NATURA IMPACT REPORT

IN SUPPORT OF THE APPROPRIATE ASSESSMENT

OF THE Castlerea Local Area Plan 2016-2022

IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF ARTICLE 6(3) OF THE EU HABITATS DIRECTIVE

for: Roscommon County Council

The Courthouse Roscommon County Roscommon

by: CAAS Ltd.

2nd Floor, The Courtyard 25 Great Strand Street Dublin 1

NOVEMBER 2016

Includes Ordnance Survey Ireland data reproduced under OSi Licence Number 2010/18/CCMAI Roscommon County Council. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Ordnance Survey Ireland and Government of Ireland copyright. © Ordnance Survey Ireland Natura Impact Report for the Castlerea Local Area Plan 2016 - 2022

Table of Contents

Section 1 Introduction ...... 1

1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Legislative Context ...... 1 1.3 Stages of Appropriate Assessment ...... 2

Section 2 Stage 1 Screening ...... 4

2.1 Castlerea Town ...... 4 2.2 Description of the Plan ...... 4 2.3 European sites in and within 15 km and those hydrologically linked to the Plan Area ...... 7 2.4 Assessment Criteria ...... 15 2.5 Other Plans and Programmes ...... 20 2.6 Conclusions ...... 22

Section 3 Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment ...... 23

3.1 Introduction ...... 23 3.2 Potential Significant Effects ...... 23 3.3 Conservation Objectives ...... 24

Section 4 Mitigation Measures ...... 26

4.1 Introduction ...... 26 4.2 Measures to Protect Habitats and Species ...... 26 4.3 Measures to Protect Water Quality ...... 29

Section 5 Conclusion and Determination ...... 31

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List of Tables

Table 2.1 European Sites which occur within 15 km of the Plan Area, Relevant Qualifying Features and Site Vulnerability ...... 7 Table 2.2 European Sites which occur beyond 15 km of the Plan Boundary but are Hydrologically Connected to the Plan Area ...... 10 Table 2.3 Elements of the Plan and the Potential for Significant Effects on European Sites ...... 16 Table 2.4 Screening of European Sites within 15 km of the LAP Boundary ...... 18 Table 2.5 Screening of European Sites which occur outside 15 km of the LAP Boundary but are Hydrologically Linked to the LAP Boundary ...... 19 Table 2.6 Plans & Projects Likely to Cause In-Combination Effects ...... 20 Table 3.1 European Sites Potentially Impacted upon by the Castlerea LAP ...... 23

List of Figures

Figure 1 European sites within 15 km of the Plan Area ...... 13 Figure 2 European sites occurring downstream but beyond 15km ...... 14

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Section 1 Introduction

1.1 Background

This is the Natura Impact Report in support of the Appropriate Assessment of the Castlerea Local Area Plan 2016-2022 (Castlerea LAP) in accordance with the requirements of Article 6(3) of the EU Habitats Directive1.

This report is divided into the following five sections:

Section 1 Introduction

Section 2 Stage 1 Screening

Section 3 Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment

Section 4 Mitigation Measures

Section 5 Conclusion

1.2 Legislative Context

The Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora, better known as “The Habitats Directive”, provides legal protection for habitats and species of European importance. Articles 3 to 9 provide the legislative means to protect habitats and species of Community interest through the establishment and conservation of an EU-wide network of sites known as Natura 2000. In Ireland, these are candidate Special Areas of Conservation (cSACs) designated under the Habitats Directive and Special Protection Areas (SPAs) designated under the Conservation of Wild Birds Directive (79/409/ECC), hereafter referred to as European sites.

Articles 6(3) and 6(4) of the Habitats Directive set out the decision-making tests for plans and projects likely to affect Natura 2000 sites. Article 6(3) establishes the requirement for AA:

“Any plan or project not directly connected with or necessary to the management of the [Natura 2000] site but likely to have a significant effect thereon, either individually or in combination with other plans or projects, shall be subjected to appropriate assessment of its implications for the site in view of the site’s conservation objectives. In light of the conclusions of the assessment of the implications for the site and subject to the provisions of paragraph 4, the competent national authorities shall agree to the plan or project only after having ascertained that it will not adversely affect the integrity of the site concerned and, if appropriate, after having obtained the opinion of the general public.

If, in spite of a negative assessment of the implications for the [Natura 2000] site and in the absence of alternative solutions, a plan or project must nevertheless be carried out for imperative reasons of overriding public interest, including those of a social or economic nature, Member States shall take all compensatory measures necessary to ensure that the overall coherence of Natura 2000 is protected. It shall inform the Commission of the compensatory measures adopted.

1 Directive 92/43/EEC

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Where the site concerned hosts a priority natural habitat type and/or a priority species the only considerations which may be raised are those relating to human health or public safety, to beneficial consequences of primary importance for the environment or, further to an opinion from the Commission, to other imperative reasons of overriding public interest.”

These requirements are implemented in the Republic of Ireland by the European Communities (Birds and Natural Habitats) Regulations 2011. These regulations consolidate the European Communities (Natural Habitats) Regulations 1997 to 2005 and the European Communities (Birds and Natural Habitats) (Control of Recreational Activities) Regulations 2010, as well as addressing transposition failures identified in judgements of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU).

1.3 Stages of Appropriate Assessment

This Natura Impact Report has been prepared in accordance with the following guidance:  Appropriate Assessment of Plans and Projects in Ireland. Guidance for Planning Authorities. Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, 2010.  Assessment of plans and projects significantly affecting Natura 2000 sites: Methodological guidance on the provisions of Article 6(3) and (4) of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC, European Commission Environment DG, 2002.  Managing Natura 2000 sites: The Provisions of Article 6 of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC: European Commission, 2000.

AA comprises up to four successive stages: Stage One: Screening The process which identifies the likely impacts upon a European site of a project or plan, either alone or in combination with other projects or plans, and considers whether these impacts are likely to be significant. Stage Two: Appropriate Assessment The consideration of the impact on the integrity of the European site of the project or plan, either alone or in combination with other projects or plans, with respect to the site’s structure and function and its conservation objectives. Additionally, where there are adverse impacts, an assessment of the potential mitigation of those impacts. If adequate mitigation is proposed to ensure no significant adverse impacts on European sites, then the process may end at this stage. However, if the likelihood of significant impacts remains, then the process must proceed to Stage 3. Stage Three: Assessment of Alternative Solutions The process which examines alternative ways of achieving the objectives of the project or plan that avoids adverse impacts on the integrity of the European site. Stage Four: Assessment where no alternative solutions exist and where adverse impacts remain An assessment of compensatory measures where, in the light of an assessment of imperative reasons of overriding public interest (IROPI), it is deemed that the project or plan should proceed. The Habitats Directive promotes a hierarchy of avoidance, mitigation and compensatory measures. First, the plan should aim to avoid any impacts on European sites by identifying possible impacts early in the plan-making process and writing the plan in order to avoid such impacts. Second, mitigation measures should be applied, if necessary, during the AA process to the point where no adverse impacts on the site(s) remain. If the plan is still likely to result in impacts on European sites, and no further practicable mitigation is possible, then it must

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be rejected. If no alternative solutions are identified and the plan is required for imperative reasons of overriding public interest (IROPI test) under Article 6(4) of the Habitats Directive, then compensation measures are required for any remaining adverse effect.

In the case of this Natura Impact Report, it was found that the Plan required assessment to Stage 2 AA.

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Section 2 Stage 1 Screening

2.1 Castlerea Town

Castlerea is located in north-west County Roscommon, c. 30 km from both Roscommon Town at the centre of the county and Boyle in the north of the county. The town is built on the banks of the River Suck and the River Francis, both of which are tributaries of the River Shannon. The River Suck intersects the north western end of the town centre flowing adjacent to the site of ‘The Old Mill’ under the N60 and along the backlands of Main Street and St Patrick’s Street; and the River Francis, flowing from the north through the Demesne meets the River Suck in the backlands of Castlerea close to the centre of the LAP area. These Rivers are attractive features in Castlerea and enhance the amenity value of the area for the local community and visitors.

Castlerea boasts a rich history and picturesque setting. Its built heritage includes many buildings of historical significance which contribute to its ‘sense of place’. Amongst these are the National Bank (Bank of Ireland), Market Square, and the Courthouse.

The Regional Planning Guidelines for the West Region 2010 – 2022 identifies Ballaghaderreen, Boyle, and Castlerea as key towns within the West Region.

2.2 Description of the Plan

The main aim of this Local Area Plan is to set out a framework for the physical development of Castlerea Town so that growth may take place in a coordinated, sensitive and orderly manner, while at the same time being sensitive to the environment.

Policies and objectives outlined in the LAP are in addition to the policies and objectives contained in the Roscommon County Development Plan (RCDP) 2014-2020. It is acknowledged that not all strategic objectives will be achieved during the six year LAP timeframe; however it is important to identify these objectives to ensure commitment to achieving them in the longer term.

In the interests of clarity, any reference to a goal, aim, policy and objective in the text of this Local Area Plan, shall be construed as an ‘objective’ of this Plan for the purposes of the Planning and Development Acts 2000-2013 and the Planning and Development Regulations 2001-2013.

2.2.1 Plan Vision

Roscommon County Council has an ambitious but achievable Vision for Castlerea for the period 2016 – 2022 and beyond.

