Lateran I, Council

Lateran I, Council 1123

The first three Lateran councils formed a continuity of Holy Orders) in exchange for a worldly good, gener- with the efforts of Pope Gregory VII (1073Ð85) to lib- ally money (can. 1). It condemned the omission of any erate the church* from any secular tutelage, especially of the formal stages on the way to Holy Orders (can. 6), from the German emperor, and with his active desire for as well as the cohabitation of clerics with women other reform, especially of the clergy. The “investiture contro- than their close relations (can. 7). It prohibited mar- versy” had to be resolved during the pontificate of Cal- riage* in the case of high-ranking clerics* and imposed ixtus II (1119Ð24). The antipope Gregory VIII was separation to prevent this law from being violated (can. arrested and died in 1121. The Concordat of Worms was 21). It renewed previous prescriptions regarding the signed on 23 September 1122. According to the terms of “peace*” and the “truce” of God*, the safety of travelers this concordat, the emperor was to renounce the ap- and pilgrims (cans. 14 and 15), the status of crusaders, pointment of the prelates on the spiritual level (appoint- and the protection of families and their property (can. ment “by the cross and ring”). He would respect the full 10). The council also condemned intermarriage (can. 9) freedom of election and consecration and would restore and counterfeiters (can. 13). the goods of the Holy See and of other churches. The Although previous councils (Clermont in 1095 and elected prelate would receive from the emperor, “by the Toulouse in 1119) had inspired Lateran I, this council scepter,” his worldly possessions (regalia), and would would serve as an example for numerous reforming observe the commitments made toward the ruler. The synods* of Western Europe. Furthermore, canons 1, 4, edict of Worms was ratified by the “general council” 6, 9, 10, 15, 17, 18 and 20Ð22 were integrated into that met in the Lateran between 19 and 27 March 1123 Gratian’s Decree (c. 1140). in the presence of at least two hundred bishops* and priests. Canons 3, 4, 8, and 123 refer to this question. ¥ Acts: Mansi 21, 277Ð304. On the jurisdictional and disciplinary level, Lateran I Decrees: COD, 187Ð94 (DCO II/1, 409Ð25). R. Foreville (1965), Latran I, II, III et IV, HCO, 44Ð72 and strengthened episcopal power in several ways, notably 165Ð79. in relation to the absolution of the excommunicated G. Alberigo (Ed.) (1990), Storia dei concili ecumenici, Brescia. (can. 2), and canonical institutional and pastoral respon- Jean Longère sibility in churches served by monks (can. 12). It pro- hibited simony—all practices that consist in giving or See also Church and State; Cleric; Ecclesiastical receiving a spiritual good (for example, the sacrament* Discipline; Structures, Ecclesial

Lateran II, Council 1139

The Second Lateran Council was, like the first, known Pope Innocent II (reigned 1130Ð43), it brought to- for abolishing a schism*, in this case the schism of the gether roughly a hundred participants, mainly from antipope Anacletus II (reigned 1130Ð38). Convened by western Europe, between 2 and 9 April. Innocent II

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