Avrupa Birliği'ne Katılım Süreci Ve Sonrasında Bulgar Televizyonu

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Avrupa Birliği'ne Katılım Süreci Ve Sonrasında Bulgar Televizyonu T.C İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ RADYO TELEVİZYON SİNEMA ANABİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NE KATILIM SÜRECİ VE SONRASINDA BULGAR TELEVİZYONU: ‘TİCARİLEŞME’, ‘ŞEFFAFLIK’ VE ‘ÇOK SESLİLİK’ FİLİZ MEHMEDOVA 2501071001 Tez Danışmanı Doç. Dr. AYŞEN AKKOR GÜL İSTANBUL, 2010 ÖZ Bu çalışmada esas olarak Avrupa Birliği’ne katılım süreci ve sonrasında Bulgar televizyon yayıncılığında yaşanan gelişmeler; ‘ticarileşme’, ‘şeffaflık’ ve ‘çok seslilik’ gibi kavramlar çerçevesinde sorgulanmaktadır. Ortaya konulan tez, ‘Bulgar televizyon yayıncılığında ‘ticarileşme’, ‘şeffaflık’ ve ‘çok seslilik’ gibi konularda, Avrupa Birliği’nin politikaları doğrultusunda, bir takım yasal düzenlemelerin yapılmış olmasına rağmen, düzenlemelerin şeffaflık, çok sesliliği korumada ve ticarileşmenin önüne geçmede yetersiz olduğu’ şeklindedir. Tezin ispatı için bu konuda ulaşılabilen tüm alan yazın taranmış, ayrıca Bulgar Televizyonu’nda ticarileşmenin boyutlarının saptanabilmesi ve çok sesliliğin incelenebilmesi için alan araştırmaları yapılmıştır. Ulaşılan bazı sonuçları şu şekilde vermek mümkündür: Bulgar hukuki mevzuattı ve 2010 yılının Şubat ayında düzenlenen Bulgar Radyo Televizyon Kanunu; tekelleşmenin önüne geçilmesi, şeffaflığın ve çok sesliliğin korunması konusunda yetersizdir. Çalışma kapsamında 20 Nisan 2010 ila 1 Mayıs 2010 tarihleri arasında takip edilen bTV, Nova Tv ve BNT ulusal televizyon kanallarının program akışları ve ana haber bülteninin içerik analizi sonucunda ‘ticarileşme’ ve ‘çok seslilik’ gibi konularda sorunların yaşandığı tespit edilmiştir. iii ABSTRACT This study analyses the progress of Bulgarian Television Broadcasting based on the level of commercialization, transparency and pluralism during and after the process of Bulgaria becoming an EU member state. To protect and encourage transparency, pluralism and discourage commercialization, the Bulgarian state has introduced new regulations which aligned with those already existing in EU. However, these regulations were not sufficient to prevent commercialization and protect pluralism and transparency. The findings in this thesis are supported by arguments collected from all accessible fields in this topic such as newspapers, footage archives and Radio Television Law during the summer of 2010. In addition, the level of commercialization and pluralism in the Bulgarian Television was determined by performing a content analysis. The study makes several conclusions. The new radio and television regulations introduced in February 2010 are not sufficient to prevent monopoly and protect transparency and the pluralism in the media market within the framework of Bulgarian legislation system. The content analysis across several leading TV channels such as bTV, Nova Tv and BNT, during 20th April 2010 and 1st May 2010 has revealed symptoms of serious commercialization and pluralism problems. iv ÖNSÖZ Bu çalışmada, Avrupa Birliği’ne katılım sürecinde ve sonrasında Bulgar televizyon yayıncılığına ışık tutmak ve 2010 yılında yeniden düzenlenen Radyo Televizyon Kanunu’nda; ‘ticarileşme’, ‘şeffaflık’ ve ‘çok seslilik’ olguları ile ilgili yasal düzenlemeleri irdelemek başlıca hedefimizdi. Avrupa Birliği ülkesi Bulgaristan’ın, Radyo Televizyon Kanunu’nu Avrupa Birliği’nin müktesebatına uyumlu hale getirebilmek için defalarca düzenlemesine rağmen, televizyon yayıncılığında belirginlik kazanan sorunlar kaydedilmiştir. Medyadaki yoğunlaşmanın giderek artması ve medya sahipliğindeki sorunlar kitle iletişim araçlarının çeşitli siyasi ve ekonomik güçler tarafından kontrol edilmesine neden olmuştur. Öte yandan, Bulgar yayıncılık alanında sayısallaşma sürecinin gecikmesi, kamu hizmeti yayıncılarına yönelik etkili bir finans modelinin oluşturulamaması, televizyon yayınlarının giderek ticarileşmesi, ülkede yaşayan azınlıkların televizyon yayınlarında kısıtlı olarak yer alması ve onlara yönelik negatif tutumlar Bulgar televizyon yayıncılığına gölge düşürmektedir. Yüksek lisans çalışmam süresince, tez konusunun seçiminden başlayarak çalışmanın her aşamasında büyük bir özveri ile bana yol gösterip yardımcı olan, sabrını ve bilgisini hiçbir zaman esirgemeyen tez danışmanım sayın Doç. Dr. Ayşen Akkor GÜL’e sonsuz teşekkür borçluyum. Ayrıca yüksek lisans öğrenimi boyunca üzerimde emeği geçen değerli hocalarıma teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Bu çalışma boyunca, beni daima yüreklendiren ve destekleyen ailemin tüm fertlerine ve çalışmamın oluşmasında katkısı olan herkese çok minnettarım. v İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa No: ÖZ ................................