Vision: Re-vitalise Castlerea through the encouragement of new business and commercial development in the town core, and through the development of a greater awareness of the recreational and heritage value of the town and surrounding area. Castlerea will be an attractive and vibrant town which capitalises on its distinct character and maximises the potential of the town to become a sustainable and resourceful location for commercial activity, recreation and leisure within the region. The town will develop and enhance existing local facilities, services and amenities to their fullest in order to create a vibrant, sustainable and inclusive community for all.

2.2.2 Strategic Aims for the LAP

The Strategic Aims of the Castlerea LAP are as follows:

1. Build on the role of Castlerea as a key town in the Settlement Strategy for County Roscommon.

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2. Create a vibrant and sustainable community by ensuring appropriate levels of services to support existing and future populations. These services should be provided in tandem with development and associated population increase. 3. Promote an enhanced quality of life for all, based on high quality sustainable residential, working and recreational environments, infrastructural and transportation networks, with the use of alternative energy in a sustainable and harmonious way. 4. Increase commercial activity in the town core which will generate a greater level of employment and vibrancy in the area. Appropriate scaled retail development needs to be steered toward the town centre to consolidate rejuvenate the town core. 5. Improve pedestrian access and connectivity within the LAP area, particularly to larger community and commercial facilities, the Demesne and other recreational lands and facilities. 6. Encourage initiatives to improve the urban environment and the overall character and appearance of its streetscapes, by promoting the development of all areas of the town to their fullest potential. This includes ensuring the redevelopment and reuse of vacant and derelict residential, commercial and retail buildings in the town core and promoting the renewal and environmental improvement of neglected areas. 7. Recognise that archaeological, natural and built heritage in the area are important elements of the town and ensure their conservation, enhancement, public access and enjoyment, particularly along the streetscapes and facades within Castlerea’s Architectural Conservation Area (ACA), the Demesne, Suck Riverbank and Francis Riverbank. 8. Provide opportunities to strengthen the local economy through facilitating new industrial and local enterprise development. 9. Promote a more efficient transport system that will improve the road network, traffic management, parking facilities, public transport, and provide safe pedestrian and cycle routes. 10. Protect and safeguard groundwater supplies and ensure that they are not compromised by commercial, agricultural, domestic or other activities, particularly in non-serviced areas outside the LAP boundary. 11. Ensure that the appropriate level of services and infrastructure is available to support the existing and future population in terms of wastewater disposal, water supply and surface water disposal. 12. Avoid urban sprawl on the edges of the town and maintain a clear distinction between the urban envelope and the rural hinterland. 13. Promote the Demesne in Castlerea as a key recreational resource for the enjoyment of the local community and visitors to the town. 14. Consolidate residential development within and around the town centre area to maximise commercial activity potential in the town centre and prevent population decline from the town core to the periphery.

2.2.3 Relationship with other Relevant Plans and Programmes

The Castlerea LAP sits within a hierarchy of land use forward planning strategic actions. The Plan must comply with relevant higher level strategic actions and may, in turn, guide lower level strategic actions. The Plan also forms part of the Roscommon County Development Plan along with other Local Area Plans in the county.

2.2.3.1 The National Spatial Strategy 2002-2020 The National Spatial Strategy (NSS) is the national planning framework for Ireland to achieve a better balance of social, economic and physical development as well as balanced population growth between the regions. The aim of the Strategy is to utilise urban land sensitively and efficiently, reduce dereliction and encourage refurbishment.

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2.2.3.2 Regional Planning Guidelines (Western Region 2010 – 2022) Ireland was divided into eight regional forward planning regions, Dublin, Midlands, Mid East, Mid- West, South East, South West, West and Border, each with its own regional planning authority composed of Elected Members selected by the constituent local government councils. Regional planning authorities were required, under the Planning and Development (Regional Planning Guidelines) Regulations 2003 (SI No. 175 of 2003), to draw up Regional Planning Guidelines (RPGs), long term strategic planning frameworks, for their relevant region. Since 2015, three new regional assemblies (the Northern and Western, Southern and Eastern and Midland Regional Assemblies) undertake the work previously undertaken by the Regional Authorities, including the implementation of the Regional Planning Guidelines. Roscommon County Council was part of the Western Region Authority and is now part of the Northern and Western Regional Assembly.

County Roscommon, including Castlerea, is subject to the Regional Planning Guidelines for the Western Region 2010-2022 that provide a framework for the long-term strategic development of the Western Region. The Guidelines do this through setting out goals, policies and objectives in relation to population targets, housing, infrastructure, economic development, environment, amenities, social infrastructure and community development, ensuring the successful implementation of the NSS at regional, county and local level.

2.2.3.3 Roscommon County Development Plan 2014-2020 The Roscommon County Development Plan provides the overall statutory framework for the beneficiary of the town’s influence. Currently Castlerea is a key town acting as a service centre for the adjoining rural hinterlands of the development of County Roscommon and details the spatial development strategy for the county which is organised around a hierarchical structure of urban settlements and the rural area. The Core Strategy and the County Development Plan will reinforce developments in Castlerea.

2.2.3.4 County Roscommon Renewable Energy Strategy Roscommon County Council recognises the importance of renewable energy. County Roscommon has the potential to harness an extensive amount of renewable energy resources, primarily from wind, but also from biomass and to a lesser extent from hydro and solar energy. A Wind Energy Strategy was prepared by Roscommon County Council, but it was decided to incorporate the Wind Strategy into a more comprehensive Renewable Energy Strategy (RES), which will explore the potential of the aforementioned sources of renewable energy in County Roscommon.

2.2.3.5 County Roscommon Retail Strategy A Retail Strategy for County Roscommon was undertaken as part of the preparation of Roscommon County Development Plan 2014-2020. The Retail Planning Guidelines for Planning Authorities, issued by the Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government in April 2012, require Local Authorities to prepare a retail strategy and provide policies for retail development in development plans. Roscommon County Council recognises that the retail sector has a key role to play in relation to economic and social activity, employment and the continued vitality of the towns and villages throughout the county.

2.2.3.6 County Roscommon Housing Strategy A Housing Strategy was prepared for County Roscommon as part of the preparation of the Roscommon County Development Plan 2014 – 2020. This Strategy is also applicable to the Castlerea LAP. It sets out a framework for the supply of land to meet the housing needs arising in the county. It outlines what the anticipated social and affordable housing need for County Roscommon between 2014 and 2020.

2.2.3.7 Smarter Travel 2009 “Smarter Travel, A Sustainable Transport Future, A New Transport Policy for Ireland 2009 - 2020” is the Government’s action plan to free towns and cities from traffic congestion, substantially cut CO2

CAAS for Roscommon County Council 6 Natura Impact Report for the Castlerea Local Area Plan 2016 - 2022 emissions, encourage car based commuters to leave their cars at home, and encourage a shift toward walking, cycling and greater public transport usage.

2.2.1 Environmental Protection Objectives

The Castlerea LAP is subject to a number of high level environmental protection policies and objectives with which it must comply. Examples of Environmental Protection Objectives include the aims of the EU Habitats Directive which is to contribute towards ensuring biodiversity through the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora in the European territory of Member States and the purpose of the Water Framework Directive which is to establish a framework for the protection of inland surface waters, transitional waters, coastal waters and groundwater which, among other things, prevents deterioration in the status of all water bodies and protects, enhances and restores all waters with the aim of achieving good status.

2.3 European sites in and within 15 km and those hydrologically linked to the Plan Area

2.3.1 cSACs and SPAs

This section of the screening process describes the European sites within a 15 km of the Plan Area and those which occur outside 15 km from the LAP boundary and are hydrologically linked to the Plan.

Those European sites that occur within 15km of the Plan Area are listed in Table 2.1 and illustrated in Figure 1 below while those sites which occur beyond 15km but are located downstream of the Plan Area are listed in Table 2.2 and illustrated in Figure 2 below.

In order to determine the potential for impacts from the Plan, information on the qualifying features, known vulnerabilities and threats to site integrity pertaining to any potentially affected European sites was reviewed. Background information on threats to individual sites and vulnerability of habitats and species that was used during this assessment included the following:

 Ireland’s Article 17 Report to the European Commission “Status of EU Protected Habitats and Species in Ireland” (NPWS, 2013).  Site Synopses.  NATURA 2000 Standard Data Forms. Since the conservation objectives for the European sites focus on maintaining the favourable conservation condition of the qualifying interests of each site, the screening process concentrated on assessing the potential implications of the Castlerea LAP against the qualifying interests of each site.

Table 2.1 European Sites which occur within 15 km of the Plan Area, Relevant Qualifying Features and Site Vulnerability

Site Code Site Name Qualifying Features Location and Site Vulnerability 0218 Coolcam Turlough Turloughs* This SAC occurs ca 12 km south-west of cSAC Castlerea. Gravel pits which exist on all sides of the turlough pose a potential threat, but have not yet affected any of the eskers in the immediate vicinity. A large quarry located to the south-east would influence the hydrology of the site if quarrying activities extend below the water table. The turlough is grazed by cattle and sheep which could threaten flora, however, there is little intensive farming in the region.

