32 Chicago Tribune | Section 1 | Sunday, March3,2013 B B Chicago Tribune | Section 1 | Sunday, March3,2013 33 FOCUS PAPAL LEGACY 170,000 Estimated Roman Catholic population: As many as 10,000 St. Hyginus St. Zephyrinus From “World Christian Trends AD 30 — AD 2200” St. Peter St. Linus St. Anacletus (Cletus) St. Clement ISt. Evaristus St. Alexander ISt. Sixtus ISt. Telesphorus St. Pius ISt. Anicetus St. Soter St. Eleutherius St. Victor I POPES 0102030405060708090100 110 120 130140 150160 170180 190 St. Lucius ISt. Stephen I 4.9 million St. Eusebius St. Anterus St. Cornelius St. Sixtus II St. Marcellus I St. Miltiades St. Mark St. Anastasius I St. Zephyrinus (cont.) St. Callistus I St. Urban ISSt. Pontian St. Fabian t. Dionysius St. Felix ISSt. Eutychian t. Caius St. Marcellinus St. Sylvester ISt. Julius ISLiberius t. Damasus ISt. Siricius A.D. 200 210 220 230 240250 260 270280 290300 310 320 330 340 350360 370380 390 ANTIPOPES St. Hippolytus Novatian Felix II Ursicinus Boniface II 12.7 million John II St. Zosimus St. Gelasius I St. Agapetus I St. Anastasius I (cont.) St. Boniface I Anastasius II St. John I St. Silverius St. Innocent ISSt. Celestine ISSt. Sixtus III t. Leo I (the Great) t. Hilarus St. Simplicius St. Felix III St. Symmachus St. Hormisdas St. Felix IV Vigilius Pelagius IBJohn III enedict ISPelagius II t. Gregory I (the Great) A.D. 400 410420 430 440 450 460 470480 490500 510 520 530540 550560 570580 590 ANTIPOPES Theodore Laurentius Dioscorus A.D. 60: While St. Peter is historically 325: The increase in the papacy’s 451: Leo the considered to be the first pope, it is power is illustrated by its role in Great By Stephan Benzkofer, unlikely he was the first bishop in Rome. two ecumenical councils, the First persuades Ron Grossman, Mark Jacob When he arrived in Rome about A.D. 60, Council at Nicaea in 325 and the then-Emperor and Chad Yoder he found a Christian community already Council of Chalcedon about 125 Marcian to Tribune reporters in existence. One of the original Apostles, years later. The Roman Emperor convene Peter played a major role in the Gospels Constantine called the bishops another Spanning three millenniums, the and the early years of the church, as from the Catholic (western) and council, at The power papacy is one of history’s most described in the New Testament. Jesus Orthodox (eastern) churches to Chalcedon, enduring institutions. Catholics gather at Nicaea. This in itself was where his refers to him when he says, “On this rock, Leo the Great believe the men who served as I will build my church.” remarkable considering how Leo’s Tome pope — from St. Peter in the first recently he had converted and successfully argues for the dual century through Benedict XVI in legalized the Christian church. human-divine nature of Jesus the 21st — constitute an unbroken Very little is known about the early popes. The council was the first to Christ. Leo also was credited Some early papal succession lists actually define the divinity of Jesus, using with personally persuading lineage back to Jesus Christ. How show Linus as the first bishop of Rome. the term consubstantial, which Attila the Hun in 452 to leave the more than 260 popes slowly That’s not surprising considering the Catholics were reintroduced to in Italy and spare Rome. Leo was built up the power, stature and infant church was outlawed and early the Mass last year in the revised the first pope to explicitly claim of the papacy influence of the papacy is a Christians subjected to periodic persecu- Nicene Creed. The council also set to be a successor of Peter, remarkable story. tion. Roman persecution didn’t end until the formula by which the date of increasingly claiming for the PHOTO: Statue of St. Peter at the Vatican the early fourth century, when Emperor Easter is decided. papacy a supreme authority over Constantine I made Christianity legal. Where was Pope Sylvester as the church. That said, Leo was (Christianity was declared the state these major decisions were made? still subservient to the Roman religion of the Roman Empire in 380.) Back in Rome. emperor. St. Benedict II St. Gregory I Sabinian Severinus Adeodatus St. Sergius I John VII (the Great) Boniface III St. Deusdedit John IV St. Eugene I Donus St. Leo II John V Sisinnius Stephen II (cont.) St. Boniface IV Boniface VTHonorius ISheodore I t. Martin ISt. Vitalian St. Agatho Conon John VI Constantine St. Gregory II St. Gregory III St. Zachary Stephen III St. Paul IAStephen IV drian I St. Leo III A.D. 600 610620 630640 650 660 670680 690700 710720 730 740750 760770 780790 ANTIPOPES Theodore/Paschal Philip Romanus Constantine II Eugene II Stephen VII Theodore II Anastasius III Leo VI Leo VIII Stephen V Valentine Sergius II Benedict III Marinus ISt. Adrian III Boniface VI John IX Leo V Lando Stephen VIII Stephen IX Benedict VBenedict VI John XIV Sylvester II St. Leo III (cont.) St. Paschal IGregory IV St. Leo IV St. Nicholas IJAdrian II ohn VIII Stephen VI Formosus Benedict IV Sergius III John X John XI Leo VII Marinus II Agapetus II John XII John XIII Benedict VII John XV Gregory V A.D. 