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Home , Antipope, Caius (presbyter), Catholic Directory, Lateran Council (769), Leo II (emperor), Leo I (emperor)

32 Chicago | Section 1 | Sunday, March3,2013 B B Chicago Tribune | Section 1 | Sunday, March3,2013 33 FOCUS PAPAL LEGACY

170,000 Estimated Roman population: As many as 10,000 St. Hyginus St. Zephyrinus From “World Christian Trends AD 30 — AD 2200” St. Peter St. Linus St. Anacletus (Cletus) St. Clement ISt. Evaristus St. Alexander ISt. Sixtus ISt. Telesphorus St. Pius ISt. Anicetus St. Soter St. Eleutherius St. I 0102030405060708090100 110 120 130140 150160 170180 190

St. Lucius ISt. Stephen I 4.9 million St. St. Anterus St. Cornelius St. Sixtus II St. Marcellus I St. Miltiades St. Mark St. Anastasius I St. Zephyrinus (cont.) St. Callistus I St. Urban ISSt. Pontian St. Fabian t. Dionysius St. Felix ISSt. Eutychian t. St. Marcellinus St. Sylvester ISt. Julius ISLiberius t. Damasus ISt. Siricius

A.D. 200 210 220 230 240250 260 270280 290300 310 320 330 340 350360 370380 390 St. Hippolytus Felix II Ursicinus Boniface II 12.7 million John II St. Zosimus St. Gelasius I St. Agapetus I St. Anastasius I (cont.) St. Boniface I Anastasius II St. John I St. Silverius St. Innocent ISSt. Celestine ISSt. Sixtus III t. (the Great) t. Hilarus St. Simplicius St. Felix III St. Symmachus St. Hormisdas St. Felix IV Vigilius Pelagius IBJohn III enedict ISPelagius II t. Gregory I (the Great)

A.D. 400 410420 430 440 450 460 470480 490500 510 520 530540 550560 570580 590 ANTIPOPES Theodore Laurentius Dioscorus

A.D. 60: While St. Peter is historically 325: The increase in the papacy’s 451: Leo the considered to be the first , it is power is illustrated by its role in Great By Stephan Benzkofer, unlikely he was the first in . two ecumenical councils, the First persuades Ron Grossman, Mark When he arrived in Rome about A.D. 60, Council at Nicaea in 325 and the then-Emperor and Chad Yoder he found a Christian community already about 125 to Tribune reporters in existence. One of the original Apostles, years later. The convene Peter played a major role in the Constantine called the another Spanning three millenniums, the and the early years of the , as from the Catholic (western) and council, at The power papacy is one of history’s most described in the . Jesus Orthodox (eastern) churches to Chalcedon, enduring institutions. Catholics gather at Nicaea. This in itself was where his refers to him when he says, “On this rock, Leo the Great believe the men who served as I will build my church.” remarkable considering how Leo’s Tome pope — from St. Peter in the first recently he had converted and successfully argues for the dual century through Benedict XVI in legalized the Christian church. human-divine nature of Jesus the 21st — constitute an unbroken Very little is known about the early popes. The council was the first to Christ. Leo also was credited Some early papal succession lists actually define the divinity of Jesus, using with personally persuading lineage back to Jesus Christ. How show Linus as the first bishop of Rome. the term consubstantial, which Attila the Hun in 452 to leave the more than 260 popes slowly That’s not surprising considering the Catholics were reintroduced to in and spare Rome. Leo was built up the power, stature and infant church was outlawed and early the Mass last year in the revised the first pope to explicitly claim of the papacy influence of the papacy is a subjected to periodic persecu- . The council also set to be a successor of Peter, remarkable story. tion. Roman persecution didn’t end until the formula by which the date of increasingly claiming for the PHOTO: Statue of St. Peter at the Vatican the early fourth century, when Emperor is decided. papacy a supreme authority over Constantine I made legal. Where was Pope Sylvester as the church. That said, Leo was (Christianity was declared the state these major decisions were made? still subservient to the Roman religion of the in 380.) Back in Rome. emperor.