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Site Code Site Name Qualifying Features Location and Site Vulnerability 0255 Croaghill Turlough Turloughs* This SAC occurs ca 11 km south-west of cSAC Castlerea. Threats posed to the site would compose of the drainage of surrounding lands or the release of polluting substances e.g. from agricultural sources. However, the site is relatively undisturbed in general and seems naturally eutrophic at present. 0285 Kilsallagh Bog cSAC Raised Bog (Active)* This SAC occurs ca 10.5 km south of Degraded Raised Bog Castlerea. Most of the boundary, excluding Rhynchosporion Vegetation the far north, is on, or close to, the mineral soil, and so the site encloses most of the peat basin of Kilsallagh Bog. Forestry, peat cutting and drainage are considered as threats to the site along with burning which has caused damage to the high bog area. 0296 Lisnageeragh Bog Turloughs* This SAC occurs ca 14 km south of Castlerea. and Ballinastack Raised Bog (Active)* The turlough is supplied by mineral rich Turlough cSAC Degraded Raised Bog groundwater and is affiliated with peat Rhynchosporion Vegetation deposits. The raised bog is vulnerable to peat harvesting, drainage, afforestation and burning. The structure of the raised bog habitat at Lisnageeragh has been affected due to drainage associated with peripheral peat cutting. The planting of forestry has also occurred along the eastern fringe of the bog dome. Despite the long history of peat cutting, the quality of the bog area habitat is generally good. 0597 Carrowbehy/ Caher Raised Bog (Active)* This SAC occurs ca 8.5 km west of Castlerea. Bog cSAC Degraded Raised Bog Damage has occurred to the site as a result Rhynchosporion Vegetation of the surface drying-out due to past peat Marsh Fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia) cutting. There is a continued threat from the surface from drying out and also the threat of burning. 0600 Cloonchambers Bog Raised Bog (Active)* This SAC occurs ca 1.5 km west of Castlerea. cSAC Degraded Raised Bog The structure of much of the high bog within Rhynchosporion Vegetation the site is poor due to the prolonged effects Marsh Fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia) of drainage, in relation to peat cutting, and possibly burning also. However, peat cutting has now been largely discontinued. 0604 Derrinea Bog cSAC Raised Bog (Active)* This SAC occurs 13.5 km north-west of Degraded Raised Bog Castlerea. Much of the existing high bog Rhynchosporion Vegetation surface is somewhat degraded due to turf cutting and drainage, however, the active bog is still exceptionally wet and good quality in the site. The continuation of peat cutting practices will cause further vulnerability and degradation to raised bog habitats. 0607 Errit lough cSAC Hard Water Lakes This SAC occurs ca 12 km north-west of Castlerea. Errit Lough is vulnerable to water quality deterioration through farm pollution, as it is situated in an area of intensive agriculture, and also from adjacent forestry activities. 0612 Mullygollan Turlough Turloughs* This SAC occurs ca 10 km east of Castlerea. cSAC Drier vegetation in the site has witnessed damage and is threatened by livestock (i.e. Cattle). The turlough is also vulnerable to the north-east from agricultural pollution through the heavy use of fertilizers. 2110 Corliskea/ Trien/ Raised Bog (Active)* This SAC occurs ca 5 km south of Castlerea. Cloonfelliv Bog cSAC Degraded Raised Bog Drainage, associated with turf-cutting or Rhynchosporion Vegetation afforestation, is seen as a major threat to the Bog Woodland* raised bog as it disturbs the hydrology of the ecosystem. Vegetation and the bog surface is also vulnerable from fire damage. Areas within the site have been burned previously, and although vegetation is regenerating, recovery is slow.

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Site Code Site Name Qualifying Features Location and Site Vulnerability 2296 Williamstown Turloughs* This SAC occurs ca 14 km south-west of Turloughs cSAC Castlerea. Williamstown Turloughs are a set of turloughs including Curragh, Polleagh (and Polleagh West) and Gortduff. The turloughs are vulnerable from the lack of water. Private drainage work carried out in 1996 damaged the site and is still in effect to date. Water to the turlough is being lost at times of high flood due to the reversal of drainage measures in the eastern end of Polleagh. Water input from the small catchment is also being lost during the summer. 2338 Drumalough Bog Raised Bog (Active)* This SAC occurs ca 3km north-west of cSAC Degraded Raised Bog Castlerea. The site is under threat from Rhynchosporion Vegetation activities including burning, dumping, afforestation, peat-cutting and associated drainage. The occurrence of these activities has resulted in the loss of habitat and damage to the hydrological status of the site. 4048 Lough Gara SPA Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus); This SPA occurs ca 14.5 km north of Greenland White-fronted Goose (Anser Castlerea. Whilst vulnerable to nutrient albifrons flavirostris) enrichment, the trophic status of the lake has been fairly constant in recent times. Any afforestation in the vicinity of the lake shore would be detrimental to the bird interests of the site. 0614 Cloonshanville Bog Raised bog (active)*; This cSAC occurs ca 12 km north-east of cSAC Bog woodland*; Castlerea. The flush at this site is influenced Degraded raised bogs; by dilute regional ground water inputs and is Rhyncosporion depressions therefore vulnerable to any further lowering of the regional ground water table. The site is also threatened by the water loss effects of surface drains and a bog road. Some peat cutting is also occurring. Use of the bog for clay pigeon shooting disturbs the wildlife of the area. Conifer plantations have been planted along the high bog margin and are undoubtedly causing the drying-out of adjacent intact bog. Further planting would be very damaging. 0595 Callow Bog cSAC Raised bog (active)*; This cSAC occurs ca 13.5 km North of Degraded raised bogs; Castlerea. This site is especially vulnerable to Rhyncosporion depressions; drying out and burning. The drying out is Raised bog (active)*; mostly caused by past peat-cutting and Marsh Fritillary current small-scale mechanised peatcutting along the high bog margins. Burning appears to be a regular occurrence and its frequency has resulted in a low Sphagnum cover even in wet areas of the site. Continued mechanised peat-cutting and further burning events would threaten the long-term viability of the high bog area. Although forestry does occur within the site its extent is not large and it does not pose a significant threat to the hydrology of the site. However, further forestry could be damaging to the bog habitats. 0592 Bellanagare Bog Raised bog (active)*; This cSAC occurs ca 3.5 km north-north-east cSAC Degraded raised bogs; of Castlerea. This site is vulnerable to water Rhyncosporion depressions; loss through the extensive drain network to Marsh Fritillary; the north and from active peat cutting in Raised bog (active)* places all around the site particularly on the eastern side. Burning is also a significant threat. Heavy grazing, especially by sheep, could also threaten the Euphydryas aurinia population.

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Site Code Site Name Qualifying Features Location and Site Vulnerability 4105 Bellanagare Bog SPA Greenland White-fronted Goose (Anser This SPA occurs ca 3.5 km north-north-east albifrons flavirostris) of Castlerea. This site is threatened by water loss through the extensive drain network to the north and from active peat cutting in places all around the site particularly on the eastern side. Burning is also a significant threat. 2354 Tullaghanrock Bog Raised bog (active)*; This SAC occurs ca 14.5 km north of cSAC Degraded raised bogs; Castlerea. In general terms this site is one of Rhyncosporion depressions the best conserved raised bog sites in the country. Peat-cutting is now very rare within the site and the area of forestry is not extensive. Probably the main threats to the site at present are burning and intensification of reclamation of the former cutover areas.

Table 2.2 European Sites which occur beyond 15 km of the Plan Boundary but are Hydrologically Connected to the Plan Area

Site Site Name County Qualifying Features Location and Site Vulnerability Code 4097 River Suck Galway; Whooper Swan (Cygnus The SPA occurs approximately 20.5 km Callows SPA Roscommon Cygnus); south-east of the LAP boundary (ca 31 km Wigeon (Anas Penelope); downstream). Arterial drainage implemented Golden Plover (Pluvialis into area in the past has reduced naturally apricaria); flooded grasslands. Land improvement and Lapwing (Vanellus drainage remain the key threat for the site. vanellus); Due to the intensification in agriculture, Greenland White-fronted particularly in the shift from hay to silage Goose (Anser albifrons production, significant threats are posed to flavirostris) Corncrake breeding and existence within the SPA. Disturbance is caused by wildfowling, however, there is a Wildfowl Sanctuary at Muckanagh. 0216 River Shannon Galway; Offaly; Residual alluvial forests*; The cSAC occurs approximately 52 km south- Callows cSAC Roscommon; Limestone pavement*; east of the LAP boundary (ca 101 km Tipperary; Lowland hay meadows; downstream). The flooding regime generally Westmeath Molinia meadows; mitigates against intensification but Otter herbicides and high fertiliser applications have been effectively used in a few places and this trend may increase. Large scale drainage of this section of the river is considered unlikely at present. Drainage schemes, agricultural pollution and wildfowling threaten the bird-life in the area. Power lines across the site are also hazards for flying birds. 4096 Middle Shannon Galway; Offaly; Whooper Swan (Cygnus The SPA occurs approximately 52 km south- Callows SPA Tipperary; cygnus); east of the Plan Area (ca 101 km Westmeath Wigeon (Anas penelope); downstream). The principal threat to the Corncrake (Crex crex); ornithological interests in this site is Golden Plover (Pluvialis agricultural improvement including drainage apricaria); attempts to reduce winter flooding. Since Lapwing (Vanellus 1993 a grant scheme for Crex crex has been vanellus); in operation for landowners to allow late Black-tailed Godwit cutting of meadows. Continuous (Limosa limosa); management is considered to be necessary to Black-headed Gull (Larus maintain the population. However, despite ridibundus), the conservation efforts, summer flooding reduces the numbers in some years. Agricultural intensification may also be affecting numbers of breeding waders.

