon and his Parliaments, 1800-1815 (London: Edward Arnold, 1979), p.46. 10. J.-L. Halperin, "Tribunat", DN, p.1656. 11. Cited in J. Tulard, Napoleon: The Myth of the Saviour, (London: Metheun, 1985). 12. Marcel Le Clere, "Fouche", DN, pp.746-51. 13. E.A. Arnold, jr, Fouche, Napoleon and the General Police (Washington: University Press of America, 1979), pp.154-6. 14. Le Clere, "Fouche". 15. S. Kaplan, "Reflexions sur la police du monde de travail, 1700- 1815", Rh, 261, 1979, 17-77. 16. R. Monnier, "Ouvriers", DN, pp.1284-5. 17. Andre Cabanis, La Presse sous le Consulat et l'Empire (Paris, 1975), p.9, n.1. 18. Alfred Fierro-Domenech, "Edition", DN, pp.641-3. 19. J. Tulard, "Censure", DN, p.395. 20. Cabanis, La Presse, p.66. 21. James Smith Allen, In the Public Eye: A History of Reading in Modern France, 1800-1940 (Princeton, I'U: Princeton University Press, 1992), p.94. 22. AN FI8.39, censor's reports of 6 Pluviose An 13, 19 July and 11 December 1807. 23. AN FI8.39, censor's report of 28 Vendemiaire An 13. 24. AN FI8.10A, circular of20 September 1810. 25. Cabanis, La Presse, pp.205-30. 26. Bibliotheque Nationale, Nouvelles acquisitions fran<:aises (BN.naf) 10739, 8 April 1812. 27. BN.naf.5001, no.39. 28. BN.naf.5001, no.9. 29. BN.naf.5001, no.82. 30. Bernard Vouillot, "La Revolution et l'Empire: Une Nouvelle Reglemen tation", in H.·:J. Martin and R. Chartier (eds), Histoire de l'Edition franfaise, vol.2 (Paris: Promodis, 1984), pp.526-35. 31. Napoleon, Correspondance, vo1.l3 (Paris, 1858-70), p.689, no.11287, 21 Nov. 1806. 32. Fierro-Domenech, "Edition". 33. Louis Bergeron, "Napoleon ou l'etat post-revolutionnaire", in Colin Lucas (ed.), The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern NOTES 313

Political Culture: vol.2, The Political Culture of the French Revolution (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1988), chapter 23.

Chapter 10. Opposition: the Politics of Nostalgia

1. D.M.G. Sutherland, France, 1789-1815: Revolution and Counter­ revolution (London: Fontana, 1985), p.390. 2. J. Tulard, Napoleon: Myth of the Saviour (London: Methuen, 1985), p.1l4. 3. Cited in Jacques Godechot, The Counter-revolution: Doctrine and Action, 1789-1804, trans. S. Attanasio (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972), p.364. 4. Sutherland, France, 1789-1815, pp.340-1. 5. Ibid., p.341. 6. Gwynne Lewis, The Second Vendee: The Continuity of Counter­ revolution in the Department of the Card, 1789-1815 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), p.104. 7. Ibid., pp.167, 178. 8. Jean Vidalenc, "L'Opposition sous Ie Consulat et l'Empire", AhRf, 60,1968,472-88 (see p.480). 9. Sutherland, France, 1789-1815, pp.349-50. 10. Godechot, Counter-revolution, pp.367-8. 11. Henri Gaubert, Conspirateurs au temps de Napoleon Premier (Paris, 1962). 12. Godechot, Counter-revolution, pp.370-2. 13. Gaubert, Conspirateurs, pp.223-5. 14. Ibid., pp.289-343. 15. Sutherland, France, 1789-1815, p.398. 16. R.c. Cobb, "Note sur la repression contre Ie personnel sans­ culotte de 1795 a 1801 ", AhRf, 134, 1954, p.28. 17. Raymonde Monnier, "De l'An III a l'An IX, les derniers sans­ culottes", AhRf, 257, 1984,386-406. 18. Marcel Reinhard, Le Grand Carnot: vol. 2, De Thermidor a l'Exil (Paris: Hachette, 1952), chapter 10. 19. Huntley Dupre, Two Brothers in the French Revolution: Robert and Thomas Lindet, (Hamden: Archon, 1967). 20. Georges Bouchard, Un Organisateur de la Victoire: Prieur de la COte d 'Or, membre du Comite du Salut Public (Paris, 1946). 21. Leo Gershoy, Bertrand Barere: A Reluctant Terrorist (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962). 314 NOTES

22. Raoul Girardet, "Les Trois Couleurs", in P. Nora (ed.), Les Lieux de Memoire, yoU, (Paris: Gallimard, 1986) p.14. 23. Bronislaw Baczko, "Le calendrier republicain, in Nora, Les Lieux de Memoire, vol.1. pp.74-9. 24. Michel Vovelle, "", in ibid., pp.102-S. 2S. Simone Balaye, Madame de Stael: lumieres et liberte (Paris: Klincksieck, 1979), chapter 3. 26. Ghislain de Diesbach, Madame de Staiil (Paris: Perrin, 1983), p.200. 27. Balaye, Madame de Stael, p.1l8. 28. Diesbach, Madame de Stael, p.202. 29. Ibid., p.239. 30. Ibid., pp.207-8.

Chapter n. The Empire in the Village

1. D.M.G. Sutherland, France, 1789-1815: Revolution and Counter­ revolution (London: Fontana, 1985), pp.433-4. 2. P. McPhee, "Electoral and Direct Democracy in France, 1789- 1851 ", European History Quarterly, 16, 1986, 77-96. 3. Patrice L.-R. Higonnet, Pont-de-Montvert: Social Structure and Politics in a French Village, 1700-1914 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), pp.90-2. 4. Jean-Pierre Jessenne, Pouvoir au Village et Revolution: , 1760- 1848 (Lille: Presse Universitaire de Lille, 1987). S. Maurice Agulhon, Histoire de la France rurale: vol.3, Apogee et crise de la civilisation paysanne, 1789-1914 (Paris: Seuil, 1976), pp.Sl-8. 6. Albert Soboul, "Survivances feodales dans la societe rurale du 1ge siecle", in his ProblRmes paysans de la Revolution (1789-1848) (Paris: Maspero, 1976), p.1SS. 7. Ibid., pp.1S6--7. 8. Bernard Menager, Les Napolions du Peuple (Paris: Aubier, 1988), chapters 1-2. 9. A. Chabert, Essai sur les mouvements des revenus et de l'activite economique en France de 1798 a 1820 (Paris: Genin, 1949), 2 vols. 10. J. Tulard, La Vie quotidienne des Francais sous Napolion (Paris: Hachette, 1978), pp.30-1. 11. Quoted in J. Tulard, Napoleon: Myth of the Saviour (London: Methuen, 1985), p.188. 12. Agulhon, France rurale, vol.3, p.1l2. NOTES 315

13. Chabert, Essai sur les mouvements des revenus. 14. TJA. Le Goff and D.M.G. Sutherland, 'The Revolution and the Rural Economy", in A. Forrest and P. Jones, Reshaping France (Manchester, 1991), chapter 4. 15. Ibid., pp.64-6. 16. Ibid., p.59 and Chabert, Essai sur les mouvements des revenus. 17. J.D. Post, The Last Great Subsistence Crisis in the Western World (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977). 18. Peter Jones, Politics and Rural Society: The Southern Massif Central, c.1750-1880 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p.52. 19. Rene Pijassou, "La crise revolutionnaire", in A. Higounet-Nadal (ed.), HistoireduPerigord (Toulouse: Privat, 1983), pp.266-7. 20. G. Lefebvre, Les paysans du Nord pendant la Revolution francaise (Bari, 1959), pp.519-2I. 21. Le Goff and Sutherland, 'The Revolution and the Rural Economy" and P. Jones, The Peasantry in the French Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p.254. 22. P. McPhee, 'The French Revolution, Peasants and Capitalism", American Historical Review, 94, 1989, 1265-80. 23. Peter Jones, "Common rights and Agrarian Individualism in the Southern Massif Central, 1750-1880", in G. Lewis and G. Lucas (eds), Beyond the Terror: Essays in French Regional and Social History, 1794-1815 (Cambridge, 1983), chapter 5; and J.:J. Clere, "La vaine pature au 1ge siecle: un anachronisme?", AhRf, 247, 1982, 113-28. 24. G. Ikni, "Sur les biens communaux pendant la Revolution fran(aise", AhRf, 247,1982,92. 25. P.Jones, "Common rights", p.136. 26. Clere, "Vaine pature", pp.123-4. 27. Fran(oise Fortunet, "Le Code Rural ou l'impossible codification", AhRf, 247, 1982, 110-1. 28. Ibid., pp.108-9. 29. Cited in Clere, "Vaine pature", p.120. 30. M. Agulhon, The Republic in the Village: The People ojthe Var from the French Revolution to the Second Republic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982). 31. P. Jones, Politics and Rural Society, pp.77-86. 32. As Sutherland reminds us, this was only a quarter of the proportion drafted in the First World War. See Sutherland, France, 1789-1815, p.378, and Alan Forrest, Conscripts and 316 NOTES

Deserters: the army and French society during the Revolution and Empire (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp.20-1. 33. Forrest, Conscripts and Deserters, p.4S. 34. Ibid., p.71. 3S. Ibid., p.170. 36. Ibid., p.134-S. 37. Ibid., p.227. 38. Sutherland, France, 1789-1815, p.377. This last figure may not take into account naval recruitment, which was substantial in Brittany. 39. Ibid., p.377. 40. Forrest, Conscripts and Deserters, p.44. 41. Ibid., p.48. 42. Sutherland, France, 1789-1815, p.379. 43. A. Perdiguier, Memoires d'un compagnon (Paris: Maspero, 1977), p.40. 44. Forrest, Conscripts and Deserters, p.S9. 4S. Colin Jones, 'The Welfare of the French Foot-soldier", History, 6S, 214,1980,212. 46. Sutherland, France, 1789-1815, p.381. 47. R.C. Cobb, The Police and the People: French Popular Protest, 1789- 1820 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970), pp.lOS-6. 48. Jones, Peasantry, p.268. 49. Martin Nadaud, Les Memoires de Leonard, ancien gar{:on ma{:on (Paris, no date), pp.44-6.