St. Benedict II St. Gregory I Sabinian Adeodatus St. Sergius I John VII (the Great) Boniface III St. Deusdedit John IV St. Eugene I Donus St. Leo II John V Sisinnius Stephen II (cont.) St. Boniface IV Boniface VTHonorius ISheodore I t. Martin ISt. Vitalian St. Agatho Conon John VI Constantine St. Gregory II St. Gregory III St. Zachary Stephen III St. Paul IAStephen IV drian I St. Leo III

A.D. 600 610620 630640 650 660 670680 690700 710720 730 740750 760770 780790 ANTIPOPES Theodore/Paschal Philip Romanus Constantine II Eugene II Stephen VII Theodore II Anastasius III Leo VI Leo VIII Stephen V Valentine Sergius II Benedict III Marinus ISt. Adrian III Boniface VI John IX Leo V Lando Stephen VIII Stephen IX Benedict VBenedict VI John XIV Sylvester II St. Leo III (cont.) St. Paschal IGregory IV St. Leo IV St. Nicholas IJAdrian II ohn VIII Stephen VI Formosus Benedict IV Sergius III John X John XI Leo VII Marinus II Agapetus II John XII John XIII Benedict VII John XV Gregory V

A.D. 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890900 910 920930 940 950 960 970 980 990 ANTIPOPES 15.9 million John Anastasius Christopher Boniface VII Boniface VII John XVI

Clement II Sylvester II (cont.) Gregory VI Benedict IX Stephen X Celestine II Gregory VIII John XVII Sergius IV Benedict IX Damasus II Nicholas II Blessed Victor III Gelasius II Lucius II Anastasius IV Urban III Clement III Innocent III John XVIII Benedict VIII John XIX Benedict IX Sylvester III St. Leo IX Victor II Alexander II St. Gregory VII Blessed Urban II Paschal II Callistus II II Innocent II Blessed Eugene III Adrian IV Alexander III Lucius III Celestine III

A.D. 1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090 1100 1110 1120 1130 1140 1150 1160 11701180 1190 ANTIPOPES 18.9 million Gregory Benedict X Honorious II Guibert (”Clement III”) Theodoric Aleric Maginulf (”Sylvester IV”) Burdin Celestine II Anacletus II Gregory Conti Octavius Pascal III Callistus III Innocent III (”Gregory VIII”) (”Victor IV”) (“Victor IV”)

867: Adrian II 897: In perhaps the 1054: The East-West 1073-1085: Gregory VII, one of the be fought into the 20th century.) 1095: Urban II launched the First 1198-1216: Innocent III ruled at the height of becomes head strangest event in papal between the most influential popes, transforms King Henry IV, the Holy Roman Crusade, a military invasion of the papal power in the Medieval Ages. As a secular of the church. history, Stephen VII Eastern Orthodox the papacy and changes the way the Emperor, answered by convening his Holy Land to retake it from the ruler, he consolidated the power of the Papal He will be orders the corpse of churches and the church interacts with ’s kings own bishops and having Gregory Muslims. Urban States in current-day Italy and extended his remembered as predecessor Formo- and queens. He forbade , the deposed. Gregory, in turn, excommu- died two weeks authority over kings and princes (though he the last married sus dug up from its Church comes to a buying and selling of church offices nicated Henry, and then went one after the Crusad- didn’t have total success). On religious matters, pope. grave, dressed in climax as Pope Leo IX and spiritual blessings, though the step further by deposing the king ers conquered he held priests to a higher moral standard, papal vestments and and the of practice would continue to plague and releasing his subjects. Whether Jerusalem in demanded a spiritual frugality from the clergy put on trial for the church for centuries. He claimed Gregory had this right nobody knew, 1099, but the and (or papal court), and convened the violations of church excommunicate each supremacy over all of , but it scared Henry enough that he news didn’t Urban II Fourth , which defined the idea law. After Formosus’ other. from princes to peasants. He also begged on his knees for forgiveness, reach him in of of the . His body is convicted in the Stephen VII forbade the common practice of which he received. time. papacy wasn’t without blemish. The Fourth so-called Cadaver , the royalty appointing bishops, and In the end, Gregory’s refusal to Crusade went horribly awry and ended up three fingers that he used to give blessings are ordered all clergy to pledge bend on most any issue left him with sacking Constantinople in 1204. He ruled the hacked off. The corpse is tossed into the allegiance to the pope. (The church’s very few supporters, and he died in Magna Carta void. And he decreed that all River but is later recovered and reburied. battle to name its own bishops would exile. King Henry IV (on horseback) confronts Gregory VII Innocent III and Muslims must wear distinctive dress.