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Site Site Name County Qualifying Features Location and Site Vulnerability Code 2241 Lough Derg, Galway; Residual alluvial forests*; Lough Derg occurs approximately 77 km North-east Shore Tipperary Cladium fen*; south south-east of the Plan Area (ca 136 km cSAC Limestone pavement*; downstream). The lake is vulnerable to water Taxus baccata woods*; polluting operations from the surrounding Alkaline fens; agricultural activities. Wetland habitats are Juniper scrub threatened by private and holiday home developments and the construction of new marinas and jetties at the lake edge. 4058 Lough Derg Clare; Cormorant (Phalacrocorax Lough Derg occurs approximately 77 km (Shannon) SPA Galway; carbo); Tufted Duck south south-east of the Plan Area (ca 136 km Tipperary (Aythya fuligula); downstream). Lough Derg was classified as Goldeneye (Bucephala being strongly eutrophic in the early 1990s. clangula); Since 1997, a monitoring programme on the Common Tern (Sterna Shannon lakes has shown that the symptoms hirundo), of eutrophication previously documented (i.e. Wetlands high chlorophyll level and reduced water visibility) have been ameliorated significantly. These reductions have coincided with the invasion of the Shannon system by the Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), a species which feeds on plankton, and also improvements to reduce phosphorus in sewage plants in the catchment. Enrichment of the lake, both by agricultural run-off and sewage, remains a threat and could affect the bird population, especially the diving duck. 2165 Lower River Clare, Residual alluvial forests*; The Lower River Shannon cSAC occurs Shannon cSAC Cork, Lagoons*; approximately 106 km south of the Plan Area. Kerry; Limerick; Atlantic salt meadows; The estuarine habitat and associated species Tipperary Estuaries; are vulnerable to land reclamation, industrial Large shallow inlets and development, water pollution (from industrial, bays; agricultural and domestic sources) and Mediterranean salt spread of Spartina. The dolphins are meadows; vulnerable to underwater aquatic Molinia meadows; disturbance, entanglement in fishing gear Tidal mudflats; and collision with fast moving craft. The main Perennial vegetation of threats to the terrestrial habitats are over- stony banks; grazing, while the rivers and associated Reefs; annexed species are threatened by water Salicornia mud; pollution and flood relief works (e.g. Sandbanks; dredging). Sublittoral sediments and Sea cliffs; submerged sand banks could be threatened Floating river vegetation; by future wind-farm developments. River Lamprey; Brook Lamprey; Otter; Freshwater Pearl Mussel; Sea Lamprey; Atlantic Salmon; Bottle-Nosed Dolphin

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Site Site Name County Qualifying Features Location and Site Vulnerability Code 4077 River Shannon Clare; Cormorant (Phalacrocorax This SPA occurs approximately 109 km south and River Fergus Kerry; carbo); of the Plan Area. The site receives pollution Estuaries SPA Limerick Whooper Swan (Cygnus from several sources, including industry and cygnus); agriculture, but it is not known if this has any Light-bellied Brent Goose significant impacts on the wintering birds. (Branta bernicla hrota); Shelduck (Tadorna tadorna); Wigeon (Anas penelope); Teal (Anas crecca); Pintail (Anas acuta); Shoveler (Anas clypeata); Scaup (Aythya marila); Ringed Plover (Charadrius hiaticula); Golden Plover (Pluvialis apricaria); Grey Plover (Pluvialis squatarola); Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus); Knot (Calidris canutus); Dunlin (Calidris alpina); Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa); Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica); Curlew (Numenius arquata); Redshank (Tringa totanus); Greenshank (Tringa nebularia); Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus); Wetlands

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Figure 1 European sites within 15 km of the Plan Area

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Figure 2 European sites occurring downstream but beyond 15km

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2.4 Assessment Criteria

2.4.1 Is the Plan Necessary to the Management of European Sites?

Under the Habitats Directive, Plans that are directly connected with or necessary to the management of a European site do not require AA. For this exception to apply, management is required to be interpreted narrowly as nature conservation management in the sense of Article 6(1) of the Habitats Directive. This refers to specific measures to address the ecological requirements of annexed habitats and species (and their habitats) present on a site(s). The relationship should be shown to be direct and not a by-product of the plan, even if this might result in positive or beneficial effects for a site(s).

The primary purpose of the Castlerea LAP is not the nature conservation management of European sites but to provide for development within Castlerea Town. Therefore, the LAP is not considered by the Habitats Directive to be directly connected with or necessary to the management of European designated sites.

2.4.2 Elements of the Plan with Potential to Give Rise to Significant Effects

This screening assessment process identifies whether the changes brought about by the LAP are likely to cause any direct, indirect or secondary impacts (either alone or in combination with other plans or projects) on the Natura 2000 network of sites. During this assessment a number of factors were taken into account including the sites’ conservation objectives and known threats. The overall aim of the assessment is to attempt to predict the consequences that can be reasonably foreseen by implementation of a policy or objective.

It should be noted that the policies and objectives that make up the Plan are strategic in nature and therefore the impact assessment can at best be generalised.

No projects giving rise to significant adverse direct, indirect, or secondary impacts on the integrity of any Natura 2000 sites having regard to their conservation objectives, arising from their size or scale, shall be permitted on the basis of this Plan (either individually or in combination with other plans or projects). The following provisions could, in the absence of mitigation, potentially give rise to significant effects:

 Improvements to pedestrian access and connectivity throughout the Plan Area, particularly towards community, commercial and recreational lands and facilities;  Improvement works to the National Road Network;  Proposed development of leisure and tourism infrastructure and facilities in the area, including the expansion and linkages of existing and new walkways and cycle ways in the surroundings of the town and others in adjoining counties;  New industrial and local enterprise development;  Wastewater disposal, water supply and surface water disposal developments and upgrades;  The upgrading, maintenance and expansion of waste management facilities in the area;  The development of renewable energy sources;  The requirement of a secure and reliable electricity transmission infrastructure to support economic development (lack of gas network in the town);  The extension of telecommunications infrastructure;  The provision to facilitate and develop a range of social, recreational and community facilities;  Development of stand-alone, outdoor play areas; and  Residential development.

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2.4.3 Identification of Potential Likely Significant Effects

This section documents the final stage of the screening process. It has used the information collected on the sensitivity of each European site and describes any likely significant effects resulting from the implementation of the LAP. This assumes the absence of any controls, conditions, or mitigation measures. In determining the potential for significant effects, a number of factors have been taken into account. Firstly, the sensitivity and reported threats to the European site. Secondly, the individual elements of the Plan and the potential effect they may cause on the site were considered. The elements of the Plan with potential to cause adverse impacts on European sites is presented in Table 2.3 below.

Sites are screened out based on one or a combination of the following criteria:

 where it can be shown that there are no hydrological links between activities in Castlerea and the site to be screened;  where the site is located at such a distance from Castlerea that impacts are not foreseen;  where it is that known threats or vulnerabilities at a site cannot be linked to potential impacts that may arise from implementation of the Plan.

The screening of individual European sites within 15km of Castlerea is presented in Table 2.4 below (sites sorted by distance from the LAP boundary) and screening of those European site which occur outside 15 km of the LAP boundary are presented in Table 2.5.

Table 2.3 Elements of the Plan and the Potential for Significant Effects on European Sites

Element of the Plan Potential significant effects

Improvements to pedestrian access and connectivity Works to the pedestrian network in the town may potentially throughout the Plan Area, particularly towards community, lead to the run-off of silt and other harmful pollutants to commercial and recreational lands and facilities. watercourse within the town. This may potentially lead to adverse impacts on water dependant European sites Strategic Aims for Castlerea Town: downstream of the Plan. 5. Improve pedestrian access and connectivity within the Works along the rivers may also potentially lead to disturbance LAP area, particularly to larger community and commercial to those bird species for which SPAs in the area are designated facilities, the Demesne and other recreational lands and should they utilise suitable habitat in Castlerea town and facilities. environs. This provision may potentially lead to:  Changes in key indicators of conservation value (water quality)  Disturbance of key species Policies Relating to Public Transport and Pedestrian The provision for this development may potentially lead to the Movement: run-off of silt and other harmful pollutants to watercourses in Policy 1 the town. This may potentially lead to adverse impacts on those Objectives Relating to Roads and Transportation: water dependant European sites downstream of Castlerea. Objective 2 This provision may potentially lead to:  Changes in key indicators of conservation value (water quality) The promotion and facilitation of leisure and tourism The provision for the expansion of tourism and associated related developments in Castlerea including the expansion infrastructure may potentially lead to the run-off of silt and and linkages of existing and new walkways and cycle ways other harmful pollutants to watercourse in the town and its in the surroundings of the town and others in adjoining environs. This may lead to adverse impacts on those water counties dependant European sites which occur downstream of the town. Policies Relating to Leisure and Tourism: Development along the rivers may also potentially lead to Policy 45 disturbance to those bird species for which SPAs in the area are Policy 46 designated should they utilise suitable habitat in Castlerea town Policy 47 and environs. Policy 48 This provision may potentially lead to: Policy 49  Changes in indicators of conservation value (water quality Policy 51  Disturbance of key species Objectives Relating to Recreation, Leisure and Tourism: Objective 35 Objective 37 Objective 39