Chapter 12. "Masses of Granite"

1. Louis Bergeron and Guy Chaussinand-Nogaret, "Les Masses de Granit": cent mille notables du 1er Empire (Paris: EHESS, 1979). 2. J. Tulard, Napoleon: Myth of the Saviour (London: Methuen, 1985), pp.248-S3. 3. Cited in G. Chaussinand-Nogaret, L. Bergeron and R. Forster, "Les notables du 'Grand Empire' en 1810", AESC, 26:5, 1971, 1068. 4. Bergeron and Chaussinand-Nogaret, "Masses de granit", p.14. 5. Ibid., p.43. These figures are based on information about 63 683 individuals. 6. Ibid., p.29. Of the notables who were old enough to be professionally active in 1789, 16.4 per cent were from the commercial classes. NOTES 317

7. D.M.G. Sutherland, France, 1789-1815 (London: Fontana, 1985), pp.385-6. 8. Pierre Bouyoux, "Les 'six cents plus imposes' du departement de la Haute-Garonne en l'an X", AM, 70, 1958,318,322 and 324. 9. Jean-Michel Levy, "Les Notables de l'Ain sous Ie Consulat et l'Empire", Rhmc, 17, 1970, 726-40. 10. Roger Dufraisse, "Les Notables de la rive gauche du Rhin a l'epoque napoleonienne", Rhmc, 17, 1970,766-7. 11. A.Cobban, The Social Interpretation of the French Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964). 12. Andre Palluel-Guillard, "Les Notables des Alpes du Nord sous Ie premier Empire", Rhmc, 17, 1970, 756; Maurice Agulhon, "Les Notables du Var sous Ie Consulat", Rhmc, 17, 1970, 720-5. 13. Palluel-Guillard, "Les Notables des Alpes" pp.750-2. 14. Geoffrey Ellis, "Rhine and Loire: Napoleonic elites and social order", in G. Lewis and G. Lucas (eds), Beyond the Terror: Essays in French Regional and Social History, 1794-1815 (Cambridge, 1983) pp.265-7. 15. F. Spannel, "Les Elements de la fortune des grands notables marseillais au debut du XIXe siecle", Provence historique, 7, 1957, 96-8. 16. Bouyoux, "Les 'six cents plus imposes"', p.319. Boyer-Fonfrede would have been eligible on his payment of the patente alone. 17. Cited in Palluel-Guillard, "Les Notables des Alpes du Nord" p.742. 18. Anne-Marie Boursier and Albert Soboul, "La Grande propriete fonciere a l'epoque napoleonienne", AhRf, 245,1981,406-11. 19. Bouyoux, "Les 'six cents plus imposes"', p.326. 20. Bergeron, France under Napoleon (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981), p.64. 21. Sutherland, France, 1789-1815, p.367. 22. Tulard, DN, "Mare chaux". Lannes died in action in 1809, as did Poniatowski in 1813. Bessieres died in 1813, and Brune was assassinated in 1815. 23. Bergeron, France under Napoleon, p.57. 24. Ibid., p.58 and Bergeron, L'Episode napolionienne: aspects intirieurs (Paris: Seuil, 1972), p.71. There is a discrepancy between French and English versions. Unfortunately, the English translator seems to have read "soixante-dix" as "soixante-deux". 25. Edward A. Whitcomb, "Napoleon's Prefects", AmHistRev, 79, 1974, 1091-103 for this section. 318 NOTES

26. Ibid., p.l097. 27. Michel Bruguiere, "Finance et noblesse: l'entree des financiers dans la noblesse d'Empire", Rhmc, 17, 1970,664-70. 28. Tulard, Napoleon: Myth of the Saviour, pp.248-53. 29. Cited in Bergeron, L'Episode napolionienne, p.84. 30. J. Tulard, "Les composants d'une fortune: Ie cas de la noblesse d'Empire", RH, 513,1975,121-2. 31. Pierre Durye, "Les chevaliers dans la noblesse imperiale", Rhmc, 17,1970,678. 32. Archives Nationales 311 AP.80-82, Papiers Massena. 33. Tulard, "Les composants d'une fortune", pp.126-7; Monika Senkowska-Gluck, "Les Donataires de Napoleon", Rhmc, 17, 1970. 34. Napoleon, Correspondance, vo1.32 (Paris, 1858-70), p.369. 35. Cited in DN, p.1584. 36. Tulard, "Les composants d'une fortune", p.132. 37. DN, p.204. In 1815, the Allies kept Berthier prisoner in Bamberg Castle in Bavaria, to prevent him from going back to Napoleon during the . He died there after falling or jumping in despair from a third-floor window. 38. Sutherland, France, 1789-1815, p.389. 39. Robert Forster, ''The Survival of the Nobility during the French Revolution", P&P, 37,1967,75. 40. R. Forster, The House of Saulx-Tavanes: Versailles and Burgundy, 1700-1830 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971), pp.193-6. 41. Forster, "Survival of the Nobility", p.82. 42. P. Jones, The Peasantry in the French Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p,49.

Chapter 13. Art, Propaganda and the Cult of Personality

1. Andre Cabanis, La Presse sous le Consulat et l'Empire (Paris, 1975), pp.196-7. 2. Ibid., p.261. 3. Robert B. Holtman, Napoleonic Propaganda (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1950), p,46. 4. Cabanis, La Presse, p.224. 5. Holtman, Napoleonic Propaganda, ''The Message". 6. Ibid., pp.8-9. 7. Ibid., p.22. NOTES 319

8. Ibid., p.197. 9. Cabanis, La Presse, pp.299-300. 10. Ibid., pp.314-16. 11. Holtman, Napoleonic Propaganda, p.33. 12. Ibid., p.95. 13. Ibid., p.143. 14. Ibid., p.211. 15. Ibid., p.205. 16. A. Cabanis, LaPresse, pp.313-14 17. Holtman, Napoleonic Propaganda, p.236. 18. Jean Touchard, La Cloire de Biranger, 2 vols (Paris, 1968), pp.199- 200. 19. Hugh Honour, Neo-Classicism (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968), pp.170-9. 20. Bruno Foucart, "L'Artiste dans la societe de l'Empire: sa participation aux honneurs et dignites", Rhmc, 17, 1970,709-19. 21. Warren Roberts, jacques-Louis David, Revolutionary Artist (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), p.137; A.Brookner, jacques-Louis David, (London: Chatto & Windus, 1980). 22. Luc de Nanteuil, jacques-Louis David (London: Thames & Hudson, 1990), p.31. 23. Roberts, jacques-Louis David, Revolutionary Artist, pp.1l2-16. 24. Walter Friedlaender, David to Delacroix (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952), pp.42-3. 25. Roberts, jacques-Louis David, Revolutionary Artist, pp.126-7. 26. Ibid., p.144. 27. Ibid., pp.159-60.

Chapter 14. The Unsheathed Sword, 1

1. Harold C. Deutsch, The Genesis of Napoleonic Imperialism (Philadelphia, 1975), p.129. 2. Simon Schama, Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in the Netherlands, 1780-1813 (New York: Knopf, 1977), p.8. 3. Geoffrey Best, War and Society in Revolutionary Europe, 1770-1870 (London: Fontana, 1982). 4. G. Lefebvre, Napotion (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1965), p.311. 5. Hugh Ragsdale, "A Continental System in 1801: Paul I and Bonaparte",jMH, 42:1,1970,70-89. 320 NOTES

6. J.M. Thompson, Napoleon Bonaparte (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988), pp.229-30. 7. J. Tulard, Napoleon: Myth of the Saviour (London: Methuen 1985), p.136. 8. Jacques Lovie and Andre Palluel-Guillard, L'Episode napolionien: aspects extmeurs 1799-1815 (Paris: Seuil, 1972),48-56; Lefebvre, Napoleon, voLl, pp.176, 186. 9. Deutsch, Genesis ofNapoleonic Imperialism, p.174. 10. Ibid., pp.36-7. 11. Ibid., p.99. 12. W.M. Simon, The Failure of the Prussian Reform Movement, 1807-19 (New York, 1971); G.S. Ford, Stein and the era of Reform, 1807-15; Gordon A. Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 1640-1945 (Oxford, 1955). 13. Lefebvre, Napoleon (French ed.), p.241. 14. In 1809, Lucien, fearing a worse fate at Napoleon's hands, tried to get away to the United States but was captured on the way by the British. He lived in England until 1814, when he returned to support Napoleon in the Hundred Days. He died in Italy in 1840. Owen Connelly (ed.), Historical Dictionary of Napoleonic France, 1799-1815, (London: Aldwych, 1985).

Chapter 15. The Unsheathed Sword, 2

1. Harold C. Deutsch, The Genesis of Napoleonic Imperialism (Philadelphia, 1975). 2. Fralll;:ois Crouzet, L'Economie britannique et le blocus continental (1806--1813),2 vols (Paris: PUF, 1958), pp.63-5. 3. Ibid., p.68. 4. Hugh Ragsdale, "A Continental System in 1801: Paul I and Bonaparte",jMH, 42:1,1970,70-89. p.83. 5. Crouzet, Economie britannique, p.386. 6. Ibid., p.534. 7. J. Lovie and A. Palluel-Guillard, L'Episode napolionien: aspects exterieurs, 1799-1815 (Paris: Seuil, 1972), pp.122-3. 8. H. Kissinger, A World Restored (London: Gollancz, 1973), chapter 3. 9. Michael Glover, Legacy of Glory: The Bonaparte Kingdom of Spain, 1808-1813 (London: Leo Cooper, 1972), p.23. NOTES 321

10. Gwyn Williams, Goya and the Impossible Revolution, (London: Allen Lane),1976. 11. G. Best, War and Society in Revolutionary Europe, 1770-1870 (London: Fontana, 1982), p.102. 12. G. Lefebvre, Napolion (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1965) pp.339-40. 13. Lovie and Palluel-Guillard, L'Episode napolionien, pp.124-5. 14. Best, War and Society, p.174. 15. Letter of 16 August 1808, in Glover, Legacy of Glory, p.52. 16. Gabriel H. Lovett, "The Spanish Guerrillas and Napoleon", PCRE, 1975, pp.80-90. 17. Don Alexander, "The Impact of Guerrilla Warfare in Spain on French combat strength", PCRE, 1975, pp.91-103. 18. Ibid., p.96. 19. Ibid., p.97. 20. Isser Woloch, The French Veteran from the Revolution to the Restoration (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979), part 3, pp.196-203. 21. Ibid., pp.205-6. 22. Lefebvre, Napoleon, vo1.2, pp.311-13; Owen Connelly, Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns (Wilmington, Delaware, 1987), p.159. 23. Irene Collins, "Variations on the theme of Napoleon's Moscow campaign", History, 71, 1986, 39-53. 24. Lefebvre, Napoleon, vo1.2, p.315. 25. Barry Hollingsworth, 'The Napoleonic Invasion of Russia and Recent Soviet Historical Writing",]MH, 38:1, 1966, 38-52. Soviet history drew a deliberate parallel with Stalin's resistance to Hitler's invasion in 1941. 26. Lefebvre, Napoleon, vo1.2, p.317.