Blessed Adrian V Innocent V John XXI Celestine IV Urban IV Blessed Nicholas III Honorius IV St. Celestine VBlessed Benedict XI Innocent III (cont.) Honorius III Gregory IX Innocent IV Alexander IV Clement IV Gregory X Martin IV Nicholas IV Boniface VIII Clement VJohn XXII Benedict XII Clement VI Innocent VI Blessed Urban VUGregory XI rban VI Boniface IX

A.D. 1200 1210 1220 1230 1240 1250 1260 1270 1280 1290 1300 1310 1320 1330 1340 1350 1360 1370 1380 1390 ANTIPOPES Nicholas VPRobert of Geneva (“Clement VII”) edro de Luna 47.2 million “Benedict XIII” Urban VII Boniface IX (cont.) Gregory XIV Innocent VII Callistus III Pius III Adrian VI Marcellus II Innocent IX Gregory XII Martin VNEugene IV icholas VPius II Paul II Sixtus IV Innocent VIII Alexander VI Julius II Leo XClement VII Paul III Julius III Paul IV Pius IV St. Pius V Gregory XIII Sixtus VClement VIII

A.D. 1400 14101420 1430 1440 1450 1460 1470 1480 14901500 1510 1520 1530 1540 15501560 1570 15801590

Pedro de Luna (cont.) Amadeus of (“Felix V”) 44.8 million Baldassare Cossa (“John XXIII”) Pietro Philarghi (“Alexander V”)

1271: Gregory X is electedted pope 1378: There have been nearly 40 In August, French cardinals declared 1503: Alexander VI, one of 1521: As the papacy grew in power, 1582: Gregory 1633: Urban VIII, 1799: Pius VI after a tortuous processss that antipopes, a term intentionally his election invalid and elected a French the most notorious popes, the corruption and abuse also XIII orders the who had once been a dies in prison. takes nearly three yearsrs and equating them with the Antichrist. But nobleman, Robert of Geneva, in his dies. A member of the Borgia increased. One of the most egregious use of the more friend of Italian He had ends only when the carardinals the first was canonized. St. place. The Great would family, Alexander was a abuses, according to a German accurate Grego- physicist Galileo denounced are locked in a room Hippolytus fought with three popes continue through multiple popes and shameless womanizer who named Martin , was the sale rian calendar, Galilei, orders him Napoleon during together and forced to from 217-235 over being too forgiving antipopes as each side excommunicated bribed his way to the papacy. of , which were the which introduced put on trial for the French decide. To prevent suchh of people he considered heretics. Most the other — and yes, they hired armies According to one story, remission of punishment or leap year and theorizing that the Revolution and prolonged leadership antipopes simply craved the power. and went to war. At one point, Urban VI Alexander’s death was his for sins already forgiven. They were meant that the Earth revolves paid the price. struggles in the future, But some of the most famous of the had six cardinals who opposed him own doing when he tried to being sold to pay for the new St. day following around the sun. Napoleon Gregory in 1274 establishesishes antipopes, the later popes of tortured. poison a rival but the drinks Peter’s . The import of the 95 Oct. 4 that year Galileo is found invaded in 1798 the procedure for the papal the Western Schism, rose up in Urban VI Finally, Gregory XII agreed to Alexander VI were switched. His corpse Theses would be lost on a number of Leo X was Oct. 15. It was guilty of . The Urban VIII and took the selectors to gather in onene reaction to a pontiff’s egregious behavior. Urban abdicate if the Avignon pope did also. After was described as the “most monstrous and popes as the Protestant set church and decades before persecution of Galileo is part of the pontiff prisoner. room for a “conclave” — VI was elected amid controversy in April 1378. more turmoil that included a faction naming a horrible dead body that was ever seen,” with a secular history on a radical new path. In 1521 Protestant , a centuries-long crackdown At the time, a word based on the He was known as a conscientious administrator third pope (or is that a second antipope?), face “mulberry-colored and thickly covered with excommunicated Luther, but that didn’t stop the countries on heretics and nonbelievers in which some feared he cum (with) but very quickly proved a volatile, unstable Gregory XII did resign, and the schism ended in blue-black spots” — seen by some as a punish- Reformation or keep multitudes of the faithful from adopted the many are imprisoned, tortured and was to be the and clavis (key). personality. 1417. ment from . leaving the church. calendar. killed. last pope. Gregory X