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Element of the Plan Potential significant effects

Industrial and commercial development. The provision for industrial developments may potentially lead Objectives Relating to Future Employment, Enterprise and to the run-off of silt and other harmful pollutants to watercourse Economic Strategy: in the town and its environs. This may lead to adverse impacts Objective 73 on those water dependant European sites which occur Objective 76 downstream of the town. Objective 79 Development along the rivers may also potentially lead to disturbance to those bird species for which SPAs in the area are designated should they utilise suitable habitat in Castlerea town and environs. This provision may potentially lead to:  Changes in indicators of conservation value (water quality)  Disturbance of key species Water services works. Works to the water supply and waste water treatment facilities Policies Relating to Water Services: within the town may potentially lead to the run-off of silt and Policy 12 other harmful pollutants to watercourses within the town. This Policies Relating to Wastewater Collection and Treatment: may potentially lead to adverse impacts on water dependant Policy 27 European sites which occur downstream of the town. Objectives Relating to Flood Risk & Protection: Development along the rivers may also potentially lead to Objective 12 disturbance to those bird species for which SPAs in the area are Objectives Relating to Wastewater Collection and designated should they utilise suitable habitat in Castlerea town Treatment: and environs. Objective 17 This provision may potentially lead to:  Changes in indicators of conservation value (water quality)  Disturbance of key species Upgrading waste management facilities. Works to waste management facilities within the town may Objectives Relating to Waste Management: potentially lead to the run-off of silt and other harmful Objective 20 pollutants to watercourses within the town. This may potentially lead to adverse impacts on water dependant European sites which occur downstream of the town. This provision may potentially lead to:  Changes in indicators of conservation value (water quality) Energy and gas network development. Renewable energy development in the town may potentially Energy Strategy: lead to the run-off of silt and other harmful pollutants into the  Encourage the development and upgrading of energy watercourse in the town, potentially leading to adverse impacts infrastructure and services within the LAP area to on those water dependant European sites which occur support the proposed growth in economic activity and downstream of the town. population within the development envelope. Renewable energy works may also potentially lead to the Objectives Relating to Energy Supply: disturbance of bird species for which SPAs in the area are Objective 23 designated should they utilise habitats in Castlerea town and Objective 24 environs. This provision may potentially lead to:  Changes in indicators of conservation value (water quality  Disturbance to key species Extension of telecommunications infrastructure. The development of telecommunications infrastructure in the Policies Relating to Telecommunications Infrastructure: environs of the town may potentially lead to the run-off of silt Policy 37 and other harmful pollutants to the watercourse within the town. This may lead to adverse impacts on those water dependant European sites downstream of the town. Telecommunication works may also potentially lead to the disturbance of bird species for which SPAs in the area are designated should they utilise habitats in Castlerea town and environs. This provision may potentially lead to:  Changes in indicators of conservation value (water quality)  Disturbance to key species The development of outdoor, recreational play areas, The provision to develop outdoor recreational play areas in the community and social facilities. town may potentially lead to the run-off of silt and other Policies Relating to Social and Community Services and harmful pollutants to the watercourse within the town. This may Facilities: lead to adverse impacts on those water. Policy 40 Outdoor recreational play area works may also potentially lead Policies Relating to Recreation and Leisure: to the disturbance of bird species for which SPAs in the area are Policy 45 designated should they utilise habitats in Castlerea town and Policy 46 environs. Policies Relating to Open Space and Sporting Provision: This provision may potentially lead to: Policy 54  Changes in indicators of conservation value (water quality) Objectives Relating to Social and Community Services and  Disturbance to key species Facilities: Objective 34

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Element of the Plan Potential significant effects

Provision for new housing. The provision for residential development throughout the Plan Policies Relating to Residential Development: Area may potentially lead to the potential run-off of silt and / or Policy 96 other harmful pollutants to watercourse within the Plan Area. The provision for residential development may potentially lead to adverse impacts on those European sites which occur downstream of the Plan Area. This provision may potentially lead to:  Changes in indicators of conservation value (water quality)

Table 2.4 Screening of European Sites within 15 km of the LAP Boundary

Site Name Potential for likely significant effects Stage 2 appropriate assessment required Cloonchambers Bog cSAC Cloonchambers is located ca 1.5 km from the LAP boundary. The No Cloonchambers site is located upstream from Castlerea town. Given that Castlerea Town is located downstream of Cloonchambers and its QI’s, it is concluded that significant adverse impacts on this cSAC are not foreseen. Drumalough Bog cSAC Drumalough Bog is located ca 3 km from the LAP boundary. The No site occurs upstream and is hydrologically linked to the LAP area. The SAC is designated for raised bog (Active), degraded raised bog and rhynchosporion vegetation. Considering Castlerea is located downstream of Bellanagare, the QIs of the cSAC, and the distance from the LAP, adverse impacts are not foreseen. Corliskea/ Trien/ Cloonfelliv Bog cSAC Corliskea/ Trien/ Cloonfelliv Bog cSAC occurs ca 3.5 km south of No the LAP boundary. Corliskea/ Trien/ Cloonfelliv Bog SAC is designated for its Raised Bog (Active), Degraded Raised Bog, Rhynchosporion Vegetation and Bog Woodland. Given that the site is not hydrologically connected to Castlerea town and the QIs of the cSAC, adverse impacts are not foreseen. Bellanagare Bog SPA Bellanagare Bog SPA is located ca 3.5 km north-north-east of Yes Castlerea Town. Bellanagare Bog is not hydrologically linked to Castlerea. Itis designated for its Greenland White-fronted Geese. Given the proximity of the LAP to this SPA it is deemed that these bird species may utilise watercourses and wetlands in the vicinity of Castlerea, though based on habitat availability, this is deemed uncertain. Taking a precautionary approach Stage 2 AA is required to be undertaken in order to ensure potential effects are addressed. Bellanagare Bog cSAC Bellanagare Bog cSAC is located ca 3.5 km north-north-east of No Castlerea. Bellanagare has no hydrological link to Castlerea. Therefore, no significant adverse impacts are foreseen on this site or the QI’s of the cSAC. Carrowbehy/ Caher Bog cSAC Carrowbehy/ Caher Bog is located ca 8.5 km west of Castlerea. No The site is linked hydrologically upstream from the LAP area and is designated for Raised Bog (Active), Degraded Raised Bog, Rhynchosporion Vegetation and Marsh Fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia). As Castlerea is located downstream from the cSAC and the OI’s of the site, no adverse impacts are foreseen. Mullygollan Turlough cSAC Mullygollan Turlough is located ca 10 km east of Castlebar. No Given that there is no hydrological connection and the distance from the area plan, adverse impacts of significance are not foreseen for the cSAC. Kilsallagh Bog cSAC Kilsallagh Bog cSAC is located ca 10.5 km south of Castlerea and No is designated for raised bog (active),degraded raised bog and rhynchosporion vegetation. Considering the QIs of the cSAC, and the distance from the Plan Area it is concluded that significant adverse impacts on this cSAC are not foreseen Croaghill Turlough cSAC Croaghill Turlough is located ca 11 km south-west of Castlerea. No As the site is not hydrologically connected to the LAP area, and the consideration of the QI’s of the cSAC and distance from the plan area, no significant adverse impacts are foreseen on this site.

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Cloonshanville Bog cSAC Cloonshanville Bog is located ca 12 km north-east of Castlerea. No Considering the QIs of the cSAC, and the distance from the Plan Area it is concluded that significant adverse impacts on this cSAC are not foreseen. Coolcam Turlough cSAC Coolcam Turlough is located ca 12 km south-west of Castlerea. No Considering the QIs of the cSAC, and the distance from the Plan Area it is concluded that significant adverse impacts on this site are not foreseen. Errit lough cSAC Errit Lough is located ca 12 km north-west of Castlerea. The site No is designated for Hard water Lakes and does not have a hydrological linkage with the castlerea area. Given the QI’s of the site and the distance from Castlerea, significant adverse impacts are not foreseen. Callow Bog cSAC Callow Bog cSAC is located ca 13.5 km North of Castlerea. Given No the distance from Castlerea and the QI’s of the cSAC, significant adverse impacts on this cSAC are not foreseen. Derrinea Bog cSAC Derrinea Bog is located 13.5 km north-west of Castlerea. Given the distance of the cSAC from Castlerea and the QI’s of the No cSAC, significant adverse impacts on this cSAC are not foreseen. Williamstown Turloughs cSAC Williamstown Turloughs cSAC is located ca 14 km south-west of Castlerea. The site is not hydrologically linked to the castlerea No area. With consideration of the QI’s of this cSAC and the distance of the site from the LAP boundary, it is concluded that adverse impacts are nor foreseen. Lisnageeragh Bog and Ballinastack Lisnageeragh Bog and Ballinastack Turlough cSAC is located ca Turlough cSAC 14 km south of Castlerea. Given the QIs of the cSAC and the No distance from the site, significant adverse impacts on this cSAC are not foreseen. Tullaghanrock Bog cSAC This cSAC is located ca 14.5 km north of Castlerea. Given that Castlerea is not hydrologically linked to Tullaghanrock Bog, the No QIs of the cSAC and the distance from the site, no significant adverse impacts are foreseen on this site. Lough Gara SPA Lough Gara SPA is located ca 14.5 km north of Castlerea. Lough Gara SPA is designated for its wintering Whooper Swan and Yes Greenland White-fronted Geese, given the proximity of the LAP to this SPA it is deemed that these bird species may utilise watercourses and wetlands in the vicinity of Castlerea Town, though based on habitat availability, this is deemed uncertain. Taking a precautionary approach Stage 2 AA is required to be undertaken in order to ensure potential effects are addressed.