Chapter 16. The Napoleonic Revolution in Europe

1. Simon Schama, Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in The Netherlands, 1780-1813 (New York: Knopf, 1977), p.361. 2. S. Woolf, Napoleon's Integration of Europe (London and New York: Routledge, 1991). 3. S. Woolf, "French Civilisation and Ethnicity in the Napoleonic Empire", P&P, 124, 1989, 106; S. Woolf, "The Construction of a 322 NOTES

European World-View in the Revolutionary-Napoleonic Years", P&P, 137, 1992, 72-101. 4. Woolf, "French Civilisation and Ethnicity", p.1l3. 5. Michael Glover, Legacy of Glory: The Bonaparte Kingdom of Spain, 1808-1813 (London: Leo Cooper, 1972), p.101. 6. S. Woolf, A History of Italy, 1700-1860: The Social Constraints of Political Change (London: Methuen, 1979), pp.192-4. 7. Wolfgang Schieder, "Secularisations et Mediatisations dans les quatre departements de la rive gauche du Rhin, 1794-1814", AhRf, 286, 1991, 484, a condensation of the same author's SiikuLarisation und Mediatisierung in den vier rheinischen Dipartements. Edition des standardisierten Datenmaterials der zu veriiussernden Nationalgiiter, 4 vols (Boppard, 1991). 8. Schama, Patriots and Liberators, chapter 3. 9. John A. Davis, Conflict and Control: Law and Order in Nineteenth­ century Italy (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press Inter­ national, 1988). 10. Albert Soboul, "Problemes sociaux des pays sous occupation fran~aise, 1799-1814", PSDF, pp.4-5; Pasquale Villani, "L'Abolition de la feodalite dans Ie Royaume de Naples", AhRf, 41, 1969, 229-38. 11. Y-M. Berce (ed.), La Fin de l'Europe napoLeonienne, 1814: La vacance du pouvoir (Paris: Veyrier, 1990). 12. Soboul, "Problemes sociaux", pp.4-5; H.A.L. Fisher, Napoleonic Statesmanship: Germany (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1903), pp.203-5. 13. Woolf, Napoleon's Integration, p.1l9. 14. Boguslaw Lesnodorski, "Le Processus de l'abolition du regime feodal dans les territoires polonais aux 18e et 1ge siecles", AhRf, 41, 1969, 300-l. 15. Angelo Massafra, "La Crise du baronnage napolitain a la fin du '18e siecle", AhRf, 41,1969,222. 16. Davis, Conflict and Control, p.46. 17. Fisher, Napoleon Statesmanship, pp.197-8. 18. Owen Connelly, Napoleon's Satellite Kingdoms (New York: Free Press, 1965), p.78. 19. Woolf, History of Italy, p.209. 20. A. Fugier, NapoLeon et l1talie (Paris: Janin, 1947). 21. Schieder, "Secularisations et Mediatisations", p.490. 22. Woolf, Napoleon s Integration, p.202. NOTES 323

23. R. Devleeshouwer, "Le cas de la Belgique", Occupants-Occupes, 1792-1815, Colloque de Bruxelles, 1968 (Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Sociologie, 1969) pp.58-9. 24. M. Miiller, Siikularisation und Grundbesitz. Zur Sozialgeschichte des Saar-Mosel-Raumes, 1794-1813 (Boppard, 1980), cited by Woolf, Napoleon's Integration, p.205. 25. C. Capra, "Les Colleges electoraux de la republique italienne et du royaume d'Italie, AhRf, 230, 1977,566-86. 26. Devleeshouwer, "Le cas de la Belgique", pp.23-4. 27. Fisher, Napoleonic Statesmanship, pp.2lO-11. 28. Connelly, Napoleon's Satellite Kingdoms, pp.92-95. 29. Y-M. Berce, "Societe et police dans l'ombrie napoleonienne", AhRf, 220,1975,239-40. 30. Connelly, Napoleon's Satellite Kingdoms, p.88. 31. R. Dufraisse, "Les Departements reunis de la rive gauche du Rhin, 1797-1814", PSDF, pp.48-52. 32. Helmut Berding, "Le Royaume de Westphalie, Etat-modele", Franda, 10, 1982,345-58. 33. Georges Six, Dictionnaire biographique des generaux et admiraux fran{:ais de La Revolution et de l'Empire, 1792-1814 (Paris, 1934). 34. Woolf, Napoleon's Integration, p.105. 35. Connelly, Napoleon's Satellite Kingdoms, p.149; Schama, Patriots and Liberators, p.505. 36. H. Berding, Napoleonische Herrschafts- und Gesellschaftspolitik in Konigreich Westfalen 1807-1813 (1973), cited in Geoffrey Ellis, The Napoleonic Empire (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press International, 1991), pp.90-1. 37. Monika Senkowska-Gluck, "Les donataires de Napoleon", Rhmc, 17, 1970,680-93.

Chapter 17. The Napoleonic Empire

1. Napoleon, Correspondance (Paris, 1858-70), vo1.l6, 31 octobre 1807. 2. S. Woolf, Napoleon's Integration of Europe (London and New York: Routledge, 1991), p.107. 3. O. Connelly, Napoleon's Satellite Kingdoms (New York: Free Press, 1965), p.29. 4. Woolf, Napoleon's Integration, p.38. 324 NOTES

5. M. Dunan, "Napoleon et Ie systeme continental en 1810", Revue d 'histoire diplomatique, 1946, 1. 6. A. Soboul, "Le Duche de Varsovie, 1807-1813: structures juridiques et realites sociales", PSDF, p.174. 7. S. Schama, Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in The Netherlands, 1780-1813 (New York: Knopf, 1977), pp.459-70. 8. Connelly, Napoleon s Satellite Kingdoms, pp.25-6; S. Woolf, A History ofItaly, 1700-1860 (London: Methuen, 1979), pp.191, 204. 9. M. Leonardi, "Democrates et masses populaires a Bologna (1796-1802)", AhRf, 230,1977,528-39. 10. J.-P. Filippini, "Les Livournais et l'occupation fran(aise sous Ie premier Empire", AhRf, 220,1975,203-30. 11. R. Dufraisse, "Departements reunis de la rive gauche du Rhin, 1797-1814", PSDF, pp.52-7. 12. R. Dufraisse, "Elites anciennes et elites nouvelles dans les pays de la rive gauche du Rhin a l'epoque napoleonienne", AhRf, 248, 1982,247. 13. Jeffry M. Diefendorf, Businessmen and Politics in the Rhineland, 1789-1834 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980), pp.156,182-4. 14. Dufraisse, "Elites anciennes", pp.263-5. 15. P. Notario, La Vendita dei beni nazionali in Piemonte nel periodo napoleonico, 1800-1814 (Milan: Banca Commerciale Italiana, 1980). 16. W. Schieder, "Secularisations et Mediatisations dans les quatre departements de la rive gauche du Rhin, 1794-1814", AhRf, 286, 1991, p.492. 17. F. Mineccia, "La vendita dei beni nazionali in Toscana (1808- 1814)", in I. Tognarini (ed.), La Toscana nell'eta rivoluzionaria (Naples, 1985) .. 18. A. Soboul "Napoleon et l'Italie ou la Revolution manquee", PSDF, pp.81-2. 19. Dufraisse, "Elites anciennes", pp.254-7. 20. Woolf, Napoleon's Integration, p.llO;J.A. Davis, Conflict and Control: Law and Order in Nineteenth-Century Italy (Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press International, 1988), pp.25-6. 21. Michael Broers, "Revolution as Vendetta: Napoleonic Piedmont, 1801-1814", HistoricalJournal, 33, 1990, 787-809. 22. Y-M. Berce, "Societe et police dans l'ombrie napoleonienne", AhRf, 220,1975, p.245. 23. Woolf, Napoleon's Integration, pp.76-7. NOTES 325

24. L. Antonielli, "Le choix de prefets dans la republique italienne et Ie royaume d'Italie", AhRf, 230, 1977,548-65. 25. Woolf, History of Italy, p.201. 26. Schama, Patriots and Liberators, p.635. 27. H.A.L. Fisher, Napoleonic Statesmanship: Germany (Oxford: Claredon Press, 1903), p.221. 28. Devleeshouwer, PSDF, pp.25-8. 29. Berce, "Societe et police", p.239. 30. Pierre Vilar, "L'Espagne devant Napoleon, 1808-14", PSDF, p.239. 31. Quoted e.g. by Woolf, History of Italy, p.184. 32. V. Cuoco, Saggio storico sulla Rivoluzione Napoletana del 1799 (2nd ed. 1806), ed.F. Nicolini (Bari, 1926), p.90. 33. Woolf, History of Italy, p.230. 34. Ibid., p.233. 35. J.A. Davis, Conflict and Control: Law and Order in Nineteenth-Century Italy (Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press International, 1988), chapter 3. 36. Gaetano Cingari, Brigantaggio, proprietari e contadini nel Sud (1799- 1900) (Reggio Calabria: Editori meridionali riuniti, 1976). 37. Ibid., p.46. 38. Ibid., pp.73-4. 39. Las Cases, Memorial de Ste Heline (Paris: Garnier, 1961), vo1.2, p.546. 40. Filippini, "Les Livournais et l'occupation fran!,;aise so us Ie premier Empire".

