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Simone De Beauvoir, Political Peripatetic Simone de Beauvoir Studies, Volume 12, 1995 59 FROM MOSCOW TO traces in her writing. We expected to see Beauvoir explore the real meaning of "Moscow" CHICAGO AND BACK: during the 1950s and 60s. That was the time of SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR, her liaison with Marxist Claude 1..anzmann, and of Sartre's herculean efforts to preserve his POLITICAL PERIPATETIC precarious relationship to Marxism. Studs Terkel, Algren 's good friend, has MARY LAWRENCE TEST, called Chicago a Janus-headed city - the city of LOS ANGELES, CA Jane Addams and of Al Capone.6 Moscow too is MYRNA BELL ROCHESTER a Janus-headed city - the city of Czarist and Communist regimes. Did coincidence alone link PALO ALTO, CA Beauvoir to these two cities and to Algren and Lanzmann, or, more intriguing, if Algren and "Who will play Lenin to Chicago?" Lanzmann had not existed, would Beauvoir have Nelson Algren, "Makers of Music," had to invent them? Did she choose both these The New Anvil (April-May 1939)1 relationships as a function of her intellectual development, within the context of her ties to In his October 1945 essay "La fin de la Sartre?7 These are some of the questions we guerre,"2 Jean-Paul Sartre described how the sought to answei: French people greeted the end of \\brld w.i.r II. It * * * was to be a return to the peace, prosperity and In the summer of 1934 in Moscow, at the political grandeur of "Jes annees folles." They First Congress of Soviet Writers, Stalin's culture soon recognized their error: ". .. la fin de la minister, A. A. Zhdanov, spoke to an assembly guerre, c'est tout simplement la fin de cette of international writers, many of whom Beauvoir guerre," Sartre wrote. 3 "Le monde est simplifie: knew. The audience included leftist writers such deux geants se dressent, seuls, et ne se regardent as Paul Nizan, Andre and Clara Malraux, Louis pas d'un bon reil."4 The two giants were, of Aragon and Elsa Triolet, as well as Ilya course, the U.S.S.R. and the U.S., and in 1947 Ehrenburg.8 the Cold War set in., At the Congress, Zhdanov proposed a In the years following \\brld War II, new aesthetic canon of socialist realism that broke Simone de Beauvoir found herself drawn to both with nineteenth century "critical realism" or Russia and the U.S. and what the two naturalism, the "mirror held up to nature." It also represented. She toured both countries and came broke with the "non-existent heroes" of the to know two cities well - Chicago and Moscow. naturalist school that included "thieves, police Although Beauvoir herself dated the birth of her sleuths, prostitutes and hooligans."9 However, political consciousness from the outbreak of the Zhdanov did not envision a worker-writer; the war, her colleague and erstwhile biographer, call to proletariat literature -- formerly the Francis Jeanson, wrote that it was " ... done en keystone of Soviet literary policy -- was almost quelque fa<;<m aux Etats-Unis qu'a reellement completely suppressed by 1934. Writers were debute la fonnation politique de cette existent­ now to be the "engineers of the soul" and portray ialiste fran~se." We smile today at his noting the new socialist man. "Socialist Realism meant "[qu'elle est parvenue] vierge en Amerique."5 in effect that a vanguard group would be charged Our objective in preparing this study is to with the cultural instruction of the working look at how Beauvoir's political and literary class."10 Rather than portray the decadence of the development may have been influenced by her bourgeoisie, Stalinist policy of socialist realism trips to the U.S. and the Soviet Union - and by was designed to gamer liberal bourgeois support the two men who were to represent the two cities, in the \\est. Writers were to depict life in its Chicago and Moscow, for her: Nelson Algren revolutionary development; the new realism and Claude Lanzmann. We hypothesized that proposed to change reality by radical means.11 Beauvoir's association with Nelson Algren and The All-Union Soviet Writers would scrutinize other Midwestern radical writers would leave Simone de Beauvoir Studies, \blume 12, 1995 60 the production of literature, following the gressive humanistic trend, the continuation and traditional pyramidal structure of democratic fulfillment of the Judeo-Christian tradition.18 As centralism familiar in the Party. Maxim Gorky's Daniel Aaron explains it: "Communism revolutionary stories, incorporating traditional appealed to them because it seemed a science as folklore, were the model of the new realism.12 well as an ethic, because it explained and foretold The tenets espoused by the Midwestern as well as inspired, and because it had become American Left were in sharp contrast to incarnate in a dynamic country directed by a Zhdanov's theories. Nine months after the First hardheaded elite." (Aaron 158) Meridel Le Sueur Soviet Congress, and about six thousand miles explained in New Masses what it meant for them away, on April 26, 1935, many left-wing writers to join the Party: (some of whom Beauvoir would meet in the U.S. from 1947 on), took the bus or hitchhiked from It is difficult because you are stepping into a the Midwest to New York City. There they heard dark chaotic passional world of another class, the message of the "worker-writer" put forward the proletariat, which is still perhaps uncon­ by members of the American Communist Party- scious of itself, like a great body sleeping, backed League of American Writers.13 Many in stirring, strange and outside the calculated, attendance, including Nelson Algren, had been expedient world of the bourgeoisie. It is a hard nurtured by the Chicago branch of the John Reed road to leave your own class and you cannot Clubs, 14 one of many such regional groups leave it by pieces or parts; it is a birth and you established across the nation to encourage young have to be born out of it In a complete new body. None of the old ideology is any good in working-class artists and writers.15 it The creative artist will create no new forms Speakers at the League of American of art or literature for the new hour out of that Writers conference were now urging the darkness unless he is willing to go all the way, breakdown of regionalism and the development with full belief, into that darkness.19 of a cohesive class of worker-writers. 16 Much to the dismay of many young writers, the Party had Jack Conroy, for years a close friend of disbanded the John Reed Clubs, their main - if Nelson Algren, was a true worker-writer. not only - contact with the Party. Nelson Conroy died in 1990 at age 92. His life spanned Algren 's biographer, Bettina Drew, notes that for the most important events in American labor writers like Algren, Richard Wright, and Meridel history - its ups and downs "from the early Le Sueur, the Communist movement offered period of industrial unionization, through the hope and support during the Depression that labor-capital struggles at Ludlow, Lawrence and could be found nowhere else. "I don 't think any Paterson, and the diminution of labor's voice in of us would have survived without the John Reed American politics through the 1920s to labor's Clubs and our bond with each other," Le Sueur first significant gains in the Great Depression, recalled. The Party encouraged them to look and finally the erosion of organized labor's gains beyond the Depression and see themselves not as 20 victims, but as champions of human dignity. after World War 11." Jack Conroy's semi­ Meridel Le Sueur put it eloquently. autobiographical novel The Disinherited, about the life of a Missouri coal mining family, had It was a ... very hard time to live to be a writec been published in 1933. Conroy called it a The left was very severe on you. It had its "catharsis," free from the artificialities that own orthodoxy. ... But it also summoned us characterized much so-called proletarian fiction. forth .... \\e wouldn't have tried without them On a personal level, he understood the problems ... the Communists gave us light and even inherent in writing about factory life. Opposed to the Zhdanov model, in which love.17 a vanguard group would instruct the working class, Conroy saw no place for the middle-class For the left-wing thinkers of the 1930s, writer, who may have spent a few weeks or both in the U.S. and in Western Europe, months "researching" in a factory, and for whom Marxism was the logical extension of a pro- pity or idealizations often distort the efforts to .
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