Table 2.5 Screening of European Sites which occur outside 15 km of the LAP Boundary but are Hydrologically Linked to the LAP Boundary

Site Name Potential for likely significant effects Stage 2 appropriate assessment required River Suck Callows SPA River Suck Callows SPA is located ca 20 km south east of Castlerea. Yes Lough Gara SPA is designated for birds inlcuding its wintering Whooper Swan and Greenland White-fronted Geese, given the proximity of the LAP to this SPA it is deemed that these bird species may utilise watercourses and wetlands in the vicinity of Castlerea Town, though based on habitat availability, this is deemed uncertain. Taking a precautionary approach Stage 2 AA is required to be undertaken in order to ensure potential effects are addressed. River Shannon Callows cSAC Although River Shannon Callows is located ca 52 km downstream of Yes the LAP boundary, impacts via hydrological links between the Plan aera and the site cannot be ruled out at this stage and taking a precautionary approach Stage 2 AA is required to be undertaken in order to ensure potential effects are addressed. Middle Shannon Callows SPA The Middle Shannon Callows SPA occurs approximately 101 km No downstream of the Plan Area. Considering this distance and the nature of the Plan, potential adverse impacts on this site are not identified. This site will no longer be considered in this assessment. Lough Derg, North-east Shore Lough Derg occurs ca 136 km downsteam of the Plan Area. No cSAC Considering this distacne and the nature of the propsoed Plan, potential adverse impacts on this site are not identified. This site will no longer be considered in this assessment.

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Site Name Potential for likely significant effects Stage 2 appropriate assessment required Lough Derg (Shannon) SPA Lough Derg occurs ca 136 km downsteam of the Plan Area. No Considering this distacne and the nature of the propsoed Plan, potential adverse impacts on this site are not identified. This site will no longer be considered in this assessment. Lower River Shannon cSAC This cSAC occurs approximately 175 km downstream of the Plan No Area. Considering the distance of this cSAC from the Plan Area and the nature of the Plan, potential adverse impacts on this site are not identified. This site is no longer considered in this assessment. River Shannon and River Fergus This SPA occurs approximately 204 km downstream of the Plan No Estuaries SPA Area. Considering the distance of this SPA from the Plan Area and the nature of the Plan, potential adverse impacts on this site are not identified. This site is no longer considered in this assessment.

2.5 Other Plans and Programmes

Article 6(3) of the Habitats Directive requires an assessment of a plan or project to consider other plans or programmes that might, in combinations with the plan or project, have the potential to adversely impact upon European sites. Table 2.6 outlines plans or projects that may interact with the LAP to cause in-combination effects to European sites. The plans or projects are listed according to a spatial hierarchy of International, National, Regional/Local Projects and Plans.

Table 2.6 Plans & Projects Likely to Cause In-Combination Effects

Directive Purpose Interactions resulting in Cumulative Impacts International EU Water Framework Directive Objectives seek to maintain and No risk of likely significant in- (2000/60/EC) enhance the quality of all surface combination effects will result as the waters in the EU. primary purpose of the Directive is to improve environmental quality. EU Freshwater Fish Directive Objectives seek to protect those fresh No risk of likely significant in- (78/659/EEC) water bodies identified by Member combination effects will result as the States as waters suitable for sustaining primary purpose of the Directive is to fish populations. For those waters it improve environmental quality. sets physical and chemical water quality objectives for salmonid waters and cyprinid waters. EU Groundwater Directive This directive establishes a regime, No risk of likely significant in- (2006/118/EC) which sets underground water quality combination effects will result as the standards and introduces measures to primary purpose of the Directive is to prevent or limit inputs of pollutants improve environmental quality. into groundwater. EU Floods Directive (2007/60/EC) The Floods Directive applies to river Potential in-combination impacts may basins and coastal areas at risk of arise where there is a requirement to flooding. With trends such as climate provide for new infrastructure such as change and increased domestic and flood walls or flood defences. economic development in flood risk Avoidance on, or near protected areas zones, this poses a threat of flooding should be implemented or where this is in coastal and river basin areas. not possible, favouring infrastructure that carries a lower risk of damage to protected areas should be emphasised in the plan. Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC) This Directive has the objective of No risk of likely significant in- reducing water pollution caused or combination effects will result as the induced by nitrates from agricultural primary purpose of the Directive is to sources and preventing further improve environmental quality. pollution. The Urban Wastewater Treatment The primary objective is to protect the No risk of likely significant in- Directive (91/271/EEC) environment from the adverse effects combination effects will result as the of discharges of urban wastewater, by primary purpose of the Directive is to the provision of urban wastewater improve environmental quality. collecting systems (sewerage) and treatment plants for urban centres. The Directive also provides general

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Directive Purpose Interactions resulting in Cumulative Impacts rules for the sustainable disposal of sludge arising from wastewater treatment. Sewage Sludge Directive (86/278/EEC) Objective is to encourage the No risk of likely significant in- appropriate use of sewage sludge in combination effects will result as the agriculture and to regulate its use in primary purpose of the Directive is to such a way as to prevent harmful improve environmental quality. effects on soil, vegetation, animals and man. To this end, it prohibits the use of untreated sludge on agricultural land unless it is injected or incorporated into the soil. The Integrated Pollution Prevention Objective is to achieve a high level of No risk of likely significant in- Control Directive (96/61/EC) protection of the environment through combination effects will result as the measures to prevent or, where that is primary purpose of the Directive is to not practicable, to reduce emissions to improve environmental quality. air, water and land from industrial sources. National National Spatial Strategy 2002-2020 Objectives of the NSS are to achieve a Potential in-combination impacts may better balance of social, economic and arise where there is a requirement to physical development across Ireland, provide for new infrastructure. supported by more effective planning. Provision of infrastructure may result in:  Habitat loss  Alteration of hydrology  Deterioration in water quality  Disturbance during construction / operation.

Eirgrid Transmission Development Plan This ten year plan presents those Potential in-combination impacts may 2012 - 2022 components of the overall long-term arise where there is a requirement to development of the transmission provide for new infrastructure. system where there is a high level of Provision of infrastructure may result certainty. In addition, other likely in: areas where development projects  Habitat loss may soon be required are also  Alteration of hydrology discussed.  Deterioration in water quality  Disturbance during construction / operation Ireland’s First National Cycle policy Introduced to promote cycling as an No potential for significant effects as Framework (2009) alternative mode of transport to bus, this policy framework does not provide rail, car, etc. for transport infrastructure. Regional Regional Planning Guidelines For The Policy document which aims to direct Potential in-combination impacts may Western Region 2010 – 2022. the future growth of the Western Area arise where there is a requirement to over the medium to long term and provide for new infrastructure. works to implement the strategic Provision of infrastructure may result planning framework set out in the in: National Spatial Strategy (NSS)  Habitat loss  Alteration of hydrology  Deterioration in water quality  Disturbance during construction / operation Local Roscommon County Development Plan Overall strategies for the proper Provision of infrastructure may result 2014 – 2020 planning and sustainable development in: Longford County Development Plan of the administrative area of the  Habitat loss 2015 – 2021 relevant Local Authorities. Include  Alteration of hydrology Westmeath County Development Plan provisions relating to housing,  Deterioration in water quality 2014 – 2020 economic (including tourism),  Disturbance during construction / Galway County Development Plan community, transport (including operation 2015 – 2021 cycling) and infrastructural Offaly County Development Plan 2014 development. – 2020 Westmeath County Development Plan 2014 – 2020 Longford County Development Plan 2015 - 2021

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Directive Purpose Interactions resulting in Cumulative Impacts Leitrim County Development Plan 2015 – 2021 Sligo County Development Plan 2011 - 2017 Mayo County Development Plan 2014 - 2020

2.6 Conclusions

The likely impacts that could arise from the Plan have been examined in the context of a number of factors that could potentially affect the integrity of the Natura 2000 network of sites. On the basis of the findings of this Screening for AA, it is concluded that the Plan:

 is not directly connected with or necessary to the management of a European site; and  may have significant impacts on the Natura 2000 network.

Therefore, applying the precautionary principle and in accordance with Article 6(3) of the Habitats Directive, a Stage 2 AA is required. That stage is set out in Section 3 of this report.

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Section 3 Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment

3.1 Introduction

The main objective of this stage (Stage 2) in the AA is to determine whether the proposed Castlerea LAP would result in significant adverse impacts on the integrity of any European site with respect to the site’s structure, function, and/or conservation objectives.

The Stage 1 Screening presented above has identified five European sites with potential to be affected by the proposed Castlerea LAP (see Table 3.1). Therefore, taking a precautionary approach, Stage 2 AA is required. The potential adverse effects considered at this stage will either be effects occurring as a result of the implementation of the Plan alone or in-combination with other plans, programmes, and/or projects.