Chapter 18. The Economy at War

1. Georges Dupeux, French Society, 1789-1970 (London: Methuen, 1976), pp.20-22. 2. TJ.A. Le Goff and D.M.G. Sutherland, "Revolution and the Rural Economy", in A. Forrest and P. Jones (eds), Reshaping France (Manchester, 1991), pp.58-60. 3. D.M.G. Sutherland, France, 1789-1815 (London: Fontana, 1985), p.383. 4. L. Bergeron, L'Episode napolionienne (aspects intbieurs), 1799-1815 (Paris: Seuil, 1972), p.182. 5. Sutherland, France, 1789-1815, pp.380-1. 6. Bergeron, L'Episode napolionienne, p.185. 326 NOTES 7. Paul Butel, "Crise et mutation de l'activite economique a Bordeaux sous Ie Consulat et l'Empire", Rhmc, 17, 1970,540-4. 8. Paul Leuilliot, L 'Alsace au debut du XIXe siecle: Essais d 'histoire politique, economique et religieuse, 1815-30, vo1.2 (Paris: SEVPEN, 1959), p.120. 9. A. Cobban, A Social Interpretation of the French Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964). 10. Le Goff and Sutherland, "Revolution and the rural economy", pp.61-2; Peter McPhee, A Social History of France, 1780-1880 (London: Routledge, 1992). 11. R. Forster, The House of Saulx-Tavanes: Versailles and Burgundy, 1700-1830 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971), pp.188-9. 12. H. Causse, "Un industriel toulousain au temps de la Revolution et de l'Empire: Franc;:ois-Bernard Boyer-Fonfrede", AM, 69, 1957, 121-2. 13. P. Butel, "Revolution and the Urban Economy: Maritime Cities and Continental Cities", in A. Forrest and P. Jones (eds), Reshaping France (Manchester, 1991), p.39. 14. P. Butel, "Succes et de din du commerce colonial franc;:ais de la Revolution ala Restauration", RE, 40:6, 1989, 1080-4. 15. Butel, "Crise et Mutation", p.541-6. 16. Ibid., p.549. 17. F. Crouzet, "Les Origines du sous-developpement economique du Sud-Ouest", AM, 71, 1959. 18. F. Crouzet, ''Wars, Blockade and Economic Change in Europe, 1792-1815", Journal of Economic History, 24, 1964, 573; and "Les origines". 19. O. Connelly, Napoleon's Satellite Kingdoms (New York: Free Press, 1965), pp.145-6. 20. G. Ellis, Napoleon's Continental Blockade: The Case ofAlsace (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), p.116. 21. Ibid., pp.153-4. 22. S. Woolf, "L'Impact de l'occupation franc;:aise sur l'economie italienne (1796-1815)", RE, 40:6, 1989, 1115; Max Tacel, "La Place de l'Italie dans l'economie imphiale de 1806 a 1814", in M.Dunan (ed.), Napoleon et l'Europe (Paris: Brepols, 1960), pp.21-39. 23. L. Bergeron, "Probl(:mes economiques de la France napoleon­ ienne", Rhmc, 17, 1970,469. 24. Ibid., p.496. NOTES 327 25. Denis Woronoff, "L'Industrialisation de la France de 1789 a 1815: un essai de bilan", RE, 40:6, 1989, 1048. 26. Ibid., p.l049. 27. Causse, "Un industriel toulousain au temps de la Revolution et de l'Empire", p.123. 28. L. Bergeron, Banquiers, negoriants et manufacturiers parisiennes du Directoire a IEmpire (Paris: Mouton, 1978), chapter 9. 29. Leuilliot, L'Alsace au debut du XIXe siecle, vo1.2, p.366. 30. Woronoff, "L'Industrialisation", p.l052. 31. J. Dhondt, "The Cotton Industry at Ghent during the French regime", in F. Crouzet, W.H. Chaloner and W.M. Stern (eds), Essays in European Economic History, 1789-1914 (London: Edward Arnold, 1969), p.21. 32. Gay L. Gullickson, Spinners and Weavers of Auffay: rural industry and the sexual division of labour in a French village, 1750-1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986). 33. Bergeron, Banquiers, pp.212-14. 34. Leuilliot, L'Alsace au debut du XIXe siecle, vo1.2, p.491. 35. Ibid., pp.488-91. 36. Dhondt, "The Cotton Industry at Ghent", p.43. 37. Jean-Pierre Poussou, "Les activites urbaines en France pendant la Revolution", RE, 40:6, 1989, 1069. 38. Georges Clause, "L'Industrie lainiere remoise a l'epoque napoleonienne", Rhmc, 17, 1970, 547-95. 39. R. Devleeshouwer, "Le Consulat et l'Empire: periode de "take- off' pour l'economie belge?", Rhmc, 17, 1970,613. 40. Ibid., p.615. 41. Dhondt, "The Cotton Industry at Ghent", pp.15-52. 42. Bergeron, Banquiers, pp.209-13. 43. Ibid., p.294. 44. Sutherland, France 1789-1815, p.415. 45. Crouzet, 'Wars, Blockade, etc.", pp.586--7.

Chapter 19. Debacle and Resurrection, 1813--15

1. Jacqueline Chaumie, "Les et les Cent Jours", AhRf, 205, 1971, 355. 2. G. Lefebvre, Napoleon (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966), p.539. 328 NOTES

3. Ibid., p.553 gives French losses as 60 000, in addition to 23 000 taken prisoner. The Allies lost 60 000 killed or wounded. 4. Yves-Marie Berce (ed.), La Fin de l'Europe napolionienne, 1814: la vacance du pouvoir (Paris: Veyrier, 1990). 5. J.M. Thompson, Napoleon Bonaparte (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988), p.359-60. 6. There may also have been another suicide attempt on 8 April - J. Tulard, Napoleon: The Myth of the Saviour (London: Methuen, 1985), p.325. 7. M. Reinhard, Le Grand Carnot vol.2 (Paris: Hachette, 1952), p.298. 8. M. Albert, La Premiere Restauration dans la Haute-Garonne (Paris, 1932). 9. Cited by Henry Houssaye, 1815 - Les Cent lours (Paris, 1901), chapter 19. 10. Martyn Lyons, Revolution et Terreur a Toulouse (Toulouse: Privat, 1980), p.258. 11. Reinhard, Carnot, p.314. 12. Chaumie, "Les Girondins et les CentsJours", p.346. 13. H. Houssaye, 1815 - Waterloo (London: Black, 1900), pp.42-8. 14. Reinhard, Carnot, p.321. 15. R.S. Alexander, Bonapartism and the Revolutionary Tradition in France: The Fider-is of 1815 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp.13, 93. 16. G. Lewis, The Second Vendee (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), p.178. 17. Alexander, Bonapartism and the Revolutionary Tradition in France pp.95-8. 18. Ibid., p.37. 19. Archives departementales de la Haute-Garonne, (ADHG) 4 M 34. 20. Lefebvre, Napolion, pp.575-6. 21. Alexander, Bonapartism and the Revolutionary Tradition in France, p.205; K.D. Tonnesson, "Les federes de Paris pendant les Cent Jours", AhRf, no.249, 1982, p.395. 22. Paul Bastid, Benjamin Constant et sa doctrine, vol.l (Paris: Armand Colin, 1966), p.280. 23. Frederic Bluche, Le Plibiscite des Cent lours, avril-mai 1815 (Geneva: Droz, 1974), pp.4-8; S. Rials, "Acte Additionnel", DN, pp.32-4. 24. Bluche, Plibiscite, p.29. 25. Ibid., pp.37-8. 26. Ibid., pp.56, 61. NOTES 329

27. G. Bertier de Sauvigny, The Bourbon Restoration, trans. L. Case (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1967). 28. ADHG 4 M 35. 29. Houssaye, Waterloo, pp.132-3. 30. Ibid., pp.435, 443-4. 31. Alexander, Bonapartism and the Revolutionary Tradition in France, pp.201,207. 32. Chaumie, "Les Girondins et les CentsJours", p.363. 33. S. Woolf, "L'Italie en 1814", in Y-M. Berce, La Fin de l'europe napolionienne, 1814: La vacance de pouvoir (Paris: Veyrier, 1990), p.240. 34. Bernard Menager, Les Napolion du Peuple (Paris: Aubier, 1988), pp.20-3. 35. ADHG 4 M 35.

Chapter 20. Conclusion

1. Jean Tulard, Le My the de Napolion (Paris: Armand Colin, 1971), pp.82-3. 2. Frederic Bluche, Le Bonapartisme (Paris: PUF - Que saisje?, 1981). 3. F. Furet, La Rivolution: de Turgot aJules Ferry, 1770-1880 (Paris: Hachette, 1988), pp.227-36. 4. Ibid., pp.217-19. 5. F.L. Ford, "The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era: How Much ofa Watershed?", AmHistRev, 49:1,1963. 6. Cited in F. Furet and M. Ozouf, "Napoleon Bonaparte", Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989), p.279. 7. Ibid., p.282. 8. Bergeron, L'Episode napolionien (aspects inteneurs), 1799-1815 (Paris: Seuil, 1972). 9. Furet, La Rivolution, pp.254-5. 10. Pierre Barberis, "Napoleon: structures et signification d'un mythe litteraire", Revue d'histoire litteraire de la France, 70e annee, 1970,1034-5. 11. J. Tulard, "Le Retour des Cendres", in P. Nora (ed.), Lieux de Memoire - La Nation (Paris: Gallimard, 1986), voI.2:iii, pp.97-8; Stanley Mellon, 'The and the Napoleonic Myth", YaleFrench Studies, 26, 1960,70-8. Recommended Further Reading