Clement VIII Leo XI Gregory XV 60.1 million Clement IX Alexander VII Innocent XIII 82.4 million (cont.) Paul V Urban VIII Innocent XIAlexander VII Clement XCBlessed Innocent XI nnocent XII lement XI Benedict XIII Clement XII Benedict XIV Clement XIII Clement XIV Pius VI

A.D. 1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 1680 1690 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 1790

664.9 million Pius VIII Blessed John Paul I Pius VII Leo XII Gregory XVI Blessed Pius IX Leo XIII St. Pius XPBenedict XV ius XI Pius XII John XXIII Paul VI Blessed John Paul II

A.D. 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

106.4 million 163.163 2 million 266.6 million John Paul II (cont.) Benedict XVI

1870: As part of the unification of Italy, the 1939: Pius XII 1962: John 1978: John Paul I A.D. 2000 2010 church loses dominion over Rome, ending the becomes pope seven XXIII opens dies just a month into pope’s role as a ruler of vast territory. The months before the the Second his reign. His 1.04 billion 1.17 billion demise of the , land in central Italy outbreak of World Vatican successor is John that the pope ruled as secular head, leaves Pope Pius IX War II, and his Council, Paul II, a vigorous, Pius IX as a self-described “prisoner of the efforts to remain which will be charismatic Polish- 2013: Vatican.” For the next 59 years, popes would not neutral in that completed born pope. He is the Benedict XVI leave their home because they did not accept conflict engender under his first non-Italian is the first the Italian government’s claims to the great controversy. successor, pontiff in more than pope in surrounding area. In 1929, the Some accuse him of 450 years. In his Paul VI. The John XXIII John Paul I nearly 600 established as the Roman Catholic indifference to the spiritual 26-year papacy, John years to Church’s sovereign domain. persecution of the renewal effort known as Vatican Paul II makes more than 100 interna- abdicate St. Jews; supporters II approved major changes in tional trips, survives an assassination Peter’s claim behind-the- church doctrine, allowing attempt and changes the worldwide . SOURCES: “The Oxford Dictionary of Popes” by J.N. Kelly and Note: The Roman Catholic population estimates are from the scenes efforts to languages other than Latin to be image of the church. A 1979 Mass in M.J. Walsh; “Lives of the Popes” by Richard P. McBrien; “The Bad book“World Christian Trends”where the authors base the help victims of the used in Mass and supporting Chicago’s Grant Park attracted Popes” by Eric Russell Chamberlin; “A Treasury of Royal numbers on a range of church and historical sources. The Scandals” by Farquhar; The ; population for A.D. 33 is from the “Book of Acts,” from the New Nazis. friendship with other faiths. 200,000 worshippers. bbc.co.uk; catholic.org; newadvent.org; “World Christian Trends Testament. Population estimates between then and 1900 are AD 30 — AD 2200” by B. Barrett and To dd M. Johnson; derived from historical markers. And from 1900 on numbers are World Christian Database; the Official from the World Christian Database. John Paul II GETTY AND TRIBUNE PHOTOS TRIBUNE GRAPHIC