Detailed information relevant to the sites that has been reviewed to inform the AA includes the following:

• NPWS Site Synopsis • Natura 2000 Standard Data Form • Conservation Objectives and supporting documents

Table 3.1 European Sites Potentially Impacted upon by the Castlerea LAP cSACs (Downstream sites with aquatic ecological SPAs receptors)

River Shannon Callows cSAC Bellanagare Bog SPA

Lough Gara SPA

River Suck Callows SPA

3.2 Potential Significant Effects

As outlined in the European Commission Environment DG document “Assessment of plans and projects significantly affecting Natura 2000 sites: Methodological guidance on the provisions of Article 6(3) and (4) of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC”, impacts that could potentially occur through the implementation of the Plan can be categorised under a number of headings:

 Loss / reduction of habitat area (e.g. due to the development of new projects)  Disturbance to Key Species (e.g. increased public access to protected sites, or during the construction phase of infrastructure projects)  Habitat or species fragmentation  Reduction in species density  Changes in key indicators of conservation value such as decrease in water quality / quantity (e.g. through inadequate wastewater treatment, run-off of pollutants during construction and operation of developments, agricultural runoff)

The LAP provides a framework for sustainable development within Castlerea town. The Plan also prescribes particular locations (site specific) of developments of infrastructure. Overall, the Plan underpins the development of housing, tourism, communities and the town centre with supporting transport, water, energy, and communication infrastructure within Castlerea town.

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3.2.1 Reduction of Habitat Area

No European site occurs in the immediate vicinity of the Plan Area. Direct habitat loss to European sites is therefore not foreseen as a result of the implementation of the LAP. However, habitat loss can also occur through the reduction of habitat quality and a loss of important habitat functions. It can arise from the introduction of invasive species, toxic contamination or physical alteration.

Considering the distance from the LAP to the nearest European site, and the nature of the likely developments that may arise, direct or indirect habitat loss resulting from the implementation of the Plan is not foreseen.

3.2.2 Fragmentation

Habitat and species fragmentation can occur through the breaking up of or loss of habitats resulting in interference with existing ecological units. Fragmentation can also result from impediments to the natural movements of species. This is relevant where important corridors for movement or migration are likely to be disrupted such as along river corridors when construction introduces a barrier to the free movement of species from one area of habitat to another.

Given the nature of the developments that would be facilitated by the implementation of the LAP and the distance from the nearest European site, impacts associated with habitat or species fragmentation are not foreseen.

3.2.3 Disturbance to Key Species

Disturbance to species supported by a European site is likely to occur where there is an increase in activity levels from recreation and amenity or from developments within or adjacent to designated areas. Sources of disturbance include noise, vibration, light, construction and operation activities or other sources of disturbance arising from recreation and amenity or from the inappropriate timing of works.

Those bird species for which Bellanagare Bog, Lough Gara and River Suck Callows SPA have been designated may utilise habitats in the environs of the LAP. The LAP could potentially lead to disturbance to those bird species for which the SPAs have been designated, though this is deemed unlikely to occur. Considering the distance of Castlerea LAP from other European sites, and the QIs / SCIs of those sites, disturbance to key species from other European sites is not foreseen.

3.2.4 Changes of Indicators of Conservation Value

Key indicators of conservation value for relevant European sites listed in Table 3.1 (including the River Shannon Callows cSAC) include surface water quality and quantity. Impacts on these sites may occur due to the hydrological connection between the sites and the Plan Area. Implementation of the LAP could result in alterations to the hydrological regime or physical environment of the sites due to drainage, alteration of flow regime, and discharges of pollutants to watercourses.

Discharges of waste water or storm water runoff from the Plan Area to the Suck and Francis Rivers could potentially impact on downstream water quality within those sites occurring downstream of the Plan Area. Cumulative impacts through waste water discharges from the wider county and surrounding counties could also potentially affect these sites.

3.3 Conservation Objectives

The Habitats Directive requires the focus of the assessment at this stage to be on the integrity of the site as indicated by its Conservation Objectives. It is an aim of NPWS to draw up conservation management plans for all areas designated for nature conservation. These plans will, among other things, set clear objectives for the conservation of the features of interest within a site. No

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Conservation Management Plans have been prepared for any of those sites considered in Stage 2 of this appropriate assessment.

Site‐specific conservation objectives (SSCOs) have recently been prepared for a number of European sites. These detailed SSCOs aim to define favourable conservation condition for the qualifying habitats and species at that site by setting targets for appropriate attributes which define the character habitat. The maintenance of the favourable condition for these habitats and species at the site level will contribute to the overall maintenance of favourable conservation status of those habitats and species at a national level.

Favourable conservation status of a species can be described as being achieved when: ‘population data on the species concerned indicate that it is maintaining itself, and the natural range of the species is neither being reduced or likely to be reduced for the foreseeable future, and there is, and will probably continue to be, a sufficiently large habitat to maintain its populations on a long-term basis.’ Favourable conservation status of a habitat can be described as being achieved when: ‘its natural range, and area it covers within that range, is stable or increasing, and the ecological factors that are necessary for its long-term maintenance exist and are likely to continue to exist for the foreseeable future, and the conservation status of its typical species is favourable’. No SSCO’s have been prepared for those European sites considered in Stage 2 of this assessment. Where no management plan or detailed conservation objectives are available, the NPWS has provided generic Conservation Objectives for designated European sites. Generic Conservation Objectives for cSACs have been provided as follows:

 To maintain or restore the favourable conservation condition of the Annex I habitat(s) and/or the Annex II species for which the SAC has been selected.

One generic Conservation Objective has been provided for SPAs as follows:

 To maintain or restore the favourable conservation condition of the bird species listed as Special Conservation Interests for this SPA.

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Section 4 Mitigation Measures

4.1 Introduction

Where it cannot be demonstrated that there will be no adverse effects from the implementation of the LAP, mitigation measures have been devised. The policies and objectives outlined below have been developed with input from the SEA and AA process in order to mitigate against identified potential impacts. The measures that are recommended are compatible with those proposed by the SEA environmental report and with other relevant plans and programmes e.g. Programme of Measures proposed by the River Basin Management Plan.

Based on the types of impacts identified above, the mitigation measures presented below are split into two main categories, ‘Measures to Protect Habitats and Species’ and ‘Measures to Protect Water Quality’. As mentioned previously, the Castlerea LAP is a lower tier Plan of the Roscommon County Development Plan (RCDP), therefore environmental protection measures included in the RCDP must also be adhered to during developments of the Castlerea LAP.

4.2 Measures to Protect Habitats and Species

As outlined in Section 3.2 of this assessment a number of significant effects that could impact on habitats and species have been identified. No zoning or specific projects are proposed by the Plan that would result in direct impacts on any European site.

Measures have been included in the policies and objectives of the Plan that will ensure these impacts are avoided. The Castlerea LAP sits within a hierarchy of development plans in County Roscommon, it is a lower tier plan under the Roscommon County Development Plan 2014 – 2020 (RCDP), therefore mitigation measures included in the RCDP also apply to development and land use at Castlerea.

As a result of the Appropriate Assessment and Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Plan, a number of policies and objectives have been developed and existing policies amended to strengthen the protection afforded to the Natura 2000 network of sites.

Amongst other things, these policies and objectives will ensure that appropriate assessments are carried out where development projects are likely to have significant effects on European designated sites. This will ensure that project level effects, which cannot be predicted at the Plan level, will be mitigated and impacts on protected sites through inappropriate development will be avoided.

Objectives and policies within the Castlerea LAP 2016 - 2022 that will act to protect the Natura 2000 network include the following:

Policies Relating to Flood Risk and Protection Policy 23 Ensure that existing wetland habitats are adequately protected, managed and where appropriate enhanced where flood protection/management measures are necessary.

Policy 24 Any proposals aimed at alleviating flooding will be subject to Appropriate Assessment in accordance with Article 6(3) and 6 (4) of the EU Habitats Directive.

Objectives Relating to Recreation, Leisure and Tourism Objective 37 Implement, where finances permit, proposals to improve, maintain and establish new areas of amenity, tourism and recreation facilities. In addition, carry out amenity improvements and protect the environment of the town and its environs.

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Policies Relating to Open Space and Sporting Provision Policy 55 Promote the development of an integrated open space system, consisting of open spaces, vegetation, drainage channels, etc., that will protect and conserve existing environmental designations, fauna and flora and landscape character.

Policy 56 Ensure that the different environmental/greenbelt zones identified in the area are adequately protected and that any development in such areas responds appropriately to the sensitivities and significance of the zone.

Policies Relating to Designated Sites Policy 66 Contribute towards the protection of (c)SACs, SPAs, Wildlife Sites (including NHAs and pNHAs) and entries to the Water Framework Directive Register of Protected Areas which are designated or become designated and notified to Roscommon County Council during the lifetime of this LAP.

Policy 68 Contribute towards the protection of natural heritage and biodiversity, including European sites that form part of the Natura 2000 network, in accordance with relevant EU Environmental Directives and applicable National Legislation, Policies, Plans and Guidelines.