This select bibliography offers suggestions for further reading designed for the English-reading student. Works in languages other than English, and more specialised works, are detailed in the notes. Titles with an asterisk* have a useful bibliography. Most general histories of the period deal either with Napoleonic France itself or with the Empire but rarely span both. The best introduction to Napoleonic France is Louis Bergeron, France under Napoleon, trans. R.R. Palmer (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981), which conveniently summarises recent research on the notables. The best on Napoleonic Europe is the up-to-date synthesis by Stuart Woolf, Napoleon's Integration of Europtfl< (London and New York: Routledge, 1991). These can be supplemented by the lively Jean Tulard, Napoleon: The Myth of the Saviour*, trans. Teresa Waugh (London: Methuen, 1985), which conveys only a fraction of the author's immense erudition in the area. Other serviceable general works are Irene Collins, Napoleon, First Consul and Emperor (London: Historical Association pamphlet, 1986), Robert B. Holtman, The Napoleonic Revolution (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1967), and David H. Pinckney, Napoleon, Historical Enigma (St Louis, Missouri: Forum, 1978). A useful attempt at a broad overview was made by Franklin L. Ford, "The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era: How Much of a Watershed?", AmHistRev, 49:1, 1963. More exciting, however, is Fran~ois Crouzet, "Wars, Blockade and Economic Change in Europe, 1792-1815", Journal of Economic History, 24, 1964, by an author whose work on the Continental Blockade remains fundamental. Students should also enjoy the short but magisterial treatment by J. McManners, "Napoleon", in his Lectures on European History, 1789-1914: Men, Machines and Freedom (Oxford: Blackwell, 1966). Georges Lefebvre's Napoleon (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969), in 2 volumes, stands out for its broad French and European coverage, but it is a substantial opus. General histories of France or of the Revolution which have some­ thing to contribute include Peter McPhee, A Social History of France, 1780-188(J1' (London: Routledge, 1992), and at the other end of the 330 RECOMMENDED FURTHER READING 331 political spectrum, Fralll;:ois Furet and Mona Ozouf, A Critical Diction­ ary of the French Revolution, trans. A. Goldhammer (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989). D.M.G. Sutherland, France, 1789- 1815: Revolution and Counter-revolution (London: Fontana Modern History of France, 1985) is preferred to MJ. Sydenham, The First French Republic, 1792-1804 (London: Batsford, 1974), which has a limited focus on political history. For the English student, two refer­ ence works are suggested: Owen Connelly (ed.), Historical Dictionary of Napoleonic France, 1799-1815 (London: Aldwych, 1985) and Barry Rothaus and S.F. Scott (eds) , Historical Dictionary of the French Revolu­ tion, 2 vols, (Westport, Conn: Greenwood, 1985). For the history of the Directory, consult Martyn Lyons, France under the Directory* (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975). Similar in its coverage is Denis Woronoff, The Thermidorean Regime and the Directory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), although this has more on economic history, which is the author's speciality. Two important articles, which have appeared since France under the Directory, are Lynn Hunt et at., ''The Failure of the Liberal Republic in France, 1795-1799: The Road to Brumaire",jMH, 51,1979,734-59 and Colin Lucas, "The First Directory and the Rule of Law", FHS, 10:2,1977,231-60. The religious history of the period is still capable of provoking pas­ sionate reactions. Among the most balanced are Adrien Dansette, Reli­ gious History of Modern France, 2 vols, trans. J. Dingle (London: Nelson, 1961), and the excellent]. McManners, The French Revolution and the Church (London: SPCK, 1969). Ralph Gibson, A Social History ofFrench Catholicism, 1789-1914 (London: Routledge, 1987) makes no secret of the author's hostility to the Catholic Church. In addition, see two books by E.E.Y Hales, Revolution and Papacy, 1769-1846 (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1960), and Napoleon and the Pope (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1962). On the history of divorce, the leading authority is Roderick Phillips, Family Breakdown in late 18th Century France: Divorces in Rouen, 1792- 1803 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980). This monograph can be read in conjunction with the same author's article 'Women's Emancipa­ tion, the Family and Social Change in Eighteenth-Century France", journal of Social History, 12, 1979,553-67. There are a number of monographs in English by administrative historians on Napoleonic elites and institutions, including Clive Church, Revolution and Red Tape: The French Ministerial Bureaucracy, 1770-1850 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), and Irene Collins, 332 RECOMMENDED FURTHER READING

Napoleon and his Parliaments, 1800-1815 (London: Edward Arnold, 1979). More specialised are Edward A. Whitcomb, Napoleon's Diplo­ matic Service (Durham, N. Car.: Duke University Press, 1979) and Eric A. Arnold, Jr, Fouche, Napoleon and the General Police (Washington: University Press of America, 1979). On the collection of statistical information, see Jean-Claude Perrot and Stuart Woolf, State and Stat­ istics in France, 1789-1815 (London: Harwood Academic, 1984). Robert B. Holtman, Napoleonic Propaganda (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1950) considers the control and suppression of information. Two important groups are analysed in Jean-Paul Bertaud, "Napoleon's Officers", P&P, 112, 1986 and Edward A. Whitcomb, "Napoleon's Prefects", AmHistRev, 79, 1974, 1089-118. Aspects of the economic history of this period are treated by Sutherland (see above), and some of the articles in Alan Forrest and Peter Jones (eds), Reshaping France: Town, Country and Region during the French Revolution (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991). For the countryside, consult the indispensable Peter Jones, The Peasantry in the French Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); and the same author's monograph Politics and Rural Society: The Southern Massif Central, c.1750-1880 (Cam­ bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). Robert Forster, "The Survival of the Nobility during the French Revolution", P&P, 37, 1967,71-86 should not be ignored. The standard history of the Counter-revolution is Jacques Godechot, The Counter-revolution: Doctrine and Action, 1789-1804, trans. S. Attanasio (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972). Problems of disorder and resistance, however, have been discussed with considerably more verve by British historians influenced by Richard Cobb. Apart from R.c. Cobb himself, The Police and the People: French Popular Protest, 1789- 1820 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970), see Gwynne Lewis, The Second Vendee: The Continuity of Counter-revolution in the Department of the Card, 1789-1815 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), and Alan Forrest, Con­ scripts and Deserters: The Army and French Society during the Revolution and Empire (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989). There is a similar emphasis on local conflicts in Michael Broers, "Revolution as Vendetta", Historical Journa~ 33, 1990 - two articles on revolutionary and Napoleonic Piedmont. On painting see Walter Friedlaender, David to Delacroix (Cam­ bridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952). On David there is Anita Brookner, Jacques-Louis David (London: Chatto & Windus, 1980), but Warren Roberts, Jacques-Louis David, Revolutionary Artist RECOMMENDED FURTHER READING 333

(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989) is particularly recommended. Addicts of the military history of the period will find plenty to think about in Geoffrey Best, War and Society in Revolutionary Europe, 1770-1870 (London: Fontana, 1982), Owen Connelly, Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns (Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources, 1987) and Isser Woloch, The French Veteran from the Revolu­ tion to the Restoration (Chapel Hill: U niversi ty of North Carolina Press, 1979), part 3. On the Empire, Stuart Woolf's Napoleonic Integration of Europe (recommended above) has eclipsed Owen Connelly, Napoleon's Sat­ ellite Kingdoms (New York: The Free Press, 1965), and the shorter Geoffrey Ellis, The Napoleonic Empirr (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press International, 1991). Add Stuart Woolf, "French Civilisation and Ethnicity in the Napoleonic Empire", P&P, 124, 1989, 96-120. English students of the Rhineland are very well served by two fine monographs by Jeffry M. Diefendorf, Businessmen and Politics in the Rhineland, 1789-1834 (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980), and Geoffrey Ellis, Napoleon's Continental Blockade: The Case of Alsace (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981). On Spain, the quality varies, but try Michael Glover, Legacy of Glory: The Bonaparte Kingdom of Spain, 1808-1813 (London: Leo Cooper, 1972), and Don W. Alexander, Rod of Iron: French Counter-insurgency Policy in Aragon during the Peninsular War (Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources, 1985). An interesting insight into Spanish problems is provided by Gwyn A. Williams, Goya: The Impossible Revolution (London: Allen Lane, 1976). On the Netherlands, the best (but most verbose) work is Simon Schama, Patriots and Liber­ ators: Revolution in the Netherlands, 1780-1813 (New York: Knopf, 1977). English students of Italy should consult Broers (above), but must rely on Stuart Woolf, A History of Italy, 1700-1860: The Social Constraints of Political Change (London: Methuen, 1979), for a syn­ thesis of monographic research. On the last years of the Napoleonic period, R.S. Alexander, Bonapartism and Revolutionary Tradition in France: The Federes of 1815 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991) is a valuable contribution. Index

Aachen, 248-9 Artois, 53, 144 Aboukir Bay (Battle of the Nile), 26, Augereau, Charles, 16,37,153,167 180,196 Austerlitz, Battle of, 180, 200, 206 Acte Additionnel, 287, 289-90 Austria, 85, 282-3; defeat of Napoleon agriculture, 43, 52-5,145-8,261-5 and, 279--84; Danube campaign, Agulhon, Maurice, 154 206; German campaigns, 78, 201, Ain,163 204; interests of, 197, 200-1, Ajaccio, 6, 10 205-6; Italian campaigns, 16, 19, Alexander I, Tsar, 78, 200, 206, 208, 22,77,200 226--7,228,279 Auvergue, 145 Allmedingen, von (jurist), 244 Aveyron, 57, 155 Alsace, 264,268,269,271,273 Avignon, 83, 107, 157,292 Amelot, Commissaire, 37 Amiens, Peace of, 179, 195, 204, 205, Babeuf conspiracy, 129 299 baccalaureat, 107 Amiot, Louis, 173 Baciocchi, Felix, 210 Ampere, Andre Marie, 109 Baden, 203-4 Amsterdam, 252, 267 Bailen, Battle of, 196, 221 Andrein, Bishop, 134 balance of power concept, 197 Angouleme, Duke of, 285, 286 Balzac, Honore de, 152, 294 anticlericalism, 79, 81-2 , 67, 276 Aquitaine, 267 Barante, Prefect Bruguiere de, 165 , 188 Barbe-Marbois, Fran~ois, 68 architecture, 188 Barere, Bertrand, 137,286 Arcole, Battle of, 22,191 Barras, Paul, 14, 32, 39 Ardeche, 132, 155 Basque speakers, 56 aristocracy (nobility), 35, 166, 171, Batavian Republic, 203, 208, 230, 176--7,250-2; emigre, 110, 130, 234 176,285; new imperial, 169, Bautzen, Battle of, 280 171-6,298 Bauwens, Lievin, 271-2, 275, 276 Armed Neutrality, 200, 204 Bavaria, 204 Armengaud, Andre, 47 Bayle, Moise-Antoine-Pierre:Jean, 12 army, French, 15-16, 166--7, 171-2, Bayonne Decree, 216 208; conscription for, 46, 133, Beauce, 33,53 152,154-5,157-8,240-2; Beauharnais, Eugene de, 206, 231, desertion from, 33, 131-2, 142, 245,252,281 155-6,225; medical services Beauharnais, Hortense de, 209 for, 225; see also war Beauharnais,Josephine de, see Arno, 250 Josephine, Empress art, 188-94 Beethoven, Ludwig van, 294