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890900 910 920930 940 950 960 970 980 990 ANTIPOPES 15.9 million John Anastasius Christopher Boniface VII Boniface VII John XVI Clement II Sylvester II (cont.) Gregory VI Benedict IX Stephen X Celestine II Gregory VIII John XVII Sergius IV Benedict IX Damasus II Nicholas II Blessed Victor III Gelasius II Lucius II Anastasius IV Urban III Clement III Innocent III John XVIII Benedict VIII John XIX Benedict IX Sylvester III St. Leo IX Victor II Alexander II St. Gregory VII Blessed Urban II Paschal II Callistus II Honorius II Innocent II Blessed Eugene III Adrian IV Alexander III Lucius III Celestine III A.D. 1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090 1100 1110 1120 1130 1140 1150 1160 11701180 1190 ANTIPOPES 18.9 million Gregory Benedict X Honorious II Guibert (”Clement III”) Theodoric Aleric Maginulf (”Sylvester IV”) Burdin Celestine II Anacletus II Gregory Conti Octavius Pascal III Callistus III Innocent III (”Gregory VIII”) (”Victor IV”) (“Victor IV”) 867: Adrian II 897: In perhaps the 1054: The East-West 1073-1085: Gregory VII, one of the be fought into the 20th century.) 1095: Urban II launched the First 1198-1216: Innocent III ruled at the height of becomes head strangest event in papal Schism between the most influential popes, transforms King Henry IV, the Holy Roman Crusade, a military invasion of the papal power in the Medieval Ages. As a secular of the church. history, Stephen VII Eastern Orthodox the papacy and changes the way the Emperor, answered by convening his Holy Land to retake it from the ruler, he consolidated the power of the Papal He will be orders the corpse of churches and the church interacts with Europe’s kings own bishops and having Gregory Muslims. Urban States in current-day Italy and extended his remembered as predecessor Formo- Roman Catholic and queens. He forbade simony, the deposed. Gregory, in turn, excommu- died two weeks authority over kings and princes (though he the last married sus dug up from its Church comes to a buying and selling of church offices nicated Henry, and then went one after the Crusad- didn’t have total success). On religious matters, pope. grave, dressed in climax as Pope Leo IX and spiritual blessings, though the step further by deposing the king ers conquered he held priests to a higher moral standard, papal vestments and and the patriarch of practice would continue to plague and releasing his subjects. Whether Jerusalem in demanded a spiritual frugality from the clergy put on trial for Constantinople the church for centuries. He claimed Gregory had this right nobody knew, 1099, but the and Curia (or papal court), and convened the violations of church excommunicate each supremacy over all of Christendom, but it scared Henry enough that he news didn’t Urban II Fourth Lateran Council, which defined the idea law. After Formosus’ other. from princes to peasants. He also begged on his knees for forgiveness, reach him in of transubstantiation of the Eucharist. His body is convicted in the Stephen VII forbade the common practice of which he received. time. papacy wasn’t without blemish. The Fourth so-called Cadaver Synod, the royalty appointing bishops, and In the end, Gregory’s refusal to Crusade went horribly awry and ended up three fingers that he used to give blessings are ordered all clergy to pledge bend on most any issue left him with sacking Constantinople in 1204. He ruled the hacked off. The corpse is tossed into the Tiber allegiance to the pope. (The church’s very few supporters, and he died in Magna Carta void. And he decreed that all Jews River but is later recovered and reburied. battle to name its own bishops would exile. King Henry IV (on horseback) confrontS Gregory VII Innocent III and Muslims must wear distinctive dress. Blessed Adrian V Innocent V John XXI Celestine IV Urban IV Blessed Nicholas III Honorius IV St. Celestine VBlessed Benedict XI Innocent III (cont.) Honorius III Gregory IX Innocent IV Alexander IV Clement IV Gregory X Martin IV Nicholas IV Boniface VIII Clement VJohn XXII Benedict XII Clement VI Innocent VI Blessed Urban VUGregory XI rban VI Boniface IX A.D. 1200 1210 1220 1230 1240 1250 1260 1270 1280 1290 1300 1310 1320 1330 1340 1350 1360 1370 1380 1390 ANTIPOPES Nicholas VPRobert of Geneva (“Clement VII”) edro de Luna 47.2 million “Benedict XIII” Urban VII Boniface IX (cont.) Gregory XIV Innocent VII Callistus III Pius III Adrian VI Marcellus II Innocent IX Gregory XII Martin VNEugene IV icholas VPius II Paul II Sixtus IV Innocent VIII Alexander VI Julius II Leo XClement VII Paul III Julius III Paul IV Pius IV St.