Policy 69 Contribute towards the protection of habitats and species listed in the annexes to and/or covered by the EU Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC, as amended), Birds Directive (2009/147/EC), the Environmental Liability Directive (2004/35/EC) and European Communities (Environmental Liability) Regulations 2008, and regularly occurring- migratory birds and their habitats, and species protected under the Wildlife Acts 1976-2000 and the Flora Protection Order.

Policy 71 Prohibit projects which would give rise to significant cumulative, direct, indirect or secondary impacts on Natura 2000 sites arising from their size or scale, land take, proximity, resource requirements, emissions (disposal to land, water or air), transportation requirements, duration of construction, operation, decommissioning or from any other effects shall be permitted on the basis of this Plan (either individually or in combination with other plans or projects).

Objectives Relating to Designated Sites Objective 62 Ensure Appropriate Assessment Screening, and, where required, Appropriate Assessment, is carried out for any plan or project which, individually, or in combination with other plans or projects is likely to have a significant direct or indirect impact on any Natura 2000 site or sites; in accordance with best practice guidance as issued by the National Parks and Wildlife Service of the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht and/or the Department of Environment, Community and Local Government.

Policies Relating to Nature Conservation and Biodiversity Policy 73 Promote the retention and enhancement of existing habitats, biodiversity and geological heritage in Castlerea.

Policy 74 Promote the implementation of key actions and objectives set out in Actions for Biodiversity 2011-2016: Ireland’s 2nd National Biodiversity Plan (including any superseding version of same), the County Roscommon Heritage Plan, and the County Roscommon Biodiversity Plan as appropriate.

Policy 75 Ensure that development on or near a site which is considered to be of local importance avoids any significant adverse impact on the features for which the site is considered to be of importance.

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Objectives Relating to Nature Conservation and Biodiversity Objective 63 Promote the conservation of biodiversity outside of designated areas, while allowing for appropriate development, access and recreational activity.

Objective 64 Identify, contribute towards the protection of and conserve, in co-operation with the relevant statutory authorities and other groups, vulnerable, rare and threatened species or wild flora and fauna and their habitats. These include plant and animal species afforded protection under the Wildlife Acts and the EU Habitats & Birds Directives for example The Status of EU Protected Habitats and Species in Ireland, NPWS & DEHLG, 2008.

Objective 65 Contribute towards the protection and enhancement of biodiversity and ecological connectivity, including woodlands, trees, hedgerows, semi-natural grasslands, rivers, streams, wetlands, other landscape features and associated wildlife where these form part of the ecological network and/or may be considered as ecological corridors or stepping stones in the context of Article 10 of the Habitats Directive

Objective 66 Ensure that the conservation and management of biodiversity is a key priority in water resource management and other infrastructural projects in the LAP area, particularly those undertaken by the Council.

Objective 67 Have regard to impacts of floodlighting and public lighting in open spaces and to minimize light intrusion in areas of habitat value.

Objectives Relating to Landscape Character Objective 69 Encourage and facilitate, in consultation with relevant stakeholders, the development of green infrastructure that recognises the synergies that can be achieved with regard to the following: • Provision of open space amenities • Sustainable management of water • Protection and management of biodiversity • Protection of cultural heritage • Protection of protected landscape sensitivities

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4.3 Measures to Protect Water Quality

Section 3.2 of this assessment identified that impacts on water quality to a number of downstream European sites have potential to arise through, discharges of wastewater, and possible discharges of sediment and other pollutants from future development and associated works.

In addition, any newly proposed or upgraded wastewater treatment plants should fully comply with all Urban Waste Water Regulations requirements 2001 – 2004, and should furthermore comply with all wastewater discharge authorisation requirements as per 2007 Regulations and Urban Wastewater Regulations 2001.

Policies and objectives within the Plan that will act to protect the water quality and quantity with those European sites against the potential impacts identified include the following:

Policies Relating to Water Services Policy 11 Development will only be permitted in instances where there is sufficient capacity in the public water and wastewater infrastructure.

Policy 13 Encourage and promote compliance with the Water Framework Directive 2000; Groundwater Source Protection Zones document for the Roscommon Central Regional Water Supply Scheme (GSI, April 2003); the European Communities Environmental Objectives (Surface Waters) Regulations 2009 (SI No. 272 of 2009); as well as any National and EU Regulations concerning water quality for the County.

Policy 15 Protect surface water and groundwater resources and their associated habitats and species including fisheries and in particular Annex II listed species.

Objectives Relating to Water Services Objective 4 Implement the relevant recommendations contained within the River Basin Management Plans for the Shannon International River Basin District and the Western River Basin District, and associated Programmes of Measures, and have regard to the relevant River Basin Management Plan and the associated Programme of Measures to be adopted as part of the second cycle of River Basin Management Planning, in order to facilitate the implementation of the Water Framework Directive, in co-operation with Irish Water.

Objective 8 All proposals for the development of an upgrade to the water supply system will be screened for Appropriate Assessment in accordance with Article 6(3) of the Habitats Directive and where significant impacts are identified, a Natura Impact Statement will be prepared.

Policies Relating to Flood Risk and Protection Policy 19 Protect water bodies and watercourses from inappropriate development, including rivers, streams, associated undeveloped riparian strips, wetlands and natural floodplains. This will include protection buffers in riverine and wetland areas as appropriate. Promote the sustainable management and uses of water bodies and avoid, where possible, culverting or realignment of these features.

Policy 21 Require all new large scale developments to provide ‘Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems’ (SUDS) as part of their development proposals.

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Policies Relating to Wastewater collection and Treatment Policy 28 Support the protection of groundwater resources and dependent wildlife/habitats in accordance with the Groundwater Directive 2006/118/EC and the European Communities Environmental Objectives (groundwater) Regulations, 2010 (S.I. No. 9 of 2010) or any updated legislation.

Policy 29 Ensure that all new developments have and are provided with satisfactory drainage systems in the interests of public health and to avoid the pollution of the ground and surface waters.

Objectives Relating to Waste Management Objective 21 Developments shall ensure that adequate soil protection measures are undertaken where appropriate. Require the undertaking of appropriate investigations to determine the nature and extent of any soil and/or groundwater contamination and the risks associated with site development work, where Brownfield development is to occur within the Plan Area.

Objectives Relating to Designated Sites Objective 62 Ensure Appropriate Assessment Screening, and, where required, Appropriate Assessment, is carried out for any plan or project which, individually, or in combination with other plans or projects is likely to have a significant direct or indirect impact on any Natura 2000 site or sites; in accordance with best practice guidance as issued by the National Parks and Wildlife Service of the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht and/or the Department of Environment, Community and Local Government. 2

Policies Relating to Designated Sites Policy 70 Contribute towards the Protection of the water resources, including rivers, streams, lakes, wetlands, turloughs, groundwater, as well as aquatic and wetland habitats and freshwater and water dependent species in accordance with the requirements and guidance in the EU Water Framework Directive 2000 (2000/60/EC), the European Union (Water Policy) Regulations 2003 (as amended), the Western River Basin District Management Plan 2009-2015, Shannon International River Basin Management Plan 2009-2015 and other relevant EU Directives, including associated national legislation and policy guidance (including any superseding versions of same).

2 All relevant projects and plans arising from this plan will be screened for the need to undertake Appropriate Assessment under Article 6 of the Habitats Directive. A plan or project will only be authorised after the competent authority has ascertained, based on scientific evidence, Screening for Appropriate Assessment, and a Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment where necessary, that:

1. The Plan or project will not give rise to significant adverse direct, indirect or secondary effects on the integrity of any European site (either individually or in combination with other plans or projects); or 2. The Plan or project will have significant adverse effects on the integrity of any European site (that does not host a priority natural habitat type/and or a priority species) but there are no alternative solutions and the plan or project must nevertheless be carried out for imperative reasons of overriding public interest, including those of a social or economic nature. In this case, it will be a requirement to follow procedures set out in legislation and agree and undertake all compensatory measures necessary to ensure the protection of the overall coherence of Natura 2000; or 3. The Plan or project will have a significant adverse effect on the integrity of any European site (that hosts a natural habitat type and/or a priority species) but there are no alternative solutions and the plan or project must nevertheless be carried out for imperative reasons for overriding public interest, restricted to reasons of human health or public safety, to beneficial consequences of primary importance for the environment or, further to an opinion from the Commission, to other imperative reasons of overriding public interest. In this case, it will be a requirement to follow procedures set out in legislation and agree and undertake all compensatory measures necessary to ensure the protection of the overall coherence of Natura 2000.

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Section 5 Conclusion and Determination

Stage 1 Screening and Stage 2 AA of the Castlerea LAP has been carried out. Implementation of the Plan has the potential to result in impacts to the integrity of the Natura 2000 network, if unmitigated.

The risks to the safeguarding and integrity of the qualifying interests and conservation objectives of the Natura 2000 network have been addressed by the inclusion of mitigation measures that will prioritise the avoidance of impacts in the first place and mitigate impacts where these cannot be avoided. In addition, all lower level plans and projects arising through the implementation of the Plan will themselves be subject to AA when further details of design and location are known.

Having incorporated mitigation measures, it is considered that the Plan will not have a significant adverse effect on the integrity of the Natura 2000 network of sites3.

An AA determination accompanies this report.

3 Except as provided for in Section 6(4) of the Habitats Directive, viz. There must be: a) no alternative solution available, b) imperative reasons of overriding public interest for the plan to proceed; and c) Adequate compensatory measures in place.

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