334 INDEX 335

Begouen, Count, 171 Bonaparte, Marie Letizia (N's Belderbusch, Mayor of Bonn, 249 mother), 193 Belgium, 234, 237-8, 253, 274, 275, Bonaparte, Napoleon, see Napoleon I 282 Bonaparte, Pauline (N's sister), 1 Beranger,Jean Pierre de, 183-4 book trade regulations, 124 Beresina River, 228 Bordeaux, 10, 11,41,57, 107,264, Berg, Grand Duchy of, 207, 234, 235, 266--7,290 252-3,275 Bordes, historian, 122 Bergeron, Louis, 3, 169, 265, 270, 299 Borodino, Battle of, 196, 227 Berlier, Theophile, 68 Boulay de la Meurthe, Count, 36, 61, Berlin Decree, 216 116 Bernadotte,Jean, 167,207,227,289 bourgeoisie, 34, 57-9, 96, 127-8, Bernier, Etienne, 83-4 148,154,160-77,248-9,250, Berthier, Louis Alexandre, 175-6 251,252 Berthollet, Claude, 24, 63, 109 Boyer, Christine, 210 Beugnot,Jacques, 235, 236, 239, 245 Boyer-Fonfrede, Fran~ois-Bernard, Bianchi, Serge, 79 265,270,288 biens nationaux, sale of, 10,20,33,42, Brammarz, Daniel, 249 85,89,92,131,148,173,265, Braudel, Fernand, 55 284,285,298 Bredin,Jean-Denis,38 Bigarre, General, 223 Breton speakers, 56 Bigot de Preameneu, Felix, 94 bribery, 157 birth rate, 47 brigandage, 131-2,256 bishops, 84, 86--7, 88-9, 92 Britain, see Great Britain Blucher, Gebhard von, 291 Brittany, 75, 82, 83, 88, 156, 288, 290 Boisset,Joseph-Antoine, 12 Broers, Michael, 3 Boissy d'Anglas, Fran~ois-Alltoine Brune, Guillaume, 133, 167, 175,292 de, 117 Brussels, 251 Bologna, 252 bureaucrac~30, 74,162-3,251 Bonald, Louis de, 130 Burgundy, 288 Bonaparte, Carlo (N's father), 6, 9 businessmen, 162, 164-5, 166, Bonaparte, Caroline (N's sister, 248-9, 250 Queen of Naples), 9, 210, 245-6 Byron, Lord, 294 Bonaparte, Elisa (N's sister, Grand Duchess of Tuscany), 188,210 Cacault, Fran~ois, 83 Bonaparte,Jerome (N's brother, Cadoudal, Georges, 84, no, 119, King of Westphalia), 115, 132, 135 209-10,231 Caen,51 Bonaparte,Joseph (N's brother, Cairo, Institute of, 24, 37 King of Naples and Spain), 6, Calabria, 255-6 11,37,87,115,221,231,232-3, calendar, revolutionary, 138 236,241 Calmar Declaration, 131 Bonaparte, Louis (N's brother, King Calonne, Charles Alexandre de, 130 of Holland), 115,209,231,233, Cambaceres,Jeanjacques-Regis de, 241,245,246,267 36,65,66,74,169,214 Bonaparte, Lucien (N's brother, Campoformio, Treaty of, 22-3, 248 Prince ofCanino), 11,37,39, Canning, Lord, 198,219 40,68,69,70,113,115,117, Cantal,53, 155, 156, 157 131,210 Carnot, Lazare, 32, 117, 137,285,287 336 INDEX

Carteaux,Jean Baptiste Franc;;ois, Cispadane Republic, 19-20 11-12 cities, 51-2,100,147 Castellane, Boniface Louis Andre, 69 Civil Code, 83, 94-103, 236, 244 Casdereagh, Robert Stewart, Civil Constitution of the Clergy, lO, Viscount, 103, 198,279,281, 75,78-9,80 282 civil service, 30, 74, 162-3,251 Catalonia, 57, 211 civil unrest, see insurrections Catherine the Great, Empress, 199 class, see aristocracy; bourgeoisie; Catherine ofWurtemburg, 209 peasants Catholic church: confiscation and classicism (neo-), lO6, 184, 187-8, sale oflands of, 11,20,85-6, 190 148,237-8; education and, 91, Clement XlV, Pope, 85 104, 105, 108, 109-10; clergy, lO, 11, 32, 75, 78-9, 80, 81,86, government policy towards, 10, 91-2, 182 32,75,78-93,132-3,144, Clermont-Ferrand,145 236--8, 298; marriage and coal, 274-5 family and, 46, 47, 49, 80; Cobb, Richard, 3,55 problems of, 81-2, 89-90; Cobban,AJfred,57-8, 163, 164,264 resistance to Napoleonic empire Cochon, Charles, 30-1 from, 253-5; revival in, 80-1, 82, Code of Criminal Procedure, 102 91; tithes to, 145 Code Napoleon, see Civil Code Cavour family, 250 collective rights, 149-52, 235-6 censorship, 120-26 Cologne, 249 CentJours, see Hundred Days Commercial Code, 102 Central Schools, 104-5 commercial interests, 162, 164-5, centralisation of authority, 61, 67, 74, 166,248-9,250 142,244-6 common land, 150-51,235-6 cereal production, 54 communications, 55, 239 Cevennes, 143 Concordat, 83, 84-93, 133, 144 Champion net, Jean-Etienne, 38 Condorcet, Madame de, 116, 140 Chaptal,Jean, 68, 109 Confederation of the Rhine, 201, , 230-1 206,207 Charles lV, King of Spain, 220 Consalvi, Ercole, 83 Charter of 1814,284-5 conscription, 46, 133, 152, 154-5, Chateaubriand, Franc;;ois Rene de, 157-8, 240-2; evasion of, 33, 82, 182 131-2,142,155-7 Chaumie,Jacqueline,278 Conseil d'Etat, 67-8, 88, 116,240 Chaumont, Treaty of, 279 Constant, Benjamin, 117, 139-40, Chenier, Marie Joseph, 117 289,296 Cher,33 Consulate and Empire, 40-41; Cherasco, armistice of, 18, 21 achievements of, 294-300; Choiseul-Praslin, Duke of, 166 administration of Europe by, , 33, 35, 75, 83-4, 89, 229-43, 244-52; art and 132-4 propaganda of, 178-94; Christian Brothers, 80 centralisation of authority in, church, see Catholic church 61,67,74, 142, 244-6; collapse Church, Clive, 30, 68 of, 278-85; constitution of, Cisalpine Republic, 20, 34, 78, 200, 60-75; development towards 203,206,208-9,230 dictatorship of, 111-28,296, INDEX 337

297-300; economy and, 276, Denuelle, Eleonore, 1 277; educational reforms, 94, Desaix, Louis, 77 103-10; elite of, 74-5,160-77, desertion, 33, 131-2, 142, 155-6, 225 297-8; height of, 208-12; Desmaret, police administrator, 118 Hundred Days' revival of, 142, Desmoulins, Camille, 121 285-91; legal reforms, 94-103, Diaz,juan Martin, 223 151-2; nationalism and, 257-9; Diefendorf,jeffry, 249 opposition to, 129-42,252-7; Dijon, 265, 288 religious policy, 78-93, 132-3, Dillon, Arthur, 15 236-9, 298; rural support for, diplomatic service, 67 142-59; symbolism of, 137-9, Directory, 13; army and, 15, 16, 37; 188; taxation in, 67, 158, 161, education policy, 104; and 242-3 Egyptian campaign, 23-4; and Consuls, 64-5 Italian campaign, 17-18, 19,21, Continental Blockade, 3, 175, 199, 23; overthrow of, 35-42; 214-20,233,260,265-8 religious policy of, 32, 80; contraception, 47, 49 successes of, 29-31; weaknesses Copenhagen, Battle of, 200, 204 of,31-5 Corbin, Alain, 51 divorce, 46,79,83,98-102,236 Corfu, 23 Djezzar Pasha, 28 Corsica, 5-6 Dollfus-Mieg, industrialist, 271 Cote d'Or, 157, 166 dowry system, 96, 97 Coup of Brumaire Year 8, 2, 35-42 draft dodging, 33, 131-2, 142, 155-7 Coup of Year 5, 16 Drake, Francis, 134 criminal justice system, 33, 71,102, Ducos, Roger, 32, 36, 39, 40, 64 142 Dugommier,jacques Coquille, 12 Crouzet, Fran(ois, 267 Dumouriez, Charles Fran(ois, 15 Cuoco, Vincenzo, 255 Duroc, Gerard, 119 currency, 29 Dusseldorf, 239, 245 customary rights, 95, 149-50 Cuvier, Georges, 24, 109 Ecole Normale, 108-9 Ecole Poly technique, 108 Dalmatia, 211, 232 Ecoles Centrales, 104-5 Danube campaign, 206 economy: agriculture, 43, 52-5, Danubian Principalities, 227 145-8,261-5; Continental Daumard, Adeline, 57 blockade and, 3, 175, 199, Daunou, Pierre-Claude-Fran(ois, 37, 214-20,233,260,265-8; 61,116,117 industry, 55,147,158,248-9, David,jacques-Louis, 77,182,185, 260, 267, 270-77; trade, 12, 55, 189-90,191-4,230 147,260,265-70; warfare and, Davout, Louis Nicholas, 167,292 158-9,260-77 death rates, 44-6 education, 57, 75,91,94, 103-10, dechristianisation campaign, 79-80 239 Delessert, businessman, 171 Egypt, 179; French campaign in, Delmas, General, 88 23-6,37,199-200 Demian, statistician, 249 Elba, 283-4 demographics, 43-53,146,261 elections and electoral systems, 31-2, Denmark, 200 71,74-5,161; see also Denon, Dominique Vivant, 189 plebiscites 338 INDEX