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... iv ÖNSÖZ .................................................................................................................. v İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................. vi KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ ....................................................................................... xiii TABLOLAR LİSTESİ ................................................................................................ xvi ŞEKİLLER LİSTESİ ................................................................................................. xvii GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................. 1 Problem ........................................................................................................................... 3 Amaç ................................................................................................................................ 3 Önem ............................................................................................................................... 4 Varsayımlar ..................................................................................................................... 4 Sınırlıklar ......................................................................................................................... 5 Yöntem ..............................................................................................................................5 Araştırma Modeli ve İşlem ................................................................................................5 Veri Toplama Aracı ..........................................................................................................6 vi BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM AVRUPA’DA TELEVİZYON YAYINCILIĞININ GELİŞİMİ 1.1. Avrupa’da Televizyon Yayıncılığının Gelişimi ........................................................ 7 1.1.1. Batı Avrupa’da Televizyon Yayınlarının Kamu Hizmeti Yayıncılığı Olarak Gelişimi ................................................................................................ 9 1.1.1.1. İngiltere’de Kamu Hizmeti Yayıncılığı Olarak Şekillenen Yayıncılık ............................................................................................ 10 1.1.1.2. Fransa’da Kamu Hizmeti Yayıncılığı Olarak Şekillenen Yayıncılık.......................................................................................... 16 1.1.1.3. Federal Almanya’da Kamu Hizmeti Yayıncılığı Olarak Şekillenen Yayıncılık ......................................................................................... 17 1.1.1.4. İtalya’da Kamu Hizmeti Yayıncılığı Olarak Şekillenen Yayıncılık .......................................................................................... 19 1.1.2. Doğu Avrupa Ülkelerinde Televizyon Yayıncılığının Gelişimi ve Devlet Yayıncılığı ........................................................................................................ 20 1.1.2.1. Macaristan’da Devlet Yayıncılığı Olarak Şekillenen Yayıncılık ..... 21 1.1.2.2. Polonya’da Devlet Yayıncılığı Olarak Şekillenen Yayıncılık ........ 23 1.1.2.3. Romanya’da Devlet Yayıncılığı Olarak Şekillenen Yayıncılık ...... 24 1.1.2.4. Çekoslovakya Cumhuriyeti’nde Devlet Yayıncılığı Olarak Şekillenen Yayıncılık ......................................................................... 26 1.1.2.5. Slovenya’da Devlet Yayıncılığı Olarak Şekillenen Yayıncılık ....... 27 1.1.2.6. Letonya’da Devlet Yayıncılığı Olarak Şekillenen Yayıncılık ......... 28 1.1.2.7. Litvanya’da Devlet Yayıncılığı Olarak Şekillenen Yayıncılık ....... 29 1.1.2.8. Estonya’da Devlet Yayıncılığı Olarak Şekillenen Yayıncılık ......... 30 1.1.3. Yayıncılıkta Serbestleşme Süreci ve Batı Avrupa Ülkelerinde Yayıncılık .. 31 1.1.3.1. İngiltere’de Yayıncılık Alanında Yaşanan Serbestleşme ................ 32 1.1.3.2. Fransa’da Yayıncılık Alanında Yaşanan Serbestleşme ................... 34 1.1.3.3. Almanya’da Yayıncık Alanında Yaşanan Serbestleşme .................. 37 vii 1.1.3.4. İtalya’da Yayıncılık Alanında Yaşanan Serbestleşme ..................... 39 1.1.4. 1989 Sonrasında Doğu Bloğu’nun Çöküşü ve Doğu Avrupa’da Yayıncılık ......................................................................................................... 41 1.1.4.1. Macaristan’da Yayıncılık Alanında Yaşanan Serbestleşme ............ 43 1.1.4.2. Polonya’da Yayıncılık Alanında Yaşanan Serbestleşme ................. 45 1.1.4.3. Romanya’da Yayıncılık Alanında Yaşanan Serbestleşme ............... 47 1.1.4.4. Çek Cumhuriyeti’nde Yayıncılık Alanında Yaşanan Serbestleşme ..................................................................................... 49 1.1.4.5. Slovakya’da Yayıncılık Alanında Yaşanan Serbestleşme
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