Ellis, Geoffrey, 3 German speakers in France, 56 emigres, llO, 130, 176, 285 Germany: French administration of, Empire, see Consulate and Empire 234-9 passim, 241, 244, 245, Enghien, Louis Antoine Duke of, 248-51 passim; French llO, 206, 207 campaigns in, 22, 78, 201-2, Enlightened Absolutism, 296--7 203-4,206--8 Espoz y Mina, Francisco, 223 Ghent,271-2,273-4,275,276 Eylau, Battle of, 44, 191, 196, 208 Ginguene, Pierre Louis, ll7, 124-5 Girodet, Anne-Louis, 190 Faipoult, Guillaume Charles, 38 Gironde, 155 families: law and, 95, 97-102; Girondins, 287 structure of, 49-50, 55-6 Gneisenau, August von, 291 famine, 33, 44, 147 Godechot, jacques, 43 federalist revolt, 10, II Godoy, Manuel de, 220 jederemovement, 287-9 Gogel, Isaac jan Alexander, Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 220-1, administrator, 242, 243 292 Gohier, Louis, 37, 39 Ferry,jules, 109 governments, see Consulate and fertility,47-9 Empire; Directory; National Fesch,joseph,87 Convention feudalism, 95, 144-5 Goya, Francisco, 221 Finland, 208 Grand Dignitories of the Empire, Florence, 175, 245 173-6 Fontainebleau Decree, 216, 219 Great Britain: Continental Blockade Fontanes, Louis de, 108 and, 3, 175, 199,214-20,233, food shortages, 33, 44,147 260,265-8; defeat of Forrest, Alan, 3 Napoleon and, 279-84; Forster, Robert, 177 interests of, 198-9,200,202-3; Fouche,joseph, 32, 36, 68, 73, 83, Peninsular War and, 220, 221, 118-19,134,169,280,287 223-4; planned invasion of, Fourcroy, Antoine Franc;:ois de, 109 204-5; propaganda against, 179 Foures, Pauline, 26 Greece, 199 Fourier,jean Baptiste, 24 Gregoire, Henri, 56--7, 81, 88 "Fra Diavolo", 256 Grenoble, 81, 89,142 Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, Gros,jean Antoine, 189, 190, 191 200 Frederick William, King of Prussia, Habsburg Empire, see Austria 207 Hainault, 237-8 Friedland, Battle of, 208 Hamburg, 175, 266 Froment, Franc;:ois-Marie, 132 Hanove~ 198,200,202, 207 Furet, Franc;:ois, 127,296,299 Haute-Garonne, 75, 100, 163, 165, 166 Gallicanism, 87, 92 Haute-, 151 Gard,132 Haute-Saone, 164 Gaudin, Charles, 68 Hebert, jacques-Rene, 121 Gay-Lussac, joseph-Louis, 109 Heidelberg, 249 Geneva, 164, 165 Helvetic Republic, 34, 203, 205, 230 Genoese Republic, 5,16,282 Helvetius, Madame, 116 Gerard, Franc;:ois, 189, 190 history, education in, 106 INDEX 339

Hoche, Lazare, 16,33-4 Jews, 79, 238-9,248 Hohenlinden, Battle of, 78 Jones, Peter, 149, 159 Holland, Kingdom of, 208, 233, 242, Joseph II, Emperor, 85 246,282 Josephine, Empress (de Houdaille, Jacques, 46 Beauharnais, nee Tascher de la Hufton, Olwen, 81 Pagerie), 1, 14, 18,37,89,99, Hugo, Victor, 82 192,226 Hundred Days, 142,285-91 Joubert, Barthelemy, 37, 138 Hunt, Lynn, 31 Jouberthon, Alexandrine, 210 Jourdan,Jean-Baptiste, 34, 37 Ikni, Guy, 151 Jullien, Marc-Antoine, 19 illegitimacy, 95, 97 Junot, Andoche, 245 Imperial University, 107-8 Jura, 41 industry, 55,147,158,248-9,260, justice system, 33, 71, 102, 142 267,270-77 infant mortality, 44-5 Kalisch, Treaty of, 279 inflation, 29, 145, 148 Kellerman, Franc;:ois Christophe, 63, informers, U8 77, 167 inheritance, 49, 95-6, 97-8, 149 Kissinger, Henry, 220 insurrections: chouannerie, 33, 35, Kleber,Jean Baptiste, 26 75,83-4,89, 132-4; federalist, Kleist, Heinrich von, 103 10, 11;Vendean, 11, 13, 75,83- Krefeld, 248-9 4,91,290 Kutuzov, Mikhail Larinovich, 227, Invalides, Les, 225, 300 228 Ireland, 23, 179, 204 iron and steel industry, 275 labour force, 119-20, 145, 272, 273-4 Islam, 26 Ladurie, LeRoy, 47 Isle, Marquis de 1', 145 Lafayette, MarieJoseph de, 15, 137, Isnard, Maximin, 117 286,292 Italy: economy of, 265, 269-70, 275; Laignelot,Joseph-Franc;:ois, 122 French administration of, 233, Lamarck,Jean Baptiste de, 109 234, 236-43 passim, 245, 246, Lamarque, Franc;:ois, 175 247, 250, 251-2; French Lamartine, Alphonse, 152-3 campaigns in, 15-23, 77, 196, Lamennais, Felicite de, 93 200; Kingdom of, 200, 206, 209, landownership, 53-4, 96--7,148--9, 233,234,238,241-3; 151-2, 162, 164-5 nationalism in, 257, 258, 259; Langlois, Claude, 72 resistance to French rule in, Languedoc, 47, 267,274,288 253,254-5,256--7 Lanjuinais,Jean-Denis, 287, 292 Lannes,Jean,167 Jacobinism, 10-14,31,33,35,40,67, Laplace, Pierre Simon de, 24 73,88; Italian, 18,20-1,23,252, La Revelliere-Lepaux, Louis Marie, 254; as political opposition to 32 Napoleon, 129, 134, 136--9 La Roche-sur-Yon, 188 Jaffa, 26, 28, 191 Larrey, Dominique, 225 Jemappes, 237 La Tour du Pin, Jean-Frederic de, Jena, Battle of, 207 171 Jessenne,Jean-Pierre,144 law, codification of, 94-103, 151-2, Jesuits, 85 236,244 340 INDEX leases, 146, 147 MacDonald, Alexandre, 224 LeBras, Herve, 56 McPhee, Peter, 57,149,264 Lebrun, Charles Fran{:ois, 65, 74, Malet, Claude Fran{:ois de, 119, 169,239 135-6,228 Leclerc, Victoire Emmanuel, 37 Maleville, lawyer, 94 Lecouteulx de Cantaleu, Count, 171 Malmesbury, Earl of, 205 Lefebvre, Fran{:oisJoseph, 167 Malta, 200, 202 Lefebvre, Georges, 67,148,150,289 Mantua, 22 , 137, 167 Marat,Jean-Paul, 121 Legislative Chamber, 61, 63, 65, 114 Marengo, Battle of, 73, 77, 78, 200 Le Goff, T.]. A., 146, 264 Marie-Louise, Empress, 1,213-14, , 266 226,228,283 Leipzig, Battle of, 179-80, 280 Marmont, Auguste, 224 Leoben, armistice of, 22 marriage, 46--9, 80, 97, 155, 236 Leopold of Habsburg, 234 Marseillaise, 138-9 Lewis, Gwynne, 132 Marseilles, 10, 11, 12,51,58,72,80, Leyen, von der (industrialist), 249 165,286,290 Lhodiesniere, Bertrand, 278 Marshals, 167-8 liberals: Hundred Days and, 286--91; Massena, Andre, 18, 34-5, 77, 173-4, opposition to Napoleon from, 196,232 129,139-41,296 Massif Central, 54, 150, 151, 155, 182 libraries, 106--7 Mauroy,Jean Siffrein, 88 Liege, 251 mayors, 70-1, 142 Ligurian Republic, 200, 206 medical services, 225 Lille,274 Mehee de la Touche, Jean-Claude­ Lindet, Robert, 137 Hippolyte, spy, 110, 134 linguistic diversity, 56--7 Melzi d'Eril, Francesco, Lisbon, 224, 266 administrator, 247, 251 literature, 183; censorship of, 121-6 Menou,Jacques Fran{:ois, 26 living standards, 145-6 Metternich, Clemens, 201, 226, 246, Livorno, 19,248 279,280,281 livret, 119-20, 273 Meulan, 45, 49 local government, 33, 61, 69-71, 73 migration, 51, 52-3 Lodi, Battle of, 18 Milan, 16, 18, 200 Loire, 33,151,164,182 Milan Decree, 216 looting, 157-8 Modena, 19, 200 Louis XVIII, 131, 183, 284-5, 286, 291 monarchists, see royalists Louis-Philippe, King, 300 monarchy, restoration of, 284-5, 292 Lousberg, industrialist, 276 Mondovi, Battle of, 18 Lozere, 147, 156, 182 Monge, Gaspard, 24, 37, 63, 109 Lucas, Colin, 33 Montagnards, 10 Lucca, 19,78 Mont-Blanc, 164 Luddite riots, 217 , Charles Baron de, 95 Luneville, Treaty of, 78, 200, 201, Montrejeau, Battle of, 35 203 Moore, John, 221 Lutzen, Battle of, 280 Moreau, Jean Victor, 37, 78, 135 Luynes, Duke of, 166 Moselle, 263 ryce~, 105-8, 110,239 Moulin,Jean Fran{:oisAuguste, 32, 39 Lyon, 10, 11,51, 100, 158,269 Mounier,Jean:Joseph,169 INDEX 341

Mulhouse, 271, 273,277 Britain, 204-5; rural support for, Murat,Joachim, 37, 40, 2lO, 221, 142-59; Russian campaign, 236,241,245-6,259,281 180-81,214,227-8; St Helena exile, 292; Syrian campaign, 26, Nadaud, Martin, 159 28; Treaty of Tilsit and, 208 Nancy, 51 Napoleon II (N's son, King of Nantes, 266, 267 Rome), 178, 182, 183, 188, 211, Nantes, Fran~ois de, 33, 190 226 Naples, Kingdom of, 235, 236, 241, Napoleon III, Emperor (N's 246,254 nephew), 111-12,257,293 Napoleon I, Emperor (Bonaparte), Napoleonville, 188 1-3,44,46,195; abdications, National Convention, 10, 13, 150 281,292; achievements of, nationalism, 257-9 294-300; arrest and death of Neapolitan Republic, 38 Duc d'Enghien, llO; art and, Nelson, Horatio, 26, 200, 206 188-94; assassination attempts neo-classicism, 184, 187-8, 190 on, 73,133-4,136; burial, 300; Netherlands, 203, 208, 230, 233-4, and Catholic church, 78-9, 242,246,252,282 82-93, 298; centralisation of Neufchateau, Fran~ois de, 152 authority and, 61, 67, 244-5; New York, 266 codification of law, 94-5, 236; Ney, Michel, 292 collapse of Empire and, 278-81; Nice, 12 and Consulate, 41, 60, 61, 64-75; Nile, Battle of (Aboukir Bay), 26, and Continental Blockade, 214, 180, 196 215, 216,217, 233; coronation, Nimes,288 89,192; death, 1, 293; nobility, see aristocracy development of dictatorship of, Nord, 148, 150,274 lll-28, 296, 297-300; divorce, Normandy, 35, 54, 150, 158, 164, 272 99,226; early life, 6, 9, lO; notables, 61, 74-5,160-77,297-8 educational reforms, lO3, 104-5, lO7, llO; Egyptian campaign, Oberkampf, Christophe-Philippe, 23-6, 37; Elba exile, 283-4; as 271 Emperor, 114-15, 124,230-1; Oise,150-1 German campaigns, 201-2; Oldenburg, Duchy of, 227 Hundred Days, 142, 285-91; Opera Plot, 73,136 and insurrections, 11-14, 255; opposition movements, 129-42, Italian campaigns, 15-23, 77, 252-7 196; Jacobinism of, 11, 12-14; Organic Articles, 88 liberalism of, 286-91; marriages, Orne, 166 14,18,89,178,182,183,213-14, Ossian, 190 226; as military leader, 196-7; Ottoman Empire, 199 and nationalism, 257; and new Overijssel, 252 imperial elite, 74-5, 160-61, 167,168-9,171,172,173; painting, 188-94 opposition to, 129-42,252-7; Pancemont, Bishop, 88 overthrow of Directory and, Paoli, Pasquale, 5, 6, 9,10,11 33-42; Peninsular War, 221, Papal States, 16, 19, 22, 200 224-5; personality cult, 178, Paris, 13-14,40,46,51,52,69,72, 182,193-4; planned invasion of 99,107,272-3,274,288,289 342 INDEX

Parma, 19,200 Prieur de la Cote d'Or, Claude­ parties, political, 31 Antoine, 137 patois, 56--7 Prina, Giuseppe, Finance Minister, Patterson, Elizabeth, 209 242-3 Paul I, Tsar, 78, 199-200, 204 privateering, 267 Pavia, 21 propaganda, 178-83 Paz, Octavio, 183 property, see landownership peasants, 11, 13,33,35,53-4, Protestants, 79, 132, 238 142-59,254-7 Provence, 51 Penal Code, 102 Prussia, 282; defeat of Napoleon Peninsular War, 199,213,220-5, and, 279-84; French defeat of, 253 206--8; interests of, 197,200, Perceval, Spencer, 217 201-2,203; nationalism in, 257 Perdiguier, Simon, 157 Pyrenees,41,52,69,145 Perier, Claude, 5819 Perigord, 148 Quadrilateral fortresses, 16, 19 Perregaux, banker, 63, 173 Quiberon Bay, 31, 285 personality, cult of, 178, 182, 193-4 Quinet, Edgar, 38 Petite Eglise, La, 88, 133 Peuchet, jacques, 146 Ramel, Dominique-Vincent, 292 philosophy, education in, 106 regionalism, 55-6, 80, 95-6 Picardy, 53, 150 religion, see Catholic church; Islam; Pichegru, Charles, 1l0, 135 jews; Protestants Pigault-Lebrun, Charles-Antoine- Rennes, 107, 158,288 Guillaume, 82, 121-2 rents, 146 Pitt, William, 179 republicanism, see jacobinism Pius VI, Pope, 67 restoration of monarchy, 284-5, 292 Pius VII, Pope, 79, 82-3, 86--7, 88, Reubell,jean-Fran{:ois, 22, 32 89,92,93,240,292 revolutionary calendar, 138 plebiscites, 66--7, 71-3, 111-17, 290 revolutionary law, 95, 96, 97, 98 Poland, 195, 197, 207, 226--7, 235, revolutionary symbolism, 137-9 237,243,246,282 Rheims, 274 police, 117-20, 134, 136 Rhine departments, 54,156,163, political freedoms, 127 164,241,248-9,250,264 political parties, 31 Rhone, 292 Pommereul, Baron de, 124 Richard-Lenoir enterprise, 272-3, Poniatowski,jozef,280 276 popular religion, 82 Richet, Denis, 21 popular songs, 183-4 Riouffe, Honore, 116 popular sovereignty principle, 61, Riquet de Caraman, Baronet, 173 127,285 Ris, Clement de, 134 population,43-53,146,261 Rivoli, Battle of, 22 Portalis,jean, 68, 91, 94, 124 Robespierre, Augustin, 12-13 Portugal, 198-9,220 Robespierre, Maximilien, 2, 36, Poupart de Neuflize, Baron, 171 191-2 prefects, 69-70, 73, 161, 169-70, Roederer, Pierre Louis, 35, 36, 61, 251-2 68,74,82,161,169,183,239, press censorship, 120-21 240,242 Pressburg, Treaty of, 200, 201 Roman law, 95 INDEX 343

Rome, 21-2,34,83,237 songs, 183-4 Rostopchin, Fyodor Vasilievich, 179, Soult, Nicolas, 175 227 South America, 219-20 Rothschild,James, 274 Spain, 195; French administration Rouen,99,100,146,270 of, 232-3, 237; Peninsular War Rouergue, 177 in, 199,213,220-5,253 Rouget de l'Isle, Claude:Joseph, 139 Stael, Germaine de, 116, 117, 125, Rousseau,Jean:Jacques,5 139-41,192,245 royalists, 13-14, 16,30,35,73,75, statistics, collection of, 50-1 119, 129-35, 136 Stendhal (Henri Beyle), 68, 94, 299 Ruffo, Fabrizio, 22 Strasbourg, 268-9 Ruhr, 249, 250 strikes, 120 rural areas, support for Napoleon in, substitution system, 157 142-59 Sulkowski,Joseph,21 Rural Law Code, 151-2 Sutherland, D. M. G., 146, 149, 156, Russia, 78; defeat of Napoleon and, 162,264 279-84; French alliance with, Sweden, 200,280 208,226-7; French campaign Switzerland, 34, 203, 205, 230, 282 in, 180-1, 214, 226-8; interests symbolism, republican and imperial, o~ 197, 199-200,203; 137-9, 188 propaganda against, 179 Syria, French campaign in, 26, 28

StAndre,Jeanbon, 169,280 Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles St Domingo, 179, 266 Maurice de, 36, 40, 68, 77, 83, St Gall, 198 203,204 St Helena, 292 Tarragona, 223 St Quentin, 274 taxation, 30, 54, 67,158,161,242-3, Salamanca, Battle of, 224 285 Saliceti, Antonio Cristoforo, 9,10, Teplitz, Treaty of, 279 11, 12, 15, 78,239 textiles, 55,147,158,248-9,270-4, Sardinia, Kingdom of, 16, 18,21 275 , 33, 166 Tilsit, Treaty of, 208, 216 Saulx-Tavanes, Duke of, 176-7 tithes, 145 Savary, Rene, 136 Todd, Emmanuel, 56 Schama, Simon, 196, 230 Tolentino, Treaty of, 19 Schimmelpenninck, Rutger Jan, Toulon, 10, 12, 33 Grand Pensionary, 247 Toulouse, 46, 51-2, 75,100,107,114, science, education in, 106, 109 163,177,265,270,288-9,292 Sebastiani de la Porta, Horace towns and cities, 51-2,100,147 Franc;:ois, 206 trade, international, 12,55,147,260, seignieurialism, 144-5, 177, 234-5 265-70; see also Continental departments, 166, 276 Blockade Senate, 63-4,113-14,168-9 Trafalgar, Battle of, 180, 196, 198,206 share-cropping, 54, 146 transport and communications, 55, Sieyes, EmmanuelJoseph, 32, 35-9, 239 40,61-6,169 Trasimeno, 240 smallpox vaccination, 240 Treilhard,Jean Baptiste, 68 social mobility, 49 Tribunate, 61, 63, 65, 88, 95,114, Somme, 158 116-17 344 INDEX tricolour flag, 137-8 wage rates, 145, 261 Tronchet, Fran{:ois, 94 Wagram, Battle of, 200 Tulard,Jean, 160-61,298 Walcheren expedition, 198 Tuscan~ 19,233,234 Walewska, Marie, 1 Two Sicilies, Kingdom of, 16 war(s), 195-7,213-14,299; Tyrol, 241, 255 casualties of, 46; Continental Blockade, 3, 175, 199, 214-20, Ulm, Battle of, 200, 206 233, 260, 265-8; Danube ultramontanism, 87, 92-3 campaign, 206; diplomacy and, United Kingdom, see Great Britain; 203-12; economy and, 158-9, Ireland 260-77; Egyptian campaign, United States of America, 215, 216, 23-6,37, 199-200; German 266-7 campaigns, 22, 78, 201-2, universities, 108,239 203-4, 206-8; Hundred Days urban areas, 51-2,100,147 resumption of, 142,285-91; Ursuline order, 91 interests of Great Powers in, utilitarianism, 102 197-203; Italian campaigns, 15-23,77,196,200; Russian vaccination, 240 campaign, 180-1, 214, 226-8; Vadier, Marc-Guillaume-Alexis, 286 Spanish campaigns, 199, 213, vagrancy, 158 220-5, 253; Syrian campaign, Vannes,89 26,28 Var, 80,164 War Ministry, 68 Vanduro, 33, 263 Warsaw, Grand Duchy of, 207, 226-7, Vendee revolt, 11, 13, 75, 83-4, 91, 235,243,246 290 Waterloo, Battle of, 139,291-2 Venice, 16, 21,22, 23,200, 282 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke Vernet, Horace, 23 of, 223, 224, 291 Verviers,274 Westphalia, Kingdom of, 207, 234, veterans, 152, 225 235,241,243,250-51 Viareggio, 259 wet-nursing, 45 Victor Emmanuel I, King of Whitcomb, Edward A., 169, 170 Piedmont-Sardinia, 292 White Terror, 33, 292 Vien, Marie, 189 wine, 54, 147,263-4 Vienna, Treaty of, 282-3 Woloch, Isser, 31 Vienne,145 women: Catholic revival and, 81, 91; Villeneuve, Pierre de, 206 employment of, 272; legal rights Visitandine order, 91 0~95,99, 100, 101-2 viticulture, 54,147,263-4 Woolf, Stuart, 231, 236 Vittoria, Battle of, 180, 196,224 workers, 119-20, 145,272,273-4 ,59 Volney, Constantin de, 63 Yonne,164 , 123 Vovelle, M., 80 Zurich, 34, 35, 196